UNIT-III (FOURIER SERIES &FOURIER TRANSFORMS)

FOURIER SERIES : Fourier Series is an infinite series representation of periodic function in terms of the
trigonometric sine and cosine functions.

Most of the singled valued functions which occur in applied mathematics can be expressed in the form
of Fourier series, which is interms of sines and cosines.
Fourier series is to be expressed interms of periodic functions –sines and cosines.
Fourier series is a very powerful method to solve ordinary and partial differential equations, particularly
with periodic functions appearing as non-homogeneous terms.
We know that, Taylor’s series expansion is valid only for functions which are continuous and
differentiable. Fourier series is possible not only for continuous functions but also for periodic functions,
functions which are discontinuous in their values and derivatives. Further, because of the periodic
nature, Fourier series constructed for one period is valid for all values.
PERIODIC FUNCTION:

A function f(x) is said to be periodic with period T>0 if f(x+T) = f(x), for all x, where T is the least of such
values.

Ex: 1) sinx, cosx are periodic functions with period 2𝜋

2) tanx, cotx are periodic functions with period 𝜋.

EULER′S FORMULAE:

The Fourier Series for the function f(x) in the interval 𝐶 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐶 + 2𝜋 is given by
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx)
2
𝑛=1

1 𝐶+2𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝐶+2𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐶

𝐶+2𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐶

These values of 𝑎0 ,𝑎𝑛 ,𝑏𝑛 are known as Euler′s formulae.

CONDITIONS FOR FOURIER SERIES EXPANSION (Dirchlet’s conditions):

A function f(x) has a valid Fourier series expansion of the form

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx) Where 𝑎0 ,𝑎𝑛 ,𝑏𝑛 are constants, provided

1) f(x) is well defined and single –valued, except possibly at a finite number of points in the interval of
definition.
2) f(x) has finite number of finite discontinuities in the interval of definition.
3) f(x) has finite number of finite maxima and minima in the interval of definition.
Definition of Fourier series: Let f(x) be a function defined in [0,2𝜋] then the Fourier series of f(x) is given
𝑎0
by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx)

1 2𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

Note:-1) Let f(x) be a function defined in [−𝜋, 𝜋] then the Fourier series of f(x) is given by
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx)
2

1 𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2) Let f(x) be a function defined in [0,2𝑙] then the Fourier series of f(x) is given by
∞
𝑎0 n𝜋𝑥 n𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑙
+ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
)
𝑛=1

1 2𝑙
Where 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙
𝑑𝑥
3) Let f(x) be a function defined in [−𝑙, 𝑙] then the Fourier series of f(x) is given by
∞
𝑎0 n𝜋𝑥 n𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑙
+ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
)
𝑛=1

1 𝑙
Where 𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙

1 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

FOURIER SERIES FOR EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS:

Let f(x) be a function defined in (−𝜋, 𝜋) then the Fourier series of f(x) is given by
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx)

1 𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

Case (i): When f(x) is even function

1 𝜋 2 𝜋
Then 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Since cosnx is an even function, f(x) is an even function ⇒ Product of two even function is even
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (∵ Integrand is even )

Now, sinnx is an odd function, f(x) is an even function ⇒ Product of odd and even is odd
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =0 (∵ Integrand is odd )

Thus, if a function f(x) is even in (−𝜋, 𝜋) then its Fourier series expansion contains only cosine terms.

a0 
Hence Fourier series is given by f(x) =   a n cos nx
2 n 1

2 𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑑𝑥
Case (ii): When f(x) is an odd function
1 𝜋
Then 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= 0

Since cosnx is an even function, f(x) is an odd function ⇒ Product of even and odd is odd
1 𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥=0 (∵ Integrand is odd )

Now, sinnx is an odd function, f(x) is an odd function ⇒ Product of two odd functions is even
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (∵ Integrand is even )

Thus, if a function f(x) is odd in (−𝜋, 𝜋)then its Fourier series expansion contains only sine terms.


Hence Fourier series is given by f(x) = 
n 1
bn sin nx

2 𝜋
Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Note:- Fourier series of Even and odd functions in the interval (-𝑙, 𝑙):

1) If a function f(x) is an even in (-𝑙, 𝑙) then its Fourier series expansion is given by
𝑎0 2 𝑙 2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙 Where 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 (since bn=0)

2) If a function f(x) is an odd in (-𝑙, 𝑙) then its Fourier series expansion is given by
∞ 2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
Where 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 (since a0= an=0)
𝑙 𝑙

HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES:

The half range Fourier sine series defined in (0, π): The half range Fourier sine series in (0, π) is given by


2 𝜋
f(x) = bn sin nx Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
n 1

This is similar to the Fourier series defined for odd function in (-π, π).

The half range Fourier cosine series defined in (0, π ): The half range Fourier cosine series in (0, π ) is
a0 
  an cos nx Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
given by f(x) =
2 n 1

This is similar to the Fourier series defined for even function in (-π, π).
The half range Fourier sine series defined in (0, 𝑙 ): The half range Fourier sine series in (0,𝑙) is given by
∞ 2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
Where 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

This is similar to the Fourier series defined for odd function in (-𝑙, 𝑙).

The half range Fourier cosine series defined in (0, 𝑙 ): The half range Fourier cosine series in (0,𝑙) is given
𝑎0
by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙

2 𝑙 2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
Where 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

This is similar to the Fourier series defined for even function in (-𝑙, 𝑙).

Formulae: 1. Even function if f(-x)= f(x) ∀𝑥 and odd function if f(-x)= - f(x) ∀𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
2. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏 𝑎
4.∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
6.∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and also ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

7. sin0=0;cos0=1;sinnπ=0;cosnπ=(-1)n, sin2nπ=0 ,cos2nπ=1, sin(2n+1)π=0 &cos(2n+1)π=-1

8.sin(n+1)π=sin(n-1)π =0 ,cos (n+1)π=(-1)n+1,cos (n-1)π=(-1)n-1,sin(2n-1)π=0 &cos(2n-1)π=-1

Problems:

1) Find the Fourier series representing f(x) = x, 0<x<2𝜋.

Sol:- Given that f(x) = x where 0<x<2𝜋.

𝑎0
Let x= 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx) ….. (1) be the Fourier series

1 2𝜋
Now𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
=𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝜋
1 𝑥2
=𝜋 [ 2 ]
0
 1 (2𝜋)2 02
=𝜋[ 2
− 2
]

1 4𝜋2
=𝜋 [ 2
]

𝑎0 =2𝜋
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
=𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 ′ − 𝑢1 𝑣 ′′ + 𝑢2 𝑣 ′′′ − … . .
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
=𝜋 [𝑥 ( 𝑛 ) − 1(− 𝑛2 )] [ here dash = integration, ]
0
suffix = differentiation
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0
=𝜋 {[2𝜋 ( 𝑛
)− 1(− 𝑛2
)] − [0 ( 𝑛
)− 1(− 𝑛2
)]}

1 0 1 0 1 sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0
= 𝜋 {[2𝜋 (𝑛) − 1(− 𝑛2 )] − [0 (𝑛) − 1(− 𝑛2 )]} [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ]
cos 2𝑛𝜋 = 1
1 1 1
= 𝜋 {[0 + 𝑛2 ] − [0 + 𝑛2 ]}

𝑎𝑛 =0
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
== ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
=𝜋 [𝑥 (− 𝑛
)− 1(− 𝑛2
)]
0

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0

=𝜋 {[2𝜋 (− )− 1(− )] − [0 (− )− 1(− )]}
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2

1 1 0 1 0 sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0
= 𝜋 {[2𝜋 (− 𝑛) − 1(− 𝑛2 )] − [0 (− 𝑛) − 1(− 𝑛2 )]} [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ]
cos 2𝑛𝜋 = 1
1 2𝜋
= {[(− )+ 0] − [0 + 0]}
𝜋 𝑛

2
𝑏𝑛 =−
𝑛

Substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 in (1), we get

∞
2𝜋 2
𝑥= 2
+∑ (0 cos nx + (− 𝑛) sin nx)
𝑛=1

∞ ∞
2 1
𝑥 = 𝜋+∑ (− 𝑛 sin nx) = 𝜋 − 2 ∑ (𝑛 sin nx)
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
 1 1
𝑥 = 𝜋 − 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + ⋯ ) be the required Fourier series

2) Find a Fourier series to represent f(x) = 𝑥 2 in the interval (0, 2𝜋)

Sol: Given function is f(x) = 𝑥 2 in the interval (0, 2𝜋)

𝑎0
Let 𝑥 2 = 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx) ….. (1) be the Fourier series in (0, 2𝜋)

1 2𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

2𝜋
1 𝑥3
=𝜋[3]
0

1 (2𝜋)3 03
=𝜋[ 3
− 3
]

1 8𝜋3
=𝜋 [ 3
]

8𝜋2
𝑎0 = 3

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 ′ − 𝑢1 𝑣 ′′ + 𝑢2 𝑣 ′′′ − … . .
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( 𝑛 ) − 2𝑥 (− 𝑛2 ) + 2 (− 𝑛3 )] [ here dash = integration, ]
0
suffix = differentiation
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0
= 𝜋 {[4𝜋 2 ( 𝑛
)− 4𝜋(− 𝑛2
)+ 2 (− 𝑛3
)] − [0 ( 𝑛
)− 0(− 𝑛2
)+ 2 (− 𝑛3
)]}

1 0 1 0 1 sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0
= {[4𝜋 2 (𝑛) − 4𝜋 (− 𝑛2 ) + 2(0)] − [0 (𝑛) − 0 (− 𝑛2 ) + 2(0)]} [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ]
𝜋 cos 2𝑛𝜋 = 1
1 4𝜋
= 𝜋 (𝑛2 )

4
𝑎𝑛 =𝑛2

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋

=𝜋 [𝑥 2 (− 𝑛
) − 2𝑥 (− 𝑛2 ) + 2( 𝑛3
)]
0
 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0
= {[4𝜋 2 (− )− 4𝜋(− )+ 2( )] − [0 (− )− 0(− )+ 2( )]}
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0
= {[4𝜋 2 (− ) − 4𝜋(− 2 ) + 2( 3 )] − [0 (− ) − 0(− 2 ) + 2( 3 )]} [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 cos 2𝑛𝜋 = 1
1 4𝜋2 2 2
= 𝜋 {[(− 𝑛
)+ 0 + 𝑛3 ] − [0 + 0 + 𝑛3 ]}

4𝜋
𝑏𝑛 =− 𝑛

Substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 in (1), we get

∞
1 8𝜋2 4 4𝜋
𝑥= ( )+ ∑ (
2 cos nx + (− ) sin nx)
2 3 𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑛

∞
4𝜋2 1 𝜋
𝑥= 3
+ 4∑ (𝑛2 cos nx − 𝑛 sin nx)be the required Fourier series.
𝑛=1

3) Expand f(x) = x sin x , 0 < x < 2𝜋 as a Fourier series.

Sol: Given that f(x) = x sin x , 0 < x < 2𝜋

𝑎0
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx) ….. (1)be the Fourier series
2

1 2𝜋
Where𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
Now𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
=𝜋 ∫0 x sin x 𝑑𝑥

1
=𝜋 [𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − 1(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]2𝜋
0

1
= {[2𝜋(−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋) − 1(−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋)] − [0(−𝑐𝑜𝑠0) − 1(−𝑠𝑖𝑛0)]}
𝜋

1 sin 2𝜋 = 0
= 𝜋 {[2𝜋(−1) − 1(−0)] − [0(−1) − 1(−0)]} [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ]
cos 2𝜋 = 1
1
= 𝜋 {[(−2𝜋) + 0] − [0 + 0]}

𝑎0 =−2
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 x sin x 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 x (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 x (sin (n + 1)x − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [since 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B)-sin (A-B)]

1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋

=
2𝜋
[𝑥 (− (𝑛+1) +
(𝑛−1)
)− 1 (−
(𝑛+1)2
+
(𝑛−1)2
)] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
0

1 cos(𝑛+1)2𝜋 cos(𝑛−1)2𝜋 sin(𝑛+1)2𝜋 sin(𝑛−1)2𝜋

= {[2𝜋 (− (𝑛+1) + (𝑛−1) ) − 1 (− + )] − [0 − 0]}
2𝜋 (𝑛+1)2 (𝑛−1)2

1 1
=− +
(𝑛+1) (𝑛−1)

2
𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑛2 −1

1 2𝜋
If n=1 then 𝑎1 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 x sin x 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 x (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
=2𝜋 ∫0 x sin2x 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝜋
=2𝜋 {𝑥 ( ) − 1 ( 22 )}
2 0
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋
= {[2𝜋 ( )− 1( )] − [0 − 0]}
2𝜋 2 22

1 −1
=
2𝜋
[2𝜋 ( 2 )]

1
a1 =−
2

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 x sin x 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 x (2sinnx 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= ∫ x (cos (n − 1)x − cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [since 2 sin A sin B = cos (A-B)-cos (A+B)]
2𝜋 0

1 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 2𝜋

=2𝜋 [𝑥 ( (𝑛−1)
− (𝑛+1)
)− 1 (− (𝑛−1)2
+ (𝑛+1)2
)] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
0

1 sin(𝑛−1)2𝜋 sin(𝑛+1)2𝜋 cos(𝑛−1)2𝜋 cos(𝑛+1)2𝜋 1 1

=
2𝜋
{[2𝜋 ( (𝑛−1) − (𝑛+1) ) − 1 (−
(𝑛−1)2
+
(𝑛+1)2
)] − [0 − (−
(𝑛−1)2
+
(𝑛+1)2
)]}

1 1 1 1 1
= 2𝜋 {[2𝜋(−0 + 0) − 1 (− (𝑛−1)2 + (𝑛+1)2 )] − [0 − (− (𝑛−1)2 + (𝑛+1)2 )]}
 1 1 1 1 1
= [+ (𝑛−1)2 − − + ] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
2𝜋 (𝑛+1)2 (𝑛−1)2 (𝑛+1)2

𝑏𝑛 = 0(𝑛 ≠ 1)
1 2𝜋
If n=1 then 𝑏1 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 x sin x 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 x 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x 𝑑𝑥=𝜋 ∫0 x 2
𝑑𝑥=2𝜋 ∫0 x (1 − cos2x) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝜋
=2𝜋 {𝑥 (𝑥 − )− 1(2 + )}
2 4 0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋 (2𝜋)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜
=2𝜋 {[2𝜋 (2𝜋 − 2
)− 1( 2
+ 4
)] − [0 − 1(0 + 4
]}

1 (2𝜋)2 1 1
=2𝜋 {[2𝜋(2𝜋 − 0) − 1 ( 2
+ 4)] − [0 − 4]}

1 1 1
=2𝜋 {[4𝜋 2 − 2𝜋 2 − 4] + 4}

1 1 1
= {2𝜋 2 − + }=π
2𝜋 4 4

b1= π

Substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 in (1), we get

∞
𝑎0
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = + 𝑎1 cos x + 𝑏1 sin x + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx)
2
𝑛=2

∞
−2 1 2
x sin x = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑ (
2 −1 cos nx + 0 sin nx)
2 2 𝑛=2 𝑛

∞
1 2
x sin x = −1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑ ( 2 cos nx) be the required Fourier series
𝑛=2 𝑛 −1

4) Find the Fourier series of the function f(x)= x in the interval [-π,π ].

Sol:- Given that f(x)= x is an odd function


Let x = 
n 1
bn sin nx ---(1) is the Fourier series

2 𝜋
Where 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

2 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥( ) − 1. ( 2 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −sin 𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛0 −sin 𝑛0
= [{𝜋 ( )− 1. ( )} − {0 ( )− 1. ( )}]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2

2 (−1)𝑛 0 0 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
= 𝜋 [{𝜋 ( )− 1. (𝑛2 )} − {0 − 1. (𝑛2 )}] ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 )
𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛

2 (−1)𝑛
=𝜋 [{𝜋 ( 𝑛
)− 0} − {0 − 0}]

2 (−1)𝑛
= [{𝜋 ( )} − {0}]
𝜋 𝑛

2 (−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛

= [𝜋 ( )] = => 𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

Substitute the value of 𝑏𝑛 in equation (1) we get


2(1) n
x= 
n1 n
sin nx is the required Fourier series.

5. Find the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x2 in the interval [-π, π].

𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
(Or) Prove that x2= 3
+ 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥.Hence deduce that i) 12 − 22 + 32
− 42 + − − −−= 12
1 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
ii) + + + +−− −−= iii) 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + − − −−=
12 22 32 42 6 1 3 5 7 8

Sol: - Given that f(x) = x2 is an even function


a0
Let x2 =   an cos nx    (1) be the Fourier series
2 n 1

2 𝜋
Where𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜋

2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑥3 𝜋
=𝜋 ( 3 )
0
2 𝜋3
=𝜋 ( 3 − 0)

2 𝜋3
= ( )
𝜋 3

2𝜋2
a0= 3
 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 sin 𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( )− 2𝑥 ( )+ 2( ]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2 sin 𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − sin 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
= [{𝜋 2 ( )− 2𝜋 ( )+ 2( )} − {0 − 0 − 2(0)}] ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 )
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛

2 (−1)𝑛
=𝜋 [{𝜋 2 (0) − 2𝜋 (− 𝑛2
) + 2(0)} − {0 − 0 − 2(0)}]

2 (−1)𝑛
=𝜋 [{−2𝜋 (− 𝑛2
)} − {0}]

2 (−1)𝑛
= [{−2𝜋 (− )}]
𝜋 𝑛2

4(−1)𝑛
an = 𝑛2

Substitute the value of a0,𝑎𝑛 in equation (1) we get

2 4(1) n 
2 
(1) n
2
x =  cos nx   4 2 cos nx is the required Fourier series.
3 n1 n2 3 n1 n

𝜋2 1 1 1 1
Deductions:-Therefore x2= + 4{− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − + − −-------(2)
3 12 22 32 42

𝜋2 1 1 1 1
i)Put x=0 in equation (2) we get 02= 3
+ 4{− 12 + 22 − 32 + 42 − −−}

1 1 1 1 𝜋2
− + − + − − −−=
12 22 32 42 12
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
ii) Put x=π in equation (2) we get 𝜋 2 = 3
+ 4{12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + − − −}

1 1 1 1 𝜋2
12
+ 22 + 32 + 42 + − − −−= 6

1 1 1 1 𝜋2
iii) Adding the above two, we get 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + − − −−= 8

Hence the proof

6. Find the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x2 in the interval (-𝑙, 𝑙)

Sol:-Given function is f(x)=x2in the interval (-𝑙, 𝑙).

𝑎0
Let x2 = 2
+ ∑∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙 ------ ( 1)be the Fourier series in the interval (-𝑙, 𝑙)
 2 𝑙
Where 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑙
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑥3 𝑙
= 𝑙(3)
0
2 𝑙3
= 𝑙 ( 3 − 0)

2 𝑙3
= 𝑙 (3)

2𝑙 2
a0 = 3

2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥

2 sin − cos − sin 𝑙
= 𝑙 [𝑥 2 ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − 2𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
)+ 2( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
)]
𝑙
( )𝟐
𝑙
( )𝟑
𝑙 0

2 sin 𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − sin 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0

= [{𝑙 2 ( ) − 2𝑙 ( )+ 2( )} − {0 − 0 − 2(0)}] ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 )
𝑙
𝑛𝜋
𝑙
(
𝑛𝜋 𝟐
𝑙
) (
𝑛𝜋 𝟑
𝑙
) cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛

2 −(−1)𝑛
= 𝑙 [𝑙 2 (0) − 2𝑙 ( 𝑛𝜋 𝟐 ) + 2(0)]
( )
𝑙

4𝑙 2 (−1)𝑛
an = 𝑛 2 𝜋2

Substitute the value of a0,𝑎𝑛 in equation (1) we get

2𝑙 2 4𝑙 2 (−1)𝑛 2𝑙 2 4𝑙 2 ∞ (−1)𝑛
x2= + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 = + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 is the required Fourier series.
3 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑙 3 𝜋2 𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝑙

7) Obtain Fourier expansion for sin ax in the interval -𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙

Sol. Since sin ax is an odd function in(−𝑙, 𝑙), therefore the required series is of the form
∞
nπx
sin ax = ∑ (bn sin )….. (1)
n=1 𝑙

2 𝑙 nπx
Then, bn = 𝑙 ∫0 f(x) sin 𝑙
dx

2 𝑙 nπx
= 𝑙 ∫0 sin ax sin 𝑙
dx

1 𝑙 nπ nπ
= 𝑙 ∫0 [cos (a − 𝑙
)x − cos (a + 𝑙
) x] dx
 nπ nπ 𝑙
1 sin(a− 𝑙 )x sin(a+ )x
𝑙
= 𝑙
[ nπ − nπ ]
a− a+
𝑙 𝑙 0

n𝜋 n𝜋 n𝜋 n𝜋
1 sin(𝑎− )𝑙 sin(𝑎+ )𝑙 sin(𝑎− )0 sin(𝑎+ )0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑙 {[ n𝜋 − n𝜋 ]−[ n𝜋 − n𝜋 ]}
𝑎− 𝑎+ 𝑎− 𝑎+
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

1 sin(𝑎𝑙−n𝜋) sin(𝑎𝑙+n𝜋)
=𝑙 { n𝜋 − n𝜋 }
𝑎− 𝑎+
𝑙 𝑙

1 sin 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋 sin 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋

=𝑙 { n𝜋 − n𝜋 } [sinn𝜋=0]
𝑎− 𝑎+
𝑙 𝑙

sin 𝑎𝑙 (−1)𝑛 2n𝜋⁄

𝑙
= { n𝜋 } [𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑙 𝑎 2 −( )2
𝑙

2n𝜋 sin 𝑎𝑙 (−1)𝑛+1

𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛2 𝜋 2 − 𝑎2 𝑙 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

∞
2n𝜋 sin 𝑎𝑙 (−1)𝑛+1 n𝜋𝑥
sin ax = ∑ ( 2 2 2 2
sin )
𝑛 𝜋 − 𝑎 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
n(−1)𝑛+1 n𝜋𝑥
sin ax = 2𝜋 sin 𝑎𝑙 ∑ ( 2 2 sin )
𝑛 𝜋 − 𝑎2 𝑙 2 𝑙
𝑛=1

This is the required Fourier expansion.

8) Obtain the half-range cosine and sine series for f(x) = x in the interval (0, 𝑙).

Sol:- Given that f(x) = x in the interval (0, 𝑙), here 𝑙 = 𝑙

∞
𝑎0 n𝜋𝑥
Let 𝐱 = 2
+∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑙
) ….(1) be the half range Fourier cosine series
𝑛=1

2 𝑙
Where𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑙
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝐱 𝑑𝑥

𝑙
2 𝑥2
= 𝑙(2)
0

2 𝑙2 02
= 𝑙 [( 2 ) − ( 2 )]

𝑎0 = 𝑙.
 𝑙
2 n𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

n𝜋𝑥 n𝜋𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
= 𝑙 {𝑥 ( n𝜋𝑙 ) − 1(− 𝑙
n𝜋 2
)}
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0

n𝜋𝑙 n𝜋𝑙 n𝜋0 n𝜋0

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑙 {[𝑙 ( n𝜋 ) − 1(− n𝜋 2
)] − [0 ( n𝜋 ) − 1(− n𝜋 2
)]}
𝑙 ( ) 𝑙 ( )
𝑙 𝑙

sinn𝜋 = 0
2 (−1)𝑛 1
= 𝑙 {[ n𝜋 2
]−[ n𝜋 2
]} [𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
( ) ( )
𝑙 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
2𝑙
= n2 𝜋2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = { 4𝑙
− n2 𝜋2 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

Substituting the values of 𝑎0, 𝑎𝑛 in (1), we get

∞
𝑙 4𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
𝐱 = + ∑ (− 2 2 cos )
2 n 𝜋 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5…

∞
𝑙 4𝑙 1 n𝜋𝑥
𝐱 = − 2 ∑ (− 2 cos )
2 𝜋 n 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5…

∞
nπx
Let x = ∑ (bn sin l
)------------ (2) be the half range Fourier sine series
n=1

2 l nπx
Wherebn = l ∫0 f(x) sin l
dx

2 𝑙 n𝜋𝑥
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

n𝜋𝑥 n𝜋𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝑙
{𝑥 (− n𝜋 𝑙 ) − 1(− n𝜋 2
𝑙
)}
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0

n𝜋𝑙 n𝜋𝑙 n𝜋0 n𝜋0

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝑙
{[𝑙 (− n𝜋 𝑙 ) − 1(− n𝜋 2
𝑙
)] − [0 (− n𝜋
𝑙
) − 1(− n𝜋 2
𝑙
)]}
𝑙 ( ) 𝑙 ( )
𝑙 𝑙
 sinn𝜋 = 0
2 𝑙(−1)𝑛
= 𝑙 {[− n𝜋 ] − [0]} [𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
(−1)𝑛+1
bn = 2𝑙 ( )
n𝜋

Substituting the values of bn in (2), we get

∞
(−1)𝑛+1 nπx
x = ∑ (2𝑙 ( ) sin )
n𝜋 l
n=1

∞
1 (−1)𝑛+1 nπx
x= 2𝑙 (𝜋) ∑ (( n ) sin l )be the required Fourier expansion.
n=1

𝜋−𝑥
3) Find the Fourier series of f(x) = 2
in 0 < x < 2.

𝜋−𝑥
Sol:- Given that f(x) = in 0 < x < 2.
2

Here length of the interval is 2 𝑙 = 2 ⟹ 𝑙 = 1

∞
𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑎0 n𝜋𝑥 n𝜋𝑥
= + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝜋−𝑥 𝑎0
2
= 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos n𝜋𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin n𝜋𝑥)------------ (1) (since 𝑙 = 1)

1 2
Then 𝑎0 = 1 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2
2 𝜋−𝑥 𝑥𝜋 𝑥2 2𝜋 22 0𝜋 02
= ∫0 2
𝑑𝑥 ={( 2 ) − ( 4 )} = [( 2 − 4
)−(2 − 4
)]
0

𝑎0 = 𝜋 − 1
2
1 n𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
1 1
0

2 𝜋−𝑥
= ∫0 ( 2
) 𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋−𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 n𝜋𝑥 0−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋𝑥 2

= [( 2
) ( n𝜋 ) − ( 2 ) (− (n𝜋)2 )]
0

𝜋−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2n𝜋 0−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2n𝜋 𝜋−0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0n𝜋 0−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠n𝜋0
= {[( 2
) ( n𝜋 ) − ( 2 ) (− (n𝜋)2 )] − [(2
) ( n𝜋 ) − ( 2 ) (− (n𝜋)2 )]}

1 1 1 1 1
= 1 [− 2 𝑛2 𝜋2 + 2 𝑛2 𝜋2 ]
𝑎𝑛 = 0
2
1 n𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1 1
0

2 𝜋−𝑥
= ∫0 ( 2
) 𝑠𝑖𝑛n𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 n𝜋𝑥 0−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛n𝜋𝑥 2

= [( 2
) (− n𝜋
) − ( 2
) (− (n𝜋)2
)]
0

𝜋−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2n𝜋 0−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2n𝜋 𝜋−0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0n𝜋 0−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛n𝜋0
= {[( 2
) (− n𝜋 ) − ( 2 ) (− (n𝜋)2 )] − [( 2
) (− n𝜋 ) − ( 2 ) (− (n𝜋)2 )]}

𝜋−2 1 𝜋−0 1
= {[( 2
) (− n𝜋) − 0] − [(2
) (− n𝜋) − 0]}

1
= {−𝜋 + 2 + 𝜋}
2n𝜋

1
𝑏𝑛 = n𝜋

Substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , bn in (1), we get

∞
𝜋−𝑥 𝜋−1 1
= + ∑ (0 cos n𝜋𝑥 + sin n𝜋𝑥)
2 2 n𝜋
𝑛=1

∞
𝜋−𝑥 𝜋−1 1
= + ∑ ( sin n𝜋𝑥)be the required Fourier series.
2 2 𝑛=1 n𝜋

*********