Unit 3:

7.1
Searching for a compromise

 New territory-slavery or no slavery?

 Popular sovereignty? When voters in area decide whether or not to allow slavery
 12: Zachary Taylor
o Whig-slave holder
o Not a big fan of slavery expansion
 California applies for statehood
o This is a problem…why? Upset the balance between the free and slave states
 Henry clay writes a proposal
Compromise of 1850

 Appeals to the north

o CA admitted as free state
o Slave trade abolished in D.C.
 Appeals to the south
o Fugitive slave act renewed
o Slavery still allowed in D.C.
 Popular sovereignty for new territories
o Local population votes
 Compromise did not pass at first
 How did it win support? He died
Compromise (cont.)

 President Taylor dies suddenly

 13- Millard Fillmore
o Signs compromise into law
 Fugitive slave act
o Required police and citizens to help slaveholders catch runaway slaves
o Abolitionists were furious

Abolition movement gets creative

 Underground railroad
o Escaped with help from a “conductor”
o Harriet Tubman
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin
o Harriet Beecher Stowe
o Many experiences of a slave, good and bad
o relatable
o considered a precursor to the Civil War

Harriet Tubman video:

  escaped slavery but went back to help other people
 didn’t have an education; “mighty woman”
 freed 500 slaves but could have freed more but couldn’t convince them they were slaves/couldn’t
imagine another life
 changed the minds of African Americans by inspiring them to fighting back
 she was the “Moses” of the south
 escaped when she was 17 with her brothers
 became a main conductor for 10-12 years
Fredrick Douglass video:

 born a slave
 ran away and decides to speak out against slavery and spoke on behalf of the slaves
 tells his story after making it out
 international figure
 joined abolitionist movement and started speaking out as soon as he got out
 national discussion

7.2
Shout-out to president pierce

 14: franklin pierce- NH

o Democrat: pro-slavery
o Ineffective at handling slavery debate
 Stephen Douglass suggests popsov in Nebraska territory
o Kansas and Nebraska
 Kansas-Nebraska act
o Nullified MO compromise
o Citizens vote on issue of slavery
o KS-slave and NE-free
 Why is this a problem? Kansas had been free for the last 30 years
o 2 governments created in KS, both applied for statehood

Bleeding Kansas

 2 governments created in KS
 Both applied for statehood
 People rushed to Kansas to fight
o Why “bleeding?” A lot of violence
 Mini civil war over KS territory
 It became clear that popsov would NOT be the way to solve the slavery issue

Changes in politics

 Whig party- see ya

  Meet the new republican party
o Result of the KS-NE act
o Opposition to slavery
o Grew fast in the north
 15- James Buchannan- PA
o Democrat
o Congressman/ambassador
o “dough face”

Dred Scott vs. Sanford Case

 Dred Scott brought to IL by master

o Worked as a slave for 4 years in a free state
 Returned to MO and sued for freedom
 7-2 decision against Scott
 Court’s opinion
o Slaves were property- not US citizens
o Not a citizen- constitution does not apply; no right to sue
o Congress had no right to ban slavery in territories- MO compromise unconstitutional

Well hello Mr. Lincoln

 Lincoln vs. Douglass for senate

o Lincoln catches republican attention
 Abraham Lincoln
o Lawyer in Springfield, IL
o Wordsmith
o Known for integrity, directness
 Lincoln and slavery?
 New republican candidate had to be…
o Capable of winning every N state
o Someone from the north that the south could trust

John Brown’s Raid

 John Brown- radical abolitionist, white

o Led a group to Harper’s Ferry, VA to seize a federal arsenal
o Planned to free and arm slaves
o Caught by marines, tried, found guilty, and hanged
 How did people react? Southerners prepared for war and some northerners thought he took it too
far but most thought of his as a courageous martyr

7.3
Election of 1860
  4 parties divided over slavery
o Conflicts nearing the election? John Brown’s raid and execution, slavery, Dred Scott
decision, issue of states’ rights in south, and fugitive slave acts
 Lincoln wins electoral college
o Only 39% of the popular vote
o Didn’t win a southern state
 16. Abraham Lincoln- republican
o Born in log cabin in KY, raised in IL
o Variety of jobs

Secession begins

 South’s perception? Shocked a president could be elected without a southern state’s vote
 SC immediately secedes
o MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, and TX follow
o President Buchannan does nothing
 Confederate states of America
o Jefferson Davis appointed president
o Insisted on protection of slavery
 Lincoln- preserve the Union
 Confederate states begin seizing federal posts
o How did Lincoln respond? Sends resources but nothing to start war

Civil war begins

 Lincoln defends the union by keeping Ft. Sumpter

 Confederate take Ft. Sumpter
o Quickest and least bloody battle in the CW
 Civil war begins April 12, 1861***
o VA, AR, NA, TN secede
 Lincoln fights to keep boarder states MD, KY, and MO, in the union
Comparing union and confederacy
Confederacy- Robert E Lee Union- Ulysses S Grant

Strong army- well trained Strong navy

Bigger reason to fight Industry and resources
Strategy of defense Large railroad network
Home field advantage Established government with Lincoln
9 million population (1/3 slaves) 22 million people
Few railroads and telegraphs Divided opinion on war and slavery
High inflation Conscription- forcing people into military service
Over-confident
Important strategy

South North
Defensive Anaconda plan
 Why anaconda? Union slowly encircles
 resources and cut off the south
War of attrition Cut off ports and the rivers to divide the south
Pick battles carefully
Foreign aid

Battles begin!

 First battle of bull run

o General stonewall Jackson delivers victory for the south
o What does the Union learn?
 *battle of New Orleans
o David Farragut leads sneak attack
o Union gains control of largest port and city in the south
 Battle of Shiloh
o 25,000 troops lost (most at the time)
o Union cut off rail roads

7.4
Battle of Antietam

 Union struggles to defend VA and MD

 Battle of Antietam
o South had many reasons to invade MD
o Lee’s strategy did not go well
o Bloodiest one-day battle in US history
o 23,000 soldiers killed
 Union victory
 Cue for Lincoln to issue EP
emancipation proclamation

 1st year of war- preserve the union

 A year later- slavery needed to end
 As of January 1st, 1863, the EP declared
o “all slaves in the rebellious states shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free”
o Did the EP free any slaves? no
 Slow but big steps towards an amendment

Groups respond the EP

 Northerners? Thought it was a good move

 Abolitionists? Thought it wasn’t enough
 Republicans- didn’t do enough
 Democrats- was too extreme
  Confederate leaders? Realized a peaceful end to the war wasn’t possible
 African Americans? Made them eager to join the Union army and fight against slavery
 54th Massachusetts regiment- all AA unit in the CW
o Earned respect for discipline and courage

7.6
Focus on Vicksburg, MS

 Last major confederate post on MS river

 Grant’s army marches 180 miles
o To REI and back for 17 days
 May 1863- battle of Vicksburg
o Way to win-put the city under siege
o 6 weeks until the south gave up
o Why was the battle important? Cut the south in half

Road to Gettysburg

 Terrible union losses in VA

o Several changes in union leadership
 Confederate move north to PA
 Battle of Gettysburg- July, 1863
o Direct attack on union
o Pickett’s charge- mile-wide line of troops, disaster
 Big union victory, turning point
o Kept Britain out of war
o Restored union morale
o Confederate army on defense
 Lincoln dedicates battlefield a national cemetery
Union pulls out all the stops

 Strategy of “total war”

 General William Sherman leaves for Atlanta
o Sherman’s march to sea- Atlanta...Savannah… Columbia, SC
o March to sea- Nov 1864
o Cut a path across GA to further divide south; took Savannah
o Destroyed railroads; took supplies

7.7
War is drawing to a close

 Grant and his men wanted Petersburg- why? Main railroad/supply habits near capital
 Siege of Petersburg- July 1864
o Lines stretch 30 miles around the city
 o Union soldiers grow in support, confederate ending the war
 Rebels meet with Lincoln to discuss ending the war
o February 1865
o Why was it unsuccessful? In the process of passing the 13 th amendment

Lincoln’s reelection

 Reelected in 1864- 2nd inaugural address

 Reelection showed…
o Mandate from voters to end slavery
o No chance at negotiated peace for confederacy
 Lincoln’s 2 goals
o 13th amendment- banning of slavery in the US
o Bringing southern states back to the union peacefully

South surrenders

 Lee surrenders to Grant in Appomattox, VA

o ***April 9, 1865
 Gentlemen’s agreement
o Lee meets Grant to discuss terms of surrender
o What were the 2 terms? Take horses home and is it possible to feed them
o What 2 things did Lee ask for his soldiers from Grant? Return home and peaceful ending
to war
Why did the union win? How did the south lose?

 Political leadership
 Better technology
 More resources, supplies, money, and population
 Blockades worked
 Can’t win a war without money and friends
o Economy based on agriculture
o Britain never got involved

Assassination of President Lincoln

 April 14, 1865

 Ford’s theatre in DC
 Shot by John Wilkes Booth
o Booth fled
o Lincoln died the next day
 Public visitation from DC to Springfield, IL

8.1
War is over… now what?
  Reconstruction- rebuilding after CW
o Confederacy is controlled by?
o South is in ruins
o Forty acres and a mule
 Lincoln’s plan- male up, not punish
o Oath to US accept new slavery policies
o Amnesty
 Radical republicans- led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
o Keep confederacy leaders out of power
o Grow republican party
o AA allowed to vote

Freedmen’s Bureau

 Provided assistance to newly free AA’s

o Food, clothing, work, healthcare, education
o Reconnected families
 Part of the war dept/
 Boosted education
o Buildings
o Teachers
o Training

Now we’re in a pickle….

 Lincoln’s assassination changed everything

 Andrew Johnson- TN
o Former southern democrat
o Remained in the union
 Johnson’s plan
o Similar to Lincoln’s on the surface
o Not as tough as RadRep
o South put confederate leaders back in office
 Black codes- similar goals of slavery
 Radicals are ANGRY
14th amendment

 Civil rights act of 1866

o Citizenship
o Own property
o Equal rights in court
 “no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the US; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
 Violence increased in the south
 Johnson campaigned against the 14th amendment
Welcome back

 Military reconstruction act- 1867

o Cut out Johnson’s programs
o Divided south into 5 districts
 Each state had to…
o Give ALL males the right to vote
o Ratify the 14th amendment
 By 1868- NC, SC, FL, AL, KA, and AR readmitted
Impeached?

 Republicans worried Johnson would veto everything

 Let’s impeach the president!
o Force someone out of office because of wrongdoing
 Was Johnson impeached? yes
 Grant is elected
 15th amendment
o AA right to vote

8.2
Grant Administration

 18: Ulysses S. Grant

o Republican
o Cabinet full of friends
o No political experience
o Ineffective
 Republicans in congress
o High tariffs, “sin taxes”
o Strict bank policies
o More infrastructure spending
 Democrats unhappy
o New policies benefited wealthy

Reconstructing the south

 All states rejoined the Union by 1870

 Republicans ruled southern policies
o Former confederate leaders couldn’t run for office
 Carpetbaggers: northerners and black people who came down to the south to live
 Scalawags: white southerner who supported reconstruction and republican party
 AA’s jumped at chance to get involved in state/local government
Education
  Freedmen’s Bureau
 By 1870, over200,000 formerly enslaved were receiving an education
 40% of AA children attended school
 New AA universities
o Fisk University
o Howard University
 Illiteracy still a big problem for both races in the south
First rise of the Ku Klux Klan

 Disliked the “black” government forces upon the south

o Began as a secret society
o Pulaski, TN
 Goal to intimidate AA voters and republicans
o Burnt buildings, churches
 Grant enacted legislation to put a stop to the Klan
o Not very effective

New southern Farming

 South needed a boost in industry

o Built railroads, steel and cotton mills
 Farming resumes
o Sharecropping: giving portion of crop informative to landowner
o Tenant farming: renting land from landowner; could still make a profit from your crops
 Reconstruction is on the way out
o AA went back to similar lifestyles or worse working conditions

8.3
Reconstruction comes to an end

 Republicans and reformers lose steam

o Failure to convict Johnson
o Freedmen’s Bureau ends
o Southern opposition
 Grant’s presidency stunk
o Government cheating on taxes
o Major scandals
 Democrats elected in south
o Election fraud
 Segregation- new rule in south
Reconstruction ends

 Positives:
o Public school systems in south
 o Federal $$ to improve
o Railroads/ports
o Expanded southern agriculture and industry
o Gave civil/political rights to AA’s
 Negatives:
o Didn’t get rid of sectionalism or racism
o Little protection for AA’s
o Little enforcement of new amendments
 Republican party values change
Southern restriction of AA’s

 19: Rutherford B. Hayes

o Removed federal troops from south
o Southern government could run wild
o Supreme Court lets local governments decide segregation issues
 Jim Crow Laws
o Legal segregation laws
 Voting restrictions
o Poll taxes
o Literacy tests
 Plessy v. Ferguson
Original civil rights leaders

 Ida B. Wells
o TN woman that led a campaign against lynching
 Booker T. Washington
o Atlanta Compromise speech-cooperation
o Gain respect and equality over time, long-term process to end racism p
o Tuskegee University
o Presidential advisor
 W.E.B. DuBois
o Co-founder of NAACP
o Pushed for equal treatment NOW