Botany DU 2820947q23

Department of Botany
University of Dhaka
SYLLABUS
For 4 (Four) year integrated, grading system
B.S. Honours degree in Botany
Sessions : 2015-2016, 2016-2017 & 2017-2018
The course of study for the degree of B.S. Honours in Botany shall extend over 4 (Four) academic years. Each student
has to take 128 credits, consisting of 112 credits of Departmental courses and 16 credits of Extra-Departmental courses.
Each 4 (Four) credits will carry 100 marks and 2 (Two) credits will carry 50 marks.
Year-wise distribution of credits in four years
Year Theory Practical Viva- Extra- Total

voce Departmental Credits
1st year 12 4 2 8 26
2nd Year 16 4 2 8 30
3rd Year 24 8 2 0 34
4th Year 28 8 2 0 38
Total 80 24 8 16 128
Syllabus of the
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka
for
First Year B.S. Honours Course
Sessions: 2015-2016, 2016-2017 & 2017-2018
Departmental Courses Credit hours

BOT 101: General Microbiology 2
BOT 102: Lower Fungi 2
BOT 103: General Phycology 2
BOT 104: Bryophyta 2
BOT 105: Angiosperm Taxonomy 2
BOT 106: Biodiversity 2
BOT 107: Practical-1: General Microbiology, Lower Fungi and General Phycology 2
BOT 108: Practical-2: Bryophyta, Angiosperm Taxonomy and Biodiversity 2
BOT 109: Viva-voce 2
Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Botany)

BMB 11 : Basic Biochemistry - I 4
ZOOL 1001: Animal Diversity 4
Extra-Departmental course for the students of Zoology and Soil, Water and Environment
BOT 1001: Introductory Botany 4
1
Second Year B.S. Honours Course
Session: 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019

BOT 201: Higher Fungi 2
BOT 202: Gymnosperms, Paleobotany and Economic Botany 2
BOT 203: Anatomy 2
BOT 204: Synecology 2
BOT 205: Cytology 2
BOT 206: Fundamental Plant Physiology 2
BOT 207: Fundamental Genetics 2
BOT 208: Elementary Plant Breeding 2
BOT 209: Practical-1: Higher Fungi, Gymnosperm, Paleobotany
& Economic Botany, Anatomy, Synecology 2
BOT 210: Practical-2: Cytology, Fundamental Plant Physiology, Fundamental
Genetics, Elementary Plant Breeding 2
BOT 211: Viva-Voce 2
Extra-Departmental Courses (For the Students of Botany)
BOT 212: Biostatistics 4

SOIL 002: Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility 4
Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Microbiology,

Zoology, Geography & Environment, respectively)
BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology 4

BOT 2002: Genetics and Cytogenetics 4
BOT 2003: Ecology, Environment and Plants 4
Third Year B.S. Honours Course

for the session 2017-2018, 2018-2019 & 2019-2020
BOT 301: Environmental Microbiology 2

BOT 302: Plant Pathology 2
BOT 303: Advanced Phycology 2
BOT 304: Physiological Ecology and Conservation Biology 2
BOT 305: Contemporary Systematics 2
BOT 306: Plant Biochemistry 2
BOT 307: Molecular Genetics 2
BOT 308: Principles of Crop Improvement 2
BOT 309: Pteridophyta 2
BOT 310: Introductory Limnology 2
BOT 311: Structural Cytogenetics 2
BOT 312: Embryology of Angiosperms 2
BOT 313: Practical-1: Environmental Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Advanced Phycology 2
BOT 314: Practical-2: Physiological Ecology & Conservation Biology, Contemporary Systematics,
Plant Biochemistry 2
BOT 315: Practical-3: Molecular Genetics, Principles of Crop Improvement, Pteridophyta 2
BOT 316: Practical-4: Introductory Limnology, Structural Cytogenetics, Embryology of
Angiosperms 2
2
Fourth Year B.S. Honours Course
for the session
2018-2019, 2019-2020 & 2020-2021
Theory Credit hours

BOT 401: Microbiological Techniques 2
BOT 402: Marine Botany 2
BOT 403: Ethnobotany 2
BOT 404: Climate Change Biology 2
BOT 405: Autoecology and Environment 2
BOT 406: Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition 2
BOT 407: Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics 2
BOT 408: Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 2
BOT 409: Horticulture and Agronomy 2
BOT 410: Biological Limnology 2
BOT 411: Numerical Cytogenetics 2
BOT 412: Microbial Plant Pathology 2
BOT 413: Seed Pathology 2
BOT 414: Evolution 2
BOT 415: Practical-1: Microbiological Techniques, Marine Botany, Biological Limnology,

Ethnobotany 2
BOT 416: Practical-2: Climate Change Biology, Microbial Plant Pathology, Seed Pathology. 2
BOT 417: Practical-3: Horticulture & Agronomy, Autoecology & Environment, Plant
Physiology & Plant Nutrition 2
BOT 418: Practical-4: Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology, Genomics, Proteomics &
Bioinformatics, Numerical Cytogenetics 2
BOT 419: Viva-Voce
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Detail Syllabus for First Year B.S. Honours Courses
Theory
Course No. BOT 101: General Microbiology

Theory: 2 Credits: 50 Marks
1. Historical development: Introduction and scope of microbiology; origin of life (chemical theory); spontaneous
generation versus biogenesis; major contributions of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch,
Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming, SA Waksman, Oliver Wendell Homes, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, Joseph
Lister, Paul Ehrlich, Gerhard Domagk, Jacques Tréfouël, R J Petri and Fanny Hesse in microbiology.
2. Position of microorganisms: Protista, protophyta, five kingdom concept, three-domain concept, prokaryotic
versus eukaryotic cells.
3. Bacteria: Structure, size, shape and arrangements of cells; structure, chemical composition and function of
flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and spore; common bacterial diseases of human and
plants.
4. Archaea: General characteristics, different groups and importance.
5. Virus: Discovery, general characteristics; morphology and structure of TMV, T2 phage and HIV; classification and
replication of viruses (lytic and lysogenic cycles); common viral diseases of human and plants.
6. Viroids and Prions: Discovery, structure, general characteristics and common diseases.
7. Mycoplasma and Actinomycetes: Discovery, structure, general characteristics and importance.
8. Rickettsia: Discovery, structure, general characteristics and common diseases.
References
Alcamo IE 2000. Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Frobisher M 1974. Fundamental of Microbiology. WB Saunders Company, London.
Pelczar MJ, ECS Chan and NR Krieg 1993. Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y.
Smith KM 1979. Plant Viruses. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.
Tortora GL, BR Funke and CL Case 2004. Microbiology-An introduction. Addison Wesley Longman, California.
Course No. BOT 102: Lower Fungi

1. Introduction to Mycology : Historical development, scope and importance to mankind.
2. Myxomycetes: Slime molds: A brief account of the habitat, structure, reproduction and importance of slime molds,
comparison with protozoa.
3. Habitat, somatic/vegetative features, range of vegetative structures, growth and
development, nutrition, reproduction; origin and classification of fungi.
4. General characteristics and classification of the lower fungi.
5. Studies of the following classes:
a). Chytridiomycetes: Chytridiales; life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum.
b). Oomycetes: Saprolegniales and Peronosporales; life cycles of Saprolegnia parasitica and Phytophthora
infestans.
c). Zygomycetes: Mucorales; life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer.
6. Endogonaceae: Occurrence, characteristics and their role as biofertilizer.
References
Agrios GN 1997. Plant Pathology. 5th edition. Academic Press. Toronto.
Alexopoulos CJ, CW Mims and M Blackwell 1996. Introductory Mycology. (4th editon), John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Hawker LE 1967. Fungi. Hutchinson University Library. Cambridge Univ. Press. London.
Moore-Landecker E 1982. Fundamentals of Fungi. Prentice Hall, New Jersy.
Trigiano RT, T Mark and AS Windham 2004. Plant Pathology. Concepts and laboratory Exercises. CRC Press London.
Webster J 1980. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press. London.
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Course No. BOT 103: General Phycology
1. Introduction to Phycology: Characteristics and importance of algae.

2. Classification (Lee, 2008):
a) Bases of classification, pigments, storage products and flagella.
b) Endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution.
c) History of classification of algae, outline of the classification of Lee 2008 and characteristics of the different
phylums.
3. Algal habitats: Aquatic (fresh, brackish and marine water); terrestrial; subaerial and special habitats (symbiotic,
parasitic, cryogenic, thermal and desert algae).
4. Range of vegetative structure and reproductive methods in algae.
5. General characteristics of the following classes and life history of the genera mentioned below:
(a) Cyanophyceae: Gloeotrichia
(b) Rhodophyceae: Polysiphonia
(c) Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium and Chara
(d) Euglenophyceae: Euglena
(e) Bacillariophyceae: Pinnularia
(f) Phaeophyceae: Sargassum
6. Lichen: Habitat, structure, growth forms and economic importance.
References
Ahmed ZU, MA Hassan, ZNT Begum, M Khondker, SMH Kabir, M Ahmad, ATA Ahmed, AKA Rahman and EE Haque (eds)
2007-2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 2-4. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
Bold HC and NJ Wynne 1978, 1985. Introduction of the Algae. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Chapman VJ and DJ Chapman 1983. The algae.
Fritsch FE 1935, 1945. The structure and reproduction of the algae. Vols 1 and 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Hoek C, VDG Den , Mann and HM Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to Phycology. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambrige.
Lee RE 1980, 1989, 2008. Phycology (1st , 2nd and 3rd Edns). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Mason E H Jr 1983. The Biology of Lichens. 3rd Edn., Edward Arnold, London.
Prescott GW 1968. The algae: a review. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Round FE 1981. The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge.
Smith GM 1950. The freshwater algae of the United States, McGraw-Hill, N.Y.
Course No. BOT 104: Bryophyta

1. Definition, characteristic, distribution, habitats, economic and biological significance of bryophytes.

2. Classification of bryophytes with diagnostic features.
3. Distribution, habitat, habit, external and internal features, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, development
of antheridia and archigonia and spore dispersal mechanism of the following genera: (a) Sphaerocarpos, (b)
Riccia, (c) Marchantia, (d) Porella, (e) Anthoceros, (f) Sphagnum and (g) Funaria.
4. Reproduction methods in bryophytes: Vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, life cycle and alternation of
generation in bryophytes.
5. Diversity of gametophyte and sporophyte structures in bryophytes.
6. Origin and evolution of bryophytes.
References
Bapna KR and P Kachroo 2000. Hepaticology in India-I & II. Himangshu Publications, Udaipur, Delhi.
Parihar NS 1956. An Introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
Scagel RF, RJ Bandoni, GE Rouse, WB Schofield, JR Stein and TMC Taylor 1965. An Evolutionary Survey of Plant Kingdom.
Wadsworth Publishing Company Inc. Belmont, California.
Smith GM 1955. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Watson EV 1974. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications. Calcutta.
Vashita BR, AK Sinha and A Kumar 2007. Botany for degree students part III Bryophyta. S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
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Course No. BOT 105: Angiosperm Taxonomy
1. Introduction: Introduction to angiosperm taxonomy, systematic, major plant classifications types and taxonomic
hierarchy
2. Angiosperm morphology: Roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, flowers and fruits
3. Techniques of identification of plants: Introduction to the keys, type of keys and construction of keys
4. Major plant families and their identifying characters: Dicot plant families viz. Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae,
Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceqae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Solanaceae and Astertaceae. Monocot
plant families viz. Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae and Orchidaceae.
5. Nomenclature: Approaches to nomenclature, ICN and new species to science
6. Survey methods of angiosperm flora: Qualitative and quantitative survey methods of flora, data analysis and
presentation.
7. Molecular systematic and classification: Type of PCR-based of molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses.
Application of DNA-bar coding in taxonomy. Phylogenetic classification approaches and constructing phylogeny
using cladistics method.
8. Herbarium: Dhaka University Salar Khan Herbarium, Bangladesh National Herbarium, Few world largest
herbaria, role of harbaria.
References
Albert E. Radford 1974 .Vascular plant systematic, Harper and Row Publishers, New York- Text book
Dirk R Walters, David J Keil, and Zack E Murrell 2006. Vascular Plant Taxonomy, 5th edition, Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company. - Text book
Floras of the Bangladesh” by BNH – for keying practice; provided in the lab
Harris JM and MW Harris. Plant Identification Terminology. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, UT. (a very useful book with illustrations!). –
For Lab
Alexiades MN (ed.). 1996. Selected Guidelines for Ethno Botanical Research: A Field Manual. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
Krebs CJ 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper Collins Publishers.
Sutherland, W.J. 1996. Ecological census techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press.
Zar JH 1996. Field and Laboratory methods for general ecology (2nd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque
Soltis PS, DE Soltis and Doyle JJ 1992. Molecular systematics of plants. Chapman & Hall, New York. ISBN 0-41202-231-1.
Soltis PS, Soltis DE and Doyle JJ 1998. Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, Dordrecht,
London. ISBN 0-41211-131-4.
Hillis DM and Moritz C 1996. Molecular systematics. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates Incorporated. ISBN 0-87893-282-8
Smith J 1977. Vascular Plant Families. Mad River Press. Nice all-purpose plant taxonomy text. Good bibliography of local floras. Many CA families,
each with floral formulae.
Soltis P et al. 2005. Phylogeny & Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer. Nice summary of 2005-dated molecular plant phylogeny.
Stace C 1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Arnold. Readable, brief treatment of basic plant taxonomy, along with other aspects of plant
evolution.
Judd W et al. 2016. Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach. 4th edition. Sinauer.
Cronquist A 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York B G. An excellent, albeit one-sided, view of evolutionary
relationships and evolution of characters, with family descriptions.
Other references:
Books available in the websites. Most important ones include:
Plant family descriptions: http://biodiversity.bio.uno.edu/delta/angio/
Angiosperm phylogeny website: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html
Course No. BOT 106: Biodiversity

1. Concept of Biodiverstiy: Definition, unity and diversity, requirements, early and modern concepts, potential,
importance of time, the age of bacteria; natures experiment with animals, founding dynasties and terminal
disasters, species of the past and the current crisis.
2. Geological era: Prehistoric periods of the earth and the representative plant groups belonging to those periods
supported by fossil evidences.
4. Creation of biodiversity: Factors, earth’s origin, surface features, continental drifts, geographical positioning
system, seasonal cycles, climate and biodiversity, glaciation, effects of natural calamities on biodiversity; re-
colonization/colonization of biota in volcanic islands and in a newly emerged island; biodiversity and future
changes in climate.
4. Types of biodiversity: Genetic and sub-cellular, taxonomic, ecological, wetlands, domestic. Measuring
biodiversity, the number of species known to us, endemism, mega-diversity countries of the world/biodiversity Hot
spots and biodiversity pattern in Bangladesh.
5. Loss and conservation of biodiversity: Causes of biodiversity, loss and extinction, conservation and its measures
(in situ and ex situ). Role of some important organizations for biodiversity conservation such as IUCN, UNEP,
MAB, Green Peace, CITES, WCMC, WWF and Ramsar Convention Bureau for biodiversity consrvation,
threatened ecosystems of Bangladesh.
6. Importance and threats to biodiversity.
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References
Ashthana DK and M Ashthana 1998. Environment: Problems and Solutions. S. Chand, New Delhi.
Bell PR and CLF Woodcock 1983. The diversity of green plants. Edward Arnold, London.
Jeffries MJ 1997. Biodiversity and Conservation. Routledge, New York.
Laetsch WM 1979. Plants. Basic concepts in Botany. Little Brown & Co., Boston.
Starr C and R Taggart 1984. Biology – The unity and diversity of life. Wordsworth Publ. Co. Belmont, California.
Thornton IWB 1984. Krakatau – The Development and Repair of a Tropical Ecosystem. AMBIO 13(4): 217-225.
Course No. BOT 107: Practical-1

General Microbiology, Lower Fungi and General Phycology
A. General Microbiology
1. Handling and use of bright field compound microscope.
2. Observation of living bacteria by hanging drop method.
3. Staining techniques: Simple and negative staining of bacterial cells.
4. Microscopic observation of curd and nodule bacteria by simple staining method.
B. Lower Fungi
1. To acquaint with the techniques for preparing temporary slides of fungal specimens for microscopic
examinations.
2. Morphological studies of the non-mycelial and mycelial vegetative bodies of the fungi, fungal tissues, special
somatic structures, asexual and sexual spores.
3. Laboratory studies of the locally available members of the Myxomycetes and fungi covered in the theory.
4. Leaf and stem of Bhat (Clerodendrum viscosum) infected with Synchytrium, Leaf of
Amaranthus/Boerrhaavia/ Ipomea (kolmi) infected with Albugo spp., Leaf of colocasia/potato infected with
Phytophthora, Bud of jackfruit infected with Rhizopus.
5. Field trip to collect fungi and diseased plant materials.
C. General Phycology
1. Visiting Curzon Hall Campus to show some algal habitats and study of some of the representatives.
2. Study of the genera covered in the theory with emphasis on both vegetative and reproductive structures.
3. Study of morphological forms of chloroplasts in algae.
4. Study of planktonic, benthic, terrestrial, subaerial, epiphytic, epizoic, endophytic, symbiotic, marine, brackish
water and edible algae
5. Study of lichens.
6. Local Excursion to show algal habitats and collection of algal samples.
Note: During study students have to describe each genus with diagrams, mention identifying characters and
classification
D. Excursion.

Bryophyta, Angiosperm Taxonomy and Biodiversity
A. Bryophyta
1. The students are required to maintain a practical note book regularly.
2. The following members need to be studied and identified up to genus:
Riccia, Marchantia, Dumortiera, Plagiochasma and Bryum.
3. The following members will be on demonstration in the practical class. The students are required to be acquainted
with these members: Riccia, Ricciocarpus, Anthoceros, Notothyllus, Barbula and Fissidens
B. Angiosperm Taxonomy
1. Survey techniques of flora, plant collection and preservation of plant specimens; Tour to herbarium.
2. Dissecting flowers and describing floral forms and structures using scientific terms, floral formula and diagram.
3. Plant Identification: Using and constructing botanical keys.
4. Constructing phylogentic tree with hypothetical data by hand and computer program.
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C. Biodiversity
1. Display of specimens from the major plant groups (one example in each from algae to angiosperms), their
characteristic features. Study of some fossil specimens.
2. Plants showing some unique diversities (one representative from each category): Cyanellae, endosymbionts,
lichens, littoral macrophytes, marine benthic plants and brackish water plants.
3. Field visits. To acquaint with the major plant of Departmental Botanical Garden, Curzon Hall Capmus.
D. Excursion
Course No. BOT 109: Viva-Voce
Extra Departmental Course

Course No. BMB 11: Basic Biochemistry- I
(For the students of Botany)
A. Theory (Marks: 80)

1. Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, free energy, standard states, spontaneous, reversible,
irreversible and non-equilibrium reactions, steady state.
2. Carbohydrates: Nomenclature, classification, optical properties, general reactions, colour tests and methods of
estimation, isolation from natural sources and representative examples of each class with a note on characteristics.
3. Lipids: Nomenclature, classification, reactions of fatty acids, sterols and methods of estimation, structure and
biological functions of different classes of lipids.
4. Amino acids and peptides: Structural features, optical activity and classification of amino acids, ionization in
solution, isoelectric behaviour, colour tests, isolation of amino acids from protein hydrolysates, peptide bond and
biologically important peptides.
5. Proteins: General introduction, classification based on shape, structure and biological properties, isolation from
natural sources, different levels of structural organisation (in brief).
6. Vitamins: Classification, occurrence, deficiency symptoms, biological functions, vitamins as coenzymes.
7. Terpenoids: (a) Chemistry and distribution, (b) Classification, (c) The path of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants, (d)
Essential oils.
8. Alkaloids: (a) Chemistry and distribution, (b) Classification, (c) Plant families with alkaloids.
9. Phenolic compounds: (a) Shikimic acid pathway, (b) Flavonoid pigments: chemistry, distributions and properties.
Practical (Marks: 20)

(a) Preparation of standard solution and standardization of HCl.
(b) Determination of ascorbic acid content of a biological sample.
(c) Colour tests for biomolecules.
(d) Determination of protein in plant tissues.
(e) Determination of total sugar in plant tissues.
References
Berg JM, JL Tymoczho and L Stryer 2011. Biochemistry (7th Edn.). Palgrave Mac Millan.
Chang R 2004. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th Edn.). WH Freeman.
Goodwin TW and EL Mercer 1983. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (3nd Ed.), Pergamon Press.
Harvey R and D Ferrier 2010. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry (5th Edn.). Lippincotts William and
Wilkins.
Raven PH and GB Johnson 1996. Biology (5th Edn.). William C Brown Pub.
8
Course No. ZOOL 1001: Animal Diversity
(For the students of Botany)
Theory (Marks: 80)

A. Non-Chordata
1. Classification: Unless otherwise stated, a broad classification of each phylum up to orders with special reference
to local forms, their affinities and economic importance.
2. Type study: Detailed type study including morphology, physiology, reproduction, life-history, etc. of the
following:
Protozoa: Entamoeba and Paramecium
Porifera: Sycon.
Coelenterata: Obelia, types and formation of reef
Platyhelminthes: Taenia solium
Nematoda: Occurrence of nematodes with special reference to root nematodes - Tylenchus (a root nematode).
Annelida: General characters of different classes of annelids. Role of annelids in the environment, Nereis.
Arthropoda: General characters of different classes of arthropods. Apis sp. and its social behaviour.
Life-cycle of jute-hairy caterpiller, pulse beetle and rice hispa. Phytophagous insects (Pyralids) and insect-plant
relationship.
Mollusca: General characters of different molluscan classes, Pila.
Echinodermata: General characters of different classes of echinoderms, Astropecten.
Minor phyla: General idea about the different groups of animal under minor phyla.
Hemichordata: General characters and affinities.
B. Chordata
3. Classification: Broad classification of each class up to orders with special reference to local forms and their
economic importance.
4. Type study: Detailed type study including morphology internal anatomy-skeletal; digestive, respiratory,
circulatory, excretory, nervous and reproductive systems; habit and habitat; food and feeding habits and
distribution of the following:
Urochordata: Ascidia - development and metamorphosis.
Cephalochordata: Branchiostoma.
Cyclostomata: General characters and breeding behaviour of Petromyzon.
Chondrichthyes: Scoliodon
Osteichtyes: General characters, general idea about fossil fishes, primitive and modern fishes, lung fishes, etc.
Amphibia: General characters and classification up to orders including fossil amphibians.
Reptilia: Lacerta - general idea about dinosaurs.
Aves: General idea about flight and flightless birds, flight adaptation and feather types, Columba
Mammalia: Cavia.
C. Wildlife biology
5. Introduction to the wildlife and broad classification of wildlife of Bangladesh. Wildlife preservation and its
importance in Bangladesh. Wildlife preservation Order of 1973 and its salient features.

a. Study of museum specimens representing all major invertebrate phyla.
b. Dissection:
External features of Prawn
Study of appendages of Prawn.
External features of Pila globosa
Organs of the mantle cavity of Pila globosa
Dissection of Nervous system of Pila globosa
External morphology of Cockroach
Dissection of salivary gland of Cockroach
Mouth parts of Cockroach
External features of Earthworm
Dissection of alimentary canal, nerve ring and reproductive organs of Earthworm.
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References
Barnes RD 1980. Invertebrate Zoology. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA
Barrington EJW 1979. Invertebrate Structure and Function, Wiley & Sons, NY
Chakraborty T and MMA Quddus 1998. Byabaharik Pranibiggan. PracticalZoology on Non Chordata. Bangla Academy, Dhaka
Chowdhury AN 1974. A Text Book of Zoology, Vol. 1&2.
Hickman CP, LS Roberts and A Larson 2001. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 11th edin., McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., New York, USA.
Kotpal RL 2000. Modern Textbook of Zoology, Vertebrates, 2nd edn., Rakesh Kumar Rastogi, Meerut, New Delhi, India.
Marshall, AJ and WD Williams 1972. Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. English Language Books Society, Lodnaon.
Parker RJ and WA Haswell 1959. A Textbook of Zoology, MacMillan & Co., London.
Ruppert EE and RD Barnes 1994. Invertebrate Zoology (6th.) Saunders College Publishing Co., New York, London.
Shafi M and MMA Quddus 1982. evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨ m¤ú`, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv (cÖ_g cÖKvk), 4444 c„ôv|
Sinha AK, S Adhikari and BB Ganguly 1978. Biology of Animals, Vol. 11, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata, India.
Storer TI, RL Usinger, EC Stebbins and JW Nybakken 2001 General Zoology, 6th Edn, Tata McGraw-Hill Com., Ltd., new Delhi,
India.
Young JZ 1974. The Life of Vertebrates, oxford Univ. Press, London.
Zug, GR 1993. Herpetology: An Introduction to Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles: Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA.
EXTRA-DEPARTMENTAL COURSE
Course No. BOT 1001: Introductory Botany
(For the students of Zoology and Soil, Water and Environment)
Theory (Marks 80)
1. Classification: Five kingdoms and their characteristics.
2. Procaryotes and others: Characteristics and economic importance of the following groups :
Prion, Viroid, Rickettsia, Virus, Mycoplasma, Cyanobacteria and Bacteria.
3. Algae: Characteristics, habitat, classification - up to class according to Lee (2008) and economic importance.
4. Phytoplankton: Characteristics, classification and economic importance.
5. Fungi: Characteristics, classification - up to class according to Alexopoulos and Mims and economic importance.
6. Lichen: Characteristics, classification and economic importance.
7. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperm: Characteristics, habitat and economic importance.
8. Angiosperm: Characteristics, types of classification of plant kingdom, differences between monocot and dicot;
salient features of Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae.
9. Salient features of Gloeotrichia, Agaricus, Marchantia, Selaginella and Cycas.
10. Biodiversity: Introduction, causes, types and importance of biodiversity, global status of biodiversity and mega-
diversity countries of the world.
11. Conservation of biodiversity: Causes of loss of biodiversity, in situ and ex situ conservation. Role of IUCN,
UNEP, MAB, Green Peace, CITES, CMC and WWF on biodiversity conservation Bureau.
12. Plant Ecology: (a) Adaptation and characteristics of hydrophytes, halophytes and xerophytes. (b) Structure and
components of an ecosystem; food chain, food web, energy flow in ecosystem; (c) Forests of Bangladesh;
dominant plants of mangrove and decidous forests.
13. Plant Pathology: Concept of disease in plants, causes of plant diseases; how do plant pathogens cause disease in
plants, symptomatology and elementory knowledge of plant disease control. Causal organisms, symptoms and
control measures of the following plant diseases:
(a) Brown spot of rice (b) Late blight of potato
(c) Stem rust of wheat (d) Red rot of sugarcane
14. Economic Botany:
(a). Local and scientific names, parts used and importance of at least ten important medicinal, oil, fibre and timber
yielding plants of Bangladesh.
(b). Cultivation and processing of tea.
Practical (Marks 20)

1. Study of diversity of habit and habitat of plants in nature.
2. Demonstration of common algae, fungi, lichen, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
3. Study of angiosperm families: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Nymphaceae.
4. Identification of economic plants and plant products.
5. Study of common hydrophytes, halophytes and xerophytes.
6. Study of brown spot of rice, stem rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane and tikka disease of groundnut.
10
References
Agrios CN 2002. Plant Pathology, Academic Press, London.
Bannister P 1976. Introduction to Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Bashar MA and MR Islam MR 2005. Degree Botany, Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Bell PR and CLF Woodcock 1983. The diversity of green plant. Edward Arnold, London.
Etherington JR 1971. Environmental and Plant Ecology. John Willey and Sons.
Jeffries MJ 1997. Biodiversity and conservation. Routledge, New York.
Laetsch WB 1979. Plants: Concepts in Botany, Little Brown & Co., Boston.
Pandey BP 1980. Economic Botany. S. Chand & Company Ltd.
Smith GM 1955. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. I and II. McGraw-Hill Co., Ltd., New York.
11
Syllabus of the
for
Second Year B.S. Honours Course
Session: 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019

BOT 201: Higher Fungi 2
BOT 202: Gymnosperms, Paleobotany and Economic Botany 2
BOT 203: Anatomy 2
BOT 204: Synecology 2
BOT 205: Cytology 2
BOT 206: Fundamental Plant Physiology 2
BOT 207: Fundamental Genetics 2
BOT 208: Elementary Plant Breeding 2
BOT 209: Practical-1: Higher Fungi, Gymnosperm, Paleobotany
& Economic Botany, Anatomy, Synecology 2
BOT 210: Practical-2: Cytology, Fundamental Plant Physiology, Fundamental
Genetics, Elementary Plant Breeding 2
Extra-Departmental Courses (For the Students of Botany)
BOT 212: Biostatistics 4

SOIL 002: Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility 4
Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Microbiology,

Zoology, Geography & Environment, respectively)
BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology 4

BOT 2002: Genetics and Cytogenetics 4
BOT 2003: Ecology, Environment and Plants 4
1
Detail Syllabus for Second Year B.S. Honours Courses
THEORY
Course No. BOT 201: Higher Fungi
1. Ascomycetes: General characteristics, classification and studies of the following groups:
(i) Endomycetales- with emphasis on the cell structure and life cycle patterns of the members of
Saccharomycetaceae.
(ii) Eurotiales- with emphasis on the imperfect and perfect stages of aspergilli and penicilli and their economic
importance.
(iii) Erysiphales - a discussion on the genera causing powdery mildew diseases of crop plants and their
separation on the basis of cleistothecial appendages.
(iv) Meliolales - common dark mildew fungi and their effect on host plants.
(v) Clavicipitales - production of ergot by Claviceps purpurea on rye plant and its importance.
2. Basidiomycetes: General characteristics, classification and studies on the following groups:
(i) Ustilaginales - life cycle pattern, discussion on the important smut and bunt fungi and their manner of
infecting host plants.
(ii) Uredinales - life cycle patterns, heteroceism and biological specializations found amongst the members of
this group.
(iii) Aphyllophorales - moprhological and anatomical details of the basidiocarps of pore fungi and their role as
wood-rotting fungi.
(iv) Agaricales - morphological and anatomical details of the basidiocarps of agarics and boleti and their role
as ecotrophic mycorrhizae; poisonous and edible mushrooms.
3. Deuteromycetes: General characteristics, classification and importance of the members of this group as plant
pathogens.
References
Alexopoulos CJ, CW Mims and M Blackwell 1996. Introductory Mycology. (4th Edn.), John Willy and Sons Inc., NY.
Moore-Landecker. 1982. Fundamentals of the fungi. Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, USA.
Mundker BB 1967. Fungi and Plant Diseases, MacMillian & Co. Ltd., Calcutta (revised by S.B. Chattapadhay).
Webster J 1980. Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, London, U.K.
Course No. BOT 202: Gymnosperms, Paleobotany and Economic Botany

Gymnosperms
1. Introduction and general characteristics, differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
2. Classification, diagnostic characters of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales, Cycadales, Cordaitales, Ginkgoales,
Coniferales and Gnetales.
3. Gymnosperms in Bangladesh: Distribution and characteristic features of Cycas and Gnetum.
Paleobotany
1. Introduction and scope of Paleobotany, fossil types, process and factors of fossilization.
2. Processing and analysis of fossils.
3. Determining the age of fossils.
4. Paleogeological era: Period and epoch mentioning its characteristic flora and events.
5. Implication and importance of fossils.
Economic Botany
1. General knowledge of plants as source of economic products with special reference to Bangladesh.
2. Common and scientific names, parts used, products and uses of the following plant groups:
(i) Medicinal plants, (ii) Pulses, (iii) Oil yielding plants, (iv) Fibre yielding plants
(v) Timber and (vi) Spices
3. Cultivation and processing: Tea, Rubber and Sugar.
2
References
Begum M 1987. Edible fruits of Bangladesh, Hassan Book House, Dhaka
Biswas and BM Johri 1997. The Gymnosperms, Norosa Pub. House, New Delhi.
Chester R Amold 1977. An Introduction of Paleobotany. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. House Co., New Delhi.
Farooq A Lone, Maqsooda Khan and GM Buth 1993. Palaeoethnobtany, Oxford and IBH Pub. House Co., New Delhi.
nvmvb GgG 1996. Dw™¢`weÁvb (wØZxq LÛ), nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
nvmvb GgG 1996. evsjv‡`‡ki †flR Dw™¢`, Avkivwdqv eB Ni, XvKv|
nvmvb GgG 1988. evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKR e‡bŠlwa, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
Hill AF 1951. Economic Botany (Indian reprint 1979), Tata McGraw-Hill Publ. Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
Panday SN, SP Misra and PS Trivedi 1997. A Text Book of Botany, Vol. (ii), Vikas Publ. House, New Delhi.
Pandey BP 1980. Economic Botany, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
Purseglove JW 1968. Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons, Longman Group Ltd., U.K.
Vashishta PC 1990. Gynmnosperms, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New York.
Course No. BOT 203: Anatomy

1. Introduction, Cell types and tissue systems.
2. Cell wall: Chemical and physical nature and its origin, structure and function.
3. Meristem: Origin, classification, structure and function. Role of meristem in the organization of plant body.
4. Vascular tissue systems and their functions.
5. Primary structure of monocot and dicot roots and stems; dorsiventral and isobilateral leaves.
6. Normal and anomalous secondary growth in dicot roots and stems.
7. Root-stem transition.
8. Secretory structures: Important secretory structures, characteristics and function.
9. Protective tissue: Origin, function, structures and development of periderm and related tissues.
10. Mechanical tissues: Types and characteristics.
11. Wood anatomy: Physical and chemical nature of wood. Identifying procedure for determining wood quality
using transverse, tangential and radial sections.
12. Internal structure of wood: Tectona grandis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax ceiba and Magnolia
grandiflora.
References
Eames AJ and LH MacDaniels 1947. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.) McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., NY.
Easu K 1991. Plant Anatomy. Wiley Eastern, NY.
Fahn A 1968. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Haberlandt G 1928. Physiological Plant Anatomy. McMillan.
Pandey BP 1989. Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Foster AS 1949. Practical Anatomy (2nd ed.). Van Nostrand Company, NY
Course No. BOT 204: Synecology

1. Introduction: History, definition, scope and sub-divisions of Ecology, adaptation and interactions.
2. Hydrophytes, Xerophytes and Halophytes: Ecological features with examples. Resource allocation and
classification of life history patterns, r- and K-selection.
3. Plant succession: Types and causes of succession, hydrosere and xerosere. Four models of succession.
4. Methods of studying vegetation: Study of communities life form classes and biological spectrum, community
dynamics, classification of community, plant demography and population structure.
5. Ecosystem: Concept of the ecosystem, structure and components of ecosystems; dynamics of ecosystem with
reference to energy flow, food chain and food web; Antarctic food chain, soil food web (top down and bottom
up regulation), causes of biodiversity, linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem function.
6. Forest Ecology: Brief introduction to forests of Bangladesh, description of Sundarban mangrove and
deciduous forests of Bangladesh; dominant plants.
7. Biogeochemical cycles: Types of biogeochemical cycle, water cycle, gaseous (carbon cycle), sedimentary
(carbon cycle), phosphorus cycle, dynamics of nutrient cycling and interactions of biogeochemical cycles.
3
8. Phytogeography: (a) Brief account of phytogeographical regions of the world, and Indian Sub-continent
(b) Interactions among Floristic plant geography, Taxonomy and Geology and (c) Ecological Plant Geography.
9. Random sampling: Tests of comparison and application of quadrat measures.
10. Classification of land by climate, vegetation and land use.
References
Barber MC et al. 1999. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Longman.
Daubenmire R 1978. Plant Geography. Academic Press. London.
Greig-Smith A 1964. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Kershaw KA 1958.Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology. Edward Arnold Ltd.
Krebs CJ 1978. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Harper International.
Muller Dombois D and H Ellenberg 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
Odum EP 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Toppan Co. Ltd. Japan.
Poole EP 1971. 1974. An Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. N.Y.
Shimwell DN 1971. Description and Classification of Vegetation. Sidgwick & Jackson. London.
Smith RL 1996. Ecology and Field Biology. Harper Collins College Publishers.
Weaver JE and FE Clements 1978. Plant Ecology. McGraw-Hill Book. N.Y.
Wardle DA 2002. Communication and Ecosystem: Linking the above ground and below ground components.
Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.
Course No. BOT 205: Cytology

1. Introduction to cytology: Cell, cell concept and primitive cell.

2. A brief history of cytology.
3. Prokaryotic cell: PPLO-Discovery, physical and chemical structure, life cycle and importance.
4. Eukaryotic cell: Ultrastructure of a generalized plant and animal cell. Differences between: (i) eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells, (ii) plant and animal cells.
5. Cell wall: Kinds, ultrastructure, chemical composition and functions.
6. Cell membrane: Origin, structure (fluid mosaic model), specialized structure, chemical structure, function.
7. Mitochondria: Discovery, distribution, morphology, ultra structure, chemical composition and functions.
8. Plastids: Classification, chloroplast- discovery, distribution, morphology (shape, size, number), ultra structure,
chemical composition, quantosome concept and functions.
9. Ribosome: Discovery, distribution, ultrastructure, kinds based on S-value, chemical composition, biogenesis
and functions.
10. Endoplasmic reticulum: Discovery, origin, distribution, kinds, ultra structure, chemical composition and
functions.
11. Golgi complex: Discovery, origin, occurrence, distribution, ultra structure, chemical composition and
functions.
12. Lysosome: Discovery, origin, occurrence, kinds, ultra structure, chemical composition and functions.
13. Cytotubules: Discovery, distribution and functions.
14. Nucleus: Discovery, morphology, nucleo-cytoplasmic index, ultra structure: nuclear membrane, nuclear pore,
nuclear bleb, nucleoplasm, chromatin net, chromocenters, chromosomes and nucleolus.
15. Nucleolus: Discovery, distribution, number, origin, ultra structure, chemical composition and functions.
16. Cell division: Cell- cycle, amitosis, mitosis, meiosis and their biological significance.
17. Special type of chromosomes:
(a) Polytene chromosomes: Discovery, occurrence, origin, ultra structure, chemical composition and
functions.
(b) Lamp brush chromosomes: Discovery, occurrence, origin, ultra structure, chemical composition,
functions, differences and similarities between polytene and lamp brush chromosomes.
(c) B-chromosomes: Discovery, occurrence, origin, number, features, morphology and functions.
4
References
Aktaruzzaman M 1997. Koshbidya (Cytology). Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Sumner AT 2003. Chromosomes - organization and function. Blackwell Publication, UK.
Swanson CP 1965. Cytology, MacMillan Co. Ltd. London.
Wilson GB and JH Morrison 1967. Cytology, 2nd edition, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, NY.
Verma PS and VK Agarwol 1999. Cytology (8th ed). S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
Taylor DJ, NPO Green and GW Stout 2004. Biological Science (3rd edition), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Course No. BOT 206: Fundamental Plant Physiology

1. Life and related physico-chemical phenomena: Colloids, diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition and
root pressure.
2. Transpiration: (a) Types of transpiration, (b) Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata and (c)
significance of transpiration.
3. Photosynthesis: (a) Light dependent reaction, action of light, photophosphorylation, (b) Dark reaction or
chemical reaction, assimilation of CO2, Calvin cycle and (c) Factors affecting photosynthesis.
4. Respiration: (a) Aerobic respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate to acetyl CoA formation, TCA cycle, Electron
transport system, Respiratory quotient and (b) Anaerobic respiration - fermentation with special reference to
alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
5. Absorption of water: (a) Mechanism of absorption, active and passive absorption, relative importance of
active and passive absorption, external factors affecting absorption of water. (b) Translocation of water - path
of translocation of water, mechanism of translocation - different theories with special emphasis on transpiration
pull and cohesion of water theory.
6. Photoperiodism: Terminology and brief history, photoperiodic induction, importance of dark period,
perception of photoperiodic stimulus, transmission of stimulus, presence of floral hormone, components of
floral stimulus, role of phytochrome in flowering.
7. Vernalization: Brief history, vernalization and flowering, site of perception of vernalization, devernalization,
factors affecting vernalization, mechanism of vernalization - phasic development theory and hormonal
theories, gibberelline and the flowering response.
8. Physiology of seed: Seed structure and development, viability of seeds, germination process and types of
germination, germination condition, changes accompanying seed germination.
9. Dormancy of seed: Causes of seed dormancy, methods of breaking dormancy, advantage of dormancy of seed,
secondary dormancy of seeds.
References
Devlin RM and FH Witham 1986. Plant Physiology (Fourth edn.), CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Hess D 1975. Plant Physiology, Springer International Student Edition.
Jain JL 1983. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Pandey SN and BK Sinha 1990. Plant Physiology (2nd Edn.), Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Salisbury FB and C Ross 1995. Plant Physiology, (3rd Edn.) CBS, New Delhi.
Srivastava HS 1991. Elements of Biochemistry, Rastogi Publications, Shiraji Road, Meerut, India.
Course No. BOT 207: Fundamental Genetics

1. Mendelian inheritance: (a) Historical background of genetics, (b) Basic terms used in genetics, (c) Gregor
Johann Mendel, his experiments and achievements; reasons of Mendel's success, (d) Monohybrid, dihybrid and
trihybrid inheritance, (e) Back cross and test cross, (f) Probability in Mendelian inheritance, chi-square test.
2. Exceptions of Mendelism: (a) 1st law-(i) Incomplete dominance, (ii) Co-dominance (iii) Lethal gene, (b) 2nd
Law - (i) Single recessive epistasis (9:3:4), (ii) Duplicate recessive epistasis (9:7), (iii) Single dominant
epistasis - cumulative effect of duplicate genes (9:6:1), (iv) Double dominent epistasis (15:1), (v) Duplicate
gene- one incomplete dominance(12:3:1), (vi) Pleiotropism.
3. Multiple allele and pseudoallele: (i) Definition, characteristics, examples: ABO blood type alleles and Rh
factor alleles in humans, self-incompatibility alleles in plants, eye colour in Drosophila, coat colour in rabbit
and significance.
4. Linkage and recombination: Definition, (a) Discovery of autosomal and sex linkage: (b) Linkage maps and
linkage detection, genetic interference, coincidence.
5
5. Gene and environment: (a) Effects of environmental factors on the genotype and phenotype of organisms, (b)
Phenocopy
6. Sex determination: (a) Different methods- (i) XX-XO type, (ii) XX-XY type, (iii) ZZ-ZW type, (iv) X-Y type,
(b) Balance concept of sex determination in Drosophila. (c) Y chromosome and sex determination in
mammals, (d) Sex-limited, sex-linked and sex-influenced traits.
7. Quantitative inheritance: Qualitative versus quantitative traits; multiple factor hypothesis; kernel colour in
wheat, skin colour in human, corolla length in Nicotiana longiflora; polygenic inheritance and continuous
variation.
8. Cytoplasmic inheritance: Nuclear versus cytoplasmic inheritance; (a) Extranuclear inheritance in eukaryotes,
maternal effects (b) Extranuclear inheritance by cytoplasmic organelles; chloroplast and mitochondria, plastid
inheritance-variegation in plants, inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, iojop inheritance in corn.
9. Genetic constitution of a population: Gene pool and gene frequencies, equilibrium of gene frequencies and
Hardy - Weinberg law; changes in gene frequencies due to mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 1997. Bangshagatibidhya, Hasan Book House, Dhaka.
Avers CJ 1980. Genetics. Willard Grant Press, Boston, USA.
Hartl LH and M Ruvolo 2012. Genetics, Analysis of genes and genomes, Jones & Bartlett Learning, USA
Gupta PK 1999. Genetics, Rastogi Publication, Shivaji Road, Meerut , India.
Islam AS 1985. Bangshagati Bidyar Mulkatha, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
Lewin B 2004. Genes VIII. Prentice Hall.
Strickberger MW 2008. Genetics (3rd edition). PHI, India
Course No. BOT 208: Elementary Plant Breeding

1. Definition, nature, aims and objectives of plant breeding.
2. Reproductive biology in crop plants: methods and mode of reproduction, fertility and incompatibility
relationship.
3. Plant Breeding: relation with other branches of biology, e.g. genetics, cytogenetics, plant pathology,
entomology, microbiology, taxonomy, biometry, etc.
4. Different methods of crop improvement. Selection, Hybridization, Plant Introduction and Acclimatization,
Mutation breeding, Plant Biotechnology.
5. Selection methods in self- and cross-pollinated crops and clonal selection in vegetatively propagated plants.
6. Hybridization: historical background, hybridization with related and distantly related crops, back-cross
breeding.
7. Plant introduction and acclimatization of economically important crops.
8. Mutation breeding: History, spontaneous vs induced mutations, effects of mutation on survival, mutagens,
mechanism of action mutagens, procedure of mutation breeding, application and limitations of mutation
breeding.
9. Release of an improved variety from laboratory to the farmers.
10. Concepts of centre of origin of cultivated crops.
References
Allard RW 1964. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Willey & Sons, N.Y.
Briggs FN and PF Knowles 1978. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, N.Y., London.
Chaudhury HK 1998. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Chaudhary RC 2001. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Chopra VL 2005. Plant Breeding Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Simmonds NW 1979. Principles of Crop Improvement, Longman, London.
Singh BD 2005. Plant Breeding Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
6
Higher fungi, Gymnosperms, Paleobotany & Economic Botany, Anatomy, Synecology

A. Higher fungi
1. Laboratory studies of the locally available members of fungi covered in theory:
Aspergillus niger, Penicilium sp., Oidium sp., Cercospora sp., Alternaria sp. Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum
sp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Agaricus sp., Pleuretus sp.,
Ganoderma sp., Polyporus sp., Ustilago tritici, Ustilago hordei. Rust fungi.
2. Techniques of growing fungi on culture media.
B. Gymnosperm, Paleobotany and Economic Botany

1. Identification of economic plants and economic products.
2. Morphology and anatomy of Cycas and Pinus.
3 Common gymnosperms available in Bangladesh.
4. Identification of fossils.
C. Anatomy
1. Maceration technique and study of different cell types.
2. Primary growth: Transverse section of dicot and monocot stem.
3. Anatomy of dorsiventral and isobilateral leaf.
4. Secondary growth: Jute, Boerhaavia and Dracaena stem.
5. Wood anatomy: Transverse, radial and tangential sections of Tectona, Artocarpus, Bombax and Magnolia.
6. Preparation of permanent slides.
D. Synecology
1. Maintain field note book to study the seasonal variation of plant species and their habitats in and around Dhaka
city.
2. Morphological and anatomical studies of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
3. Study of common hydrophytes and xerophytes of Bangladesh.
4. Study of biotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem.
5. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in aquatic habitat.
6. Vegetation survey: Determine the frequency, density and abundance of the different species of the plant
community by quadrat method.
7. Application of computer software in community analysis.
8. Local excursions to study wetland and dry land habitat species; sun and shade habitat species.

Cytology, Fundamental Plant Physiology, Fundamental Genetics,
Elementary Plant Breeding
E. Cytology
1. Study and handling of simple and compound microscopes.
2. Preparation of aceto-carmine and aceto-orcein.
3. Study of different cell types such as leaf epidermal cells, root cells, pollen mother cells, pollen grain, stamenal
hair cell, bast- fibre (phloem fibre) cells.
4. Study of permanent slides and photomicrographs of mitotic cell division.
5. Preparation of temporary slide to study mitosis from onion root tip cells by aceto-orecin squash method.
F. Fundamental Plant Physiology

1. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
2. Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis.
7
3. Demonstration of Osmosis with potatosmoscope.
4. Demonstration of the stomatal transpiration by four leaves method.
5. Evolution of heat during respiration.
6. Separation of leaf pigments by paper chromatography.
G. Fundamental Genetics
1. Solving the problems related to Mendelian segregation.
2. Verification of various monohybrid and dihybrid F2 ratios by using Chi-square and goodness of fit tests.
3. Problems related to various types of alleles, gene interactions, linkage and crossing over.
4. Studies on the quantitative variations in available plant materials and segregating populations.
5. Estimation of allelic and gene frequencies using data obtained from various populations.
H. Elementary Plant Breeding

1. Test of pollen grain fertility by aceto-orcein staining.
2. Study of floral biology in different plant species.
3. Hybridization techniques in available economically important plants.
4. Test of seed germination in clay pots and in the field conditions.
5. Collection and preservation of germplasm of different crops.
Course No. BOT 211: Viva-voce: 2 Credit hours
Extra Departmental Courses-1
Course No. BOT 212: Biostatistics

(For the Students of Department of Botany)

Theory (Marks: 80)
1. Definition and scope of biostatistics, variables, random variables, discrete and continuous variables, population,
samples, random samples, statistic and parameter.
2. Organization and presentation of qualitative and quantitative data, frequency distribution. Tabulation and
graphical presentation, histogram, frequency polygon, bar diagram, pie chart, scatter diagram.
3. Symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions, skewness and kurtosis.
4. Measures of central value: mean, mode, median; measures of dispersion, range, mean deviation, variance,
standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variation, confidence limit.
5. Probability, concept of probability, some elementary probability, probability rules. Probability distributions:
normal, binomial and poisson distributions and their applications.
6. Test of significance, hypothesis testing, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance.
7. Comparison of two means, (significance of difference in means), t-test, unpaired and paired t-test, t-test for
large and small samples.
8. Chi-square test: goodness of fit test, test of independence, test of homogeneity, association of attributes, 2 x 2
contingency table.
9. Interrelationships of quantitative variables; correlation, correlation coefficient; linear regression: regression
coefficient, regression equation.
10. Analysis of variance: one way and two way classifications of variance, comparison of three or more samples,
F-test, significance test for F.
11. Concepts of experimental design, experiment, experimental unit, treatment, principles of experimental design,
analysis of variance for completely randomized design (CRD), randomized block design (RBD) and Latin
square design.
12. Multiple comparisons, least significant difference (LSD) test, Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).
8
1. Acquisition of random samples from a population, recording of data about continuous variables. Presentation of
qualitative and quantitative data using frequency distribution, frequency curve, bar graph, histogram, frequency
polygon.
2. Analysis of data with the help of scientific pocket- and desk top electronic calculators.
3. Estimation of central value and dispersion using various samples and populations.
4. Comparison of two samples and populations through t-test.
5. Chi-square test for goodness of fit, test of independence and test of homogeneity.
6. Estimation of correlation coefficient, preparation of scatter diagram, test of significance for correlation
coefficient.
7. Estimation of regression coefficient from various experiments and their interpretations.
8. Comparison of three or more samples through F-test.
9. Designing and performing experiments with CRD, RBD, Latin square designs.
References
Bailey NTJ 1981. Statistical Methods in Biology (2nd Edition), Hodder and Stoughton, London.
Bishop ON 1996. Statistics for Biology, Longman
Das MN and MC Giri 1991. Design and analysis of experiments (2nd edition) Wiley, Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
Finney DJ 1980. Statistics for Biologists, Chapman & Hall.
Gomez KA and AA Gomez 1984. Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research (2nd edition), John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.Y.
Gurumani N 2008. Introduction to Biostatistics. MJP Publishers, India
Mahajan BK 2002. Methods in Biostatistics (6th edition), Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi
Parker RE 1983. Introductory Statistics for Biology (2nd edition), Edward Arnold, London
Rees DG 1987. Foundations of Statistics. Chapman & Hall
Shukla MC and SS Gulsan 1981 Statistics - theory and Practice, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Snedecor GW and MW Cochran 1973. Statistical Methods (8th edition). Iowa State University Press. Iowa, USA
Steel RG and JH Torrie 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics-a Biometrical Approach (2nd edition). McGraw-Hill Book
Co. Inc. N.Y.
Zaman SM, HK Rahim and M Howlader 1982. Simple lessons from Biometry, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute.
Course No. SOIL 002: Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility

(For the Students of Department of Botany)

Theory (Marks: 80)
1. Basic ideas on soil forming factors and soil forming processes. Development of soil horizons and soil profiles.
Concept of individual soil. General knowledge about soils of Bangladesh.
2. Chemical composition of soil solids. Soil organic matter sources, composition and importance. Basic ideas
about ion-exchange reactions.
3. Soil solution: Composition and concentration of soil solution and factors controlling them. Importance of soil
solution in soil development, nutrient availability and plant growth.
4. Soil reaction, concept of soil pH and pH scale. Sources of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in soil. Factors affecting
soil pH. Importance of soil pH in pedology and edaphology.
5. Buffering: Buffering action and buffer reaction. Mechanism of buffering. Buffering components of soil and
mechanism of their action. Importance of buffering in agriculture.
6. Soil fertility: Concept of soil fertility. Soil as a medium for plant growth. Factors affecting plant growth with
particular reference to soil and plant factors. Essential plant nutrients- criteria, classification and sources.
functions, deficiency symptoms and availability of important macro- and micro-nutrients.
7. Soil fertility and productivity: Fertilizers- sources and nutrient contents of mono- and multinutrient commercial
fertilizers. Basic ideas on the fertility status of Bangladesh soils.
9
1. Preparation of standard solutions and standardization of unknown solution.
2. Determination of soil pH, organic carbon, free carbonates and total nitrogen.
3. Determination of available N, P and K by most widely used methods.
4. Visual observation of fertilizers.
References
Bear FE 2002. Chemistry of the Soil. Reinhold Publ. Corporation. N.Y.
Brady NC and RR Weili 2002. The nature and properties of soils (1st Indian reprint). Pearson Education, nc. India.
Forth HD 1978. Fundamental of Soil Science (6th Edn.). John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
Russel EW 1980. Soil conditions and plant growth (10th Edn.). Longmans, London.
Tamhane RV, DP Motiramani, YP Bali and RL Donahue 1966. Soils: their chemistry and fertility in tropical Asia. Prentice Hall,
New Delhi.
Tisdale SL, WL Nelson, JD Beaten and JL Havlin 2002. Soil fertility and fertilizers (5th Edn.). Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
Course No. BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology

(For the students of the Department of Microbiology)

Theory (Marks: 80)
1. An introduction to fungi: Somatic and reproductive features; growth and nutrition.
2. Origin and classification of fungi.
3. General characteristics of the following classes with somatic and reproductive features of some genera
mentioned:
(i) Chytridiomycetes : Olpidium and Synchytrium;
(ii) Oomycetes : Saprolegnia, Phytophthora;
(iii) Zygomycetes : Rhizopus
(iv) Ascomycetes: Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Erysiphe and Claviceps
(v) Basidiomycetes : Ustilago, Puccinia, Polyporus and Agaricus
(vi) Deuteromycetes: Candida, Alternaria, Cercospora, Colletotrichum and Macrophomina.
4. A general discussion in the role of the fungi as -

(i) Saprophytes, (ii) plant parasites, (iii) plant diseases and world crop propduction (plant diseases and world
crop production), (iv) plant symbionts (ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae) and (v) producers of important
metabolites.

1. Preparation of temporary slides of fungal specimens for microscopic examinations.
2. Laboratory studies of the locally available members of fungi covered in theory.
3. Techniques of growing fungi on culture media.
References
Alexopoulos CJ, CW Mims and M Blackwell 1996. Introductory Mycology. (4th Edn.), John Willy and Sons Inc., New York.
Hawker Lilian E 1967. Fungi. Hutchinson University Library, Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
Moore-Landecker 1982. Fundamentals of the fungi. Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, USA.
Mundker BB 1967. Fungi and Plant Diseases, MacMillian & Co. Ltd., Calcutta (revised by S.B. Chattapadhay).
Webster J 1980. Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, London, U.K.
10
Course No. BOT 2002: Genetics and Cytogenetics
(For the students of Department of Zoology)

Theory (Marks: 80)
A. Genetics
1. Definition, brief history and scope of Genetics and Cytogenetics.
2. Different branches of Genetics and their importance.
3. Mendelism: Brief life sketch of Gregor Johann Mendel, rediscovery of Mendelism, 7 pairs of contrasting
characters of garden pea, law of segregation, law of independent assortment, reasons for Mendel's success,
determination of phenotypic and genotypic ratios by alzebra, statistics and forking method and summary of
Mendelism.
4. Exception to Mendelian laws:
(i) Apparent (a) 1st law - Incomplete dominance (1:2:1), lethality (1:2), co-dominance; (b) 2nd law - single
recessive epistasis (9:3:4), double recessive epistasis (9:7), single dominant epistasis (9:6:1), double dominent
epistasis (15:1) (b) duplicate gene - one shows incomplete dominance (12:3:1). (ii) Real - linkage, sex linkage,
non-disjunction, preferential distribution.
5. Multiple allele and pseudoallele: definition, features and examples.
6. Multiple genes and quantitative inheritance: Multiple genes (polygenes) and quantitative inheritence: features
of multiple genes, differences between principal and secondary genes, polygene and pureline selection,
examples, transgressive segregation.
7. Chromosome mapping: definition, arrangement of linked genes, mapping of 2- and 3 genes linkage, co-
efficient of co-incidence (CI), solving problems.
8. Cytoplasmic and extranuclear inheritance: different types with examples.
B. Cytogenetics
1. Chromosomes: physical and chemical structure, karyotype and idiograms.
2. Special types of chromosomes: Physical structure, chemical structure and functions of (a) Polytene, (b)
Lampbrush and (c) B-chromosome.
3. Cell division: (a) Cell cycle, (b) Mitosis and meiosis with their significance.
4. Chromosomal aberration:
(a) General classification.
(b) Structural aberration-type, origin, detection and meiotic behaviour of- (i) deletion, (ii) duplication (iii)
inversion and (iv) translocation.
(c) Numerical aberration-types, origin, detection, meiotic behaviour and segregation of (i) Autopolyploid and (ii)
Trisomic.

1. Observation of morphological and biochemical mutants of Drosophila/Neurospora.
2. Study of permanent slides and photomicrographs of different stages of mitosis and meiosis.
3. Preparation of stains for cytological work.
4. Study of mitosis from onion root tip cells by aceto-orcein of squash method.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 2002. Koshbidhya (5th edition). Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Akhtaruzzaman M 2004. Bangshagotibidhya. (5th edition). Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Islam AS 1984. Bangshogoti Bidhar Mul Katha, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
Garben EO 1947. Cytogenetics- Introduction,Tata McGrae Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Strickberger MW. Genetics. The Macmillian Co. N.Y. Colliev Mormillian LIC., London.
Sharma A 1985. Chromosomes (2nd ed.) Oxford and IBH Publication Co.
Sumner AT 2003. Chromosome - organization and function. Blackwell Publication, UK.
Swanson CP 1965. Cytology and cytogenetics. Prentics, Hall, Engle Wood Chiffs, New Jersy.
11
Course No. BOT. 2003: Ecology, Environment and Plants
(For the students of Department of Geography and Environment)
Theory (80)
A. Synecology (Vegetation Ecology)
1. History, definition, scope and sub-divisions of Ecology. Environment and plants of Hydrophytes, Xerophytes
and Halophytes: their ecological features.
2. Plant succession: Types and causes of succession.
3. Methods of vegetation study; Life form classes.
4. Ecosystem: Classification, structure and components of ecosystem, food chain and food web. Energy and
mineral movement in ecosystem.
5. Forest ecology: Plants and environment of Deciduous and Sundarban mangrove forests of Bangladesh.
6. Brief account of phytogeographical regions of the world.
7. Sampling, test of comparison, application of quadrate measures and random sampling.
B. Autecology (Physiological Ecology)

1. The environment of plants: the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
2. The role of green plants in nature with reference to
(i) The sun-thermonuclear energy source, (ii) Radiant energy, (iii) Human population and food supply and (iv)
CO2 and world climate.
3. Soil environment: Physical and chemical aspects and distribution of plants.
4. Energy environment: Energy budget of different climatic zones.
5. Sources of salinity: Classification of saline habitat.
6. Biogeochemical cycles: Definition, types of biogeochemical cycle, water and carbon cycles.
7. Biodiversity: Introduction, causes of the loss and degradation of biodiversity, species diversity analysis.
C. Environment
1. Water resources, the global picture and the environment.
2. Green house gases, ozone depletion and CFC, CFC use in Bangladesh.
3. Climate change: Causes and evidence.

1. Field note book to study the seasonal variation of vegetation and habitats.
2. Morphology and anatomy of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
3. Determination of pH in water and soil samples.
4. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water sample.
5. Determination of salinity (chloride in water sample).
6. Determination of conductivity in water and soil.
7. Vegetation analysis.
8. Identification of forest plants from herbarium sheets.
References
Bannister P 1976. Introduction to Physiological Plant Ecology. Black-well Scientific Publication.
Chiras DD 1985. Environmental Science. A Framework for Decision Making. The Benjamin/Cummins Publishing Co.
Daubenmire R 1978. Plant Geography. Academy Press.
Etherington JR 1971. Environment and Plant Ecology. John Willey & Sons Inc., NY.
Gates DM 1993. Climate Change. Sinaur Associates Inc. Publisher.
Larchar WL 1975. Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer Verlag.
Kershaw KA 1973. Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology. Edward Arnold Ltd.
Muller-Dumbois D and H Ellenberg 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Willey and Sons. Inc..
Odum EP 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Toppan Co. Ltd., Japan.
Robert ER 1990. Ecology. W. H. Freeman and Company, N. Y.
Shimwell DW 1974. The distribution and Classification of vegetation. Sidwick and Jackson, London.
12
Syllabus of the
for
Third Year B.S. Honours Course
for the session 2017-2018, 2018-2019 & 2019-2020
BOT 301: Environmental Microbiology 2

BOT 302: Plant Pathology 2
BOT 303: Advanced Phycology 2
BOT 304: Physiological Ecology and Conservation Biology 2
BOT 305: Contemporary Systematics 2
BOT 306: Plant Biochemistry 2
BOT 307: Molecular Genetics 2
BOT 308: Principles of Crop Improvement 2
BOT 309: Pteridophyta 2
BOT 310: Introductory Limnology 2
BOT 311: Structural Cytogenetics 2
BOT 312: Embryology of Angiosperms 2
BOT 313: Practical-1: Environmental Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Advanced
Phycology 2
BOT 314: Practical-2: Physiological Ecology & Conservation Biology, Contemporary
Systematics, Plant Biochemistry 2
BOT 315: Practical-3: Molecular Genetics, Principles of Crop Improvement,
Pteridophyta 2
BOT 316: Practical-4: Introductory Limnology, Structural Cytogenetics,
Embryology of Angiosperms 2
1
Detail syllabus for Third Year B.S. Honours Courses
Theory
Course No. BOT 301: Environmental Microbiology

1. Microbial Diversity: Introduction, abundance, habitat, ecological niche.
2. Microbiology of Air: Introduction to atmosphere, types of microorganisms in air, air pollution,
significance of air-borne microorganisms in human and plant diseases.
3. Microbiology of Soil: Litho-ecosphere, composition of soil, roles of soil, soil microbial communities,
humus and soil organic matter, soil as a culture medium.
4. Microbiology of Water: Hydro-ecosphere, freshwater habitats, the neustone, the pleuston, composition
and activity of fresh and marine water microbial communities.
5. Microorganisms of extreme habitats: Basic idea about microorganisms adapted in extreme habitats.
6. Interactions among microbial populations: Positive and negative interaction; neutralism; commensalism;
synergism; mutualism and amensalism (antagonism).
7. Interactions between microorganisms and plants: Interactions with plant roots, rhizosphere and
rhizoplane; effects of rhizosphere microbial population on plants; nitrogen fixation in nodules; nitrogen
fixing associations between rhizobia and legumes, nonleguminous nitrogen-fixing mutualistic relationships.
Interactions with aerial plant structures.
8. Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycle: Introduction to biogeochemical cycle, Mineralization and
immobilization, microorganisms associated with nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle with special reference to
oxidative and reductive sulfur transformation and sulfur cycles, Winogradsky Column.
References
Alcamo IE 1994. Fundamentals of Microbiology (4th edn.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Atlas RM and R Bartha 1997. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and applications. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing.
California.
Madigan MT, JM Martinko and J Parker 1997. Brock Biology of microorganism (8th edn.) Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458.
Pelczar MJ, ECS Chan and NR Krieg 1986. Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Tortora GJ, BR Funke and CE Case 1997. Microbiology - An Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman. Inc. California.
Course No. BOT 302: Plant Pathology

1. Introduction.
2. Concept of Plant disease, causes of plant diseases, importance of plant diseases and diagnosis of plant
diseases.
3. Parasitism and disease development: Parasitism and pathogenicity; stages in the development of plant
diseases (inoculation, infection, growth and reproduction, dissemination, overwintering and/or
oversummering) and symptomatology.
4. Control of plant diseases: Principles of plant disease control: regulatory, cultural and chemical methods.
5. Selected crop diseases: symptoms, causal agent, disease cycle and control measures of the following crops:
(a) Rice: Blast, brown spot, stem rot, sheath blight, foot rot of banana and sheath rot.
(b) Wheat: Stem rust, leaf rust and loose smut.
(c) Pulses and beans: Rust of beans and lentil, leaf spot of bean and cow-pea, anthracnose of bean.
(d) Jute: Stem rot, black band, anthracnose and soft rot.
(e) Sugarcane: Red rot and whip smut.
(f) Groundnut: Tikka disease and rust.
References
Agrios GN 2002. Plant Pathology (5th edn.). Academic Press Inc., N.Y.
Lucas JA 1998. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Balckwell Science Ltd., London.
Mehrotra RS 1987. Plant Pathology, Tata McGraw-Hill Company, New Delhi.
Mundker BB and RS Singh 1984. Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology (3rd edn.). Oxford IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2
Course No. BOT 303: Advanced Phycology
1. Classification of algae: Comparative study of classification of Fritsch 1935, Bold and Winne 1985 and Lee
2008: Characterize the classes mentioned by Bold and Winne (1985).
2. Growth pattern and evolutionary trends in algae.
3. Ultra structure of chloroplasts in algae.
5. Extracellular metabolites in algae.
6. Algal culture and morphogenesis: Scope of algal culture; methods of algal culture (unialgal and axenic
cultures); growth curve in batch culture and morphogenesis in blue green algae.
7. Technological applications of algae: Bio-diesel, oil and coal deposition, indicators of polluted water and
algal toxicity, fossil diatoms and genetic engineering.
8. Phycological researches in Bangladesh and its status in relation to world history.
References
Aderson RA 2008. Algal cultural technique. Phycological Soc. America, Elsevier/Acad. Press.
Aziz A 1998. Morphogenesis of tapered blue-green algae. In: Advances in Phycology, BN Verma, AN Kargupta and SK
Goyal (Eds.), APC Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Bold HC and MJ Wynne 1985. Introduction of the Algae. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA
Fogg GE, WDP Stewart, P Fay and AE Walsby 1973. The blue-green algae. Acad. Press., London.
Hoek C, VDG Den and HM Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to Phycology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambrige.
Lee RE. 2008. Phycology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Prescott GW 1970. How to know the freshwater algae. W.M.C. Brown Company Pub.
Round FE 1981. The ecology of algae. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Smith GM 1951. Manual of Phycology. Ronald, N.Y.
Stewart WDP 1974. Algal physiology and biochemistry. Blackwell Sci. Publ.
Verma BN, AN Kargupta and SK Goyal (Eds.) 1998. Advances in Phycology. APC Publications. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Course No. BOT 304: Physiological Ecology and Conservation Biology

A. Physiological Ecology
1. The Physical World: (i) Vertical structure of the physical world, (ii) Surface area of the globe, (iii) Water
storage in the hydrosphere, (iv) Composition of sea water, (v) Variation of atmospheric temperature and
pressure with altitude.
2. The ecosystem: Interplay of biological and environmental factors.
3. Physico-chemical aspects of waterlogged soils; oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and oxidation-reduction
potentials; classification of saline habitats.
4. Effects of salt concentration on germination of halophytes, ecotypic differentiation.
5. Greenhouse effect; ozone layer depletion, carbon dioxide and the world climate.
6. World forests: Total territory of forest land; species diversity, Hot Spots and Megadiversity countries.
7. Methods of measurement of primary production; factors limiting primary productivity in aquatic and
terrestrial communities.
8. Pesticides and related compounds, DDT and its effects; Lead and Mercury concentrations in the habitat,
biological concentration and magnification.
B. Conservation Biology
9. A brief history of Conservation Biology, some characteristics of Conservation Biology.
10. Threats to biological diversity; growth of human population for the past half million years, rates of
extinction; human caused extinctions, habitat fragmentation.
11. Conservation values and ethics, ecological economics, keystone resources, the values of biodiversity;
instrumental value and intrinsic values, educational and scientific values.
12. Management of genetic variation in natural population, contribution of molecular biology to conservation.
13. Types of species and communities most likely to be affected by global climate change, common problems
in Conservation Biology - an agenda for the future.
3
References
Barbour MG and JH Burk 1987. Terrestrial Ecology. The Benjamin Publishing Company
Barbier EB et al. 1994. Parasdise Lost? The Ecological Economics of Biodiversity. Earthscan Publications.
Edwards PJ and RM May 1994. Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Etherington JR 1971. Environment and Plant Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
Etherington JR 1976. Physiological Plant Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
Gates DM 1967. Energy exchange in the biosphere. Harper International.
Lambers H and FS Chapin 1997. Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer.
Larcher WL 1975. Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer.
Meffe GC 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
Primack RB 1995. A Primer of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers. USA.
Waisel J 1972. Physiological Ecology: Biology of Halophytes. Academic Press.
Wilson WO 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy Press. Washington.
Course No. BOT 305: Contemporary Systematics

1. Nomenclature and ICN's rules: Details of binomial system of nomenclature; historical background of ICN;
principles, ICN; rules, regulations and recommendations of ICN; major provisions of ICN and their codes;
exception of rules of ICN.
2. Species concept.
3. Ecotype concept and biosystematic categories.
4. Systems of classification and their comparison: Bessey, Hutchinson, Cronquist and Takhtajan systems of
classification.
5. Sources and taxonomic evidences: Cytology, Palynology and Phytochemistry.
6. Breeding system: inbreeding, outbreeding, self incompatibilities, apomixis and pollination.
7. Biodiversity and conservation: Concept, importance, methods of conservation; principles for conserving
biodiversity; taxonomic aspects of plant conservation; national parks and protected areas of Bangladesh;
endangered and threatened plants of Bangladesh; NBSAP.
8. Aquatic angiosperms of Bangladesh and their importance.
9. Different types of keys for plant identification; Diagnostic characters, distribution, phylogeny and
economic importance of the following families:
(i) Fabaceae (ii) Euphorbiaceae (iii) Apocynaceae
(iv) Lamiaceae (v) Cucurbitaceae (vi) Acanthaceae
(vii) Polygonaceae (viii) Solanaceae (ix) Asteraceae
(x) Nymphaeaceae (xi) Asclepiadaceae (xii) Convolvulaceae
(xiii) Poaceae (xiv) Cyperaceae (xv) Orchidaceae
References
Cronquist A 1981. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. Houghton, Miflin Co. Mass, USA.
Davis PH and VH Heywood 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh & London.
Hassan MA and MK Alam 1997. Udvid Sreni Binnas Totta (3rd edn.), Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Heywood VH 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y.
Hooker JD 1872-1897. Flora of British India, Vols. 1-7. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd., England.
Jeffrey C 1986. An introduction to plant taxonomy (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press.
Kapoor-Vijay P and W James (eds.) 1992. Conservation Biology: The Commonwealth Sciences Council.
Khan MS and M Halim 1987. Aquatic Angiosperms of Bangladesh. BARC, Dhaka.
Khan MS (ed.) 1973-2002. Flora of Bangladesh. Fascicles 1-53. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
Lawrence GHM 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Co., N.Y.
Prain D 1903. Bengal plants. vols. 1-2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
Radford AE, WC Dickison, JR Massey and CR Bell 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics, Harper & Row Publishers, N.Y.
Stace CA 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd edn.), Edward Arnold, London.
Course No. BOT. 306: Plant Biochemistry

1. Sugar and their derivatives: Chemistry and distribution of (a) Monosaccharides, (b) Oligosaccharides
(sucrose, maltose and cellobiose) and (c) Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen and cellulose).
4
2. Amino acids and Proteins: Chemical nature, properties, classification with examples and structure.
3. Fatty acids and Lipids: (a) Chemical nature, properties, distribution, classification with examples and
structures, (b) β-oxidation.
4. Terpenoids: (a) Chemistry and distribution, (b) Classification, (c) The path of terpenoid biosynthesis in
plants, (d) Essential oils.
5. Alkaloids: (a) Chemistry and distribution, (b) Classification, (c) Plant families with alkaloids.
6. Phenolic compounds: (a) Shikimic acid pathway, (b) Flavonoid pigments: chemistry, distributions and
properties.
7. Vitamins: (a) Chemistry and distribution, (b) Importance of vitamins in plants and animals.
References
Conn EE and PK Stumpf 1972. Outlines of Biochemistry (3rd Ed), John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
Goodwin TW and EL Mercer. 1983. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (2nd Ed), Pergamon Press.
Harborne JB 1973. Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hill, London.
Krogmann DW 1977. The Biochemistry of green plants. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Lehninger AL 2005. Principles of Biochemistry (4th Ed), Freeman and Company, N.Y.
Mahler HR and EH Cordes 1971. Biological Chemistry (2nd Ed), Harper and Row.
Varner JE and J Bonner 1965. Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, N.Y.
Course No. BOT. 307: Molecular Genetics

1. Nucleic acids: (a) Nucleic acid as genetic material of living organisms: evidences to prove the genetic
nature of DNA; RNA as the genetic material in viruses; (b) DNA: chemical composition and structure,
Watson-Crick model, general features of DNA; (c) RNA: chemical composition, structure, types of RNA
and their characteristics.
2. Replication of DNA: Mechanism of DNA replication; Meselson-Stahl experiment, Cairns' autoradiography
experiment; replication of circular DNA molecules.
3. DNA repair mechanism: Photoreactivation, excision repair, post replication recombination repair and
SOS repair.
4. Mutation: Nature and types of mutations, molecular basis of mutation, point mutation, physico-chemical
mutagens, detection of mutation in Drosophila by ClB and attached-X methods: isolation of mutants in
Neurospora.
5. Transposable genetic elements: Genetic instability and discovery of transposable elements; transposable
elements in bacteria and eukaryotes; significance of transposable elements.
6. Fine structure of genes: Classical versus molecular concept of genes, cis-trans complementation test, fine
structure of the phase T4 rII locus, the nature of mutations in the rII region.
7. Recombination in Bacteria: Transfer of genetic materials; transformation, transduction and conjugation;
genetic mapping in E. coli by conjugation.
8. Gene expression: Protein synthesis apparatus - structure of tRNA and ribosome; mechanism of
transcription; post- transcriptional modifications of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA; genetic code: characteristics
of genetic code, deciphering the code, degeneracy and wobble, initiation and termination codons,
universality of the code, the code dictionary; mechanism of translation.
9. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: General features of gene regulation; induction and
repression: operon concept; lac, ara and trp operons.
10. Gene cloning: Recombinant DNA and gene cloning, plasmid and phage vectors, restriction enzymes,
restriction maps and their properties, recombinant selection and screening.
11. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology: Methodology and various applications of PCR
technology.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 2000. Bangshagati bidhya. Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
Avers CJ 1980. Genetics, Willard Grant Press, Boston.
Ayala FJ and JA Kiger 1980. Modern genetics. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc., London.
Gardner EJ, MJ Simmons and DP Snustad. 1991. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Songs, Inc.
Gupta PK 1987. Genetics. Rastogi Publication, Shivaji Road Meerat, India.
Gupta PK 1999. Genetics, Rastogi Publication, Shivaji Road, Meerut , India.
Islam AS 1985. Bangshagati bidyar mulkatha, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
5
Lehninger AL 1982. Principles of Biochemistry, Worth Publication, N.Y.
Lewin Benjamin 1994. Genes V. Oxford University Press.
Miglani GS 2000. Basic Genetics. Narosa Publishing House.
Watson JM 1976. Molecular Biology of gene (3rd edn.), Benjamin Inc.
Watson JD, TA Baker, SP Bell, A Gann, M Levine and R Losick 2009. Molecular Biology of the gene. Pearson Education,
Inc.
Course No. BOT 308: Principles of Crop Improvement

1. Self- and cross incompatibility in cultivated plants: Mechanism of self- and cross incompatibility, methods
of overcoming incompatibility barriers.
2. Male sterility systems: Cytoplasmic, genetic and genetic-cytoplasmic, use of male sterility in crop
improvement.
3. Heterosis breeding: Basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression, use of heterosis in plant breeding.
4. Polyploidy: Definition, classification, characteristic features of polyploidy, application of polyploidy.
5. Haploid breeding: Development of haploids through conventional breeding and tissue culture methods,
significance of haploid breeding.
6. Development of abiotic and biotic stress tolerant crop varieties using conventional breeding and modern
biotechnology.
7. Embryo culture technique and its use in overcoming barriers of distantly related crosses.
8. In situ and Ex situ germplasm conservation and cryo-preservation. Importance of germplasm conservation
in crop breeding.
9. Introduction to different national and international agricultural research institutes engaged in the
development of improved varieties of different crop plants.
References
Allard RW 1964. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Willey & Sons, N.Y.
Briggs FN and PF Knowles 1978. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, N.Y., London.
Chaudhari HK 1976. Elementary principle of plant breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Frey JJ 1966. Plant breeding. Iowa State University Press, Amsterdam, Iowa.
Islam AS 1995. Bangshagati bidyar mulkatha, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
Pochlman JM 1979. Breeding Field Crops. Avi Publ. Co., New Delhi.
Pochlman JM and DN Bharthakur 1968. Breeding Asian field crop. Oxford IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi.
Simmonds NW 1979. Principles of crop improvement, Longman, London.
Simmonds NW 1984. Evolution of crop plants. Longman, London.
Van der Have DJ 1979. Plant Breeding perspectives. Centre for Agricultural Publishing, Documentation, Wageningen.
Course No. BOT 309: Pteridophyta

1. Introduction, general characteristics, life cycle and importance of Pteridophyta

2. Classification of Pteridophyta
3. Types of stele and their evolution
4. Distribution, habitats, external and internal features, reproduction, economic and ecological importance of
the following genera: (a) Psilotum, (b) Lycopodium, (c) Selaginella (emphasis given on heterospory and
seed habit), (d) Equisetum, (e) Ophioglossum (Eusporangiate), (f) Pteridium (Leptosporangiate), (g)
Marsilea (Leptosporangiate)
5. Diversity of sporophyte and gametophyte structures in Pteridophyta
6. Origin and evolution of Pteridophyta
7. Heterospory and seed habit
References
Emes AJ 1964. Morphology of vascular plants. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., Bombay.
Pandey SN, SP Misra and PS Trivedi 2016. A text book of Botany, vol.II, Vikas Publishing, India.
Parihar NS 1956. An Introduction to Embryophyta vol. I & II. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
Rashid A 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing Hosue Pvt. Ltd. 576 Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi.
6
Scagel RE, RJ Bandon, GE Rouse, WB Schofield, JR Stein and TMC Taylor 1965. An evolutionary survey of the plant
kindgon. Wardsworth publishing Company, Inc., Belmont, California.
Smith GM 1955. Cryptogamic Botany, vol. II. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. N.Y., London.
Vashista PC 1993. Botany for Degree Students: Pteridophyta, S.Chand and Company Ltd., Ramnagar, New Delhi.
Course No. BOT 310: Introductory Limnology

Theory
1. Introduction, placement of Limnology in Natural Science. Limnology defined, early landmarks in
Limnology, key early inventions and techniques, Limnology turning as a science, current trend,
development of limnology in Bangladesh, scopes.
2. Water, its origin, the water cycle, a valuable resource and its future, demophoric growth principle, concept
of energy slaves, bodies of inland water, distribution and origin; lakes, distribution, origin of lake basins,
seven special lake types, natural lakes of Bangladesh.
3. Fundamental characteristics of water as a substance, the dihydride of oxygen, liquid nature of water, water
related factors, effects of temperature and salinity on water density, adhesion and cohesion, viscosity,
surface tension and neuston community.
4. Light, its source, quality, role of light in aquatic ecosystems, light and water, underwater light climate, heat
budget, calculation in lentic and lotic waters, albedo, water color, thermal stratification and mixing,
classification of lakes depending ON mixing, water movement and flow.
5. Material budget of natural waters, chemical factors, dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, origin and
assimilation of inorganic carbon, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, iron and manganese, silica and diatom
growth, trace elements, biological production, consumption and destruction, nutrient demand and material
balance.
6. Distribution and destructive roles of microbes, biomass destruction, autolysis, bacterial decomposition,
important groups of aquatic bacteria, material transport and energy flux in the ecosystem.
References
Cole GA 1979. Text book of Limnology. 2nd Edn. The Mosby Co. London.
Dodson S 2005. Introduction to Limnology. Mc-Graw Hill, Boston.
Khondker M 1994. Limnology. Mowla Brothers, Dhaka. pp. 464.(in Bangla).
Khondker M 1990. “Baboharic Limnology O Mithapanir Jalajaudvider Parichiti” (Practical Limnology and Systematics of
Freshwater Hydrophytes) Dhaka University, Dhaka.
Odum EP 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia.
Ruttner F 1975. Fundamentals of Limnology. 3rd Edn. Translated from German byD.G. and F.G. Fry, Univ. of Toronto
Press. Toronto.
Schwoerbel J 1987. Handbook of Limnology. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Chichester.
Wetzel RG and GE Likens 2000. Limnological analysis. 3rd Edn. Springer, N.Y..
Course No. BOT 311: Structural Cytogenetics

1. Definition, scope and brief history of Cytogenetics.
2. Eu-chromosome:
A. Physical structure: (i) Primary constriction or centromere - ultrastructure and chemical properties,
classification of chromosomes on the basis of centromeric position and number, procedure for chromosome
classification, (ii) Secondary constriction - NOR, SAT and their chemistry, (iii) Arms, (iv) Telomere -
functions and chemistry, (v) Chromomere (in meiotic chromosome).
B. Chemical structure: (i) Chromatin - physical and chemical nature, (ii) Eu-chromatin and
heterochromatin, role of heterochromatin in chromosome pairing, (iii) Nucleosome model.
3. Karyotype and idiogram - Preparation of karyotype and idiogram in brief, symmetric, asymmetric,
monomodal and bimodal karyotype and significance.
4. Genome analysis: (i) Genome in respect of Cytogenetics, (ii) karyotype analysis, (iii) chromosome
association in meiosis, (iv) chromosome banding - CMA, DAPI and C banding, (v) Fluorescent In situ
Hybridization (FISH) and Genomic In situ Hybridization (GISH).
5. Abnormalities in cell division: (i) Non-disjunction - genetic control of disjunction, ii) endopolyploidy or
endoreduplication, (iii) polyteny, (iv) cytomixis, (v) formation of cross-spindle, (vi) elimination of single or
set of chromosomes in insects (Sciaridae).
6. Chromosomal aberrations - general account and classification.
7
7. Structural aberration: (i) Deletion - Definition, identification, kinds, detection, genetic effect, meiotic
behaviour, breakage - fusion - bridge cycle, (ii) Duplication - Definition, identification, kinds, detection,
genetic effect, meiotic behaviour, breakage - fusion - bridge cycle, (iii) Inversion - definition, kinds,
synapsis, results of double crossing over in intra- and extra-loop, consequence of chromatid bridge, (iv)
Translocation - definition, kinds, Robertsonian translocation - helps in altering karyotype, meiosis in
translocation heterozygote, consequences of crossing over at the interstitial and differential regions of
interchange complex, breeding behaviour and identification of chromosomes involved in translocation.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 2008. Kosh-bangshagati bidhya (3rd edn.), Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
Garber ED 1992. Cytogenetics, McGraw-Hill Inc, N.Y.
Schulz-Schaeffcr J 1980. Cytogenetics, Springer- Verlag, N.Y.
Sumner AT 2003. Chromosome - organization and function. Blackwell Pub. U.K.
Swanson CP 1965. Cytology and Cytogenetics. MacMillan & Co. Ltd. London.
Swanson CP, V Merz and YZ Young 1982. Cytogenetics. Prentic Hall Inc. New Jersey, UGC.
Singh RJ 2005. Plant Cytogenetics (2nd edn.), CRC Press.
Course No. BOT 312: Embryology of Angiosperms

1. Historical sketch: Discovery of pollen tube, Schleiden's theory of origin of embryo, discovery of true
relationship between pollen tube and embryo, discovery of nature and development of male and female
gametophyte, discovery of syngamy, chalazogamy, double fertilization and parthenogenesis.
2. The Microsporangium: Wall layer of microsporangium, sporogenous tissue, cytokinesis and microspore
tetrad.
3. The Megasporangium: Integuments, micropyle, nucellus, integumentary tapetum, archesporium,
megasporogenesis and functioning megaspore.
4. The female gametophyte: Monosporic, biosporic and tetrasporic embryo sacs, organization of mature
embryo sac, embryo sacs with disturbed polarity and embryo sac haustoria.
5. The male gametophyte: Microspore, formation of vegetative and generative cells, division of generative
cell, vegetative nucleus and embryo sac like pollen grain.
6. Fertilization: Germination of pollen, course of pollen tube, entry of pollen tube into embryo sac, growth
rate of pollen tube and gametic fusion.
7. The Endosperm: Type of endosperm formation - free nuclear endosperm, cellular endosperm, helobial
endosperm, relationships between different types of endosperm.
8. The Embryo: Dicotyledons - Crucifer type, asteroid type, solanoid type, chenopodiad type, caryophylad
type, development of monocot embryo and modifications of suspensor.
9. Apomixis: Non recurrent apomixis, recurrent apomixis, gametic and somatic apospory and adventive
embryony.
10. Polyembryony: Cleavage polyembryony, origin of embryos from cells of embryo sac other than egg,
embryos arising from cells outside embryo sac, embryos originating from other embryo sacs in ovule.
11. Experimental Embryology: Control of fertilization, embryo culture, induced parthenogenesis, production
of adventives embryos and induced parthenocarpy.
References
Maheswari P 1950. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
Bombay, New Delhi.
BDbym Avjx, †gvnv¤§`. 1966. Dw™¢` å“bZË¡, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|

Environmental Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Advanced Phycology
A. Environmental Microbiology
1. Isolation of air borne bacteria by air exposure plate technique.
2. Isolation of soil bacteria by potato culture technique.
3. Observation of different microbial colonies
4. Observation of legume nodule and nodule bacteria.
5. Microscopic study of bacteria by Gram staining method.
8
6. Culture and sensitivity (C/S) test.
B. Plant Pathology
1. Laboratory studies of common diseases and pathogenic fungi covered in theory:
Major rice, jute and rust diseases, Tikka disease of groundnut, Smut disease, Anthracnose of bean, Red rot
of sugarcane, Leaf spot, rot and blight diseases, Black spot or rose.
2. Preparation and sterilization of culture media for fungal growth.
3. Isolation of fungal organisms from diseased plant parts following blotter and tissue planting methods.
4. Demonstration of pathogenicity test with soil borne and leaf pathogens.
5. Processing and preservation of pathogenic fungal specimens for phytopathological herbarium.
6. Local and long excursions to collect fungal specimens.
C. Advanced Phycology
1. Work out algae collected during local and long excursions and also algae collected b y students from a
wide range of habitats.
2. Study of marine and freshwater algae (plankton, macroalgae including symbiotic and parasitic algae).
3. Preparation of dichotomous keys of common algae.
4. Standardization of a microscope and drawing by camera lucida.
5. Determination of chlorophyll a and b in a green alga.

Physiological Ecology & Conservation Biology, Contemporary Systematics, Plant
Biochemistry
A. Physiological Ecology and Conservation Biology
1. Students will maintain a field note book to study the vegetation types of the selected habitats and from local
excursions.
2. Determination of soil moisture content.
3. Determination of pH in soil and water samples and salinity in water samples.
4. Measurements of production in Terrestrial habitats.
5. Freshwater flora and methods for conservation.
6. Halophytic plants with characteristic features.
7. Uses of satellite images and geographical information systems (GIS) to study the vegetation changes.
B. Contemporary Systematics
1. Flora of Dhaka University campus.
2. Common families available locally.
3. Systematic relationship of different plant groups.
4. Preparation of Taxonomic keys.
C. Plant Biochemistry
1. Tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars.
2. Different types of starch grains from different sources (rice, maize, potato and sheat).
3. Identification of amino acids.
4. Estimation of protein by Lowry's Folin Phenol Cicalteau method.
5. Histochemical tests for alkaloids from different sources (Andrographis paniculata, Rauvolfia serpentina,
Datura stramanium, Catharanthus roseus and Nicotiana tabacum).

Molecular Genetics, Principles of Crop Improvement, Pteridophyta

A. Molecular Genetics
1. Identification of wild and mutants of Neurospora.
2. Preparation of culturing and crossing media. Subculturing and crossing in Neurospora.
9
3. Isolation and estimations of proteins from various plant tissues.
4. Analysis of plant proteins, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of
proteins.
5. Estimation of molecular weight of polypeptides using SDS-PAGE.
6. Native gel electrophoresis, detection of isoenzymes using enzyme location gels.
7. Isolation of DNA from plant tissues.
8. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA.
9. Characterization of various DNA samples.
B. Principles of Crop Improvement
1. Study of pollen morphology and test of pollen fertility in different crop plants.
2. Study of floral biology and hybridization techniques in different economically important plants.
3. Study of pollen-pistil interactions using fluorescent and light microscopes.
4. Techniques for developing colchiploid plants.
5. Techniques of embryo culture.
6. Visits to different agricultural research institutes, namely, BARI, BRRI, BINA, BSRI, etc.
C. Pteridophyta
1. Short excursions and a long field trip.
2. Identification of following specimens of Pteridophyta upto genus:
(a) Lycopodium, (b) Selaginella, (c) Marsilea, (d) Azolla, (e) Pteris, (f) Nephrodium, (g) Psilotum,
(h) Ophioglossum, (i) Ceratopteris, (j) Equisetum, (k) Adiantum, (l) Salvinia, (m) Lygodium, (n) Drynaria
3. Study of external and internal features (longitudinal and transverse section) of following specimens of
Pteridophyta:
(a) Lycopodium, (b) Selaginella, (c) Marsilea, (d) Azolla, (e) Pteris, (f) Nephrodium

Introductory Limnology, Structural Cytogenetics, Embryology of Angiosperms

A. Introductory Limnology
1. Determination of water temperature and air temperature, water transparency, pH, conductivity, total
dissolved solids and free CO2 and dissolved oxygen of pond water.
2. Study of some littoral, pelagial and benthal organisms.
B. Structural Cytogenetics
I. Study of meiosis from permanent slides and photographs.
2. Preparation of permanent slides from -
(a) Meiotic cell division in Setcreasea purpurea
(b) Interchange complex in Rhoeo discolor.
C. Embryology of Angiosperm
1. External and internal structure of a typical ovule and different types of ovule.
2. Internal structure of a typical anther.
3. Different types of pollen grains and their germination.
4. Preparation of permanent slide.
10
Syllabus of the
for
Fourth Year B.S. Honours Course
for the session
2018-2019, 2019-2020 & 2020-2021
Theory Credit hours
BOT 401: Microbiological Techniques 2

BOT 402: Marine Botany 2
BOT 403: Ethnobotany 2
BOT 404: Climate Change Biology 2
BOT 405: Autoecology and Environment 2
BOT 406: Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition 2
BOT 407: Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics 2
BOT 408: Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 2
BOT 409: Horticulture and Agronomy 2
BOT 410: Biological Limnology 2
BOT 411: Numerical Cytogenetics 2
BOT 412: Microbial Plant Pathology 2
BOT 413: Seed Pathology 2
BOT 414: Evolution 2
BOT 415: Practical-1: Microbiological Techniques, Marine Botany, Biological

Limnology, Ethnobotany 2
BOT 416: Practical-2: Climate Change Biology, Microbial Plant Pathology,
Seed Pathology. 2
BOT 417: Practical-3: Horticulture & Agronomy, Autoecology & Environment,
Plant Physiology & Plant Nutrition 2
BOT 418: Practical-4: Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology, Genomics,
Proteomics & Bioinformatics, Numerical Cytogenetics 2
1
DETAIL SYLLABUS FOR FOURTH YEAR B.S. HONOURS COURSES
Theory
Course No. BOT 401: Microbiological Techniques

1. Cultivation of microorganisms: Definition and types of culture media (chemically defined media,
complex media, selective media, differential media and enriched media); aerobic and anaerobic culture
methods; pure culture, mixed culture and contaminated culture, sterilization.
2. General methods of isolation: Serial dilution, pour plate and spread plate technique, membrane filtration
and mud-pie technique.
3. Maintenance and preservation of cultures: Introduction to maintenance and culture preservation,
methods of culture preservation, culture collections.
4. Growth of bacteria: Growth and multiplication; growth curve; generation time and growth rate, effect of
temperature and pH on bacterial growth.
5. Measurement of microbial growth: Direct microscopic count, viable cell count (plate count and
membrane-filter count), determination of dry weight.
6. Microbiology of food: Microbiological examination of foods, Microbial food spoilage, methods of food
preservation (temperature, drying and chemical preservatives), Food borne infection and intoxications.
7. Microbiology of milk: Microorganisms associated with milk; Milk quality determination by phosphatase
test and methylene blue reduction test, pasteurization.
8. Microbial water pollution: Introduction to microbial water pollution, indicator organisms, coliform and
fecal coliform bacteria, determination of coliform bacteria by MPN and membrane filtration technique.
9. Control of microorganisms: Physical control with heat, filtration and radiations; chemical control with
phenol, halogen and alcohol; control with chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics.
References
Alcamo IE Fundamentals of Microbiology (4th edn.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Frazier WC and DC Westhoff 1978. Food Microbiology (3rd edn.). Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Frobisher M, RD Hinsdill, KT Crabtree and CR Goodheart 1974. Fundamentals of Microbiology (9th edn.). Toppan
Company, Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker 1997. Brock Biology of Microorganism (8th edn.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
NJ 07458.
Pelczar MJ, ECS Chan and NR Krieg 1986. Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company
Tortora GJ, BR Funke and CE Case 1997. Microbiology - An Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman. Inc. California.
Course No. BOT 402: Marine Botany

1. Marine ecology: (a) Chemical (nutrient elements, pH, salinity, Carbon cycle, etc.) and physical (light,
temperature, waves and current, upwelling, density) properties of seawater. (b) Horizontal and vertical
zonations of seas and oceans.
2. Diversity of (a) Marine phytoplankton: Classification and adaptation of phytoplankton, (b) Seaweeds, (c)
Sea-grasses
3. Factors affecting biomass of phytoplankton and seasonal variation of plankton.
4. Factors affecting seaweed and reef growth, biomass and phytogeography of seaweeds.
5. Estuarine ecology: Sundarbans and its reclamation.
6. Toxic Algae and human health.
7. Marine environment a balancing factor of the earth: Role of phytoplankton and seaweeds (Carbon sink,
Cleanser of the atmosphere, cooling of the earth, etc.).
8. Marine biotechnology: (a) Biofuel, (b) Seaweed cultivation, c) Extraction of phycocolloids and uses as
food and industrial and pharmaceutical products.
2
References
Abel DC and McConnell 2010. Environmental oceanography: topic analysis. Jones & Bartlett Publ., London
Ahmed ZU, Hassan MA, Begum ZNT, Khondker M, Kabir SMH, Ahmad M, Ahmed ATA, Rahman AKA and Haque EE
(eds) 2007-2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 2-4. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
Anon. 2016. Adaptive Trials on seaweed cultivation, BARC, Farmgate, Dhaka.
Aziz A and Paul AR 2015. Bangladesh Sundarbans: Present Status of the Environment and Biota. Diversity 7: 1-28.
www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity
Aziz A, Rahman Mashrura and Ahmed A 2012. Diversity, distribution and density of estuarine phytoplankton in the
Sundarban mangrove forests, Bangladesh. . Bangladesh J. Bot. 41(1): 87-95..
Bold HC and Wynne MJ 1985. Introduction of the Algae. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA
Castro P and ME Huber 2003. Marine Biology. McGraw Hill. N.Y. 468 pp.
Dawes CJ 1998. Marine Botany. Wilet and Sons, NY. 480 pp.
Islam AKMN 1973. The algal flora of Sundarbans Mangrove forests, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot. 2(2): 11-36.
Islam AKMN 1976. Contribution to the study of marine algae of Bangladesh. Bibliotheca Phycologia 19: 1-253.
Islam AKMN and A Aziz 1975 Study of marine phytoplankton from the north-esterrn Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 4(1-2): 1-32
Lee RE. 2008. Phycology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Levinto J 2009. Marine biology: function, biodiversity and ecology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Speight M and P Henderson 2010. Marine ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Sussex. 276 pp.
Course No. BOT. 403: Ethnobotany
1. Introduction: Definition and history, current scope and potential applications

2. Traditional Botanical Knowledge (TBK): Basic approaches to the study of traditional botanical
knowledge (TBK) and subsistence, Wild plant resources, Domesticated plants and Traditional agriculture
3. Methods in ethnobotanical study: Basic concepts and techniques
4. Ethnopharmacology: Definition, novel compounds, sampling methods, types of screening, plant collection
for phytochemical analysis, preserving the plants, field note and ethical issues
5. Plants in material culture: Plants used as timber, in construction, in art and technology, as fibers, plant
extracts and exudates, managing resources for material culture
6. Understanding traditional plant use and management: Understanding the decision making environment,
factors affecting environmental perception, Ethnotaxonomy and perceived environment
7. History of plant-human interaction: Palaeoethnobotanical evidence
8. Applied and applying ethnobotany: Practical applications of ethnobotanical data and Sustainability and
viability of ethnobotany based projects, Legal mechanism and ethical codes
References
Alexiades MN (ed.) 1996. Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. The New York Botanical
Garden, New York.
Balick MJ and PA Cox 1997. Plants, People and Culture, the Science of Ethnobotany. Scientific American Library, New
York.
Cotton CM 1996. Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.
Given DR and W Harris 1994.Techniques and Methods of Ethnobotany. Published by Commonwealth Secretariate, London.
Martin GJ 1995. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman & Hall, London.
Plotkin M 1994. Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Amazon Rain Forest.
Penguin Books, New York.
Schultes Richard Evans and Siri Von Reis (eds.) 1995. Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Timber Press.
Simpson Beryl B and Molly Connor-Ogorzaly 2000. Economic Botany: Plants in Our World. (3rd Ed.). McGraw Hill.
544 pp.
3
Course No. BOT 404: Climate Change Biology
1. Understanding global climate: earth’s climate system, atmospheric structure and circulation, Hadley cell,
Ferrell cell, Polar cell, mean residence time (MRT), intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), ocean structure
and circulation, El-Nino and La-Nina.
2. Causes of global climate change: factors affecting the changes of earth’s average temperature, human
drivers of change, terrestrial and marine sink of CO2, CO2 effects on climate.
3. Climate change phenomena: evidence and consequences of global climate change, projecting future
changes in the earth’s climate.
4. Landform effects and vegetation influence on climate, temporal variability in climate, long term change,
anthropogenic climate change, relationship of climate to ecosystem distribution and structure.
5. Impacts of global climate change: responses of different organisms and ecosystems to climate change,
extinction risks, climate change and challenges to agriculture in the context of Bangladesh.
6. Mitigation and adaption: mitigation and adaptation mechanisms for the global climate change, C-
sequestration, C-trading, global climate model (GCM) and global initiatives.
References
Chapin III FS, PA Matson and PM Vitousek 2011. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. 2nd Edition. Springer.
Dickens AF, Y Ge´linas, CA Masiello, S Wakeham and JI Hedges 2004. Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine
sediments. Nature 427: 336.
Gates DM 1967. Energy Exchange in the Biosphere. Harper International.
Gates DM 1993. Climate Change and its Biological Consequences. Sinauer Associates Inc.
Gilson L and KJ Willis 2004. As Earth’s testimonies tell: wilderness conservation in a changing world. Ecology Letters
7:990-998.
IPCC 2007 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis, contribution of
working group 1 to the Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Miller GT 2004. Environmental Science: Working with the Earth. Thomson, Brooks / Cole. Australia.
Schär C, PL Vidale, D Lüthi, C Frei, C Häberli, MA Liniger and C Appenzeller 2004. The role of increasing temperature
variability in European summer heat waves. Nature 427(22):332-336.
Sunderland Mintzer IM 1993. Controlling Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
UNEP 1992. Climate Change and Energy Efficiency in Industries.
Course No. BOT 405: Autecology and Environment

Section A (Autecology)
1. Introduction: Definition, historical development, contribution of the prominent Ecologists of the world.
2. The environment of plants: The hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere.
3. The role of green plants in nature with reference to: (i) The Sun-a thermonuclear energy source; (ii)
Radiant energy; (iii) Human population and food supply.
4. Energy environment: Energy exchange in the natural environment; energy budget of different climatic
zones.
5. Salinity: Sources of salinity, salt cycles in nature; classification of saline habitats; and features of
halophytes.
6. Interactions between organisms: Introduction, competition (competitive superiority; occurrence, extent
and ecological effects), predation and parasitism (nature of attack, plant defense, plant responses),
allelopathy (Mechanism, allelopatthy in perspective)
Section B (Environment)
7. Marine environment: Classification; productivity in relation to the Bay of Bengal and mathematical
models.
4
8 Soil environment: (i) physical aspects and (ii) chemical aspects.
9. Ecosystem balance and imbalance: human impact on ecosystems. Water resources and the global picture.
10. Environmental toxicology: Toxicity, mechanism of toxicity, toxic substonus and their effects, extent of
arsenic toxicity in water, soil and plants in Bangladesh.
11. Plant and Pollution: Introduction, effects on individual plants and species interactions, community-level
effects, evolutionary responses.
References
Barbour MG, JH Burk, WD Pitts, FS Gilliam and MW Schwartz MW 1999. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Addison Wesley
Longman.
Crawley MJ. 1997. Plant Ecology. Second Edition. Blackwell Science.
Chapin ES, PA Matson and HA Mooney 2002. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Springer, Singapore.
Chiras DD 1985. Environmental Science. The Benjamin Publishing Co. Inc.
Ehrlich RR, AH Ehrlich and JP Holdren 1977. Eco-Science. W. H. Freeman & Company.
Etherington JR 1971. Environment and Plant Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
Fitter AH and RKM Hay 1987. Environmental Physiology of Plants. Second Edition. Academic Press
Gates DM 1967. Energy Exchange in the Biosphere. Harper International.
Larcher WL 1975. Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag.
Miller GT 2004. Environmental Science: Working with the Earth. Thomson, Brooks / Cole. Australia.
Waisel J 1972. Biology of Halophytes. Academic Press.
Course No. BOT 406: Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition

1. Photosynthesis: (a) Details of C4 and CAM pathways, (b) Comparison of C3, C4 and CAM pathways.
2. Respiration: Pentose phosphate pathway and Photorespiration.
3. Mineral Nutrition: Essential elements, sources and functions of essential elements, Role and deficiency
symptoms of essential elements.
4. Ion absorption of plants: (a) Mechanism of ion absorption: (i) Passive absorption: Donnan equilibrium and
Cation exchange theory. (ii) Active absorption: Evidence of active absorption; Carrier concept; and Anion
respiration or Lundegardth theory. (b) Pathways of translocation of ions: Apoplastic pathway and
symplastic pathway.
5. Growth and development: (a) Discovery, classification, distribution, transport and chemical nature of plant
growth substances. (b) Physiological effects of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and abscisic acid.
6. Nitrogen fixation: (a) Forms of nitrogen available to the plant, (b) Physiological and biological N2 fixation,
(c) Mechanism of N2 fixation.
7. Enzymes: (a) Nomenclature and modern classification of enzymes with examples, (b) Michaelis-Menten
equation, (c) Factors affecting enzyme activity.
References
Devlin RM and FH Witham 1997. Plant Physiology. 4th Ed. CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi.
Epstein E 1972. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Hess D 1975. Plant Physiology. Springer International Student Edition.
Hopkins WG 1991. Introduction to Plant Physiology, 2nd Edn. John Wiley and Son, Inc.
Jain VK 2004. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. 7th Edn. S.Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Ridge I 1991. Plant Physiology. Hodder and Stoughton. The Open University, London.
Salisbury FB and CW Ross 1995. Plant Physiology. 3rd Edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
Taiz L and E Zeiger 1991. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin Cumming Publishing Company, Inc.
5
Course No. BOT 407: Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics

1. Organization and structure of genomes- Genome size, Sequence complexity, Genome structure in viruses
and prokaryotes, the organization of nuclear DNA in eukaryotes.
2. Subdividing the genome- Fragmentation of DNA with restriction enzymes, Separating large fragments of
DNA, Isolation of chromosomes, Chromosome micro-dissection, Vectors for cloning DNA, Choice of
vector.
3. Genome sequence acquisition and analysis- Physical mapping of genomes, Sequencing whole genomes-
sequencing methods and strategies, Benefits of genome sequencing.
4. Proteomic: Introduction to Proteomics, Protein Structures, protein sequencing, Protein identifications (2-D
gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry/MALDI-TOF), Protein Interaction-2-hybrid systems.
5. Proteomics and analysis of protein Sequences: Protein families and evolutionary relationships, Basic
principles of protein sequence comparison, Finding distant relationships.
6. Bioinformatics: Introduction of Bioinformatics. Analyzing DNA, RNA and Protein Sequences, Similarity
Searches on Sequence Databases, Pairwise alignments, Multiple sequence alignment, Phylogenetic analysis,
revealing protein motifs, 3D structural comparisons, prediction and modeling, Application of
bioinformatics.
7. Networks in Bioinformatics/proteomics: Biological networks (Protein interaction networks, gene
regulation networks), Bioinformatics Databases and search tools, Genomics circuits in single gene.
8. Functional genomics: Identification and characterization genes from newly sequenced genome, Drug
design based on bioinformatic tools.
References
Campbell AM and LJ Heyer 2003. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics (2nd Edition). Pearsons
Education. ISBN: 0-8053-4722-4.
Claverie JM and C Notredame 2007. Bioinformatics for DUMMIES (2nd Edition) Wiley Publishing, Inc.111 River Street,
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774.
Pevsner J 2009. Bioinformatics and functional genomics (2nd Edition) John-Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Primrose SB and RM Twyman 2006. Principles of Genome Analysis and Genomics (7th Edition) Blackwell Publishing,
USA.
Reinders J and A Sickmann 2009. Proteomics: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press.
Pevzner PA 2000. Computational Molecular Biology. MIT Press ISBN: 0262161974
Baxevanis AD and BFF Ouellette 2004. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins (Third
Edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Twyman R 2004. Principles of Proteomics (Advanced Texts). Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publisher | ISBN-10:
1859962734.
Course No. BOT 408: Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology

1. Historical background of plant tissue culture and biotechnology.
2. Laboratory organization, plant tissue culture media and other nutritional and hormonal supplements,
sterilization of tissue culture media, equipments and plant materials.
3. Cellular totipotency, establishment and maintenance of callus, cell suspension culture.
4. In vitro organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis
5. Micro-propagation and its commercial application.
6. Production of virus free plants through meristem culture, virus indexing using ELISA test
7. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variations: Causes, stability and applications.
8. Anther and pollen culture for haploid production, factors affecting haploid production and application of
haploid in crop improvement.
9. Isolation and culture of protoplasts, somatic hybridization and cybirdization.
10. Production of secondary metabolites through in vitro culture techniques.
11. Plant genetic engineering: Concepts, methods and applications
6
References
Bhojwani SS 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
Bhojwani SS and MK Razdan 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo.
Draper J, R Scott, P Armitage and R Walden. Plant Genetic Transformation and Gene Expression: a Laboratory Manual.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, Edinberg.
Dixon RA 1985. Plant Cell Culture - a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, Washigton.
Doods JH and LW Roberts 1982. Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, Cambridge University Press.
Gamborg OL and GC Philips. 1995. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Fundamental Methods. Springer.
George ED and PD Sherrington 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Exgetics Publ. Ltd., England.
Grout B 1995. Genetic Preservation of Plant Cells In Vitro. Springer.
Pierik RLM 1997. In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.
Razdan MK 1993. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. (Pvt) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Ronald LP and IK Vasil 1994. DNA based Markers in Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Amsterdam.
Vasil IK (Ed.).2003. Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.
Zimmerman RH, RJ Griesbach, FA Hamerschla and RH Lawson. Tissue Culture as a Plant Propagation System for
Horticultural Crops, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster.
Course No. BOT. 409: Horticulture and Agronomy
1. Definition and scope of horticulture and agronomy.

2. Branches of horticulture. Classification of horticultural plants with examples with special reference to
Bangladesh.
3. Classification of vegetables with examples with special reference to Bangladesh.
4. Horticultural aspects, cultivation, crop husbandry of vegetables in Bangladesh. e.g. Tomato, Brinjal, Lady's
finger.
5. Pomology, horticultural aspects, plantation and cultural practices of fruit yielding plants. e.g. Mango,
Pineapple, Lemon.
6. Floriculture: Floricultural aspects and cultivation of the following plants: Rose, Tuberose, Chrysanthemum.
7. Preparation of seedbed; sowing and seedling growth; seed rate calculation, pre- and post-transplanting care.
8. Propagation of horticultural plants, classification with examples. Details about cutting, layering and
grafting.
9. Fertilizer: Classification of fertilizer, composition, dosage, time and methods of fertilizer application.
10. Irrigation: Sources of irrigation water, quality of irrigation water, importance and methods of irrigation.
References
Denisen EL 1979. Principles of Horticulture. The MacMillan & Co. Ltd. London.
Fordham R and AG Biggs 1985. Principles of Vegetable Crop Production. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., London.
Gopal Chandra DC 1999. Fundamentals of Agronomy, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Janick Julis 1972. Horticulture Science. W.H. Freeman and Co. Sanfracencisco.
Kester Hertman 1979. Plant Propagation, Prentice Hall Inc. New Cliffs, New Jersy.
Bose TK, MC Som and J Kabir 1993. Vegetable Crop, Naya Prokash, Calcutta, India.
Bose TK and SK Mitra 1990. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical, Naya Prokash, Calcutta, India.
Sadhu MK 1989. Plant Propagation, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Singh SS 1988. Principles and Practices of Agronomy, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
gÛj, †gv: †di‡`Šm. 1990. AvaywbK dj weÁvb, D`¨vb-ZË¡ wefvM, evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn|
gwbi“¾vgvb, G.Gd.Gg. I G. wQwÏK. 1985. mwâ weÁvb, 26/2, AvevwmK GjvKv, evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn|
Course No. BOT 410: Biological Limnology

1. The diversity of limnological organisms, setting the environment in water, creation of biotic community,
classification of organisms depending on function, trophic state, habitat and natural classification.
2. Planktonic organisms: general features, composition, suspension mechanism in water, settling velocities
and adaptive mechanisms.
3. Spatial and temporal distribution and measurement of primary productivity of phytoplankton.
7
4. Nutrient requirements of phytoplankton: limiting nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient conditions,
phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon and other nutrients, nutrient interactions. Eutrophication and its causes,
classification, demerits and control.
5. Biological characteristics of the tracheophytes of inland waters: classification, evolution, adaptation in four
main categories (emergent, floating leaved, submerged, free floating).
6. Photosynthesis and heterophilly in aquatic plants, morphological adaptation promoting under water
photosynthesis, dispersal of aquatic plants, quantitative aspects and colonization.
7. Some aspects of geography of hydrophytes, extensive, continental ranges, endemic, discontinuous,
adventives, fossil hydrophytes.
8. Aquatic weeds and their control, aesthetic and economic value.
References
Hutchinson GE 1975. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. III. Limnological Botany. Willey, New York. pp. 660.
Khondker M 1990. “Baboharic Limnology O Mithapanir Jalajaudvider Parichiti” (Practical Limnology and Systematics of
Freshwater Hydrophytes) Dhaka University, Dhaka.pp. 254.
Khondker M 1994. Limnology. Dhansheesh Publ., Dhaka. pp. 464. (in Bangla).
Reynolds CS 1984. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 384.
Sculthorpe CD 1971. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Edward Arnold (Publ.) Ltd. London. pp. 426.
Wetzel RG and GE Likens 2000. Limnological analysis. 3rd Edn. Springer, New York. pp. 429.
Wetzel RG 2001. Limnology, lake and river ecosystems. 3rd edn. Academic Press. San Diego. pp. 1006.
Course No. BOT. 411: Numerical Cytogenetics

1. Numerical aberration- a brief overview.

2. Aneuploid: (a) Hyperploid: Trisomics - Definition, origin, sources, kinds, identification, cytological
behaviour, phenotypic expression, segregation and genetic ratio of different types of trisomic. (b)
Hypoploid: monosomics and nullisomics - introduction, origin, occurrence, identification, cytological and
breeding behaviour.
3. Euploid: (a) Haploid - Definition, origin, classification, phenotypic characters, cytological behavior and
economic importance, (b) Polyploids: Definition, identification, origin, types, cytological behaviour,
phenotypic characters of triploid, autotetraploid, allopolyploid, autoallopolyploid and segmental
allopolyploid, synthetic classification of polyploidy, application in agriculture.
5. Speciation through allopolyploidy and segmental allopolyploidy:
(i) Primula kewensis, (ii) Spertina townsandii, (iii) Raphano-brassica, (iv) Nicotiana tabacum, (v) Brassica
spp., (vi) Gossypium spp., (vii) Triticum aestivum, (viii) Triticale, (ix) Crepis foetida-rubra and (x)
Setcreasea purpurea.
6. Human cytogenetics: Brief introduction, Down’s syndrome, Patau’s syndrome, Edward’s syndrome,
Klinefelter’s syndrome, Triplo X/Trisomy syndrome, XYY syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 2008. Kosh-bangshagati bidhya (3rd Edn.), Bangala Academy, Dhaka.
Burnham CP 1962. Discussions in Cytogenetics, Burges Publishing Company, Minnesota.
Garber ED 1992. Cytogenetics, McGraw-Hill Inc. NY.
Khush GS 1973. Cytogenetics of aneuploids, Acad Press, NY.
Schulz-Schaeffcr J 1980. Cytogenetics. Springer-Verlag, NY.
Singh RJ 2005. Plant Cytogenetics (2nd edition), CRC Press.
Swanson CP, V Merz and YZ Young 1982. Cytogenetics. Prentic Hall Inc. New Jersey, USA.
Course No. BOT 412: Microbial Plant Pathology

1. Mycoplasmal diseases: Introduction, characteristics of phytopathogenic mycoplasma; Selected diseases:

Rice yellow dwarf and little leaf of brinjal.
2. Viral diseases: Introduction; characteristics and symptoms of plant viruses. Translocation and distribution
of viruses in plants; transmission of plant viruses; virus-vector relationship; physiology of virus infected
plants; control of viral diseases, purification of plant viruses and serology of viruses. Selected diseases of
plants. (i) mosaic of bean; (ii) potato leaf roll, (iii) vein clearing of bhendi, (iv) tungro disease of rice, and
(v) bunchy top of banana.
8
3. Bacterial diseases: Introduction, characteristics and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria; methods of
investigation of bacterial diseases; mode of entry of bacteria into the host; action of bacteria on plant tissue;
symptoms and control of bacterial diseases. Causal organism, symptoms, development of disease and
control measures of the following diseases:
(i) bacterial blight of rice, (ii) gummosis of sugarcane,
(iii) citrus canker, (iv) wilt of tomato,
(v) soft rot of potato, (vi) angular leaf spot of cotton
(vii) scab of potato.
4. Nematode diseases: Introduction, characteristics of plant pathogenic nematodes, isolation of nematodes;
phytopathogenic nematodes; control of nematode diseases, symptoms and infection process. Causal
organism, symptoms, and control measures of root-knot of vegetables and ufra disease of rice.
References
Agrios GN 2005. Plant Pathology (5th ed.). Academic Press Inc., New York.
Dropkin VH 1980. Introduction to Plant Nematology, Jhon Willey and Sons, N.Y.
Fahy PC and GJ Persley 1983. Plant Bacterial Disease. A diagnostic guide. Academic Press, London.
Mandahar CL 1987. Introduction to Plant viruses. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Mehrotra RS 1987. Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill Co., New Delhi.
Rangaswami G 1972. Diseases of crop plants in India. Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi.
Course No. BOT 413: Seed Pathology

1. Historical background, scope and prospects of Seed Pathology, economic significance of seed-borne
diseases.
2. Seed diseases: Seed abortion, discoloration, stromatization, necrosis, rot, physiogenic disease (marsh spot,
hollow heart) etc.
3. Seed infestation, infection, location of fungal hyphae in seeds, colonization of seed tissues; location of
Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetous fungi in seeds of crop plants.
4. Methods of seed health testing and identification of seed-borne diseases of fungal origin.
5. Microtechniques in seed histopathology: Histological methods.
6. Methods of seed-plant-seed transmission.
7. Seed certification: Methods of seed certification, field standards and seed standards for rice, wheat and jute.
8. Storage diseases: Effects of storage on seed quality, human, cattle etc.; storage facilities in Bangladesh with
remedies.
9. Control of seed borne diseases: Seed treatment with special references to chemicals; integrated control and
seed quarantine.
References
Agarwal VK and James B Sinclair 2004. Principles of Seed Pathology (2nd ed.), CRC Press Publ. 560 pp.
Agrios GN 2005. Plant Pathology (5th ed.) Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Tokyo, Toronto.
635 pp.
Anonymous 1976 1982. Seed Certificate Agency. Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Christensen, CM and Henry H Kaufman 1969. Grain Storage. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
Singh D and SB Mathur 2004. Histopathology of Seed-borne Infections. CRC Press Publ.
Jha DK 1995. A Text Book on Seed Pathology, Vikash Publ. House Pvt. Ltd.
Nene YL and PN Thapliyal 1980. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. Oxford & HIB Publ. Co., New Delhi.
Paul Neergaard 1979. Seed Pathology. Vol. 1. The MacMillan Press Ltd.
Suryanarayana D 1978. Seed Pathology. Vikash Publ. House, New Delhi.
Trigiano RT, Mark T Windham and Alan S Windham 2004. Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC
Press London, New York, Washington DC. 413 pp.
Course No. BOT 414: Evolution

1. Introduction: Origin versus creation, theory of special creation, concepts regarding origin and back ground
of evolution.
2. Pre-Darwinian concepts: Buffon, Saint Hilaire, Robert Chambers, Herbert Spencer, Franz Unger,
Lamarck, Lamarckism, criticism of Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism.
9
3. Darwin-Wallace theory: Brief life sketch of Charles Darwin and R. A. Wallace, voyage of the HMS
Beagle by Darwin, development of the theory, essence of Darwinism, criticism of Darwinism (emotional
and scientific) and Neo-Darwinism.
4. Evidences of evolution: Paleontological, missing link, living fossil, biogeographical and ecological regions
of world, adaptive radiation, comparative anatomy, vestigial organs, embryological, cytological,
biochemical and molecular evidences.
5. Synthetic theory of evolution: Stebbins' proposal, evolution process, genetic explanation, Hardy-Weinberg
law, static and dynamics of gene in population, genetic death and genetic drift.
6. Natural selection: Types: stabilizing, directional, disruptional, sexual, frequency dependent, kin and
reproductive selection.
7. Speciation: Species concept, characteristics of species, steps of evolution: micro-, macro-, mega-evolution,
patterns of evolution: adaptive divergence, adaptive radiation, parallel, iterative, convergence, anagenesis,
cladogenesis, stasigenesis, Isolation: pre-mating, post-mating, sympatric- and allopatric isolation.
8. Chemical theory of origin of life: (a) Experimental evidences-Operin-Haldane hypothesis, Miller-Urey
experiment. (b) Stages of chemical evolution-origin of carbohydrate, fatty acids, purine, pyrimidine,
polypeptide, pre-organic condensation, organic compound, formation of polymer (protenoid microsphere).
(c) Origin of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
9. Human evolution: Man's place in nature, relation with other primates, some special features of human,
comparative karyotype and molecular analysis between ape and human, fossil evidences.
10. Cosmology: A brief structure of the universe and big bang theory.
References
Akhtaruzzaman M 1998. Bibartanbidhya, Bangla Academy, Dhaka
Case CJ 1986. Cosmology. The search for order of the universe. Tata Books @ Inc.
Darwin C 1992. The origin of species (ed. G.K. Burrow). Penguin Books.
Dobzhansky Th, FJ Ayala, GL Stebbins and JW Valemteni 1990. Evolution. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, Surjeet
Publication
Lewin R 1984. Human evolution. Blackwell Science Publication.
Rastogir VB 1990. Organic evolution. Keder Nath Ram Nath., New Delhi.
Stebbins GL 1971. Process of organic evolution. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Strickberg MQ 1990. Evolution. Jones-Bartlet publication, Boston.

Microbiological Techniques, Marine Botany, Biological Limnology and Ethnobotany
A. Microbiological Techniques
1. Preparation and sterilization of culture media
2. Isolation of bacteria from soil by serial dilution method
3. Pure culture technique by streak and dilution techniques
4. Methylene blue reduction test
5. Observation of Azotobacter by mud-pie technique
6. Preparation of bacteriological stains
B. Marine Botany
1. Field trips to St. Martin’s Island/Sundarbans/Patuakhali Mangrove Forests- collection of Phytoplankton,
Seaweeds and salt marsh plants.
2. Measuring pH, salinity, specific gravity and NTU of marine water.
3. Systematic study of some common phytoplankton, seaweeds and sea-grasses/salt marsh plants.
4. Commercially important seaweeds
5. Commercial products of seaweeds.
6. Determination of chlorophyll a and b in a green alga and phycobilins in red algae.
C. Biological Limnology
1. Study on the morphology and anatomy of some selected aquatic plants covering different taxonomic
groups.
2. Calculation of phytoplankton primary productivity by applying Talling's Model.
10
3. Study of different life forms of aquatic plants.
4. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of pelagic phytoplankton
D. Ethnobotany
1. Individual research project report on particular area or community or disease.
2. Practical Ethnobotany: Observation and study of human interaction with plants in different localities,
cultures and societies.

Climate Change Biology, Microbial Plant Pathology, Seed Pathology
A. Climate Change Biology

1. Measurement of spatial and temporal atmospheric temperature and CO2 variation of Dhaka city and
adjacent areas.
2. Measurement of wetlands temperature variation in and around Dhaka city.
3. Measuring C-sequestration of different plant species.
4. Estimation of C-reserve of soil of different places/forest lands.
5. Students will present a topics related to climate change issues (Subject matter will be determined with
discussion to the course teacher).
B. Microbial Plant Pathology

1. Study of common viral, mycoplasma, bacterial and nematode diseases of plants.
2. Study of bacteria from diseased plant materials (Tomato, Potato, Carrot and Citrus).
3. Culturing of bacterial pathogens.
4. Pathogenicity test of bacterial pathogens.
5. Demonstration of nematodes associated with plant specimens.
C. Seed Pathology
1. Microtechniques in seed histopathology.
2. To acquaint with machinery and chemicals used in seed treatment.
3. Seed health testing: Methods and factors.
4. Study of the effect of seed treatment with chemicals/biological agents.
5. Study of the seed-borne diseases.
6. Study of the seeds with different diseased symptoms.
7. Collection of diseased seed samples from fields.

Horticulture & Agronomy, Autoecology & Environment, Plant Physiology & Plant
Nutrition
A. Horticulture and Agronomy

1. Preparation of seed bed in the field and in earthen containers.
2. Determination of viability of seeds and percentage germination.
3. Transplantation of seedlings. Pre- and post-transplantation care.
4. Demonstration of different propagation techniques.
5. Preparation of different concentration of growth regulator.
6. Rooting of cuttings by growth regulator application.
7. Identification and photograph collection of different flowers & vegetables.
8. Visit to BADC farm at Kashimpur and BARI farm at Joydebpur.
B. Autoecology and Environment
1. Study the vegetation types and the habitats of the University Campus and from local excursions.
2. Determination of minimal sample area (quadrat size) by species/area curve methods.
11
3. Stomatal types of sun and shade habitats.
4. Study of halophyte and pneumatophores.
5. Study of plants of wetland habitat.
6. Determine of soil texture.
7. Study of water pollution level by determining BOD and COD in industrial areas.
C. Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition
1. Extraction and measurement of K+ , Na+ and Cl–in plant tissue.
2. Study of deficiency symptoms of K+.
3. Extraction and measurement of nitrate in plant tissue.

Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
Numerical Cytogenetics
A. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology
1. Handling of different laboratory equipments
2. Sterilization techniques for plant materials and equipments
3. Plant Tissue Culture medium preparation
4. Organogenesis from multicellular explants
5. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using marker gene
6. Demonstration of PCR techniques.
B. Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics
1. Restriction digestion of plant genomic DNA and electrophoretic separation in Agarose gel.
2. SDS-PAGE analysis of total protein content of a plant isolated from tissues/plants of different condition.
3. Ananlysis of DNA, RNA or Protein sequences in Bioedit software.
4. Designing primer using Primer3 software.
5. BLAST search to find similar gene or protein.
6. Multiple alignments of selected sequences.
C. Numerical Cytogenetics
1. Determination of centromeric type, centromeric index, relative length and chromosome formula from the
supplied plates.
2. Preparation of karyotypes and idiograms from the supplied plates.
3. Study of meiosis and determination of chiasma frequency in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of Setcresea
purpurea, (2n=24).
4. Different chromosome banding patterns.
5. Study of meiosis in polyploid, translocation heterozygote and different abnormalities in cell division from
the supplied plates.
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Department of Botany

Sessions : 2015-2016, 2016-2017 & 2017-2018

Year-wise distribution of credits in four years

Year Theory Practical Viva- Extra- Total

Departmental Courses Credit hours

Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Botany)

Departmental Courses Credit hours

Extra-Departmental Courses (For the Students of Botany)

BOT 212: Biostatistics 4

Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Microbiology,

BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology 4

Third Year B.S. Honours Course

BOT 301: Environmental Microbiology 2

Theory Credit hours

BOT 415: Practical-1: Microbiological Techniques, Marine Botany, Biological Limnology,

Course No. BOT 101: General Microbiology

Course No. BOT 102: Lower Fungi

1. Introduction to Phycology: Characteristics and importance of algae.

Course No. BOT 104: Bryophyta

1. Definition, characteristic, distribution, habitats, economic and biological significance of bryophytes.

Course No. BOT 106: Biodiversity

Course No. BOT 107: Practical-1

Course No. BOT 108: Practical-2

Course No. BOT 109: Viva-Voce

Extra Departmental Course

A. Theory (Marks: 80)

Practical (Marks: 20)

Theory (Marks: 80)

Practical (Marks: 20)

Practical (Marks 20)

Departmental Courses Credit hours

Extra-Departmental Courses (For the Students of Botany)

BOT 212: Biostatistics 4

Extra-Departmental Courses (For the students of Microbiology,

BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology 4

Course No. BOT 202: Gymnosperms, Paleobotany and Economic Botany

Course No. BOT 203: Anatomy

Course No. BOT 204: Synecology

Course No. BOT 205: Cytology

1. Introduction to cytology: Cell, cell concept and primitive cell.

Course No. BOT 206: Fundamental Plant Physiology

Theory: 2 Credits: 50 Marks

Course No. BOT 207: Fundamental Genetics

Course No. BOT 208: Elementary Plant Breeding

Theory: 2 Credits: 50 Marks

B. Gymnosperm, Paleobotany and Economic Botany

Course No. BOT 210: Practical-2

F. Fundamental Plant Physiology

H. Elementary Plant Breeding

Course No. BOT 211: Viva-voce: 2 Credit hours

Extra Departmental Courses-1

Course No. BOT 212: Biostatistics

Theory: 4 Credits: 100 Marks

Extra Departmental Course

Course No. SOIL 002: Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility

Theory: 4 Credits: 100 Marks

Extra Departmental Course

Course No. BOT 2001: Introductory Mycology

Theory: 4 Credits: 100 Marks

4. A general discussion in the role of the fungi as -

Practical (Marks: 20)

Theory: 4 Credits: 100 Marks

Practical (Marks: 20)

Theory: 4 Credits: 1100 Marks