SDGs Introduction Final

Strategies for Sustainable Development
in Politics and Economy
- Sustainable Development Goals -
Prof. Dr. Matthias Finkbeiner

Dr. Vanessa Bach
Technische Universität Berlin

Department of Environmental Technology
Chair of Sustainable Engineering
Sustainable Development Goals
• Global sustainability goals, which are to be reached by 2030
• 15 years to transform the world
Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

Potential of SDGs
• A world without hunger

Potential of SDGs
without environmental pollution

Potential of SDGs
without poverty

Potential of SDGs
without poverty
without war

Potential of SDGs
without poverty
without war

• Global goals, which are to be reached by 2030
• Launched in 2015
• Clustered into 17 goals
• They are all interconnected and therefore indivisible

Interconnected SDGs

• Launched in 2015
• Clustered into 17 goals
• They are all interconnected and therefore indivisible
• SDGs are universal: goals and targets apply to all countries
• SDGs require policy coherence and government wide approaches

• If a specific policy is developed, it has to be made sure, that it is in line with the
SDGs goals and targets
• Designed for all sectors (application in business)  large multinational

companies were the first to sign on
• Enhance communication, because all use the same “terminology”

10

Objective: Produce a set of universal goals

that meet urgent social, economic and
environmental challenges
• Launched September 2015
• Officially Adopted by 193 Countries

(https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates.html)
• Result of a 3-year stakeholder process
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGcrYkHwE80 11

History of SDGs
• At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable

Development (Rio+20) Member States adopted the
outcome document "The Future We Want“
– to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build
upon the MDGs
– to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on

Sustainable Development
• In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member

Open Working Group to develop a proposal on the
SDGs
– 8 million people were seen all over the world
– Issues that mattered most to them in their community
12

Objective: Produce a set of universal goals

that meet urgent social, economic and
environmental challenges
• Launched September 2015
• Officially Adopted by 193 Countries

(https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates.html)
• Result of a 3-year stakeholder process
• Overall 300 issues were determined
 Clustered into 17 goals

• Based on MDGs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGcrYkHwE80 13

What Makes It a Sustainability Indicator/Index?
• Understandable & Useable

– otherwise not any effect on what people do
• Relevant
– selection of indicators relevant for the decision process
Sustainability
• Inter- and intra-generational equity

Indicator
– not at the expense of others: What goes around comes around!
• Long term view

– long term goal = long term indicators
• Show linkages
– turn away from narrow focus towards net structure or complex systems &
measure the cause, not just the effect or the result
14

SDGs - structure
Goal Targets Indicators

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking
and affordable drinking water for all water services
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable
6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed
sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying
sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with
special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
soap and water
vulnerable situations
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
Water safety
6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely treated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe 6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient
reuse globally water quality
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across
Water use efficiency
6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over time
all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of
freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce 6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a
the number of people suffering from water scarcity Water stress
proportion of available freshwater resources
6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources
implementation (0-100)
management at all levels, including through transboundary
cooperation as appropriate
Resource management
6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with an
operational arrangement for water cooperation
6.6.1 ChangeProtection ofwater-related
water-related
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems,
in the extent of ecosystems over
including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and
lakes
time ecosystems
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-
building support to developing countries in water- and 6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related official
sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water
Development assistance
development assistance that is part of a government-
harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater coordinated spending plan
treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with
6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local established and operational policies and procedures for
communities in improving water and sanitation management
Related administrative units
participation of local communities in water and sanitation
15
Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies management

for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

– agreed on in 2000 (UN Summit for Sustainable Development) by leaders from 189 nations
„A world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for
mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for
women, and a healthier environment; a world in which developed and
developing countries worked in partnership for the betterment of all“.
16

MDG report 2015
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf
• Millennium Development Goals Report 2015:
– Final assessment of global and regional progress
towards the MDGs
– Based on official statistics
– compiled by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group (IAEG)

on MDG indicators
• Main findings
– Significant progress across all goals
– Examples:
• Drinking water sources: 91% in 2015, 91%, 76% in

1990
• Poverty: 50% lived on less than $1.25 a day in

1990, 14% in 2015
17

MDG report 2015: identified challenges (unsolved issues)
• ...the progress has been uneven across regions/countries
 Millions of people are being left behind, esp. the poorest and those
disadvantaged because of their sex, age, disability, ethnicity,
geographic location, e.g.
– Gender inequality persists...discrimination of women (e.g. work,
participation in private and public decision-making), poverty of women
– Big gaps exist between the poorest and richest households, and between rural and
urban areas (e.g. education, health, access to water)
– By the end of 2014, conflicts had forced ~ 60 million people to abandon their homes
– ~ 800 million people still live in extreme poverty and suffer from hunger
– ~ 800 million people are estimated to be living in slum-like conditions in the

developing world’s cities
18

MDG report 2015: identified challenges (data)
• Large data gaps remain in several development areas:
→ Poor data quality (e.g. old/outdated and/or no disaggregated data)

 Some requirements:
• Global standards and an integrated statistics systems
• Open, easily accessible data
• ..and then of course the skills to use and interpret the data correctly
• Some critics related to SDGs:

• Too narrow scope
• Some relevant aspects of SD are missing (e.g. many environmental impacts,
education quality, human rights, economic growth, infrastructure)
• Focus on global and national average  risk of neglecting the poor
 uneven progress and shortfalls in many areas
• Role of industrialized countries: performance is not measured
• Financing: money was given by the developing countries, without considering local
resources
19

SDGs & MDGs
20

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

– agreed in Sept 2000 (UN Summit for Sustainable
Development) by leaders from 189 nations
– 8 goals
– 21 targets
– 60 indicators
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

– Agreed in 2015 (follow up of MDGs)
– 17 goals
– 169 targets
– > 200 indicators
 Better understand the impacts: requires to look at all groups, also the minority ones
 If we do not meet the needs of the most vulnerable, we failed

21

SDG 17 – the heart of the SDGs
• Heart of the SDGs

– SDGs can only be realized with strong global
partnerships and cooperation
– 19 targets
– strengthening and streamlining cooperation

between nation-state
Strengthen the means
of implementation and
• Addresses financing, technology, revitalize the global
capacity building, trade, systematic issues (policy and partnership for
institutional coherence) sustainable
development
– Improve access to technology and knowledge
– Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage

their debt
– promoting investment
– Promoting international trade

22

Goal 17 – global results
https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/#/USA
Challenges in
• coherent policy development,
• supporting capacity building in developing countries,
• improving access to sustainable technologies and technology development in
emerging economies 23

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): structure
http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/150612-FINAL-SDSN-Indicator-Report1.pdf
24

What Is an Indicator?
• Can be a sign, a number, a graphic, etc.
• Help for understanding of

– Where are you? (What´s the status)
– Which way are you going? (e.g. a target)
– How far away are you from where you want to be?
Today: People living

under the poverty line:
30%
Target: 10%
Distance: 20%
Indicator: Percentages
of people in region x
living under the
property line as defined
in this region
25

SDG indicators classification
• Indicator selection process started taking into account 10 criteria

(e.g. data availability, universality, science-based)
 Categorization of the indicators in a public consultation process

• Tier I: Indicator conceptually clear, established methodology/standards,
data regularly produced by countries
• Tier II: Indicator conceptually clear, established methodology/standards;

data not regularly produced by countries
• Tier III: no established methodology/standards (work plans started in Nov 2016)
• NOTE:
• All indicators are equally important; the tier system intends to assist
developing implementation strategies & is continuously revised
26

SDG indicators: classification
Structure Dynamic approach

Tier Classification Sheet (as of 17 July 2020)
Updated Tier
Initial Proposed Possible Notes
Partner Classification
UNSD Target Indicator Tier (by Custodian (including timing of review and
Indicator Agency(ies) (by IAEG-SDG
Secretariat) Agency(ies) explanation for change in Tier)
Code * Members)
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
C010101 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all 1.1.1 Proportion of the population living Tier I World Bank ILO Tier I UNSC 51 refinement
people everywhere, currently measured as below the international poverty line by
people living on less than $1.25 a day sex, age, employment status and
geographic location (urban/rural)
C010201 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the 1.2.1 Proportion of population living Tier I World Bank UNICEF Tier I
proportion of men, women and children of all below the national poverty line, by sex
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions and age
according to national definitions
C010202 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and Tier II National Gov. UNICEF, Tier II
children of all ages living in poverty in all World Bank,
its dimensions according to national UNDP
definitions
C010301 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social 1.3.1 Proportion of population covered Tier I ILO World Bank Tier II IAEG-SDG 3rd meeting: Lack of sufficient data
protection systems and measures for all, by social protection floors/systems, by coverage (classified as Tier II)
including floors, and by 2030 achieve sex, distinguishing children, unemployed
substantial coverage of the poor and the persons, older persons, persons with
vulnerable disabilities, pregnant women, newborns,
work-injury victims and the poor and the
vulnerable
C010401 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in Tier III UN-Habitat UNICEF, Tier I Data availability reviewed in Oct. 2019
particular the poor and the vulnerable, have households with access to basic services WHO (classified as Tier I)
equal rights to economic resources, as well as
access to basic services, ownership and control Reviewed at Sept 2018 WebEx meeting
over land and other forms of property, (classified as Tier II)
inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new
technology and financial services, including
microfinance
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/ 27

Data availability
For some SDG only few data is available

https://ourworldindata.org/sdg-tracker-update 28

Keeping a strategy alive
Reasons why goal is not achievable

Action and has to be changed:
plan
• Not a SMART goal
• Changed conditions, e.g. new
technology or protests
Revise
action
• Goal is not supported by
Carry out
plan
and/or
Goal action
plan
relevant stakeholder ↔
Achievable
goal
Review
Indicator
29

Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020
• Yearly report
• Reviews progress in the 5th year

of SDG
• Presents highlights of progress &

remaining gaps based on the
latest available data
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-
Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-
2020.pdf
30

SDG Report 2020 – Key findings (1)
• The report shows that even before the Covid-19 outbreak progress in the
different areas remained uneven and the world was not on track to meet the
SDGs by 2030
• Now with the pandemic affecting all segments of the population, all sectors of
the economy and all areas of the world the implementation towards many of
the SDGs was disrupted abruptly and, in some cases, turned back
1. Pandemic revealed existing inequalities and injustices

– In advanced economies, fatality rates have been highest
among marginalized groups
– In developing countries, the most vulnerable – including

those employed in the informal economy, older people,
children, persons with disabilities, indigenous people,
migrants and refugees – risk being hit even harder
31

2. Increasing poverty and economic decrease

– Covid-19 lead to an increase in extreme poverty
revealing a lack in social protection systems
– Before Covid-19 global economic growth was

already slowing down but due to the pandemic
GDP per capita is now expected to decline by
4.2 % in 2020
3. Women and children were especially affected by the crisis

– Domestic violence has increased by 30% in some countries
– Disruption in routine health service and constrained access

to nutritious diets is expected to lead to an increase
in under-5 deaths and maternal deaths in 2020
– Though women’s representation in positions of

power has increased it is far from equal and
especially in the context of Covid-19 a fairly representation is assumed to be crucial
to avoid deepening existing inequalities 32

4. Access to drinking water and sanitation remains

insufficient
– Proportion of the population having access to drinking
water increased from 61% in 2000 to 71% in 2017
– BUT 3 billion people worldwide lack basic handwashing

facilities at home considered to be the most effective method
for Covid-19 prevention
5. Systematic shifts to combat climate change are needed

– Covid-19 may result in a drop in greenhouse gas emissions by 6% for 2020 but it is
still short of 7.6% annual reduction required to limit global warming to 1.5°C
– The world is still experiencing increasing ocean acidification, biodiversity loss,

deforestation, extreme weather conditions, natural disasters
33

6. The pandemic is enforcing existing data gaps

– Huge data gaps still exist in terms of
geographic coverage, timeliness and
the level of disaggregation required
– Many national statistical offices are

facing funding cuts due to the
pandemic and are in need of technical
assistance, capacity-building, financial
aid, and software
7. Strengthening multilateralism and global partnership are more important than

ever
– With trade, foreign direct investment and remittances all projected to decline, the
COVID-19 pandemic is threatening past and future achievements
– Containing COVID-19 as a major task to achieve the SDGs requires the participation
of all Governments, the private sector, civil society organizations and ordinary
citizens around the world
34

Terminology: Data, Indicators, & Indices
• Data
– Raw material
– In need of further processing (e.g. aggregation to national level, adjustment for
season, climate, economic cycles)
• Statistics
– treated amount of data, often from official sources
– describing real phenomena according to an exact definition
• Indicators
– messages without a need for further interpretation
• Indices
– may require adjustments
– Aggregation of several indicators
35

SDG dashboard for OECD countries (1)
velopment.report/2020/2020_sustainable_
https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainablede
Determination of an overall SDG index for all countries
• Equal weight to all 17 goals
• Worst (0) and the best (100) outcomes
development_report.pdf
• Inclusion of 85 global indicators plus an additional 30
indicators for the OECD countries
36

SDG dashboard for OECD countries (2)
https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2020/2020_sustainable_
development_report.pdf
37

Thank you for your attention!
Technische Universität Berlin

Department of Environmental Technology
Chair of Sustainable Engineering

SDGs Introduction Final

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Strategies for Sustainable Development

in Politics and Economy

- Sustainable Development Goals -

Prof. Dr. Matthias Finkbeiner

Technische Universität Berlin

• Global sustainability goals, which are to be reached by 2030

• 15 years to transform the world

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• A world without hunger

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• A world without hunger

without environmental pollution

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• A world without hunger

without environmental pollution

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• A world without hunger

without environmental pollution

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• A world without hunger

without environmental pollution

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• Global goals, which are to be reached by 2030

• Clustered into 17 goals

• They are all interconnected and therefore indivisible

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• Global goals, which are to be reached by 2030

• Clustered into 17 goals

• They are all interconnected and therefore indivisible

• SDGs are universal: goals and targets apply to all countries

• SDGs require policy coherence and government wide approaches

• Designed for all sectors (application in business)  large multinational

• Enhance communication, because all use the same “terminology”

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• Global goals, which are to be reached by 2030

Objective: Produce a set of universal goals

• Launched September 2015

• Officially Adopted by 193 Countries

• Result of a 3-year stakeholder process

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable

– to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on

• In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member

– Issues that mattered most to them in their community

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• Global goals, which are to be reached by 2030

Objective: Produce a set of universal goals

• Launched September 2015

• Officially Adopted by 193 Countries

• Result of a 3-year stakeholder process

• Overall 300 issues were determined

 Clustered into 17 goals

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

• Understandable & Useable

• Inter- and intra-generational equity

– not at the expense of others: What goes around comes around!

• Long term view

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies for Sustainable Development: Policies & Governance

Goal Targets Indicators

Finkbeiner/Bach Strategies management

• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)