metals

Article
Numerical Simulation of Steel Reinforced Concrete
(SRC) Joints
Isaac Montava 1, *, Ramon Irles 1 , Jorge Segura 2 , Jose Maria Gadea 2 and Ernesto Juliá 2
1 Departamento de Ingenieria Civil, Universitat d’Alacant, 03080 Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Spain;
ramon.irles@ua.es
2 Departamento de Mecánica de los Medios Continuos y Teoría de las Estructuras, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Campus d’Alcoi, 03801 Alcoi, Spain; jsegura@mcm.upv.es (J.S.); jmgadea@mes.upv.es (J.M.G.);
erjusan@mes.upv.es (E.J.)
* Correspondence: isaac.montava@ua.es; Tel.: +0034-966528428




Received: 13 December 2018; Accepted: 22 January 2019; Published: 26 January 2019


Abstract: This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element model to confirm experimental tests
carried out on steel reinforced concrete joints. The nonlinear behavior of this concrete is simulated,
along with its reduced capability to resist large displacements in compression. The aim was to
obtain the plastic behavior of reinforced concrete beams with a numerical model in the same way as
obtained experimentally, in which the reduction of strength in the post-critical stage was considered
to simulate behavior until structures collapsed. To do this, a nonlinear calculation was necessary
to simulate the behavior of each material. Three numerical models provide a moment–curvature
graph of the cross-section until collapse. Simulation of the structural elements is a powerful tool
that avoids having to carry out expensive experimental tests. From the experimental results a finite
element model is simulated for the non-linear analysis of steel reinforced concrete joints. It is possible
to simulate the decreasing stress behavior of the concrete until reaching considerable displacement.
A new procedure is discussed to capture the moment-curvature diagram. This diagram can be used
in a simplified frame analysis, considering post-critical behavior for future research.

Keywords: reinforced concrete; steel-reinforced concrete; joint; reinforcement; numerical simulation;

post-critical; moment-curvature

1. Introduction
Reinforced concrete framed structures are the most commonly used structural system in our
society, especially in residential typologies. These reinforced concrete structures offer high ductility and
break usually on joints when faced with seismic action, and it is necessary to analyze if reinforcement
is capable of absorbing a large amount of energy to avoid failing structures. The higher ductility,
the greater energy absorption becomes against earthquakes and the greater the deformation that can
be achieved without structural collapsing.
According to Akiyama [1], the first controversy on flexibility and rigidity started in Japan after
the Kanto earthquake. From the 1960s, a need emerged to add strength and stiffness to structures
when planning to build them in areas at high seismic risk. The last step was to provide buildings with
elements designed to dissipate the energy generated by earthquakes with base insulation and layers of
elastomers to absorb horizontal displacement.
The three specimens were analyzed by numerical simulation to compare the results with
the experimental tests. The model beam corresponded to a T-joint of a conventional frame with
a concentrated load, which corresponded to a horizontal or vertical force (Figure 1). The T shape was
chosen because of the test frame’s characteristics. Different constructive solutions were considered

Metals 2019, 9, 131; doi:10.3390/met9020131 www.mdpi.com/journal/metals

Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20

Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20

chosen
Metals because
2019, 9, 131 of the test frame’s characteristics. Different constructive solutions were considered
2 of to
20
analyze the real behavior of the beam from the elastic to plastic range and collapse. Load was defined
chosen because of the test frame’s characteristics. Different constructive solutions were considered to
as a prescribed displacement located in the center of the beam to know its plastic behavior. The first
analyze
to analyze the realreal
behavior of the ofbeam fromfromthe elastic to plastic range and collapse. Load was defined
model, P03,the was a behavior
3.6 m long the beam
pinned beam with the elastic to plastic
a concentrated range
load in and
the collapse.
center, withLoad was
a steel
as a prescribed
defined as a displacement
prescribed located inlocated
displacement the centerin of center
the the beam of to know
the beam its
to plasticits
know behavior.
plastic The first
behavior.
reinforcement of four bars (12 mm in diameter). The second model, P04, had the same reinforcement,
model,
The firstP03,
model,wasP03,
a 3.6
was m longmpinned beambeam withwitha concentrated load in in
thethecenter, with
withaa steel
but with the addition of aa 23.6 longHEB-100
m long pinned cross-section a concentrated
in the central loadpart. Thecenter,
third model, steel
P05,
reinforcement
reinforcement of
of four
four bars
bars (12
(12 mm
mm in
in diameter).
diameter). The
The second
second model,
model, P04,
P04, had
had the
the same
same reinforcement,
reinforcement,
was a reinforced concrete beam capable of supporting a similar load to the P04 model, but without
but
but with
with the addition
thesection,
addition of
of aaa22steel
m long
m long HEB-100
HEB-100 cross-section in in the central part.
part. The third model, P05,
the metallic with reinforcementcross-section
of two bars (16 the
mmcentral
in diameter) The
andthird model,
two bars P05,
(20 mm
was
was a reinforced
a reinforced concrete
concrete beam
beam capable of
capable of were supporting
supporting a similar load to the P04 model, but without
in diameter) (Figure 2). Our conclusions similara similar
to thoseload to theby
reached P04recognized
model, butstudies
withoutwiththe
the metallic
metallic section,
section, with with
a a steel
steel reinforcement
reinforcement of of two
two barsbars
(16 (16
mm mmin in diameter)
diameter) and and
two two bars
bars (20 (20
mm mm in
more complex frames in which loads were applied in a reverse direction, such as in reference [2].
in diameter)
diameter) (Figure
(Figuresuch 2).
2). Our Our conclusions were similar to those reached by recognized studies with
Recent research, as conclusions
in referencewere similar that
[3], shows to those reached byreinforced
high-strength recognizedconcrete
studies with more
structures
more
complex complex
frames frames
in whichin which
loads loadsapplied
were were applied
in a in a reverse
reverse direction,direction,
such assuch
in as in reference
reference [2]. [2].
Recent
confined with tubular profiles and embedded metal profiles display the best behavior.
Recent
research, research,
such as such as in reference
in reference [3], shows[3],that
shows that high-strength
high-strength reinforced reinforced concrete structures
concrete structures confined
confined with tubular profiles and embedded metal profiles
with tubular profiles and embedded metal profiles display the best behavior. display the best behavior.

Figure 1. Detail of the T-joint in a conventional frame.

Figure 1. Detail of the T-joint in a conventional frame.
Figure 1. Detail of the T-joint in a conventional frame.

Figure 2. Models P03, P04, and P05.

Figure 2. Models P03, P04, and P05.
Reinforced concrete is a difficult material to model with the finite element method. Wide-ranging
studies have simulated the behavior Figure 2. Models P03,
of reinforced P04, and
concrete P05.
with finite element software but very few
have simulated the plastic region in which concrete cracks reduce its strength.
Metals 2019, 9, 131 3 of 20

There are several computational mechanics models to describe the behavior of concrete.
Some models are focused on different approaches of the cracking process, including smeared crack,
damage, and plasticity models [4–6].
In this work, the model presents the same modulus of elasticity for tension and compression
in the elastic region. Otherwise, this model allows us to simulate different plastic behavior for the
material in tension and compression. This is the studied case; the behavior from yield is different in
tension and compression for the material.
The yield strength and isotropic hardening behavior may be different in tension and in
compression. Different yield criteria and plastic flow potentials are used for tension and compression.
The tension behavior is pressure-dependent, and the Rankine maximum stress criterion is used.
The compression behavior is pressure-independent, and the von Mises yield criterion is used [7,8].
With Abaqus software, the numerical results were compared to the experimental results obtained
in reference [9] but the models cannot simulate all the plastic regions with reduced strength until
failure. Other studies have compared and introduced the solid material in Ansys to model reinforced
concrete excluding the plastic region [10].
The nonlinearity and geometry of the material make it difficult to model with the finite element
method [11]. A nonlinear simulation was carried out by the finite element method with the Ansys
software. The simulation with a damage-based model of concrete (Solid65) did not allow large
displacements and resulted in an unstable model that was not valid for the present research. It was
possible to obtain images of the initial cracks of the concrete in deflections up to 10 mm. Concrete
structures reinforced with metal sections have been used in many countries with high seismic risk.
In steel reinforced concrete structures, the ductility of the material and its capability to absorb energy
are improved, while protecting the steel against fire [12].
Other studies such as [13,14] analyze the reinforcement of structures at joints and in walls with
steel sections.
The PhD thesis of Suswanto [15] analyzes experimentally and numerically the behavior of eight
joints: Four of the steel-reinforced concrete in columns and beams (SRC), three of the steel-reinforced
concrete in columns and the steel in beams (SRCS), and one steel joint in columns and beams (S).
Tests were carried out with vertical cyclic loads. The moment–curvature graphs, obtained numerically
by XTRACT Analysis Report software, are particularly significant. The studies of Anastasiadis,
Mosoarca, and Gioncu [16] facilitate the understanding of the relationship between the capability of
the rotation of a beam and its ductility. The PhD thesis by Fenollosa [17] is of special interest when
analyzing the behavior of composite steel and concrete columns subjected to bending and compression.
In recent years, there have been numerous studies [18–26] analyzing the behavior of reinforced
concrete joints. In particular, models with moment–curvature graphs are an interesting way to simulate
the complex behavior of large structures [27].
Finite element models improve the understanding of mechanical behavior and allow new
variables and alternatives to be introduced without having to conduct expensive experimental tests.
These models must be adjusted, compared, and validated with the experimental results until reliable
results are achieved.

2. Objectives
The objective of this paper is to describe the process of developing a three-dimensional model
capable of reproducing the experimental tests in the thesis of the first author [28] in all the behavior
stages until the material’s failure.
The intention is to simulate the loss of strength of concrete in the post-critical stage in large
strains with all their integrating elements to obtain a moment–curvature graph. The ultimate goal is
to analyze in future research the behavior of the 2D and 3D simplified bar frames depicted by these
moment–curvature graphs subjected to vertical and horizontal loads, to simulate the seismic effect and
compare the results obtained in different constructive solutions.
 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 20
Metals 2019, 9, 131 4 of 20
moment–curvature graphs subjected to vertical and horizontal loads, to simulate the seismic effect
and compare the results obtained in different constructive solutions.
Figure
Figure33shows
showsthe
theexperimental
experimentalset-up
set-upused
usedtototest
testthe
thespecimens.
specimens.The
Thereinforced
reinforcedconcrete
concrete
prototypes were manufactured in the civil engineering laboratory with
prototypes were manufactured in the civil engineering laboratory with the HA-25 the HA-25 concrete.
concrete. These
These prototypes were tested in a Servosis test frame (model ME-406/30, Servosis, Madrid, Spain),
prototypes were tested in a Servosis test frame (model ME-406/30, Servosis, Madrid, Spain), which
which can apply
can apply a maximum
a maximum force
force of 300ofkN.
300 kN.

Figure3.3.Experimental
Figure Experimentalset-up.
set-up.

The
Theload
load is
is applied as
as an
animposed
imposeddisplacement
displacementinin the
the center
center of of
thethe simply
simply supported
supported beam.
beam. The
The values of the obtained displacements are repeated twice, in load-unload
values of the obtained displacements are repeated twice, in load-unload cycles, and they increase
they increase
with
withaaparabolic
parabolicprogression
progressionuntil
untilthe
themaximum
maximumvaluevalueofof330
330mm.
mm.
AAvertical
verticalforce-displacement
force-displacementgraph
graphisisobtained
obtainedininthe
thecenter
centerofofthe
thebeam.
beam.

3.3.Numerical
NumericalSimulation
Simulation
3.1. Numerical Model
3.1. Numerical Model
The analysis of the model is nonlinear, with two nonlinearities: Material and geometry. The model
The analysis of the model is nonlinear, with two nonlinearities: Material and geometry. The
was made with the APDL module in ANSYS, in its windows graphic interface, by introducing loads as
model was made with the APDL module in ANSYS, in its windows graphic interface, by introducing
displacements imposed to perform plastic simulation. To build the model, the ANSYS APDL module,
loads as displacements imposed to perform plastic simulation. To build the model, the ANSYS APDL
versions 16.2 and 17.2, were used with the research license of the Department of Civil Engineering at
module, versions 16.2 and 17.2, were used with the research license of the Department of Civil
the University of Alicante. The simulated specimens are described in Table 1.
Engineering at the University of Alicante. The simulated specimens are described in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of the tests carried out. RC, reinforced concrete; SRC, steel reinforced concrete in
Table 1. Summary of the tests carried out. RC, reinforced concrete; SRC, steel reinforced concrete in
columns and beams.
columns and beams.
Prototype Typology Beam Section (mm2 ) Bottom Frame Profile Distance between Supports
Prototype Typology Beam Section (mm2) Bottom Frame Profile Distance between Supports
P03 P03 HA (RC)
HA (RC) 300 × 250
300 × 250 4 ø 12 – – 3.30 m
3.30 m
P04 P04 HAAHAA
(SRC)(SRC) × 250
300300 × 250 44 ø 12
ø 12 HEB-100
HEB-100 3.30 m
3.30 m
P05 P05 HA (RC)
HA (RC) × 250
300300 × 250 22 øø 16
16 + + 22 øø 20
20 – – 3.30 m
3.30 m

Threespecimens
Three specimenswereweresimulated:
simulated: P03
P03 with
with no
nosteel
steelsection,
section,P04
P04with
withaasteel
steelsection,
section,and
andP05
P05
withno
with nosteel
steelsection,
section,but
butwith
withP04’s
P04’sstrength
strengthand
andlarge
largedeflections.
deflections.For
Forthe
thegeometry,
geometry,the
themodel
modelwas
was
divided into volumes to control the meshing process (see Figure
divided into volumes to control the meshing process (see Figure 4). 4).
 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20
9, x131
2019, 8,
Metals 2018, FOR PEER REVIEW 55of
of 20
20

Figure 4. Prototypes P03, P04, and P05 (similar to P03 with different reinforcements), simulated with
Figure 4. Prototypes P03, P04, and P05 (similar to P03 with different reinforcements), simulated
ANSYS.
Figure 4. Prototypes P03, P04, and P05 (similar to P03 with different reinforcements), simulated with
with ANSYS.
ANSYS.
ToTo achieve
achieve thethe convergence
convergence of the
of the solution,
solution, displacements
displacements werewere applied
applied instead
instead of forces.
of forces.
To achieve the convergence of the solution, displacements were applied instead of forces.
3.2.3.2. Materials
Materials
3.2. Materials
In In
thethe Ansys
Ansys software,
software, thethe material
material used
used in in
thethe finite
finite element
element modelmodel forfor concrete
concrete predicts
predicts thethe
In of
failure
failure theof Ansys software,
quasi-brittle
quasi-brittle the material
materials.
materials. used
Concrete,
Concrete, ainquasi-brittle
the finite element
a quasi-brittle model
material,
material, is is for concrete
simulated
simulated with
with predicts
a the
a simplified
simplified
failure
model
model of in
in quasi-brittle
which
which thethe materials.graph
stress–strain
stress–strain Concrete,
graph a quasi-brittle
decreases
decreases in in
thethe material,
lastlast part
part isthe
after
after simulated
the maximum
maximum with a simplified
stress
stress value
value (see(see
model
Figure
Figure in
5).which
5).
AnAn the
eight stress–strain
eight nodes
nodes element graph
element decreases
withwith three
three in the
degrees
degrees last part in
of freedom
of freedom afterinthe
each maximum
each
node node stress
(Solid(Solid
185) value
185)
was was(see
used used
for
Figure 5). An
for simulating
simulating eight nodes element with three degrees of freedom in each node (Solid 185) was used
concrete.
concrete.
for simulating concrete.

Figure 5. Stress-strain graph of concrete [29].

Figure 5. Stress-strain graph of concrete [29].
In this study, the fragile behavior5.ofStress-strain
Figure the material graph
wasof concrete [29].
considered with both ways of failure (tension
In this study, the fragile behavior of the material was considered with both ways of failure
and compression), and its strength was significantly reduced in compression to simulate the collapse.
In thisand
(tension study, the fragile and
compression), behavior of thewas
its strength material was considered
significantly reduced inwith both ways
compression of failurethe
to simulate
The used model material has yield strength and isotropic hardening behavior and was different in
(tension andThe
collapse. compression),
used model and its strength
material was significantly
has yield strength and reduced in compression
isotropic to simulate
hardening behavior andthe
was
tension and in compression. It has been implemented from the stress–strain graph and obtained
collapse. The
different in used model
tension and inmaterial has yield
compression. strength
It has and isotropic from
been implemented hardening behavior and
the stress–strain was
graph and
experimentally for solid elements (Figure 6). A model was designed in which strength decreased when
different
obtainedin tension and in compression.
experimentally It has been
for solid elements implemented
(Figure 6). A model from
wasthe stress–strain
designed graph
in which and
strength
displacements increased due to the cracking concrete.
obtained
decreasedexperimentally for solidincreased
when displacements elementsdue(Figure
to the6).cracking
A model was designed in which strength
concrete.
decreased when displacements increased due to the cracking concrete.
 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20

Behaviour Stress-Strain of concrete

Metals 2018, 8, x FOR 35
PEER REVIEW 6 of 20
Metals 2019, 9, 131 6 of 20

Stress (Mpa)
30

25 Behaviour Stress-Strain of concrete

35
20
Stress (Mpa)
30
15
25
10
20
5
15
-
-0.005 10 - 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
-5
5 Strain (mm/mm)
-10
-
-0.005 - 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
-5
Figure 6. Stress-Strain of concrete from the numerical model. Strain (mm/mm)
-10
The model materials
Figurefor the reinforcing
6. Stress-Strain steel from
of concrete bars the
had the same
numerical properties as those tested
model.
experimentally, and the most suitable material was used in each model.
The model
B500S steelmaterials
wasFigure for the reinforcing
6. Stress-Strain
introduced steel from
of concrete
into the model bars linear
like had
the the same
numerical properties
model.
elements as those
with isotropic tested
multilinear
experimentally, and the most suitable material was used in each model.
behavior (multilinear isotropic hardening) (Figure 7), which was similar to the experimental
The model
B500S
behavior. materials
steel was for the
introduced reinforcing
into steellinear
the model like bars elements
had the with
sameisotropic
properties as thosebehavior
multilinear tested
experimentally, and the most suitable material was used in each model.
(multilinear isotropic hardening) (Figure 7), which was similar to the experimental behavior.
B500S steel was introduced into the model like linear elements with isotropic multilinear
behavior (multilinear isotropic hardening) (Figure 7), which was similar to the experimental
behavior.

Figure 7. Multilinear isotropic hardening behavior.

Figure 7. Multilinear isotropic hardening behavior.
All the reinforcing bars were generated using linear elements with three degrees of freedom at
All (LINK180).
the ends the reinforcing
The bars wereand
concrete generated using
steel nodes linear
were elementsand
coincident with three
share thedegrees
degreesofoffreedom at
freedom.
the ends (LINK180). The concrete and steel nodes were coincident and share the degrees of
Figure 8 shows the stress–strain graph behavior introduced into the material used as reinforcing bars freedom.
Figure Figure 7.
8 shows the stress–strain Multilinear
graph behaviorisotropic hardening
introduced intobehavior.
the material used as reinforcing bars
for the simulation.
for the simulation.
All the reinforcing bars were generated using linear elements with three degrees of freedom at
the ends (LINK180). The concrete and steel nodes were coincident and share the degrees of freedom.
Figure 8 shows the stress–strain graph behavior introduced into the material used as reinforcing bars
for the simulation.
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 20

Metals 2018,
Metals 9, x131
2019, 8, FOR PEER REVIEW Behaviour Stress-Strain of Reinforcing bars 7 7ofof20
20

500

Stress (Mpa)
Behaviour Stress-Strain
400
of Reinforcing bars
500

Stress (Mpa)
300
400
200
300
100
200
0
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 100 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-100 Strain (mm/mm)
0
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 -200 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-100 Strain (mm/mm)
-300
-200
-400
-300
-500
-400

-500
Figure 8. Detail of the stress–strain diagram of the reinforcing bars.
Figure 8. Detail of the stress–strain diagram of the reinforcing bars.
To generate the HEB section, a linear element of six degrees of freedom in each node (BEAM188)
To generate
was used, theFigure
with axial, HEB 8. Detail aoflinear
shear,section,
the stress–strain
element ofdiagram
and bending capabilities. six of theof
Thedegrees
reinforcing
freedom
cross-section HEB100
bars.
in each
wasnode (BEAM188)
assigned to this
was used,
element. with axial, shear, and bending capabilities. The cross-section HEB100 was assigned to
To generate the HEB section, a linear element of six degrees of freedom in each node (BEAM188)
this The
element.
S275 steel for the section was modelled with bilinear behavior to facilitate convergence (see
was used, with axial, shear, and bending capabilities. The cross-section HEB100 wasconvergence
assigned to this
Figure 9), S275
The with steel for
a differenttheelastic
section wasfrom
limit modelled with
the steel bilinear
of the behavior
reinforcing to facilitate
bars. The modulus (see
of elasticity
element.
Figure 9), with a different elastic limit from the steel of the reinforcing bars. The modulus of elasticity
was 210 GPa for both steels and Poisson’s ratio was 0.3.
was The S275for
210 GPa steel forsteels
both the section was modelled
and Poisson’s with
ratio was bilinear behavior to facilitate convergence (see
0.3.
Figure 9), with a different elastic limit from the steel of the reinforcing bars. The modulus of elasticity
was 210 GPa for both steels andBehaviourPoisson’sStress-Strain
ratio was 0.3.of Steel section
400
Stress (Mpa)

Behaviour Stress-Strain
300 of Steel section
200
400
Stress (Mpa)

100
300
0
200
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-100
100
-2000 Strain (mm/mm)
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-300
-100
-400
-200 Strain (mm/mm)
-300
Figure 9. Stress–strain diagram of steel for the cross-section.
-400
Figure 9. Stress–strain
Eurocode 3 [30] considers diagramusing
plastic calculation of steelafor the cross-section.
graph with a residual slope in the plastic
region, with slight hardening in deflection (see Figure 10).
Eurocode 3 [30] considers plastic calculation using a graph with a residual slope in the plastic
Figure 9. Stress–strain diagram of steel for the cross-section.
region, with slight hardening in deflection (see Figure 10).
Eurocode 3 [30] considers plastic calculation using a graph with a residual slope in the plastic
region, with slight hardening in deflection (see Figure 10).
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR
Metals 2018,PEER REVIEW 8 of 20
Metals 2019, 9,8,131
x FOR PEER REVIEW 88 of
of2020

Figure 10. Stress–strain

Figure
Figure 10. bilinear diagram,
10.Stress–strain
Stress–strainbilinear with second
bilineardiagram,
diagram,withbranch
withsecondinclined
secondbranch for nonlinear
branchinclined
inclinedfor calculations
fornonlinear
nonlinear [31].
calculations
calculations[31].
[31].

This
Thisfacilitates
This facilitates thethe
facilitates numerical
the numerical convergence
convergence
numerical of calculations
of calculations
convergence without
without
of calculations significantly
significantly
without varyingvarying
varying
significantly the results.
the the
results. Loss
Loss of
of resistant
resistant capacity
capacity was
was not
not contemplated
contemplated due
due to
to steel
steel breakage.
breakage.
results. Loss of resistant capacity was not contemplated due to steel breakage.
4. Simulated
4. Simulated ModelsModels
4. Simulated Models
4.1. Reinforced
4.1. Reinforced ConcreteConcrete
Beam P03 Beam P03
4.1. Reinforced Concrete Beam P03
The
The models models with 200 mm displacement at the of
center of theare
beam are presented, in which
The with
models200with
mm 200 displacement at the center
mm displacement the beam
at the center of the beampresented, in which
are presented, in which
reinforcement
reinforcement presents
presents presents plasticity.
plasticity. Figure
Figure 11Figure11 shows
shows11the the
maximummaximum deflection.
deflection.
reinforcement plasticity. shows the maximum deflection.

Figure
Figure 11. 11. Deflection
Deflection of the
of the beam (inbeam
mm) (in mm) formm
the 200 mm deflection.
Figure 11. Deflection of the beamfor
(inthe
mm)200
for thedeflection.
200 mm deflection.

Figure Figure
12 12 represents
represents
Figure
the maximum
the maximum
12 represents
stresses
stresses
the maximum in inthe
theconcrete
stresses
concrete obtained
obtained with
withthe
in the concrete obtained
maximum
the maximum
with
deflection
the maximum
of
deflection 200 mm, where
of 200 mm, wherethe maximum tension value was 3.49 MPa in the lower beam part and 14.6 MPa to
deflection of 200 mm,the maximum
where tension value
the maximum tensionwas 3.49was
value MPa3.49
in the
MPalower
in thebeam
lowerpart andpart
beam and
14.6 MPacompression in theinupper
to compression beambeam
the upper part. part.
TheseThese
values were were
values belowbelow
the 30the
MPa
30 of
MPa maximum compressive
14.6 MPa to compression in the upper beam part. These values were below the of
30maximum
MPa of maximum
strength
compressive because
strength it wasitinwas
because theinpostcritical stage.stage.
compressive strength because itthe postcritical
was in the postcritical stage.
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 9 of 20
Metals
Metals2018, 8, x8,FOR
2018, PEER
x FOR REVIEW
PEER REVIEW 9 of 20 20
9 of

Figure
Figure Figure
12.12.
Stress 12.
in in
Stress Stress in tension,
concrete,
concrete,concrete, tension,
and
tension, and compression
compression
and (in(in
compression MPa) (infor
for
MPa) MPa)
a 350 formm
mm
a 350 adeflection.
350 mm deflection.
deflection.

Figure
Figure13Figure
13shows 13 the
shows shows the plastic
theplastic
plasticregion
regionregion
ofofthe ofupper
the the upper
upper and and
andlower lower
lower reinforcements,
reinforcements,
reinforcements, with with
with amaximum
maximum stress
a amaximum
stress
stress of
ofof 376.5
376.5
376.5 MPa.
MPa.
MPa. TheThe
The maximum
maximum
maximum stress
stress
stresswas was
was reached
reached
reached in
inin previous
previous
previous stages
stages
stages as
asas
the the
the maximum
maximum
maximum strain
strain
strain of 0.003
ofof
0.003
0.003waswas
wasveryvery
verylow low
low and
and
andwaswas
was achieved
achieved
achieved in
inin the
the initial
initial
the initial nonlinear
nonlinear
nonlinear calculation
calculation
calculation steps
steps
steps (Figure
(Figure
(Figure 14).
14). The
The
14). Thetotal
total strain
total of
strain
strain the
ofofthe steel
thesteeland
steeland concrete
andconcrete in
concrete inthe
the
in contact
contact
the contactareas
areas
areaswas
was the
wasthe same,
same,
the same,which
which
whichensured
ensured
ensured correct
correct
correctadherence
adherence
adherence as nodes
asasnodes were
nodeswere coincident.
werecoincident. The
coincident.The elastic
Theelastic strain
elasticstrain corresponded
straincorresponded to the
correspondedtotothe elastic limit
theelastic
elasticlimitof steel of
limitofofsteel 400 MPa,
steelofof400 MPa, was
which
400MPa,
which
which 0.001,
was
was whose
0.001,
0.001,whosemaximum
whose maximum
maximum value waswas
value
value 0.25
was (see
0.250.25 Figure
(see Figure
(see 15).15).
Figure 15).

Figure 13.13.
Figure Stress
Figure in in
13.
Stress reinforcements,
Stress
reinforcements, tension,
in reinforcements, and
tension, compression
tension,
and (in(in
MPa)
and compression
compression for a 350
(infor
MPa) MPa) mm adeflection.
formm
a 350 350 mm deflection.
deflection.
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 10 of 20
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 20

Figure 14. Plastic

Figurestrain on thestrain
14. Plastic x-axison
in the concrete,
the x-axis tension,
in the and compression
concrete, tension, and for a 350 mm for
compression deflection.
a 350 mm deflection.

Figure 15. Plastic

Figure strain on the
15. Plastic x-axis
strain oninthe
thex-axis
plasticity reinforcements,
in the tension, andtension,
plasticity reinforcements, compression for a
and compression for
350 mm deflection.
a 350 mm deflection.

The information
The information obtained obtained
from the from
evolutionthe evolution of the force–displacement
of the force–displacement diagramthe
diagram during during the
vertical force application was evaluated. The results were similar to
vertical force application was evaluated. The results were similar to those from the experimental those from the experimental
results
results (see (see16
Figures Figures 16 and
and 17). The17). The three-dimensional
three-dimensional model model wastoable
was able to reproduce
reproduce experimental tests
experimental
in the
tests in the thesis
thesis of of thefirst
the firstauthor
author of
of this
thispaper
paper [28].
[28].Different constructive
Different constructivesolutions of
solutionsthe
ofrepresentative
the
representative beam of the gantry (see Table 1) were submitted to a growing cyclic loading andprocess to
beam of the gantry (see Table 1) were submitted to a growing cyclic loading and unloading
unloadingknow their
process to real
know behavior
their realin behavior
elastic and in plastic
elastic phases untilphases
and plastic breakage occurred,
until breakagewhich was achieved
occurred,
which wasonly in the less
achieved onlyductile sets.ductile
in the less Load wassets.introduced
Load was as a displacement
introduced imposed on the
as a displacement centeron
imposed of the beam.
Figure 17 shows the envelope curve of the real test.
the center of the beam. Figure 17 shows the envelope curve of the real test.
Metals 2018, 8,Metals
x FOR2019,
PEER9,REVIEW
131 11 of 20 11 of 20
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20

Figure 16. Force–displacement diagram of beam P03 from the numerical model.
Figure 16.Figure 16. Force–displacement
Force–displacement diagram diagram of beam
of beam P03 fromP03
the from the numerical
numerical model. model.

Figure 17. Force–displacement diagram of beam P03 from the experimental results.

Figure 17. Force–displacement diagram of beam P03 from the experimental results.
By introducing the concrete material with the elastoplastic behavior with a decreasing final part
Figure 17. Force–displacement diagram of beam P03 from the experimental results.
in the graph, the results were comparable to those obtained experimentally.
By introducing the concrete material with the elastoplastic behavior with a decreasing final part
By introducing
in the graph, the resultsthe concrete
were material
comparable with the elastoplastic behavior with a decreasing final part
to those
4.2. Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beam P04 obtained experimentally.
in the graph, the results were comparable to those obtained experimentally.
TheConcrete
4.2. Steel-Reinforced second Beam
modelP04to be analyzed was an HEB100 cross-section embedded in the center of the
4.2. Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beam the
section. The deflection at P04center of the beam reached 350 mm (see Figure 18).
The second model to be analyzed was an HEB100 cross-section embedded in the center of the
section. The second model
The deflection tocenter
at the be analyzed was an
of the beam HEB100
reached 350cross-section embedded
mm (see Figure 18). in the center of the
section. The deflection at the center of the beam reached 350 mm (see Figure 18).
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 12 of 20
Metals 2018, 8, xx FOR
Metals 2018, 8, FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 12 of
12 of 20
20

Figure 18.
Figure 18.Figure
Deflection of the
the beam
beam
18. Deflection
Deflection of (in
of (in mm)
themm) for
(inaamm)
beamfor 350 mm
350 mm deflection.
for adeflection.
350 mm deflection.

Figure 19Figure
Figure 19 shows19the
shows
shows
the the regions
regions
regions of
of maximum
of maximum
maximum compression
compression
compression
stress
stress in
stress in in concrete
concrete
concrete theon
on the
on
the upper
upper
upper
part of the
part of
part of
the bar barin
bar and
and and
theinarea
the close
area area close
thetonode.
to the the node.
node.
the in the close to

19.Figure
Figure 19. 19.ofStresses
Stresses concreteofin
inconcrete
tension in tension
and and compression
compression for aa 350 for adeflection
350 mm
mm 350 mm deflection
at the at the center.
the center.
center.
Figure Stresses of concrete tension and compression for deflection at
The tensile stresses in concrete were very small in the lower part of the joint and corresponded to
The tensile
The tensile stresses
stresses in
in concrete
concrete were
were very
very small
small in
in the
the lower
lower part
part of
of the
the joint
joint and
and corresponded
corresponded
the value introduced into the stress–strain diagram. For the maximum deflection, we observed that
to the
to the value
value introduced
introduced intointo the
the stress–strain
stress–strain diagram.
diagram. For
For the
the maximum
maximum deflection,
deflection, we
we observed
observed that
that
the maximum compression stress in the concrete was 16.28 MPa, which caused cracking and loss of
the maximum
the maximum compression
compression stress in the
stress in the concrete
concrete was 16.28 MPa,
was 16.28 diagram which
MPa, which caused
caused cracking
cracking and loss
and loss of
strength as it was introduced into the stress–strain of the material represented in of
Figure 6.
strength as it was
strength as it was introduced
introduced into the stress–strain diagram of the material represented in Figure 6.
Figure 20 showsintothe the stress–strain
numerical diagram
test with of the material
a deflection of 17 mm, represented
in which thein maximum
Figure 6. stress of
Figure 20
Figure 20 shows
shows thethe numerical
numerical test
test with
with aa deflection
deflection of
of 17
17 mm,
mm, in
in which the
the maximum
maximum stress
stress of
of
compression reached the maximum value of 30.17 MPa in thewhich
upper beam part close to the column.
compression
compression reached the maximum value of 30.17 MPa in the upper beam part close to the column.
This reached
validated the maximum
the model and value of 30.17 MPa
demonstrated thein the upperstress
decreasing beamwith
partdeflection.
close to the column.
This validated
This validated the
the model
model and
and demonstrated
demonstrated the the decreasing
decreasing stress
stress with
with deflection.
deflection.
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 13 of 20
Metals 2018,
Metals 8, x8,FOR
2018, PEER
x FOR REVIEW
PEER REVIEW 13 of
13 20
of 20

Figure 20. Figure

Figure Stress
20. of
20.concrete
Stress ofStress ofinconcrete
concrete tension and
in
in tension compression
tension
and for for
a 17a mm
and compression
compression 17for
mmdeflection
a 17 at the
mm deflection
deflection center.
at the at the center.
center.

TheThe The
effect
effect effect
of the
of ofon
joint
the theon
joint joint
the on
stress
the the stress
of the
stress of ofprofile
steel
the theprofile
steel steel profile
is seen in is
is seen inseen
Figure in
21,Figure
Figure with
21, 21,reduced
withmaximum
reduced
with reduced maximum
maximum
stress
stress stress compared
compared
compared to prototypeto prototype
to prototype P03.
P03. InP03.
In thisthis In thisthe
region,
region,region, the strength
strength
the strengthof the of the materials
materials
of the materialswas notnot
was was not applicable.
applicable.
applicable.

Figure 21. 21.

Figure Stress in steel
Figure
Stress of prototype
Stress
21.steel
in in steelP04
of prototype simulated
of P04
prototype with
P04
simulated a deflection
simulated
with withofa 350
a deflection mmmm at of
deflection
of 350 the center.
at350
the mm at the center.
center.

TheThe
results obtained
The
results results were similar
obtained
obtained were weretosimilar
similar the results
to the ofresults
to the
results the experimental
of the of model ofmodel
the experimental
experimental model prototype P04P04
(see
of prototype
of prototype P04 (see
(see
Figures 22 and 23). Figure 23 shows the cyclic loading and unloading process and the envelope curve
Figures 22 and 23). Figure 23 shows the cyclic loading and unloading process and the envelope curve curve
Figures 22 and 23). Figure 23 shows the cyclic loading and unloading process and the envelope
of the realof
of the test.
realthe real test.
test.
 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20
Metals 2018, 8,Metals
x FOR2019,
PEER 9, REVIEW
131 14 of 20 14 of 20

P04(Force-displacement)
160 P04(Force-displacement)
160140
140120
120100
Force(KN)
Force(KN)

100 80
80 60
60 40
40 20
20 0
0 0 100 200 300 400
0 100 Centre displacement(mm)
200 300 400
Centre displacement(mm)
Figure 22.Figure
Force–displacement graph of the
22. Force–displacement numerical
graph model of model
of the numerical P04. of P04.
Figure 22. Force–displacement graph of the numerical model of P04.

Figure 23. Force–displacement graph of the experimental results of P04.

Figure 23. Force–displacement graph of the experimental results of P04.
4.3. Reinforced Concrete
Figure 23. Beam P05 graph of the experimental results of P04.
Force–displacement
4.3. Reinforced Concrete Beam P05
The third analyzed model had similar strength to model P04 with the embedded HEB100
4.3. Reinforced Concrete
Thecross-section,
third Beam
analyzed but P05
model had the
without similar
metalstrength to and
section, model P04greater
with with the embedded HEB100
reinforcement cross-P03. The
than model
section, but
The third without
maximum
analyzedthemodel
metalhad
deflection section,
imposed and
was
similar with
200 greater
strengthmm, thereinforcement
to modelsame
P04aswith
in thethan
the model P03.
experimental
embedded The(Figure
test
HEB100 maximum
24).
cross-
deflection
section, imposed
but without was
the 200section,
metal mm, theandsame asgreater
with in the experimental
reinforcementtestthan(Figure
model24).
P03. The maximum
deflection imposed was 200 mm, the same as in the experimental test (Figure 24).
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 15 of 20
Metals2018,
Metals 2018, 8,xxFOR
FORPEERPEER REVIEW 15 of
of 20
20
Metals8,2018, 8, x FOR REVIEW
PEER REVIEW 15 15 of 20

Figure24.
24. Deflections inthe
thebeam
beam(in
24. Deflections (in mm).
Figure Figure
Deflections
Figure in
24. Deflections in theinbeam
themm).
beam (in mm).
(in mm).

Figure Figure
Figure25
25shows25the
shows shows
the the of
regions
regions regions of compression
ofcompression
compression andstresses
andtension
and tension tensionin
stresses instresses in the concrete.
theconcrete.
the concrete.
Figure 25 shows the regions of compression and tension stresses in the concrete.

Figure25.
25. Compression andtension
tension
Compression stresses instresses
concreteinforaadeflection
deflection of 200mm.
mm. 200 mm.
Figure Figure
Figure 25. 25.
Compression and
Compression and and tension
stresses
tension in concrete
stresses forconcrete
in concrete for aof
deflection
200
for a deflection of 200 of
mm.

The The
Theplasticity
The plasticity
plasticity ofthe
of
plasticity of the
theupper
upper
of the upper
and
and
upper andand
lower
lower lower reinforcements
reinforcements
reinforcements
lower isisobserved
reinforcements
observedis in
observed
inFigure
is observed
Figure26,in which
26,
in FigureFigure
whichisis26,
26, which which
superior
superior is superior
is superior
to the previous
to the
to thetoprevious model,
previous
model, up to
model,
up toup 372
upMPa
to
372toMPa for
372 compression.
MPa for compression.
the previous model, 372 for
MPacompression.
for compression.

Figure26.
Figure 26.Stress
Stressin
insteel
steelbars
barsofofprototype
prototypeP05P05simulated
simulatedfor
foraa200
200mm
mmdeflection.
deflection.
Figure 26. 26.
Figure Stress in steel
Stress barsbars
in steel of prototype P05 simulated
of prototype for a 200
P05 simulated for mm
a 200deflection.
mm deflection.
 Metals 2019, 9, 131 16 of 20

Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 20

Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 20
The obtained results were similar to those of the numerical test of prototype P05 (Figures 27
The obtained results were similar tocyclic
those of the numerical test of prototype P05the
(Figures 27 and
The obtained Figure
and 28). results 28 shows
were the
similar to thoseloading and unloading
of the numerical test of process and
prototype envelope
P05 (Figures curve of the
27 and
28). Figurereal
28 shows the cyclic loading and unloading process and the envelope curve of the real test.
28). Figure 28test.
shows the cyclic loading and unloading process and the envelope curve of the real test.

Figure 27. Force–displacement graph of numerical

Figure 27. Force–displacement graph of model of P05.
numerical model of P05.
Figure 27. Force–displacement graph of numerical model of P05.

Figure 28. Force–displacement graph of experimental results of P05.

4.4. M-χ Nonlinear

Figure 28. Graph
Force–displacement graph of experimental results of P05.
Figure 28. Force–displacement graph of experimental results of P05.
A moment–curvature graph can be obtained in the section next to the joint to copy the
4.4. M-χ Nonlinear Graphof the analyzed models and for nonlinear calculations of a structure made with prismatic
characteristics
4.4. M-χ Nonlinear Graph
elements. The curvature
A moment–curvature graph caused
can bebyobtained
the bending moment
in the is defined
section next toasthethejoint
relative
to rotation
copy theof the faces
A moment–curvature
of a slice graph
of differential can be
length per obtained in the section next to the joint to copy the section
characteristics of the analyzed models andunit
forlength. The calculations
nonlinear overturn induced by a moment
of a structure made in awith
given
characteristics of the analyzed models and for nonlinear calculations of a structure made with
prismatic can be analyzed
elements. (Figure 29).
The curvature For by
caused thethe
same bending
bending moments,
moment the curvature
is defined is higher
as the relative if the section is
rotation
prismaticmore
elements. The curvature caused by the bending moment is defined as the relative rotation
of the faces of aflexible.
slice of differential length per unit length. The overturn induced by a moment in a
of the faces of a slice of differential length per unit length. The overturn induced by a moment in a
given section can be analyzed (Figure 29). For the same bending moments, the curvature is higher if
given section can be analyzed (Figure 29). For the same bending moments, the curvature is higher if
the section is more flexible.
the section is more flexible.
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 19
Metals 2019, 9, 131 17 of 20
Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 20

Figure 29. Analysis of the curvature of a section.

Figure 29. Analysis of the curvature of a section.
Figure 29. Analysis of the curvature of a section.
This novel procedure consisted of a three-dimensional finite element model validated by the
This novel
experimental procedure
models consisted
to obtain of a three-dimensional
the moment–curvature graphfinite
fromelement
the strains modelandvalidated
moments by in the
the
This novel procedure consisted of a three-dimensional finite element model validated by the
experimental
section. The models to
moment–curvature obtain the
graphmoment–curvature
was obtained graph
from the from
solid the strains
model. The and moments
curvature in
obtainedthe
experimental models to obtain the moment–curvature graph from the strains and moments in the
section.
was the The moment–curvature
difference of the strain on graph was obtained
the x-axis of the upper fromand the solid model. Thethecurvature
section atobtained
section. The moment–curvature graph was obtained from the lower nodes of
solid model. The curvature 100 mm
obtained
was
of the
thethe difference
face of
of the column the strain on the x-axis of the upper and lower nodes of the section at 100 mm of
was difference of the divided
strain onbythe thex-axis
height ofof the
the section.
upper andThelowermoment–curvature
nodes of the section graph at allowed
100 mm
the
bar face of the
structures column
to column divided
be simulated by the
with height of the section. The moment–curvature graph allowed bar
of the face of the divided byathe nonlinear
height of analysis,
the section.like The
the moment of the section
moment–curvature wasallowed
graph related
structures
to to be simulated with ainnonlinear analysis, like thethemoment ofoftheconcrete
section was related towas its
barits curvature,
structures a relationship
to be simulated with which the
a nonlinear reduction
analysis,of like the inertia
moment of the sectionby cracking
was related
curvature,
implicit. a relationship in which the reduction of the inertia of concrete by cracking was implicit.
to its curvature, a relationship in which the reduction of the inertia of concrete by cracking was
Different
Different procedures
proceduresto to obtain
obtainthe moment–curvature
the moment–curvature graphgraphin reinforced concrete concrete
in reinforced were analyzed.were
implicit.
The moment–curvature
analyzed. The graph of the
moment–curvature graphsection
of the can be obtained
section can be with computer
obtained with programs,
computer in which
programs, in
Different procedures to obtain the moment–curvature graph in reinforced concrete were
awhich
section is defined
a section with the properties
is defined with thegraph of the
properties materials that compose it. From the validated model,
analyzed. The moment–curvature of the of the materials
section that compose
can be obtained it. From the
with computer validated
programs, in
the moment–curvature
model, the moment–curvature graph was graphobtained
was in different
obtained in sections sections
different at 1.4 m at and 1.41.3
m m from
and 1.3 the
m support.
from the
which a section is defined with the properties of the materials that compose it. From the validated
The section
support. The at section
1.4 m was considered
at 1.4 m was valid to obtain
considered validtheto graph because it was plastified and reachedand the
model, the moment–curvature graph was obtained in obtain
differentthesections
graph because
at 1.4 mitand was plastified
1.3 m from the
highest
reached values of the moment and curvature. The moment–curvature values at 1.5 m from the support
support. theThehighest
section values
at 1.4 mofwas the considered
moment and curvature.
valid to obtainThe the moment–curvature
graph because it was values at 1.5and
plastified m
were
from not
the valid
support whenwerethenot
influence
valid of column
when the stiffnessofwas
influence checked.
column stiffness was checked.
reached the highest values of the moment and curvature. The moment–curvature values at 1.5 m
Figure 30 30 shows the moment–curvature graphs
graphsofof specimens P03, P04, and
and P05 P05 in
in the
the section
fromFigure
the support shows
werethenotmoment–curvature
valid when the influence ofcolumn
specimens P03,was
stiffness P04,checked. section
1400 mm
1400 Figure from
mm from the
the support,
support, which
which can
can be
be used
used to
to analyze
analyze frames
frames of
of bars
bars by
by considering
considering post-critical
post-critical
30 shows the moment–curvature graphs of specimens P03, P04, and P05 in the section
behavior.
behavior. Thegraph
The graphofofprototype
prototype P04 shows a wider range of ductility compared toother
the other
1400 mm from the support, which P04 can shows
be useda to wider
analyzerange of ductility
frames of bars compared
by considering to the two,
post-critical
two,
where where
failurefailure prevented higher strains from being reached. It is noteworthy that for materials
behavior. The prevented higher strains
graph of prototype from being
P04 shows a wider reached.
range of It is noteworthy
ductility comparedthat for materials
to the like
other two,
like concrete,
concrete, whichwhich deteriorates
deteriorates withwithbig big strains,
strains, themoment–curvature
the moment–curvaturegraph graphdecreased
decreased for for large
large
where failure prevented higher strains from being reached. It is noteworthy that for materials like
curvatures
curvatures after ititwas
after wasverified
verifiedthat
that the behavior the of the beam
was was similar to what
is seenisinseen in the
concrete, which deteriorates with the bigbehavior
strains, of beam
the moment–curvature similar tograph
what decreased the
forstress–
large
stress–strain
strain diagram diagram
in this in this
case case
(Figure (Figure
30). 30).
curvatures after it was verified that the behavior of the beam was similar to what is seen in the stress–
strain diagram in this case (Figure 30).

Figure 30. Moment–curvature graph of P03, P04, and P05.

Figure 30. Moment–curvature graph of P03, P04, and P05.

Metals 2019, 9, 131 18 of 20

5. Conclusions
Based on the results obtained in this paper, the following comments and conclusions are presented:

- The analysis was conducted by three-dimensional finite element models of specimens P03, P04,
and P05, which were analyzed experimentally in previous research.
- The force-displacement graph results obtained in the three models were similar to the
experimental tests.
- The increase of force in the plastic region when it reached the large displacement was due to
descending branches in the steel not being included, which generated hardening for large strains
and did not include loss of strength due to failure. This will be studied in future research.
- The model with the steel section reinforcement worked with less stress, but with more length
affected. In the model with no reinforcement section, the damage was concentrated more on the
part of the joint, while a force distribution effect along the beam was obtained for steel, with more
rigidity and strength for the model with the metal cross-section than the model without it.
- The analysis of the stress–strain graphs of the materials for large deflections to conduct nonlinear
simulations of large displacements was essential to predict the descending branches in the
plastic region.
- A very interesting capability of this model was that it generated decreasing moment–curvature
graphs due to partial or total fatigue or failure of materials. This is a novel procedure, which is
easy to apply.
- The graphic moment–curvature of specimens P03, P04, and P05 in the section to 1400 mm
supports entering the data in the following model of bars. The graph of P04 allows a greater
range of ductility than the other two, where the break prevented reaching greater strains.
- Simulation with the numerical models is able to analyze complex situations. In particular,
the model of simplified bars with the relationship of moment–curvature allows nonlinear
calculation until reaching large displacements, taking into account the reduction of rigidity
because of the cracking of the concrete.
- A new procedure was developed to obtain the moment–curvature graphs of the sections from
the numerical models. The moment-curvature diagram can be used in the simplified bar analysis
by contemplating post-critical behavior in future research.

Author Contributions: Formal analysis, J.S. and J.M.G.; Investigation, I.M. and R.I.; Writing—original draft, I.M.;
Writing—review & editing, I.M., R.I. and E.J.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Akiyama, H. Metodología de Proyecto Sismorresistente de Edificios Basada en el Balance Energético; Editorial
Reverté. S.A.: Barcelona, Sapin, 2003.
2. Chen, C.C.; Lin, K.T. Behavior and strength of steel reinforced concrete beam-column joints with two-side
force inputs. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2009, 65, 641–649. [CrossRef]
3. Chen, C.-C.; Suswanto, B.; Lin, Y.-J. Behavior and strength of steel reinforced concrete beam-column joints
with single-side force inputs. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2009, 65, 1569–1581. [CrossRef]
4. Oliver, J.; Cervera, M.; Oller, S.; Lubliner, J. Isotropic damage models and smeared crack analysis of concrete.
In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Concrete
Structures, SCI-C’90, At Zell am See, Austria, 4–6 April 1990.
5. Chaudhari, S.V.; Chakrabarti, M.A. Modeling of concrete for nonlinear analysis using finite element code
ABAQUS. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2012, 44, 14–18.
Metals 2019, 9, 131 19 of 20

6. Jirásek, M. Damage and Smeared Crack Models. In Numerical Modeling of Concrete Cracking; Hofstetter, G.,
Meschke, G., Eds.; CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Springer: Vienna, Austria, 2011;
Volume 532.
7. Chen, W.F.; Han, D.J. Plasticity for Structural Engineers; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1988.
8. Hjelm, H.E. Yield Surface for Gray Cast iron under Biaxial Stress. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 1994, 116, 148–154.
[CrossRef]
9. Sinaei, H.; Shariati, M.; Abna, A.H.; Aghaei, M.; Shariati, A. Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour
using finite element analysis by ABAQUS. Sci. Res. Essays 2012, 7, 2002–2009.
10. López, N. Análisis de la Aplicación del Método de los Elementos Finitos al Modelado de Elementos de
Hormigón Armado. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain, 2008.
11. Fanning, P. Nonlinear models of reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beams. Electron. J. Struct. Eng. 2001,
1, 111–119.
12. Wakabayashi, M. Diseño de Edificios Resistentes a los Terremotos; McGraw-Colina: New York, NY, USA, 1986.
13. Uy, B.; Patel, V.; Li, D.; Aslani, F. Behaviour and design of connections for demountable steel and composite
structures. Structures 2017, 9, 1–12. [CrossRef]
14. Soti, R.; Barbosa, A.R.; Stavridis, A. Numerical Modeling of URM Infill Walls Retrofitted with Embedded
Reinforcing Steel. In Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Anchorage,
AK, USA, 21–25 July 2014; Earthquake Engineering Research Institute: Anchorage, AK, USA, 2014.
15. Suswanto, B. Shear Behavior and Strength of Steel Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints with Single-Side
Force Inputs. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
(ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia, 1998.
16. Anastasiadis, A.; Mosoarca, M.; Gioncu, V. Prediction of available rotation capacity and ductility of
wide-flange beams. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2012, 68, 176–191. [CrossRef]
17. Forner, E.F. Análisis de Soportes Mixtos Sometidos a Flexocompresión Esviada. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, 2011.
18. Bossio, A.; Fabbrocino, F.; Lignola, G.P.; Prota, A.; Manfredi, G. Design Oriented Model for the Assessment
of T-Shaped Beam-Column Joints in Reinforced Concrete Frames. Buildings 2017, 7, 118. [CrossRef]
19. Bossio, A.; Fabbrocino, F.; Lignola, G.P.; Prota, A.; Manfredi, G. Simplified Model for Strengthening Design
of Beam–Column Internal Joints in Reinforced Concrete Frames. Polymers 2015, 7, 1732–1754. [CrossRef]
20. Santarsiero, G. FE Modelling of the Seismic Behavior of Wide Beam-Column Joints Strengthened with CFRP
Systems. Buildings 2018, 8, 31. [CrossRef]
21. Kabir, M.R.; Alam, M.S.; Said, A.M.; Ayad, A. Performance of Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Beam Column
Joint: A Critical Review. Fibers 2016, 4, 13. [CrossRef]
22. Tran, M.-T.; Bui, Q.-B.; Sentosa, B.; Nguyen, N.-T.; Duong, T.-H.; Plé, O. Sustainable RC Beam-Column
Connections with Headed Bars: A Formula for Shear Strength Evaluation. Sustainability 2018, 10, 401.
[CrossRef]
23. Gribniak, V.; Tamulenas, V.; Ng, P.-L.; Arnautov, A.K.; Gudonis, E.; Misiunaite, I. Mechanical Behavior of
Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Bonded with External Carbon Fiber Sheets. Materials 2017, 10, 666.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Du, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Zhou, F.; Zhu, D.; Pan, W. Flexural Behaviour of Carbon Textile-Reinforced
Concrete with Prestress and Steel Fibres. Polymers 2018, 10, 98. [CrossRef]
25. Adelzadeh, M.; Hajiloo, H.; Green, M.F. Numerical Study of FRP Reinforced Concrete Slabs at Elevated
Temperature. Polymers 2014, 6, 408–422. [CrossRef]
26. Li, J.; Wang, Y.; Lu, Z.; Li, J. Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of a Laminated Reinforced
Concrete Shear Wall with a Vertical Seam. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 629.
27. Model for Moment-Curvature Relationship of Reinforced Concrete Sections. Math. Comput. Appl. 2010, 15,
66–78.
28. Montava, I. Estudio del Comportamiento de Estructuras de Hormigón Armado con Perfiles Metálicos
Completamente Embebidos. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain, 2017.
29. EHE-08-Instrucción de Hormigón Estructural; Ministerio de Fomento: Madrid, Spain, 2008.
Metals 2019, 9, 131 20 of 20

30. EN 1993 1-1 (English): Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures; The European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 1993.
31. EAE—Instrucción de Acero Estructural; Ministerio de Fomento: Madrid, Spain, 2010.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).