Practical Research in

Daily Life 2
Duration
1 Semester/80 hours

Description
This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through quantitative research.
Name of Student:
_____________________________
Compiled by:
Ms. Maria Socorro S. Lupina, LPT and
Grade and Section:
_____________________________
Miss Casandra June Velasco, LPT

Module 1II:
Learning from Others and Reviewing Literature
Writing your RRL
Module Duration: Weeks • Use the statement of problem as guide to structure and sequence of topics
• Avoid ‘copy/cut and paste; all literature cited must form a coherent whole
• Last part highlights gaps in literature specifically addressed by your study
Objectives:
• Use appropriate format for citations and references
1. select and synthesize information from relevant literature
2. cite related literature using standard style • In-text citations should be congruent to bibliography entries
3. write coherent review of literature
4. follow ethical standards in writing APA In-Text Citation:
5. illustrate and explain conceptual framework If you use the name of the author(s) in your writing, place the year of publication of the work in
6. define terms used in the study parentheses after the author’s name.
7. list research hypotheses (if appropriate)
• Ex. Mullane (2006) conducted research into the effect of…
8. present written review of related literature and conceptual framework

If you refer to a work in the text of your paper, place the author's last name and the year of
publication of the work in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
• Ex. The research conclusively proved a correlation between the results (Mullane,
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 2006).
APA Referencing Style:
This is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other documents that describes the past
Book
and current state of information on the topic of your research study.
Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome.
 to justify your choice of research question, theoretical or conceptual framework, and Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
method; Journal
 to establish the importance of the topic;
Potente, S., Anderson, C., & Karim, M. (2011). Environmental sun protection and supportive policies
 to provide background information needed to understand the study;
and practices: An audit of outdoor recreational settings in NSW coastal towns. Health Promotion
 to prove researchers’ familiarity with significant and/or up-to-date research relevant to the
Journal of Australia, 22, 97- 101.
topic; and
 to establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in Website
your field.
Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com
Writing the Review of Related Literature
 Identify key terms
 Locate literature
 Critically evaluate and select the literature
 Organize the literature
 Write a literature review
2

This is a diagram that connects variables of the study with lines (correlations) or arrows (cause-
effect relationships)
 start with text and clearly cite the diagram.
 ensure congruence with research questions. Rule of thumb: number of research questions is
at least equal to the number of lines /arrows in conceptual framework.
 Include in the diagram the variables which may have values or sub-variables.
 use the diagram to explain research framework. Justify each variable (and sub-variable) and
each line or arrow using logic and synthesized studies.
3
SHS Students’ Social Media Usage and Their Attention Span in Class
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The paradigm
presents the variables that will be considered in the research.
Fig. 1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study
The level of SHS students’ social media usage will be described in the research in terms
of three sub-variables: (a) forms of social media; (b) frequency of social media use; and (c)
mode of social media use. In the research, this variable is seen to possess a hypothesized
relationship with SHS students’ attention span in class. This hypothesized relationship is
represented by the two-headed arrow connecting both variables.
Research Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction of the possible outcomes of a study (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009).
Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a prediction or
a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics (Creswell,
2012)
Question: Is there a significant relationship between the Grade 11 student-respondents’ availability
of internet connection at home and their average sleeping time?
SHS
students’
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the Grade 11 student-respondents’
Chapter 3: Methodology
Media
availability of internet connection at home and their average sleeping time?
The Instrument
Usage
1. This refers to the questionnaire or data gathering tool to be constructed, validated and
administered.
RQ: Does a SHS student’s academic performance in Math have any association with his/her stress
tolerance?

This study generally aims to determine if a SHS students’ academic performance in Mathematics
2. If researcher-made, it must be tested for validity and reliability.
Forms of
3. If adopted, the student should indicate its description as to its items, scoring and
qualification.
have any association with his/her stress tolerance.

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:

instrument to be used should be appended. social
4. The researcher must explain its parts, and how the instrument will be validated. The

1. What is the demographic profile of Grade 11 students of DLSAU in terms of:

a. sex?;
about a topic with spaces for responses. media
A survey questionnaire is a commonly used type of instrument in research that lists questions

TYPES OF QUESTIONS
b. SHS strand?; and

c. final grade in General Mathematics?

Yes/No
Do you consider research to be
Recognition
Which of the following do you
Frequency
consider in buying a phone?
2. What is the level of stress tolerance of Grade 11 students of DLSAU?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the DLSAU Grade 11 students’ final grade in
important?
___ brand name
___ price
of social
___ specs
General Mathematics and their level of stress tolerance?

Definition of Terms
Completion
When I hear my phone ring, I
_____________________
___ others, please specify media use
Variables and sub-variables or values in conceptual framework are defined, except very common
variables like grade level, gender, school type where the values are indicated in the framework
itself.
Coding
Mode of
I use my phone during class.
___ 4 Always
Subjective
Format:
The following terms are defined as used in the study: (followed by list of terms with conceptual and
How do you feel when you leave your
phone at home accidentally.
___ 3 Often
___ 2 Seldom
___ 1 Never
social
operational definitions, if appropriate)
Conceptual definition – original author’s qualitative definition.
Terms defined operationally are variables measured using instruments, e.g., test or rating scale.
media use
Example: Millennials’ attitude – total rating in a rating scale.
Instrument Design

A good questionnaire must

4
  Contain different types of questions: personal, attitudinal or behavioral; sensitive questions
(if applicable).
 Use strategies for good construction: uses clear language, makes sure that answer options
do not overlap; posing questions that are applicable to participants.
 Valid and reliable. Underwent pilot testing to a small number of individuals.
Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it intends to measure.
Reliability refers to the consistency of results.
THE INSTRUMENT: Writing this section
1. What instruments will you use to gather data to answer your research questions? Describe
the instruments.
2. Why did you choose these instruments?
3. What are the major parts of your instruments including the major variables and sub-
variables to be measured?
4. What rating scale will you use?
Example:
This study shall make use of two research instruments to provide data on the variables being
studied. A validated questionnaire will be used to determine the respondents’ level of social media
use. To measure the respondents’ attention span in class, the researchers intend to use a mobile
application. These instruments are further described in the succeeding paragraphs.
Social Media Use Questionnaire. The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess the respondents’
level of social media use in terms of three factors: form of social media use, frequency of use, and
mode of use. It was developed and tested for validity and reliability by Cruz (2012) for his research
on the impact of social media usage on the academic performance of Grade 10 students in the
Philippines. Aside from being recent, the researchers have decided to use the instruments because it
has been constructed with the context of Filipino students in mind.
A cover letter addressed to the researchers is attached to the questionnaire explaining the research,
its rationale and purpose, and the general instructions on how to fill out the form. The questionnaire
5
is composed of four parts. Part one seeks to gather data regarding the demographic profile of the
respondents which includes their sex, age, and SHS strand. Part two of the questionnaire lists down
all available forms of social media and instructs the respondent to check those which they use, as
many as applies. Part three seeks to determine how frequent the respondents use social media by
asking them to rate their level of frequency to 10 statements. Possible responses are limited to a
five-point Likert scale: (5) Always, (4) Often; (3) Sometimes; (2) Seldom; (1) Never.
The Intervention
 Clearly and completely describe how the intervention will be implemented, such that the
reader can replicate the intervention.
 Describe what happens in comparison group.
1. How many groups are there? Describe the group(s). If there are two, state the similarities and
differences.
2. What will happen to each group in the experiment that you intend to do? Discuss the procedure
step-by-step.
3. Explain what each participant will do in each step. Also, describe how long each of these steps will
take.
Data Collection Procedure
1. Describe whose permission will be sought and what arrangements need to be made to administer
instruments.
2. After all permissions have been granted, discuss how the samples will be contacted and explain
the process of administering the questionnaires.
3. State how the questionnaires will be retrieved.
The process for gathering the needed data in the study is described in the following steps.
 1. The researcher shall seek the permission of the authors of the instruments that will be
adapted in this study.

2. The researchers will secure permission of the university to obtain a list of SHS students from
which the samples will be selected. Also, a permission to conduct data collection will be
sought from the concerned officials of the school.

3. The questionnaires shall be distributed to the selected samples during one of their classes
with a permission from the facilitating professor and the note of approval of the university.

4. Questionnaires shall be retrieved the same day as they were given to ensure a higher return
percentage of questionnaires.

Data Analysis

This section indicates how the data will be analyzed and reported; it should specify the qualitative
and/or quantitative methods that will be used in analyzing the data gathered for the research.

1. Describe analysis to be done for each research question, following sequence in Statement of
Problem.
2. State if tests of hypotheses will be done and for what purpose.
3. Add scoring system for instruments.
4. Avoid giving formulas or standard procedures for statistical tools.

To answer the questions presented under the Statement of the Problem, the following statistical
tools will be employed:

1. Percentages will be used to present and analyze data regarding the demographic profile of
the respondents.

2. Weighted mean will be computed to represent the responses of each respondent to the
questionnaire and their attention span score while standard deviation will be used to
determine the degree of variability in these values. This mean shall be interpreted as
follows:

3. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient will be used to determine the degree
of relationship between social media use and attention span. The correlation coefficient will
be interpreted as follows (Dela Cruz, 2005)

6
7
References:

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 2 (1 st Edition). 1977 C. M. Recto Avenue Manila, Philippines:
Rex Book Store.

Cabria, B., et. al., (2017). Compilation of Research Activity Sheets. Taysan , Legazpi City. Retrieved
from https://www.academia.edu/31101988/RESEARCH_ACTIVITY_1_PROPOSED_PROBLEMS

Chua, V. C. (2017). The Problem and Its Background. Retrieved from

https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html

Tagarao, N. (n.d.) Chapter 1 The Problem and Its background. Retrieved

From https://www.academia.edu/27656265/Chapter_I_The_Problem_and_Its_Background

8
9