CE8394 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery MCQ

Department of Mechanical Engineering MCQ for Regulations 2017
⁄v
Thus, the unit of p is kg = m3.
CE8394 Fluid
2. The specific gravity of a liquid has
Mechanics and
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a) the same unit as that of mass density
b) the same unit as that of weight density
Machinery c) the same unit as that of specific volume
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d) no unit
Mechanical Answer: d
C
Explanation: The specific gravity of a liquid
Engineering - Third is the ratio of two similar quantities
T.
(densities) which makes it unitless.
Semester 3. The specific volume of a liquid is the
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reciprocal of
a) weight density
b) mass density
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c) specific weight
UNIT I FLUID d) specific volume
PROPERTIES AND FLOW Answer: b
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CHARACTERISTICS Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m).
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v = v⁄m = 1 / m⁄v = ⁄p
TOPIC 1.1 UNITS AND where p is the mass density.
DIMENSIONS- PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS- MASS DENSITY, 4. Which one of the following is the unit of
specific weight?
.B
SPECIFIC WEIGHT, SPECIFIC

a) N = m3
VOLUME, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
b) N = m2
VISCOSITY, c) N = m
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COMPRESSIBILITY, VAPOR d) N = ms
PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION
AND CAPILLARITY. Answer: a
Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as
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the weight(w) per unit volume(V ), i.e.,

1. Which one of the following is the unit of γ=w/v
mass density?
Thus, unit of is N = m3.
a) kg = m3
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b) kg = m2 5. Which one of the following is the

c) kg = m dimension of mass density?
d) kg = ms a) [M1 L-3 T0].
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b) [M1 L3 T0].
Answer: a
Explanation: Mass Density(p) is defined as c) [M0 L-3 T0].
the mass(m) per unit volume(V ), i.e., p = m d) [M0 L3 T0].
Downloaded From: https://cse-r17.blogspot.com 1

Answer: a of the following expressions will represent

Explanation: Mass Density(p) is defined as the relation between their specific volumes v1
the mass(m) per unit volume(V ), i.e., and v2?
[p] = [m]/[v] = [m] /[L3] = [ML-3]. a) v1 > v2
b) v1 < v2
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6. Which one of the following is the c) v1 = v2
dimension of specific gravity of a liquid? d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient
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a) [M1 L-3 T0]. information.
b) [M1 L0 T0]. Answer: b
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c) [M0 L-3 T0]. Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
d) [M0 L0 T0]. as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m).
T.
v = v⁄m = 1 / m⁄v = ⁄p
Answer: d where p is the mass density. Thus, if p1 > p2,
Explanation: The specific gravity of a liquid the relation between the specific volumes v1
is the ratio of two similar quantities and v2
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(densities) which makes it dimensionless. will be represented by v1 < v2.
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7. Which one of the following is the 10. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
dimension of specific volume of a liquid? mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
a) [M1 L-3 T0]. the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
weight of the liquid will be
b) [M-1 L3 T0].
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a) 6:5 kN = m3
c) [M-1 L-3 T0].
b) 6:6 kN = m3
d) [M0 L3 T0].
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c) 6:7 kN = m3
Answer: b d) 6:8 kN = m3
Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m). Thus, Answer: a
.B
[v] = [V]/[m] = [L3]/[M] = [M-1L3]. Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as

the weight(w) per unit volume(V ), i.e.,
8. Which one of the following is the γ = w⁄V
dimension of specific weight of a liquid? Thus, γ = 6:5 ⁄ -3 N ⁄ m3 = 6:5 kN/m3.
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a) [ML-3 T -2].
11. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
b) [ML3 T-2].
mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
c) [ML-2 T-2]. the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
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d) [ML2 T-2]. gravity of the liquid will be

a) 0.65
Answer: c b) 0.66
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Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as c) 0.67

the weight(w) per unit volume(V ), i.e., d) 0.68
Answer: b
Explanation: Specific gravity(S) of a liquid
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is defined as the ratio of the density of the

9. Two fluids 1 and 2 have mass densities of liquid(pl) to that of water(pw).
p1 and p2 respectively. If p1 > p2, which one

2. Which of these models directly gives this

equation?
∂
∭ ρdV + ∬ ρV → =0
→. dS
∂t v s
a)
Thus, S = 0:66.
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12. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
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the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
volume of the liquid will be
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a) 1 l =kg
b) 1:5 l =kg
b)
T.
c) 2 l =kg
d) 2:5 l =kg
Answer: b
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Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m). Thus,
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c)
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TOPIC 1.2 FLOW
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CHARACTERISTICS -
CONCEPT OF CONTROL
VOLUME - APPLICATION OF d)
.B
CONTINUITY EQUATION,
ENERGY EQUATION AND
MOMENTUM EQUATION.
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1. The physical principle behind the

continuity equation is __________
a) Mass conservation
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b) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

c) First law of thermodynamics Answer: b
d) Energy conservation Explanation: The equation is in conservative
integral form. So, the model must be finite
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Answer: a control volume fixed in space.

Explanation: Continuity equation is derived
from the mass conservation principle. It states 3. Which of these models directly gives this
that for an isolated system, the mass of the equation?
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system must remain constant. Dt

∭
v
ρdV = 0
a)

c) ∭ → →
ρV . dS
V
d) ∬ → →
ρV . dS
V
Answer: d
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Explanation: In general,
mass flow rate=density × velocity × area
For this case,
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b) elemental mass flow rate = ρV→. dS→
total mass flow rate=∬ ρV→. dS→
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V
5. Consider a model of finite control volume
T.
(volume V and surface area) fixed in space
with elemental volume dV, vector elemental
surface area dS→, density ρ and flow velocity
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c) V→. What is the mass inside the control
volume?
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a) ∬ ρV→. dS→
s
b) ∭ ρdV V
c) ρdV
d) ∂
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∭ ρdV
∂t V
Answer: b
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d) Explanation: Mass=density × volume

mass inside dV=ρdV
mass inside V = ∭ ρdV . V
6. Consider a model of finite control volume

.B
(volume V and surface area) moving along

the flow with elemental volume dV, vector
elemental surface area dS→, density ρ and flow
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Answer: c velocity V→. What is the time rate of change of

Explanation: The equation is the non- mass inside the control volume?
conservative form of the integral continuity a) ∭ ρdV V
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equation. This is obtained from a finite b) ∂
∂t
∭ ρdV
V
control volume moving along with the flow. c) D
∭ ρdV
Dt V
4. Consider a model of finite control volume d) ρdV

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(volume V and surface area S) fixed in space

Answer: c
with elemental volume dV, vector elemental
Explanation: Substantial derivative is used as
surface area dS→, density ρ and flow velocity the model is moving.
V→. What is the net mass flow rate out of the mass=density × volume
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surface area? mass inside dV=ρdV

a) ∬ ρV→. dV
V
mass inside V = ∭ ρdV V
b) ρV→. dS→

time rate of change of mass inside surface≠Rate of change of mass inside the
D
Dt
∭ ρdV .
V
control volume
7. To convert the non-conservative integral Answer: c

Explanation: Statement of mass conservation
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equation of mass conservation into the
conservative integral form, which of these equation for a finite control volume fixed in
theorems is used? space:
Net mass flow through the control surface is
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a) Stokes theorem
b) Kelvin-Stokes theorem equal to the rate of change of mass inside the
c) Gauss-Siedel theorem control volume.
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d) Gauss Divergence Theorem
10. What is the physical statement of mass
T.
Answer: d conservation equation for a finite control
Explanation: The expansion of non- volume moving along with the flow?
conservative integral equation gives two a) Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume integral terms. One of these terms volume = 0
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representing the mass flow is converted into b) Rate of change of mass inside the control
surface integral using the Gauss Divergence volume = constant
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theorem. c) Net mass flow through the control surface
= Rate of change of mass inside the control
8. Consider a model of finite control volume volume
(volume V and surface area) fixed in space d) Net mass flow through the control
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with elemental volume dV, vector elemental surface≠Rate of change of mass inside the
surface area dS→, density ρ and flow velocity control volume
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→.
V
Answer: b
ρV→. dS→ is positive when _____________ Explanation: Statement of mass conservation
a) The mass flow is outward equation for a finite control volume moving
b) The mass flow is inward along with the flow:
.B
c) The mass flow is positive Mass inside the control volume = constant
d) The mass flow is negative Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume = 0.
Answer: a
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Explanation: dS→ always points outwards to

the control volume. So, the product ρV→. dS→ is
positive when the mass flow is outwards.
UNIT II FLOW THROUGH
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9. What is the physical statement of mass CIRCULAR CONDUITS

conservation equation for a finite control
volume fixed in space?
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a) Net mass flow through the control surface TOPIC 2.1 HYDRAULIC AND
= constant ENERGY GRADIENT
b) Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume = constant
1. Energy gradient line takes into
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c) Net mass flow through the control surface

consideration
= Rate of change of mass inside the control
a) potential and kinetic heads only
volume
b) potential and pressure heads only
d) Net mass flow through the control

c) kinetic and pressure heads only 4. Which of the following is true?

d) potential, kinetic and pressure heads a) HGL always drops in the direction of flow
b) HGL always rises in the direction of flow
Answer: d c) HGL always remains constant in the
Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting direction of flow
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total head at various points along the axis of d) HGL may or may not in the direction of
the pipe. flow
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Answer: d
Explanation: HGL is obtained by plotting
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piezometric head at various points along the
where H is the total head, P / γ is the pressure axis of the pipe. Since pressure may either
T.
head, z is the potential head and v2 / 2g is the rise or fall in the direction of flow, HGL may
velocity head. Hence, EGL is also called or may not change in that direction.
Total Energy Line (TEL).
5. Which of the following is true?
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2. Hydraulic gradient line takes into a) HGL will never be above EGL
consideration b) HGL will never be under EGL
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a) potential and kinetic heads only c) HGL will never coincide with EGL
b) potential and pressure heads only d) HGL will may or may not be above EGL
c) kinetic and pressure heads only
d) potential, kinetic and pressure heads Answer: a
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Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting
Answer: b total head and HGL is obtained by plotting
Explanation: HGL is obtained by plotting piezometric head at various points along the
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piezometric head at various points along the axis of the pipe.

axis of the pipe.
Hp = P ⁄ γ + z
where Hp is the piezometric head, P ⁄ γ is the
.B
pressure head and z is the potential head. Hp = P ⁄ γ + z

3. Which of the following is true? where H is the total head, P ⁄ γ is the pressure
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a) EGL always drops in the direction of c head, z is the potential head, Hp is the
b) EGL always rises in the direction of flow piezometric head, and v2 / 2g is the velocity
c) EGL always remains constant in the head.
direction of flow H = Hp + v2 / 2g Since Hp < H, HGL can
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d) EGL may or may not in the direction of never be above EGL.

flow
6. The vertical intercept between EGL and
Answer: a
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HGL is equal to
Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting a) pressure head
total head at various points along the axis of b) potential head
the pipe. Since the total head decreases in the c) kinetic head
direction of flow, EGL will always drop in d) Piezometric head
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that direction.
Answer: c
Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting

total head and HGL is obtained by plotting an increase in the velocity of flow across the
piezometric head at various points along the pipe. Since the kinetic head increases, the
axis of the pipe. vertical intercept between EGL and HGL will
increase.
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9. For a diffuser, the vertical intercept
between EGL and HGL
a) increases
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Hp = P ⁄ γ + z
b) decreases
where H is the total head, P ⁄ γ is the pressure
c) remains constant
head, z is the potential head, Hp is the
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d) may increase or decrease
piezometric head, and v2 / 2g is the velocity
T.
head. Answer: b
H – Hp = v2 / 2g, the vertical intercept Explanation: The vertical intercept between
between EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic head.
head. For a diffuser, the cross-sectional area
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increases in the direction of flow leading to a
7. The slope of HGL will be decrease in the velocity of flow across the
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a) greater than that of EGL for a pipe of pipe. Since the kinetic head decreases, the
uniform cross-section vertical intercept between EGL and HGL will
b) smaller than that of EGL for a pipe of decrease.
uniform cross-section
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c) equal than that of EGL for a pipe of 10. Which of the following is true?
uniform cross-section a) the slope of EGL will always be greater
d) independent of that of EGL for a pipe of than that of the axis of the pipe
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uniform cross-section b) the slope of EGL will always be smaller

than that of the axis of the pipe
Answer: c c) the slope of EGL will always be equal to
Explanation: The vertical intercept between that of the axis of the pipe
.B
EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic head. d) the slope of EGL will always be
For a pipe of uniform cross-section, there will independent of that of the axis of the pipe
be no change in the velocity of flow across
Answer: d
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the pipe. Since the kinetic head remian

constant, the slope of HGL will be equal than Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting
that of EGL. total head at various points along the axis of
the pipe.
8. For a nozzle, the vertical intercept between
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EGL and HGL

a) increases
b) decreases
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c) remains constant where H is the total head, P ⁄ γ is the pressure

d) may increase or decrease head, z is the potential head, , and v2 / 2g is
the velocity head.
Answer: a Hence, there is no relation whatsoever
Explanation: The vertical intercept between
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between the slope of EGL and that of the axis

EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic head. of the pipe.
For a nozzle, the cross-sectional area
decreases in the direction of flow leading to

TOPIC 2.2 LAMINAR FLOW (> 4000) are turbulent flows, whereas low
Reynolds number flows (< 2100) are laminar
THROUGH CIRCULAR flows. The viscosity coefficient is a part of
CONDUITS AND CIRCULAR the Reynolds number, but isn’t the only
ANNULI criteria for decision.
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4. How is Reynolds number defined as?
1. For a fully-developed pipe flow, how does a) Ratio of pressures in the inlet to the outlet
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the pressure vary with the length of the pipe? of a pipe
a) Linearly b) The product of velocity of the flow and the
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b) Parabolic diameter of the pipe, divided by the kinematic
c) Exponential viscosity of fluid
d) Constant
T.
c) The product of density of the fluid,
velocity of the flow and the diameter of the
Answer: a
pipe, divided by the dynamic viscosity of
Explanation: In a zero acceleration fully-
fluid
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developed flow in a pipe, the pressure
d) Ratio of inertia force to viscous force
gradually decreases linearly along the length
of the pipe. Hence, the pressure variation is
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Answer: d
said to be linear. Explanation: The question demands the
definition and not the commonly used
2. When a problem states “The velocity of the
formula of Reynolds number. Some of them
water flow in a pipe is 20 m/s”, which of the
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denote the formula of Reynolds number. The
following velocities is it talking about?
definition of Reynolds number is the ratio of
a) RMS velocity
inertia force to viscous force in a pipe flow.
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b) Average velocity
c) Absolute velocity 5. A circular pipe of radius 7 cm is used for
d) Relative velocity water flow transmission. This pipe is
moulded into another pipe with a square
Answer: b
.B
cross-section keeping the length same.

Explanation: In a pipe-flow, the velocity is
(Ignore the thickness of the pipe). Calculate
always referred to the average velocity. There
the hydraulic diameter of the moulded pipe.
may be a case where all water particles move
(Take π = 22/7).
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in the same direction with 20 m/s, then the

a) 11 cm
average velocity will be equal to absolute
b) 7 cm
velocity. But, this is only a special case.
c) 3.5 cm
Hence, average velocity will always be true.
d) 22 cm
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3. Which of the factors primarily decide

Answer: a
whether the flow in a circular pipe is laminar
Explanation: The perimeter of the circular
or turbulent?
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cross section and the square cross section will

a) The Prandtl Number
remain the same. Perimeter = 44 cm. Side of
b) The Pressure gradient along the length of
square = 11 cm. Hydraulic diameter DH of
the pipe
the pipe is given by 4A/P, where A = Area of
c) The dynamic viscosity coefficient
cross section and P = wetted perimeter. In
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d) The Reynolds Number

case of a square DH = side. Hence, the
Answer: d hydraulic diameter is 11 cm.
Explanation: High Reynolds number flows

6. Water flows through a circular tube with a number is below 2100. A more viscous fluid
velocity of 2 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is would have a higher velocity coefficient, thus
14 cm. Take kinematic viscosity of water 10-6 reducing the Reynolds number further at the
m2/s and density of water 1000 kg/m3. same conditions. Hence, the Reynolds
number will be well below 2100. Flow will
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a) 2.8*108 remain laminar.
b) 2.8*105
c) 2800 9. What can be the maximum diameter of the
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d) 28000 pipe for the water flow of velocity 1 m/s (ν =
10-6) to be laminar in nature? Assume Lower
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Answer: b critical Reynolds number to be 2100.
Explanation: Reynolds number is given by a) 2.1 mm
T.
VD/ν = (2*0.14)/10-6. Density given is extra b) 21 mm
information. One shouldn’t be confused by c) 21 cm
that. d) 0.21 mm
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7. The Reynolds number is found out for a Answer: a
flow in a circular pipe. This circular pipe is Explanation: If the Reynolds number of the
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moulded into a square pipe, keeping length of flow is below its lower critical Reynolds
the pipe same. Ignore the thickness of the number, the flow is clearly laminar. The
pipe. The Reynolds number changes by maximum diameter can be found for Re =
__________ 2100. The diameter comes out to be 2.1 mm.
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a) 57% decrease
b) 57% increase 10. Which of the following flows have the
c) 43% decrease highest critical Reynolds number (lower)?
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d) 43% increase a) Flow in a pipe

b) Flow between parallel plates
Answer: b c) Flow in an open channel
Explanation: The Reynolds number directly d) Flow around spherical body
.B
depends upon the hydraulic diameter of the

pipe. Suppose the diameter of the pipe is D, Answer: a
the hydraulic diameter of square pipe is Explanation: The approximate lower critical
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1.57D. Hence, 57% increase. Reynolds number for Flow in a pipe, flow
between parallel plates, flow in an open
8. The flow through a circular pipe is laminar. channel and flow around the spherical body
Now, the fluid through the pipe is replaced are 2000, 1000, 500 and 1 respectively.
with a more viscous fluid and passed through Hence, the maximum is for internal pipe flow.
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the pipe again with the same velocity. What

can we say about the nature of this flow?
a) The flow will become turbulent TOPIC 2.3 BOUNDARY LAYER
CONCEPTS - TYPES OF
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b) The flow will be a transition flow

c) The flow will remain laminar BOUNDARY LAYER
d) The Reynolds number of the earlier flow is THICKNESS
required to answer this question
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Answer: c 1. How can we determine whether the flow is

Explanation: A flow through a circular pipe laminar or turbulent?
is said to be laminar when the Reynolds a) Reynold’s number

b) Mach number Answer: c

c) Froude number Explanation: Eddy viscosity is a turbulent
d) Knudsen number transfer of momentum by eddies. It gives rise
to an internal fluid friction. It is in analogous
Answer: a to the action of molecular viscosity in laminar
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Explanation: Reynold’s number is used to fluid flow. Eddy viscosity takes place on a
determine whether the flow is laminar or large scale.
turbulent. If Reynold’s number is less than
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2000, it is a laminar flow. If Reynold’s 5. Which among the following is a device that
number is greater than 2000, then it is a converts a laminar flow into a turbulent flow?
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turbulent flow. a) Dead Weight Gauge
b) Vacuum Gauge
T.
2. The flow separation occurs when the fluid c) Turbulator
travels away from the __________ d) Ionization Gauge
a) Surface
b) Fluid body Answer: c
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c) Adverse pressure gradient Explanation: Turbulator is a device that
d) Inter-molecular spaces converts a laminar flow into a turbulent flow.
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The turbulent flow can be desired parts of an
Answer: c aircraft or also in industrial applications.
Explanation: Adverse pressure gradient takes Turbulator is derived from the word
place when the static pressure increases. It “turbulent”.
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increases the direction of the flow. Adverse
pressure gradient plays an important role in 6. Boundary layer separation does not
flow separation. Thus, option c is correct. undergo detachment.
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a) True
3. The swirl caused due to eddies are called as b) False
______
a) Vortices Answer: b
.B
b) Vertices Explanation: Boundary layer separation

c) Volume undergoes detachment from the surface into a
d) Velocity broader wake. It occurs mainly when the
portion of the boundary layer is closest to the
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Answer: a wall. It leads to reverse in the flow direction.

Explanation: Vortices are a region in a fluid.
It takes place when the flow revolves around 7. With the boundary layer separation,
an axis line. Vortices can be straight or displacement thickness________
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curved. They form shapes like smoke rings a) Increases

and whirlpools. b) Decreases
c) Remains Same
4. Eddy viscosity is a turbulent transfer
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d) Independent
of_________
a) Fluid Answer: a
b) Heat Explanation: With the boundary layer
c) Momentum separation, displacement thickness increases
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d) Pressure sharply. This helps to modify the outside

potential flow and its pressure field. Thus,
option ‘a’ is the correct choice.

8. What is the instrument used for the TOPIC 2.4 DARCY WEISBACH
automatic control scheme during the fluid
flow? EQUATION -FRICTION
a) Rotameters FACTOR- MOODY DIAGRAM-
b) Pulley plates COMMERCIAL PIPES- MINOR
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c) Rotary Piston LOSSES
d) Pilot Static Tube
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Answer: d 1. Which among the following does not
Explanation: Pilot static tube is a system that depend on the friction factor?
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uses an automatic control scheme to detect a) Pipe diameter
pressure. It has several holes connected to one b) Fluid density
c) Viscosity
T.
side of the device. These outside holes are
called as a pressure transducer, which d) Weight
controls the automatic scheme during fluid
flow. Answer: d
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Explanation: The friction factor(f) depends
9. What is D’Alembert’s Paradox? on the velocity of flow, fluid density, pipe
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a) Resistance= 0 diameter and the viscosity of the pipe.
b) Drag force= 0 Roughness of the pipe is also an important
c) Temperature = 0 criteria to determine the friction factor.
d) Pressure gradient= 0
2. Which among the following is the formula
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Answer: b for friction factor(f)?
Explanation: D’Alembert’s Paradox states a) f = 0.079*Re0.25
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that for an incompressible and inviscid flow b) f = 0.079/Re0.25

potential flow, the drag force is equal to zero.
c) f = 0.079/Re0.5
The fluid is moving at a constant velocity
with respect to its relative fluid. d) f = 0.079*Re0.5
.B
10. The steady- state flow must satisfy Answer: b

___________ Explanation: To calculate the friction factor
a) Kirchhoff’s law of a fluid, we use the Blasius equation. This
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b) Newtons law equation is accurate for values within 5%

c) Rutherford’s experiment having Reynolds number less than 105.
d) Kepler’s law (Blasius equation: f= 0.079/Re0.25)
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Answer: a 3. How do we calculate losses for a larger

Explanation: The steady state flow must range of Reynolds number?
satisfy Kirchhoff’s first and second law. The a) Moody chart
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first law states that the total flow into the b) Bar chart
junction equals the total flow away from the c) Scatter chart
junction. Second law is called as the law of d) Column histogram
conservation of mass. It states that between
two junctions, the head loss is independent of Answer: a
C
the path followed. Explanation: Moody chart is a graph of

frictional factor(f) vs Reynolds numbers. It
gives various values corresponding to the

‘k/d’ ratios. Where ‘k’ is the measure of the can do. (Rh=A/P). Thus, it is inversely
wall roughness and ‘d’ is the pipe diameter. proportional to loss of head due to friction.
4. Darcy- Weisbach equation gives relation 7. The formula for hydraulic diameter
between__________
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is______
a) Pressure and temperature a) 4A/P
b) Mass, volume and pressure b) 4AP
c) Head loss and pressure loss
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c) 4AV
d) Pressure loss only d) 4V
C
Answer: c Answer: a
Explanation: Darcy-Weisbach equation Explanation: Hydraulic diameter handles the
T.
relates the head loss and pressure loss due to flow in non-circular channels and tubes. The
friction along a given pipe with a specified most suitable term to calculate the hydraulic
length. It contains a dimensionless friction diameter for a round tube is Dh= 4A/P. Where
factor called the Darcy friction factor. The
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‘A’ is the cross-sectional area and ‘P’ is the
equation was named after Henry Darcy and
wetted perimeter.
Julius Weisbach.
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8. What are the reasons for minor head loses
5. Which among the following is formula for
in a pipe?
friction factor of circular pipes?
a) Friction
a) 16/Re
b) Heat
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b) 64/Re
c) Valves and bends
c) Re/16
d) Temperature
d) Re/64
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Answer: c
Answer: b
Explanation: Minor losses play an important
Explanation: Circular pipes have a diameter
role in calculating the flow, pressure and
treated in a round manner. For a fluid flow
energy of the piping system. Fluid that moves
.B
which is laminar head loss is directly through the pipe carries momentum and
proportional to the fluid velocity. Thus,
energy due to the forces acting on them.
friction factor is inversely proportional to its
Thus, these minor loses are developed due to
velocity. Therefore, the correct option is
17
valves, pipe diameter and bending.

‘64/Re’.
9. What happens to the head loss when the
6. Loss of head due to friction is __________
flow rate is doubled?
a) Directly proportional to hydraulic radius
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a) Doubles
b) Inversely proportional to velocity
b) Same
c) Inversely proportional to hydraulic radius
c) Triples
d) Directly proportional to gravitational d) Four times
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constant
Answer: d
Answer: c
Explanation: If the flow rate is doubled, the
Explanation: Hydraulic radius is one of the
head loss increases by a factor of four. Since,
properties of a fluid flow in a channel. It
C
the head loss is directly proportional to the

controls the water discharge. It also
square of the flow rate. Option (d) is the
determines the amount of work the channel
correct option.

10. Relative roughness is_________ plus the losses in each pipe. The local losses
a) ϵ/D are developed at the connection point.
b) ϵ*D
c) ϵ/Dm 3. The total head loss for the system is equal
d) ϵgD to_________
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a) Pipe length
Answer: a b) Pipe diameter
Explanation: Relative roughness is defined c) Width of the reservoir
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as the quantity used to measure the roughness d) Height difference of reservoirs
of the pipe’s surface. It is equal to the average
C
height of the surface irregularities divided by Answer: d
the pipe diameter. Therefore, Relative Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
T.
roughness= ϵ/D. equal to the height difference of the
reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by
the letter ‘H’. Total head loss can be equated
TOPIC 2.5 FLOW THROUGH by summing it up with all the local losses and
O
PIPES IN SERIES AND the losses at each pipe.
PARALLEL.
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4. Which among the following is not a loss
that is developed in the pipe?
1. The liquid flowing through a series of
a) Entry
pipes can take up__________
b) Exit
a) Pipes of different diameters
G
c) Connection between two pipes
b) Pipes of the same diameters only.
d) Liquid velocity
c) Single pipe only
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d) Short pipes only Answer: d

Explanation: Liquid velocity in the pipe is
Answer: a
the velocity with which the liquid travels
Explanation: When pipes of different
through different cross sections of the pipe. It
diameters are connected at its ends to form a
.B
is a vector field which is used to describe the

pipe, this pipe so developed is called as pipes
motion of a continuum. The length of flow
in series. They might not have to be of the
velocity vector is equal to the flow speed.
same diameters. But, having the same
17
diameters are better as it avoids the losses so 5. Which among the following is the correct
developed. formula for head loss?
a) Z1-Z2
2. What is the total loss developed in a series
b) C
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of pipes?
a) Sum of losses in each pipe only c) T2-T1
b) Sum of local losses only d) S2-S1
c) Sum of local losses plus the losses in each
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pipe Answer: a
d) Zero Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
equal to the height difference of the
Answer: c reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by
C
Explanation: When the pipes of different the letter ‘H’. Total head loss can be equated
diameters are connected in series from end to by summing it up with all the local losses and
end to form a pipe line. The total loss so
developed is equal to the sum of local losses

the losses at each pipe. Here, the height rate and velocity are known. ‘D’ is inversely
difference between the reservoirs is Z1-Z2. proportional to its velocity.
6. If the two reservoirs are kept at the same 9. Define Viscosity.

a) Resistance to flow of object
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level, the head loss is _______
a) Z1-Z2 b) Resistance to flow of air
b) Zero c) Resistance to flow of fluid
d) Resistance to flow of heat
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c) T2-T1
d) S2-S1 Answer: c
C
Explanation: Viscosity is developed due to
Answer: b the relative motion between two surfaces of
Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
T.
fluids at different velocities. It happens due to
equal to the height difference of the the shear stress developed on the surface of
reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by the fluid.
the letter ‘H’. The height difference between
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the reservoirs is Z1-Z2. Since they are of the 10. Coefficient of friction of a laminar flow
same level, Z1=Z2. Therefore, head loss is is_________
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a) Re/16
zero.
b) Re/64
7. How do we determine the total discharge c) 16/Re
through parallel pipes? d) 64/Re
G
a) Add them.
b) Subtract them
Answer: c
c) Multiply them
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Explanation: Coefficient of friction is

d) Divide them
defined as the value that shows relationship
between force and the normal reaction. It is
Answer: a
mainly used to find out an object’s normal
Explanation: Total discharge in parallel pipes
force and frictional force. Thus, it is equal to
.B
are determined by adding the discharges so

16/Re.
developed in individual pipes. If Q1 is the
discharge through pipe 1 and Q2 is the
17
discharge through pipe 2. Then the total

discharge through parallel pipes is equal to
Q1+Q2. UNIT III DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS
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8. The pipe diameter is ________

a) Directly proportional to fluid density
b) Directly proportional to mass flow rate TOPIC 3.1 NEED FOR
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c) Inversely proportional to mass flow rate

d) Directly proportional to fluid velocity
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS -
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL
Answer: b ANALYSIS
Explanation: The pipe diameter is directly
C
proportional to mass flow rate of fluid. Pipe

1. What is the science that deals with every
diameter can be calculated if volumetric flow
substance, its structure, its composition and
changes?

a) Botanical science of mutual attraction between two bodies by

b) Zoological science virtue of their masses. Every body attracts
c) Chemistry every other body in the universe with this
d) Physics force. Hence it is the universal attractive
force.
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Answer: c
Explanation: Chemistry is the science that 5. Gravitational force is the weakest force in
deals with every substance, its structure, its nature.
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composition and changes. Physics is the study a) True
of the natural world, matter, energy and b) False
C
radiation, while biology is the science that
deals with the behaviour of living things are Answer: a
T.
called biological sciences. Explanation: Gravitational force is the
weakest force in nature because it cannot be
2. Quantum physics deals with macroscopic felt by us on daily basis. Electromagnetic
phenomena. force is the strongest force in nature.
O
a) True
b) False 6. Which of the following is an example of
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electromagnetic force?
Answer: b a) Motion of moon around earth
Explanation: Classical physics deals with b) Evolution of stars
macroscopic phenomena which may be at the c) Evolution of galaxies
G
laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical. d) Compression of spring
Quantum physics deals with microscopic
phenomena at the minute scales of atoms. Answer: d
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Explanation: When a spring is compressed, it

3. Which of the following uses exerts a force of elasticity due to the net
electromagnetic waves? repulsion/ attraction between the
a) Radio neighbouring atoms. This net repulsion or
.B
b) Radiotherapy attraction is the sum of the electrostatic forces

c) Detecting fractures between the electrons and nuclei of the atoms.
d) Electric motors
7. Why is climbing a lamp post harder than
17
Answer: a climbing up a tree?

Explanation: Electromagnetic waves are a) Because of parallel friction force
used in the radio. While radiotherapy and b) Because of contact force between the
detecting fractures are done by x-rays and bodies
-R
electric motor comes under the electric c) Because of Van der Wall’s force
appliance. d) Because of rope force
4. Which is the universal attractive force? Answer: a

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a) Electromagnetic force Explanation: Sometimes, the electromagnetic

b) Strong nuclear force contact force between two bodies may have a
c) Weak nuclear force component acting parallel to the surface of
d) Gravitational force contact. This is called friction. When bodies
C
are placed with their smooth surfaces in

Answer: d contact, they provide only a small parallel
Explanation: Gravitational force is the force component of contact of force and hence

friction between them is small. This is why bullet and rifle are at rest and the initial
climbing a metallic lamp post is difficult than momentum of the system is zero. As soon as
climbing up a tree. the bullet is fired, it moves forward with a
large velocity. In order to conserve
8. Gravitational force, despite being a weak momentum, the rifle moves backward with
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force, governs the large scale motion. such a velocity that the final momentum of
a) True the system is zero.
b) False
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Answer: a TOPIC 3.2 SIMILITUDE -TYPES
C
Explanation: Mass is only of one type. So OF SIMILITUDE
the gravitational force is always attractive.
T.
Between two neutral objects, the gravitational 1. Similitude is a concept applicable to the
force goes on adding over all pairs of testing of _________
particles of the two objects while the a) Mathematical models
electromagnetic forces being equally
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b) Physical models
attractive and repulsive, add up to zero. That c) Engineering models
is why large scale motion in the universe is d) Chemical models
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controlled by the weakest gravitational force.
Answer: c
9. When a body is falling freely under gravity, Explanation: Similitude is an essential
the total mechanical energy remains constant concept that is applicable to the testing of
G
because of which of the following? basic engineering models. A model has a
a) Law of conservation of energy similitude with a real-time application. It
b) Unification of force shares the same geometry. Similarity and
LO
c) Electromagnetic force similitude are interchangeable at times.

d) Gravity
2. Which among the following is the main
Answer: a application for Similitude?
.B
Explanation: According to the law of a) Ships

conservation of energy, energy can neither be b) Cars
created nor can it be destroyed but it can be c) Hydraulics
changed from one form to another. When a
17
d) Train
body falls freely, under gravity, its potential
energy gradually changes into kinetic energy. Answer: c
But its total mechanical energy remains Explanation: Similitude plays an important
constant at any point of its motion. role in various applications. One of the major
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applications are hydraulics and aerospace

10. What happens when a bullet is fired from engineering. Its main purpose is to test the
a rifle? fluid flow at different conditions of scaled
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a) The rifle becomes weightless model.

b) We fall back
c) Rifle gives backward kick 3. Which among the following is not a criteria
d) Bullet doesn’t leave the rifle to achieve similitude?
a) Geometric similarity
C
Answer: c b) Kinematic similarity

Explanation: A rifle gives a backward kick c) Dynamic similarity
on firing a bullet. Before firing, both the d) Conditional similarity

Answer: d forces acting on the boundary surfaces are

Explanation: The criteria required to achieve also a constant.
similitude are geometric similarity, kinematic
similarity and dynamic similarity. All these 7. All the parameters in a similitude are
similarities play a major role in regard with described using_________
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the real-time applications. Similarity and a) Continuum mechanics
similitude are interchangeable at times. b) Solid mechanics
c) Diesel mechanics
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4. A model of with same shape is__________ d) Aircraft mechanics
a) Geometric similarity
C
b) Kinematic similarity Answer: a
c) Dynamic similarity Explanation: A branch of mechanics that
T.
d) Conditional similarity deals with the analysis of mechanical
behaviour of materials and kinematics of
Answer: a materials. They are used for modelling
Explanation: Geometric similarity is a purposes. It is modelled in continuous mass.
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similarity that follows a real-time application.
It is model that has the same shape for any 8. Physical similitude has exactly the same
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sort of application. It is measured in scaled geometric shape of the prototype.
quantities. a) True
b) False
5. Which among the following have similar
Answer: a
G
fluid streamlines?
a) Geometric similarity Explanation: Physical similitude is also
b) Kinematic similarity called the similitude of shape. It is for
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c) Dynamic similarity modelling the same geometric shape as that

d) Conditional similarity of its prototype. Which means, that the shape
will have to be divided by a scale factor.
Answer: b
9. Which among the following is a standard
.B
Explanation: In kinematic similarity, fluid

flow of model and real-time application takes scale for a similitude?
place. Here, the model and the real a) 1:250
application must undergo similar time rates in b) 1:50
17
motion changes. Thus, it has similar fluid c) 1:25

streamlines. d) 1:100
6. Which among the following have the same Answer: c

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forces acting on them? Explanation: To design a similitude with a

a) Geometric similarity specific dimension, we must fix a scale. The
b) Kinematic similarity standard system has fixed the scale as 1:25.
This was fixed for an uniformity in
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c) Dynamic similarity
d) Conditional similarity dimensions.
Answer: c 10. In similitude, Fapplication=Fmodel*3.44

Explanation: Dynamic similarities have the a) True
C
same forces acting on them. That means, the b) False

ratios of all the forces acting on the fluid
particles are constant. Also, the ratio of the

Answer: a b) Thermal diffusivity to momentum

Explanation: A model test was conducted to diffusivity
determine this relation. The force and c) Shear stress to thermal diffusivity
velocity that were measured in the model are d) Thermal diffusivity to kinematic viscosity
to be scaled. This helps to find the force that
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can be expected for a real-time application. Answer: a
Explanation: The Prandtl number is a
dimensionless number. It approximates the
O
TOPIC 3.3 DIMENSIONLESS ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal
PARAMETERS- APPLICATION diffusivity. It can be expressed as Pr = v/ α(1).
C
OF DIMENSIONLESS Where α= thermal diffusivity and v=
PARAMETERS - MODEL momentum diffusivity.
T.
ANALYSIS.
4. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Atwood number?
1. The rate at which the particles of fluid can a) A
O
spread is called_______ b) AR
a) Surface tension c) Ar
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b) Diffusivity
d) a
c) Viscosity
d) Kinetics Answer: a
Explanation: The standard symbol for
G
Answer: b
Atwood number is A. Atwood’s number in
Explanation: Diffusivity is defined as the
fluid mechanics deals with the onset of
rate of diffusion. It is a measure of particles at
LO
instabilities in mixtures of fluid. It is due to

which the fluids or heat can spread. They are
the density differences in fluid.
measured in different mediums. It can be
defined on the basis of its properties. 5. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Blake number?
.B

a) Bi
symbol for Archimedes number?
b) ba
a) A
c) Bl
b) AR
17
d) b
c) Ar
d) a Answer: b
Explanation: The standard symbol for Blake
Answer: c
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number is B or Bl. Blake number in fluid

Explanation: The standard symbol for mechanics deals with geology, fluid
Archimedes number is Ar. Archimedes mechanics and porous media. It is due to the
number in fluid mechanics deals with the inertial over the viscous forces in fluid flow
SE
motion of fluids. This takes place due to the through porous media.
differences in their densities. It was followed
by the Archimedes principle. 6. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Darcy friction factor?
3. The Prandtl Number approximates
C
a) F
___________ b) Fd
a) Momentum diffusivity to thermal
diffusivity

c) C defined as the ratio of transport rate over

d) Cd molecular diffusive transport.
Answer: b 10. Which among the following is the

formula for Knudsen number?
M
Explanation: The standard symbol for Darcy
friction factor is Fd. Darcy friction factor in a) λ⁄L
fluid mechanics deals with fractions of b) λ⁄2L
O
pressure losses. This is due to the
development of friction in the pipe. c) λ⁄3L
d) λ⁄4L
C
7. Fanning friction factor is _________
a) 0.25 times Darcy friction factor Answer: a
T.
b) Same as Darcy friction factor Explanation: The formula for Knudsen
c) 2 times Darcy friction factor
number is λ⁄L. Knudsen number in fluid
d) Independent
mechanics deals with gas dynamics. It is
O
Answer: a defined as the ratio of the molecular mean
Explanation: Fanning friction factor is 0.25 free path length to the representative scale
SP
times Darcy friction factor. Fanning friction length.
factor in fluid mechanics deals fraction of
pressure losses due to friction in the pipe.
G
symbol for Froude number? UNIT IV PUMPS
a) F
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b) Fo
c) Fr TOPIC 4.1 IMPACT OF JETS -
d) f EULER'S EQUATION
.B
Answer: c 1. Principle of fluid mechanics works on the

Explanation: The standard symbol for utilization of________
Froude number is Fr. Froude number in fluid a) Accelerating mass
17
mechanics deals with wave and surface b) Volume

behaviour of fluid particles. This is with the c) Work
ratio of body’s inertia to gravitational forces. d) Velocity
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9. Which among the following is the standard Answer: c

symbol for Peclet number? Explanation: The Principle of fluid
a) P mechanics works on the utilization of useful
b) p work. The working is based on the force
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c) Pe exerted by a fluid jet striking the surface and

d) pe moving over a series of vanes about its axis.
Answer: c 2. The propulsive force drives the jet in the

C
Explanation: The standard symbol for ________

Peclet’s number is Pe. Peclet’s number in a) Backward direction
fluid mechanics deals with heat transfer. It is b) Forward direction

c) Perpendicular direction application in which this equation is applied

d) Parallel movement is for a jet propulsion in the tank with orifice.
Thus, the correct option is ‘b’.
Answer: b
Explanation: Force exerted by a jet on a 6. The relative velocity is obtained by the
M
moving plate happens in three cases. The equation_________
three cases are classified depending on their a) u – V1
position. The propulsive force drives the jet in
O
b) V1
the forward direction. A good example is the c) u*V1
aircraft or a boat.
d) u/V1
C
3. The force analysis on a curved vane is
Answer: a
T.
understood using______
a) Velocity triangles Explanation: The relative velocity of the jet
b) Angle of the plate is denoted as Vr1. It is the relative velocity at
c) Vane angles the inlet to the vane. Relative velocity of inlet
O
d) Plate dimensions to the vane is obtained by subtracting
vectorially the velocity of the vane with its
SP
Answer: a absolute velocity.
Explanation: The force analysis on a curved
vane is understood using clearly using the 7. If the friction is neglected, then_______
study of velocity triangles. There are two a) Vr1 > Vr2
G
types of velocity triangles, inlet velocity b) Vr1 < Vr2
triangle and outlet velocity triangle. c) Vr1 = Vr2
LO
4. Jet propulsion works on the principle d) Vr1 is a zero

of________
a) Newton’s first law Answer: c
b) Newton’s second law Explanation: The relative velocity of the jet
is denoted as Vr1. It is the relative velocity at
.B
c) Newton’s third law

d) Thermodynamic properties the inlet to the vane. Relative velocity of inlet
to the vane is obtained by subtracting
Answer: c vectorially the velocity of the vane with its
17
Explanation: Jet propulsion works on the absolute velocity. It happens in the same way
principle of Newton’s third law. Newton’s for Vr2. Thus, If the friction is neglected, then
third law states that for every action, there is Vr1 = Vr2.
an equal and opposite reaction. Thus, the
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correct option is Newton’s third law.

8. If the pressure remains a constant, then
________
5. How is absolute velocity at inlet denoted?
a) Vr1 > Vr2
a) V
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b) V1 b) Vr1 < Vr2

c) C c) Vr1 = Vr2
d) v d) Vr1 is a zero
C
Answer: b Answer: c
Explanation: In a jet propulsion, V1 stands Explanation: The relative velocity of the jet
for absolute velocity at the inlet. The main is denoted as Vr1. It is the relative velocity at

the inlet to the vane. Relative velocity of inlet three cases are classified depending on their
to the vane is obtained by subtracting position. The three cases are when plate is
vectorially the velocity of the vane with its vertical, plate is inclined and plate is curved
absolute velocity. It happens in the same way with respect to the jet.
for Vr2. Thus, If the pressure remains a
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constant, then Vr1 = Vr2. 12. Jet propulsion of ship is less efficient than
screw propeller due to_______
a) Pressure
O
9. Through inlet orifices, which are facing the
b) Temperature
direction of motion of the ship, the water
c) Frictional losses
from the sea can be taken by the pump.
C
d) Wear and tear
a) True
b) False
T.
Answer: c
Explanation: Jet propulsion of ship is less
Answer: a
efficient than screw propeller due to large
Explanation: Through inlet orifices, which
amount of frictional losses developed in the
O
are facing the direction of motion of the ship,
pump and the pipeline. Thus, it is rarely used
the water from the sea can be taken by the
in ships.
pump. We can also take the sea water from
SP
the pump when the inlet orifices are at right
13. Jet propulsion of ship in a very shallow
angles with respect to the motion of the ship.
water is needed to_________
10. The efficiency of the vane is given a) Avoid sinking of the ship
G
b) Avoid damage of the propeller
by_________
c) Avoid current directions
a) 1-V22/ V12 d) Avoid surface damage
LO
b) 1-(V22/ V12)
Answer: b
c) V22/ V12 Explanation: Jet propulsion of ship in a very
d) 1- V12 shallow water is needed to avoid damage of
.B
the propeller. Jet propulsion of ship is less

Answer: a efficient than screw propeller due to large
Explanation: In a velocity triangle at the inlet amount of frictional losses developed in the
pump and the pipeline.
17
and the outlet, the control volume is moving

with a uniform velocity. Therefore, the
momentum theorem of the control volume is 14. A turbojet does not consist of which of
at a steady flow. Thus, the efficiency of the the following component?
a) Compressor
vane is given by 1-(V22/ V12).
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b) Combustion chamber
c) Gas turbine
11. A jet strikes a curved plate at its ______ d) Air filter
a) Sides
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b) Surface Answer: d
c) Centre Explanation: A turbojet consists of four
d) Does not strike major components for an efficient working.
The four components are compressor,
C
Answer: c combustion chamber, gas turbine and a

Explanation: A jet strikes a curved plate at nozzle. Air filter is not used in a turbojet.
its centre. Force exerted by a jet on a
stationery plate happens in three cases. The

15. Which among the following is not a type Answer: b

of jet engine? Explanation: The shape of the diffuser
a) Turbojet passing present in the centrifugal pump is
b) Ramjet doughnut shaped. It is made into that shape as
c) Scramjet it allows the device to scroll up and down.
M
d) Propulsive jet Due to this, the casing decelerates the flow.
Answer: d 3. When the casing in a centrifugal pump
O
Explanation: A jet engine is broadly decelerates the flow, what increases?
classified into four types of jet. The four a) Pressure
C
types of jet are turbojet, ramjet, scramjet, and b) Temperature
pulse jet. There isn’t anything related to the c) Volume
T.
propulsive jet and thus cannot be the answer. d) Flow rate
Answer: a
TOPIC 4.2 THEORY OF ROTO- Explanation: When the casing in a
O
DYNAMIC MACHINES - centrifugal pump decelerates the flow,
VARIOUS EFFICIENCIES- pressure in the turbine increases. The diffuser
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VELOCITY COMPONENTS AT helps this happen. The shape of the diffuser
passing present in the centrifugal pump is
ENTRY AND EXIT OF THE doughnut shaped.
ROTOR- VELOCITY
G
TRIANGLES 4. The velocity imparted by the impeller is
converted into _________
a) Pressure energy
LO
1. The fluid gains _________ while passing

through the impeller. b) Kinetic energy
a) Velocity c) Momentum
b) Pressure d) Potential energy
c) Temperature
.B
Answer: a
d) Velocity and pressure
Explanation: The velocity imparted by the
Answer: d impeller is converted into pressure energy. It
is in accordance with the Newtons second
17
Explanation: The fluid gains both velocity

and pressure while passing through the law.
impeller. Centrifugal pump is a
5. The consequence of Newtons second law
turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines
is_________
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that transfer energy between a rotor and a

a) Conservation of angular momentum
fluid, including both turbines and
b) Conservation of mass
compressors.
c) Conservation of potential energy
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2. What is the shape of the diffuser in the d) Conservation of kinetic energy

centrifugal pump?
Answer: a
a) Round
Explanation: The consequence of Newtons
b) Dough nut
second law is the conservation of angular
C
c) Rectangle
momentum. This, in accordance with newtons
d) Cylindrical
second law, provides the basic details to
define parameters in the centrifugal pump.

6. Change of angular momentum is equal to Answer: c

________ Explanation: ‘Ht’ in the context of
a) Sum of external moments centrifugal pump means theory head pressure.
b) Sum of their potential energies It is used in a centrifugal pump equation that
c) Sum of their kinetic energies was derived by Euler. Euler developed the
M
d) Sum of their pressures head pressure equation in centrifugal pumps.
Answer: a 10. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport
O
Explanation: Change of angular momentum ________
is equal to Sum of external moments. This is a) Pressure
C
in accordance with Newtons second law. The b) Speed
consequence of Newtons second law is the c) Power
T.
conservation of angular momentum. d) Fluid
7. Euler developed the head pressure equation Answer: d

in centrifugal pumps. Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to
O
a) True transport fluids. They transport fluids by
b) False conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps are
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a sub class of dynamic axisymmetric work
Answer: a absorbing turbomachinery.
Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to
transport fluids. They transport fluids by 11. Different velocities in a centrifugal pump
G
conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps are determined by using ________
transport fluids by converting rotational a) Velocity triangle
Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy. b) Reynolds number
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Euler developed the head pressure equation in c) Froude number

centrifugal pumps. d) Overall efficiency
8. What is a major advantage of centrifugal Answer: a

.B
pump? Explanation: Different velocities in a

a) Cost centrifugal pump are determined by using
b) Simple in construction velocity triangle. This is an important triangle
c) Efficiency that determines the way the pump works.
17
d) Pump parameters
12. Due to its impeller action, centrifugal
Answer: b pumps can cover a wide range of fluid pump
Explanation: The major advantage of the applications.
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centrifugal pump is that it has got a simple a) True

construction when compared to other types of b) False
centrifugal pumps.
Answer: a
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9. ‘Ht’ means _______ Explanation: Due to its impeller action,

a) Tangential head centrifugal pumps can cover a wide range of
b) Horizontally head fluid pump applications. Thus, the impeller
c) Theory head pressure action plays an important role.
C
d) Radially head pressure

13. With the increase in the input power,
efficiency _______

a) Increases c) Drafting device

b) Decreases d) Intercooling device
c) Same
d) Independent Answer: a
Explanation: Centrifugal pump is a
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Answer: b turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines
Explanation: With the increase in the input that transfer energy between a rotor and a
power, efficiency decreases. As the input fluid, including both turbines and
O
power is inversely proportional to the compressors. It is a mechanical device.
efficiency of the pump.
C
2. Turbomachines work under ________
14. What is unit of standard acceleration? a) Newtons first law
T.
a) kg/m b) Newtons second law
b) kg/s c) Newtons third law
c) kg/m3 d) Kepler’s law
d) N/m
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Answer: b
Answer: c Explanation: Turbomachines work under
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Explanation: The unit of standard Newtons second law. Centrifugal pump is a
turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines
acceleration of the centrifugal pump is kg/m3.
that transfer energy between a rotor and a
It is denoted as g. It is also called as the
fluid, including both turbines and
acceleration due to gravity.
G
compressors. It is a mechanical device.
15. What does PSP stand for?
3. The main function of nozzle is to
a) Pump start procedure
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__________
b) Positive start pump
a) Varying temperatures
c) Pump start pointer
b) Pressure variations
d) Positive start pointer
c) Load variations
.B
Answer: a d) Heat variations

Explanation: PSP stands for Pump start
Answer: b
procedure. It is the basic method to start the
Explanation: The main function of nozzle is
17
pump by lining up the pump valves in a

to vary the pressure of fluid passing through
sequence by ensuring that the drain valve is
the nozzle. It is done by opening and shutting
closed.
the sets of nozzles. Thus, its main function is
to regulate pressure of the fluid.
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TOPIC 4.3 CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS- WORKING PRINCIPLE 4. The main function of centrifugal pumps are
to ________
- WORK DONE BY THE a) Transfer speed
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IMPELLER - PERFORMANCE b) Transfer pressure

CURVES c) Transfer temperature
d) Transfer energy
1. Centrifugal pump is a_________
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a) Turbomachinery Answer: d
b) Flow regulating device Explanation: The primary objective of a
centrifugal pump is to transfer energy.

Centrifugal pump is a turbomachinery. 8. The inlet passage of water entry is

Turbomachines are machines that transfer controlled by ________
energy between a rotor and a fluid, including a) Head race
both turbines and compressors. It is a b) Gate
mechanical device. c) Tail race
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d) Pump
5. Centrifugal pumps transfer energy from
_______ Answer: b
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a) Rotor to fluid Explanation: The inlet passage of water entry
b) Fluid to rotor is controlled by the gate opening. The gate
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c) Draft to rotor opening is an opening that sends only a
d) Rotor to draft percentage of fluid through the inlet passages
T.
for water to enter to the turbine.
Answer: a
Explanation: Centrifugal pumps transfer 9. Centrifugal pumps are a sub class of
energy from rotor to fluid. The primary dynamic axisymmetric work absorbing
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objective of a centrifugal pump is to transfer turbomachinery.
energy. Centrifugal pump is a a) True
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turbomachinery. b) False
6. Which among the following control the Answer: a

flow rate? Explanation: The statement is true.
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a) Valve Centrifugal pumps are a sub class of dynamic
b) Pump axisymmetric work absorbing
c) Head turbomachinery. The main function of
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d) Tank pipe centrifugal pumps are to transfer energy.
Answer: a 10. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport

Explanation: Flow rate of the tank is ________
.B
controlled by the valve. The actuation of a) Pressure

individual valve closes. This corresponds to b) Speed
the set of nozzle thereby controlling the c) Power
actual flow rate of the fluid passing through d) Fluid
17
the valve.
Answer: d
7. Turbines and compressors work with the Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to
gas, while centrifugal pump transfers energy. transport fluids. They transport fluids by
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a) True conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps are

b) False a sub class of dynamic axisymmetric work
absorbing turbomachinery.
Answer: a
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Explanation: Turbines and compressors work 11. Centrifugal pumps transport fluids by
with the gas, while centrifugal pump transfers converting _________
energy. Centrifugal pumps transfer energy a) Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy
from rotor to fluid. The primary objective of a b) Hydrodynamic energy to kinetic energy
C
centrifugal pump is to transfer energy. c) Mechanical energy to kinetic energy

Centrifugal pump is a turbomachinery. d) Mechanical energy to Hydrodynamic
energy

Answer: a only when there are emergencies in the

Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to turbine.
transport fluids. They transport fluids by
conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps 15. The fluid coming into the centrifugal
transport fluids by converting rotational pump is accelerated by ________
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Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy. a) Throttle
b) Impeller
12. With the increase in load, Energy in the c) Nozzle
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turbine________ d) Governor
a) Decreases
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b) Increases Answer: b
c) Remains same Explanation: The fluid coming into the
T.
d) Independent centrifugal pump is accelerated by an
impeller. The fluid enters the pump along a
Answer: a radially outward direction into the diffuser or
Explanation: When there is an increase in the a volute chamber.
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load, the energy in the turbine is drained off.
Thus, to increase the energy, the by pass
TOPIC 4.4 RECIPROCATING
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valve is opened to increase the amount of
fresh steam entry. This increases the energy in PUMP- WORKING PRINCIPLE
the turbine.
1. Reciprocating pump is a ________
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13. The rotational kinetic energy comes from a) Negative displacement pump
______ b) Positive displacement pump
a) Engine motor c) Diaphragm pump
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b) Pump d) Emulsion pump

c) Tank
d) Draft tube Answer: b
Explanation: Reciprocation pump is a type of
.B
Answer: a positive displacement pump. It has a piston

Explanation: Centrifugal pumps transport pump, plunger and diaphragm. Reciprocating
fluids by converting rotational Kinetic energy pumps have a good life provided that they are
to hydrodynamic energy. The rotational not left untouched.
17
kinetic energy comes from engine or

electrical motor. 2. What happens to the reciprocating pump
when left untouched?
14. When the balancing of the turbine is a) Efficiency decreases
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disturbed, we use ________ b) Wear and tear

a) Throttle governing c) Surface expansion
b) Steam governing d) Pressure change
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c) Nozzle governing
d) Emergency governing Answer: c
Explanation: When left untouched over a
Answer: d period of time, the reciprocating pump
Explanation: When the balancing of the undergoes wear and tear. Reciprocating
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turbine is disturbed, we use emergency pumps have a good life provided that they are
governing. These governors come into action not left untouched.

3. Reciprocating pumps operate by drawing called as force pumps. It helps to lift the
______ into the chamber liquid by the help of a pressure and thus it is
a) Liquid called as a force pump.
b) Pressure
c) Heat 7. Reciprocating pumps are classified
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d) Electricity according to ___________
a) Drag force
Answer: a b) Number of cylinders
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Explanation: Reciprocating pumps operate c) Shock waves
by drawing liquid into the chamber or the d) Flow speed
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cylinder with the help of a piston.
Answer: b
T.
4. The cylinder of reciprocating cylinder is Explanation: Reciprocating pumps are
made up of _______ classified according to the number of
a) Cast iron cylinders. And also it classified according to
b) Wrought iron the number of piston sides.
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c) Aluminium
d) Copper 8. Simple hand operating pump is also called
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as ______
Answer: a a) Froth pump
Explanation: The cylinder of reciprocating b) Bicycle pump
cylinder is made up of cast iron. Sometimes it c) Multistage pumps
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is also made of steel alloy. The movement of d) Centrifugal pumps
piston is obtained by a connecting rod which
connects piston and rotating crank inside the Answer: b
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cylinder. Explanation: Simple hand operating pump is

also called as bicycle pumps. It is the simplest
5. The higher discharge valve line holds the pump that is used to inflate bicycle tires and
discharge valve ________ various sporting balls.
.B
a) Open
b) Closed 9. Internal cavitation in reciprocating pumps
c) Stop functioning occurs due to __________
d) Automatic a) Drag force
17
b) Cyclic stress
Answer: b c) Shock waves
Explanation: The higher discharge valve line d) Flow speed
holds the discharge valve closed. This helps
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in maintaining the valve safely. Answer: c

Explanation: At high pressure, the voids can
6. Reciprocating pumps are also called as generate shock waves. Cavitation usually
__________ occurs due to the changes in pressure. The
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a) Force pumps pressure change is so rapid that it leads to

b) Mass Pumps formation of liquid free layers or cavities that
c) Heat pumps start to affect the overall performance.
d) Speed pumps
C
10. Bicycle pump generates more

Answer: a compression than volume displacement.
Explanation: Reciprocating pumps are also

a) True Answer: a
b) False Explanation: An up and down back and forth
relative linear motion is called reciprocation.
Answer: a This is how the piston in a reciprocating
Explanation: Bicycle pump generates more pump moves.
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compression than volume displacement.
Simple hand operating pump is also called as 14. Power operated pump in which only both
bicycle pumps. It is the simplest pump that is sides engage the fluid displacement is called
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used to inflate bicycle tires and various _____
sporting balls. a) Froth pump
C
b) Single acting
11. Power operated pump in which only one c) Double acting
T.
side engages the fluid displacement is called d) Bicycle pump
_______
a) Froth pump Answer: c
b) Single acting Explanation: Power operated pump in which
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c) Double acting both the side engages the fluid displacement
d) Bicycle pump is called as double acting reciprocating pump.
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It consists of piston in both the side of the
Answer: b fluid being displaced.
Explanation: Power operated pump in which
only one side engages the fluid displacement 15. High pressure reciprocating pumps are
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is called as single acting reciprocating pump. generally from 1500 HP.
It consists of piston in only one side of the a) True
fluid being displaced. b) False
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12. Operation of reciprocating motion is done Answer: a

by a ________ source Explanation: Yes, it is true. High pressure
a) Power reciprocating pumps are generally, from 1500
.B
b) Energy HP. They have a pressure of 20000 PSI and

c) Momentum flow rates up to 1000 GPM.
d) Inertia
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Answer: a TOPIC 4.5 ROTARY PUMPS -

Explanation: Operation of reciprocating CLASSIFICATION.
motion is done by a power source. This
power source consists of electric motor or IC 1. Which of the following centrifugal pumps
-R
engines. Power source gives rotary motion to has higher specific speed than the others?
crank. a) Axial flow
b) Radial flow
13. An up and down back and forth relative
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c) Mixed flow
linear motion is called __________ d) All centrifugal pumps have same specific
a) Reciprocation speed
b) Rotation
c) Filtration Answer: a
C
d) Excavation Explanation: An axial flow pump is a type of

centrifugal pump that uses an impeller with
vanes that direct the flow axially. Axial flow

pumps create less pressure as compared to moving parts for their efficient operation.
radial flow centrifugal pumps, but they can When used for lubricating oil and hydraulic
produce much higher flow rates. systems, rotary displacement pumps benefit
from the sealing effect and provision of
2. Pump transfers the mechanical energy of a lubrication between parts.
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motor or of an engine into _________ of a
fluid. 5. Which of the following is/are not
a) Pressure energy example/s of rotary displacement pumps?
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b) Kinetic energy a) Gear pump
c) Either pressure energy or kinetic energy b) Vane pump
C
d) Pressure energy, kinetic energy or both c) Rotary piston pump
d) Centrifugal pump
T.
Answer: d
Explanation: A pump is a machine used to Answer: d
convert mechanical energy (shaft movement) Explanation: Rotary-type positive
into hydraulic energy. Hydraulic energy could displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle
O
be in the form of pressure energy or kinetic block, flexible vane or sliding vane,
energy or a combination of both. An electrical circumferential piston, and flexible impeller,
SP
motor usually supplies the mechanical energy helical twisted or liquid-ring pumps.
to the pump.
6. ___________ pump is also called as
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of velocity pump.
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positive displacement pumps? a) Reciprocating
a) Reciprocating pump b) Rotary displacement
b) Rotary displacement pump c) Centrifugal
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c) Centrifugal pump d) Screw

d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Answer: c Explanation: Centrifugal pump is commonly
.B
Explanation: Centrifugal pump is not a known as velocity pump. A centrifugal pump

positive displacement pump. Reciprocating imparts velocity to a liquid. This velocity
pumps move liquid by means of a constant energy is then transformed largely into
back-and-forth motion of a piston, plunger, or pressure energy as the liquid leaves the pump.
17
diaphragm within a fixed volume or cylinder.

Reciprocating pumps can handle viscous and 7. Discharge capacity of the reciprocating
abrasive fluids. They are low-speed machines pump is __________ that of the centrifugal
when compared with centrifugal and rotary. pump.
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a) Higher than
4. Rotary displacement pumps are suitable for b) Lower than
handling ________ c) Same as
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a) Oils d) Unpredictable
b) Gritty liquids
c) Both oils as well as gritty liquids Answer: b
d) Granules Explanation: The capacity of a pump has two
components, the pump discharge rate and the
C
Answer: a discharge pressure. The discharge rate is

Explanation: Positive displacement rotary normally measured in gallons per minute
pumps rely on fine clearances between (gpm) in English units or liters per second

(lps) in metric units. Discharge capacity of ANSWER: c

the reciprocating pump is less that of the Explanation: The volute pumps and vortex
centrifugal pump. pumps are single stage pumps with horizontal
shaft. They are both a type of centrifugal
8. Which pump is more suitable for an pumps.
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application where very high pressure is
required to be developed at moderate 11. Most widely used sanitary pumps in the
discharge? dairy industry are?
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a) Reciprocating pump a) Centrifugal pump
b) Centrifugal pump b) Liquid ring pump
C
c) Turbine c) Positive displacement pump
d) None of the mentioned d) Suction pump
T.
Answer: a Answer: a
Explanation: Reciprocating pumps are Explanation: Typical dairy pumps are the
generally designed to pump in low flow, high centrifugal, liquid-ring and positive
O
head applications. One of the most extreme of displacement pumps. The three types have
these applications is water jet cutting, where different applications. The centrifugal pump
SP
only a few gallons pass through the pump per is the type most widely used in dairies.
minute, but exceed pressures of 10,000 PSI.
12. Main application of centrifugal pump is in
9. The process of filling the liquid into the which of the following?
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suction pipe and pump casing up to the level a) Low viscosity products
of delivery valve is called as _________ b) Heavily aerated liquids
a) Filling c) Gentle treatment with high viscosity
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b) Pumping d) Water treatment

c) Priming
d) Leveling Answer: a
Explanation: The centrifugal pump can be
.B
Answer: c used for pumping of all liquids of relatively

Explanation: Most pumps are not self- low viscosity which do not require
priming. In other words, the pump casing particularly gentle treatment. It can also be
must be filled with liquid before the pump is used for liquids containing relatively large
17
started, or the pump will not be able to particles, provided of course that the particle
function. In case the pump casing gets filled size does not exceed the dimensions of the
with vapors or gases, the pump impeller impeller channel.
becomes gas-bound and incapable of
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pumping. 13. Main application of liquid ring pump is in

which of the following?
10. The volute pumps and vortex volute a) Low viscosity products
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pumps are __________ pumps with b) Heavily aerated liquids

_________ shaft. c) Gentle treatment with high viscosity
a) Multistage, horizontal d) Water treatment
b) Multistage, vertical
c) Single stage, horizontal Answer: b
C
d) Single stage, vertical Explanation: Liquid-ring pumps for the dairy

industry are used where the product contains
large quantities of air or gas, and where

centrifugal pumps therefore cannot be used. EFFICIENCIES - VELOCITY

The clearances between impeller and casing TRIANGLES.
are small, and this type of pump is therefore
not suitable for handling abrasive products.
1. What is the water flow direction in the
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14. Main application of positive displacement runner in a Francis turbine?
pump is in which of the following? a) Axial and then tangential
a) Low viscosity products b) Tangential and then axial
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b) Heavily aerated liquids c) Radial and then axial
c) Gentle treatment with high viscosity d) Axial and then radial
C
d) Water treatment
Answer: c
Explanation: Francis turbine is radial flow
T.
Answer: c
Explanation: This type of pump has 100% reaction turbine. Though the water enters the
volumetric efficiency (no slip) when the turbine tangentially, it enters the runner
viscosity exceeds approximately 300 cP. radially inward and flows outward along the
O
Because of the sanitary design and the gentle axis of the runner.
treatment of the product, this type of pump is
SP
widely used for pumping cream with a high 2. Which of the following is true in case of
fat content, cultured milk products, flow of water before it enters the runner of a
curd/whey mixtures, etc. Francis Turbine?
a) Available head is entirely converted to
velocity head
G
15. Which of the following pump suitable for
handling AMF in the dairy industry? b) Available head is entire converted to
a) Centrifugal pump pressure head
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b) Liquid ring pump c) Available head is neither converted to

c) Diaphragm pump pressure head nor velocity head
d) Peristaltic pumps d) Available head is partly converted to
pressure head and partly to velocity head
.B
Answer: d
Explanation: In Peristaltic pumps, during Answer: d
rotation, the medium (liquid or gas) inside the Explanation: Since Francis Turbine is a
hose is transported to the lower outlet reaction turbine, part of the available head is
17
connection. This creates a vacuum on the converted to velocity head. It is not entirely
suction side, and the product is drawn into the converted to velocity head. The rest of the
pump. The pump is self-priming and is available head is converted into pressure
therefore suitable for emptying barrels with head.
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juice concentrates and anhydrous milk fat

(AMF). 3. Why does the cross sectional area of the
Spiral casing gradually decrease along the
circumference of the Francis turbine from the
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entrance to the tip?

a) To ensure constant velocity of water during
UNIT V TURBINES runner entry
b) To prevent loss of efficiency of the turbine
C
due to impulsive forces caused by extra area

TOPIC 5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF c) To prevent leakage from the turbine
TURBINES - HEADS AND

d) To reduce material costs in order to make 6. Which of the following runner types will
the turbine more economical have the highest vane angle at inlet (β1
value)?
Answer: a a) Slow Runner
Explanation: The primary purpose of the b) Medium Runner
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gradual decrease in area is so that the runner c) Fast Runner
sees constant velocity of water at each point d) Vane angle is defined only for Kaplan
of entry. Absence of this may lead to
O
Turbines and not Francis turbines
inefficiency. The spiral casing is used to
prevent leakage from the turbine but the Answer: c
C
gradual decrease in area is not for that reason. Explanation: Considering the velocity
diagram of Francis turbine at the inlet for a
T.
4. Which of the following profiles are used fast runner, vane angle is an obtuse angle.
for guide vanes to ensure smooth flow Whereas, it is right angle for medium runner
without separation? and an acute angle for a slow runner.
a) Rectangular
O
b) Bent Rectangular 7. In case of a Medium runner, tan (α1)
c) Elliptical CANNOT be given by (α1 = Guide vane
SP
d) Aerofoil angle at inlet)?
a) Vf1 / Vw1
Answer: d b) Vr1 / Vw1
Explanation: Smooth flow and flow without
c) Vr1 / u1
G
separation (eddiless flow) can be ensured
when the cross sectional profile of the guide d) Vw1 / u1
vanes are aerofoil in nature. Aerofoil shape is
LO
used in airplane wings to ensure smooth flow Answer: d

too. Rectangular profiles are not effective in Explanation: In medium runner, Vf1 = Vr1 &
guiding the water into the runner. Elliptical Vw1 = u1. Vw1 and u1 are along the same
profiles will cause more drag, finally ending direction, hence that cannot be written as tan
.B
up with turbine inefficiency. (α1).

5. In which of the following type of runners 8. In the velocity diagrams for Francis
the velocity of whirl at inlet is greater than
17
turbine, which of the following velocity

the blade velocity? directions is along the blade curvature?
a) Such a case is practically impossible a) Vr1
b) Slow Runner
b) Vw1
c) Medium Runner
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d) Fast Runner c) V1
d) u1
Answer: b
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Explanation: Considering the velocity Answer: a

diagram of Francis turbine at the inlet for a Explanation: Vr1 is the relative velocity of
slow runner, we notice that the whirl velocity the water flow as seen from the blade. Thus,
exceeds the blade velocity along the same
relative velocity is along the direction of the
direction. They are equal in case of a medium
C
curvature of the blade.

runner.
9. In the figure shown below,which of the
following angles replace the question mark?

TOPIC 5.2 AXIAL, RADIAL AND

MIXED FLOW TURBINES.
1. A hydraulic coupling belongs to the
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category of________
a) Energy absorbing machines
O
b) Energy generating machines
c) Power absorbing machines
d) Energy transfer machines
C
Answer: d
a) Guide vane angle at inlet
T.
Explanation: Hydraulic coupling is a device
b) Blade angle at inlet
used for transmitting rotation between shafts
c) Vane angle at inlet
by means of acceleration and deceleration of
d) Blade angle at outlet
hydraulic fluid.
O
Answer: a
2. The electric power which is obtained from
Explanation: The angle between V1 and the
SP
hydraulic energy____________
blade velocity u1 is α1, which is the guide a) Thermal power
vane angle at the inlet. b) Mechanical power
c) Solar power
G
10. In the figure shown below, which of the d) Hydroelectric power
following type of runners has the blade
curvature as shown in the above figure (The Answer: d
LO
arrow denotes direction of blade motion)? Explanation: Hydroelectric power is

generated by using hydraulic machines.
Potential energy of water is converted to
mechanical energy which is connected to
.B
dynamo to generate electrical energy.
3. At present which is cheapest means of

generating power_____________
17
a) Thermal power
b) Nuclear power
a) Information insufficient to determine c) Hydroelectric power
b) Slow Runner d) Electric Power
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c) Medium Runner
d) Fast Runner Answer: c
Explanation: Hydraulic energy is renewable
Answer: b
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source of energy in which Potential energy of

Explanation: Fast runners have forward water is converted to mechanical energy
curved blades, where slow runners have which is connected to dynamo to generate
backward curved blades. The blades shown in electrical energy.
the figure are backward curved blades of a
C
runner, which are used for slow runners. 4. Pipes of largest diameter which carry water
from reservoir to the turbines is known
as_____________

a) Head stock 8. ______________ is a axial flow reaction

b) Tail race turbines, if vanes are fixed to hub of turbine
c) Tail stock a) Propeller turbine
d) Pen stock b) Francis turbine
c) Kaplan turbine
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Answer: d d) Pelton turbine
Explanation: Penstocks are channels which
transport water from reservoir to turbines Answer: a
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which are usually made up of cast iron or Explanation: Axial flow turbine is a turbine
concrete. in which water flows axially outwards, if
C
vanes are fixed to hub of turbine it is known
5. Pen stocks are made up of_____________ as Propeller turbine but if vanes are free to
T.
a) Steel move it is known as Kaplan Turbine.
b) Cast iron
c) Mild steel 9. Francis and Kaplan turbines are known as
d) Wrought iron _______
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a) Impulse turbine
Answer: a b) Reaction turbine
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Explanation: Penstocks are channels which c) Axial flow turbine
transport water from reservoir to turbines d) Mixed flow turbine
which are usually made up of cast iron or
concrete. Answer: b
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Explanation: Francis and Kaplan are reaction
6. ____________is an inward radial flow turbines because pressure energy of water
reaction turbine? changes when it enters the rotor.
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a) Pelton turbine
b) Kaplan turbine 10. Specific speed of reaction turbine is
c) Francis turbine between?
d) Propeller turbine a) 5 and 50
.B
b) 10 and 100
Answer: c c) 100 and 150
Explanation: Kaplan and propeller are d) 150 and 300
outward axial flow reaction turbines but
17
Francis is outward radial flow reaction Answer: b

turbine. Explanation: Specific turbines of reaction
turbines such as Francis and Kaplan lie under
7. The important type of axial flow reaction the range 10-100.
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turbines are ______________

a) Propeller and Pelton turbines 11. Impulse turbine is generally fitted at
b) Kaplan and Francis turbines ______________
c) Propeller and Francis turbines a) At the level of tail race
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d) Propeller and Kaplan turbines b) Above the tail race

c) Below the tail race
Answer: d d) About 2.5mts above tail race to avoid
Explanation: Axial flow turbine is a turbine cavitations.
C
in which water flows axially outwards and

turbines fall into this category are propeller Answer: b
and Kaplan turbines. Explanation: Impulse turbine is fitted above

the tail race because in impulse turbines, the Answer: c

pressure energy must convert into kinetic Explanation: Most common application of
energy for usage. the draft tube is different types of pumps. It
plays an important role in the putlet of the
pump and the turbine.
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TOPIC 5.3 ELTON WHEEL,
FRANCIS TURBINE AND 4. Draft tube consists of conical diffuser with
KAPLAN TURBINES- angles of______
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WORKING PRINCIPLES - a) 10 deg
b) 20 deg
WORK DONE BY WATER ON
C
c) 30 deg
THE RUNNER - DRAFT TUBE. d) 40 deg
T.
1. Draft tube is also called_______ Answer: a
a) Straight divergent tube Explanation: Draft tube consists of conical
b) Simple elbow tube diffuser with angles of 10 degrees with
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c) Thermal tube respect to its position, Draft tubes are situated
d) Elbow tube with varying cross section in the outlet of the turbine.
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Answer: a 5. What is the purpose of a Draft tube?
Explanation: Draft tube is one of the most a) To prevent flow separation
commonly used in the Kaplan turbine. It b) To avoid Pressure drag
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works as an outlet at the Kaplan turbine. c) To prevent rejection of heat
Draft tube is also called straight divergent d) To increase efficiency
tube.
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Answer: a
2. A draft tube helps in converting kinetic Explanation: Draft tube in a turbine and
energy into________ pumps helps to prevent flow separation in
a) Electrical work order to increase the turbine efficiency and
.B
b) Mechanical work increase its performance.

c) Chemical work
d) Thermal work 6. What is the maximum value of efficiency
in a draft tube?
17
Answer: b a) 100
Explanation: Turbine extracts energy and b) 50
converts it into useful work. Turbine is a c) 90
vortex related device. It means turbulence. d) 40
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Steam turbine converts energy into

mechanical work by extracting thermal Answer: c
energy from pressurized steam. Explanation: The maximum value of
efficiency in a draft tube is 90 percent. It
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3. Most common application of the draft tube cannot exceed more than 90 percent because
is ______ of the heat losses due to flow of fluid.
a) Rotor
b) Motor 7. The simple elbow draft tube is placed close
C
c) Pump to the_______
d) Filter a) Head race
b) Tail race

c) Tank tail race. It consists of an extended elbow

d) Nozzle type tube. It is mainly used in the Kaplan
turbine. It is placed close to the tail race of
Answer: b the turbine.
Explanation: The simple elbow draft tube is
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placed close to the tail race. It consists of an 11. The exit diameter for a simple elbow draft
extended elbow type tube. It is mainly used in tube should be________
the Kaplan turbine. It is placed close to the a) Large
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tail race of the turbine. b) Small
c) Very small
C
8. Turbine that consists of draft tubes is called d) Same
as__________
T.
a) Impulse turbine Answer: a
b) Curtis turbine Explanation: The exit diameter for a simple
c) Rateau turbine elbow draft tube should be large as possible.
d) Reaction turbine It helps to cut down the cutdown the cost and
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recover the kinetic energy at the outlet of
Answer: d runner. The simple elbow draft tube is placed
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Explanation: A turbine that consists of draft close to the tail race.
tubes is called as a reaction turbine. Reaction
turbines make maximum use of the draft 12. Properties that do not affect a draft tube is
tubes for improving its performance _______
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characteristics. a) Pressure
b) Temperature
9. Which of the following is a 50 percent c) Pressure velocity
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reaction turbine? d) Velocity

a) Parsons turbine
b) Curtis turbine Answer: b
c) Rateau turbine Explanation: Temperature does not affect the
.B
d) Pelton wheel performance of the draft tube. With increase

and decrease of temperature of fluid in a draft
Answer: a tube, the draft tube remains the same.
Explanation: A turbine that consists of
17
moving nozzles which are alternating with the 13. The other name for elbow with varying
fixed nozzles is called as a reaction turbine. cross section tube is called_____
When the steam hits the nozzle, the pressure a) Pressure tube
is decreased and the temperature is increased. b) Bent draft tube
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It is also called as Parson’s turbine. c) Velocity tube

d) Sink tube
10. The simple elbow draft tube helps to cut
down the cost of excavation. Answer: b
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a) True Explanation: The other name for elbow with

b) False varying cross section tube is called bent draft
tube. It is so called because only the bent part
Answer: a is of varying cross section. Thus, the answer
C
Explanation: The simple elbow draft tube is bent draft tube.

helps to cut down the cost of excavation. The
simple elbow draft tube is placed close to the

14. What is the efficiency of the simple elbow governing. It is done by maintaining the
type draft tube? speed of rotation at a constant rate. In nozzle
a) 10 governing, the flow rate of steam is regulated
b) 30 by nozzles.
c) 60
M
d) 90 2. The flow rate of steam is controlled by
regulating the _________
Answer: c a) Steam
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Explanation: The efficiency of the simple b) Pressure
elbow type draft tube is 60 percent. The exit c) Temperature
C
diameter for a simple elbow draft tube should d) Speed
be large as possible. It helps to cut down the
T.
cutdown the cost and recover the kinetic Answer: b
energy at the outlet of runner. The simple Explanation: The process of controlling the
elbow draft tube is placed close to the tail flow rate is called as governing. It is done to
race. maintain its speed at a constant rate during
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rotation of the turbine rotor. The flow rate of
15. The horizontal portion of the draft tube is steam is controlled by regulating the pressure.
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usually bent to prevent entry of air from the
exit end. 3. The main function of nozzle is to
a) True __________
b) False a) Varying temperatures
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b) Pressure variations
Answer: a c) Load variations
Explanation: The horizontal portion of the d) Heat variations
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draft tube is usually bent to prevent entry of

air from the exit end. This might lead to a Answer: b
mixing up of gases. In order to avoid this, it is Explanation: The main function of nozzle is
important to avoid air entry from exit. to vary the pressure of fluid passing through
.B
the nozzle. It is done by opening and shutting

the sets of nozzles. Thus, its main function is
TOPIC 5.4 SPECIFIC SPEED - to regulate pressure of the fluid.
UNIT QUANTITIES -
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PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR 4. What is primary objective of steam turbine

TURBINES - GOVERNING OF governing?
a) Maintain constant speed
TURBINES. b) Maintain constant pressure
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c) Maintain constant temperature

1. In nozzle governing, the flow rate of steam d) Maintain constant expansion
is regulated by _________
a) Nozzles Answer: a
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b) Pumping Explanation: The primary objective of steam

c) Drafting turbine governing is to maintain a constant
d) Intercooling speed at varying loads. That means,
irrespective of the load that is developed in
C
Answer: a the turbine, the speed remains a constant.

Explanation: The process of controlling the
flow rate of a substance is called as

5. What is the purpose of a steam turbine Answer: a

governing? Explanation: During the steam turbine
a) Controls speed governing the speed of rotation remains a
b) Controls flow rate constant. The main purpose of the steam
c) Controls volume turbine governing is to control the flow rate
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d) Controls discharge of steam in the turbine. It also helps in
regulating the load that is developed.
Answer: b
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Explanation: The main purpose of the steam 9. When do we apply by pass governing?
turbine governing is to control the flow rate a) When turbine is overloaded
C
of steam in the turbine. It also helps in b) When Unit speed decreases
regulating the load that is developed. c) When Unit power increases
T.
d) When Unit pressure decreases
6. Which among the following control the
flow rate? Answer: a
a) Valve Explanation: The main purpose of by pass
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b) Pump governing is taken into full action when the
c) Head turbine is overloaded for short durations. This
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d) Tank pipe happens occasionally in the working of the
turbine. During this, a bypass valve is used.
Answer: a
Explanation: Flow rate of the tank is 10. When bypass valve is opened to _______
G
controlled by the valve. The actuation of a) Increase Pressure
individual valve closes. This corresponds to b) Increase Unit speed
the set of nozzle thereby controlling the c) Increase Unit power
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actual flow rate of the fluid passing through d) Increase the amount of fresh steam
the valve.
Answer: d
7. The advantage of nozzle governing is that Explanation: When a by pass valve is
.B
no regulating pressure is applied. opened, a fresh steam is introduced into the

a) True turbine, thereby increasing the amount of
b) False fresh steam. The main purpose of by pass
governing is taken into full action when the
17
Answer: a turbine is overloaded for short durations.

Explanation: The advantage of nozzle
governing is that no regulating pressure is 11. What is the unit of steam rate?
applied. The actuation of individual valve a) kg
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closes the corresponding set of nozzle. Thus, b) kg/m

controlling the flow rate. c) kg/kWh
d) N/m
8. During the steam turbine governing, what
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remains a constant? Answer: c

a) Speed of rotation Explanation: The unit of stream is equal to
b) Flow rate kg/kWh. In the process of throttle governing,
c) Pump head it is denoted by the symbol ‘a’. The variation
C
d) Volume of fluid of the steam consumption rate with the

turbine load during governing is linear.

12. With the increase in load, Energy in the a) Throttle governing

turbine ________ b) Steam governing
a) Decreases c) Nozzle governing
b) Increases d) Emergency governing
c) Remains same
M
d) Independent Answer: d
Explanation: When the mechanical speed of
Answer: a the shaft increases beyond 110 percent, we
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Explanation: When there is an increase in the use emergency governing. These governors
load, the energy in the turbine is drained off. come into action only when there are
C
Thus, to increase the energy, the by pass emergencies in the turbine.
valve is opened to increase the amount of
T.
fresh steam entry. This increases the energy in 15. When the balancing of the turbine is
the turbine. disturbed, we use ________
a) Throttle governing
13. Combination governing involves usage of b) Steam governing
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two or more governing. c) Nozzle governing
a) True d) Emergency governing
SP
b) False
Answer: d
Answer: a Explanation: When the balancing of the
Explanation: Yes, Combination governing turbine is disturbed, we use emergency
G
involves usage of two or more governing. governing. These governors come into action
Most usage is the by pass and the nozzle only when there are emergencies in the
governing as they tend to match the load on turbine.
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the turbine. Thus, increasing its efficiency.
14. When the mechanical speed of the shaft

increases beyond 110 percent, we use
.B
_________
17
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C

CE8394 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery MCQ

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Department of Mechanical Engineering MCQ for Regulations 2017

SPECIFIC WEIGHT, SPECIFIC

the weight(w) per unit volume(V ), i.e.,

b) kg = m2 5. Which one of the following is the

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Answer: a of the following expressions will represent

[v] = [V]/[m] = [L3]/[M] = [M-1L3]. Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as

d) [ML2 T-2]. gravity of the liquid will be

Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as c) 0.67

is defined as the ratio of the density of the

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2. Which of these models directly gives this

1. The physical principle behind the

b) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Answer: a control volume fixed in space.

system must remain constant. Dt

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5. Consider a model of finite control volume

d) Explanation: Mass=density × volume

6. Consider a model of finite control volume

(volume V and surface area) moving along

Answer: c velocity V→. What is the time rate of change of

equation. This is obtained from a finite b) ∂

4. Consider a model of finite control volume d) ρdV

(volume V and surface area S) fixed in space

surface area? mass inside dV=ρdV

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7. To convert the non-conservative integral Answer: c

Explanation: dS→ always points outwards to

9. What is the physical statement of mass CIRCULAR CONDUITS

c) Net mass flow through the control surface

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c) kinetic and pressure heads only 4. Which of the following is true?

piezometric head at various points along the axis of the pipe.

pressure head and z is the potential head. Hp = P ⁄ γ + z

d) EGL may or may not in the direction of never be above EGL.

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uniform cross-section b) the slope of EGL will always be smaller

the pipe. Since the kinetic head remian

EGL and HGL

c) remains constant where H is the total head, P ⁄ γ is the pressure

between the slope of EGL and that of the axis

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cross-section keeping the length same.

in the same direction with 20 m/s, then the

3. Which of the factors primarily decide

cross section and the square cross section will

d) The Reynolds Number

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d) 43% increase a) Flow in a pipe

depends upon the hydraulic diameter of the

the pipe again with the same velocity. What

b) The flow will be a transition flow

Answer: c 1. How can we determine whether the flow is

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b) Mach number Answer: c

b) Vertices Explanation: Boundary layer separation

Answer: a wall. It leads to reverse in the flow direction.

curved. They form shapes like smoke rings a) Increases

d) Pressure sharply. This helps to modify the outside

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that for an incompressible and inviscid flow b) f = 0.079/Re0.25

10. The steady- state flow must satisfy Answer: b

b) Newtons law equation is accurate for values within 5%