Б А К А Л А В Р И А Т

Т.Ю. Полякова, Л.В. Комарова

Английский язык
в транспортной логистике

Рекомендовано
УМО по образованию в области лингвистики
Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов,
обучающихся по специальности 080506 «Логистика»

КНОРУС • МОСКВА • 2014

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73
П54
Рецензенты:
Н.В. Авдевич, старший преподаватель кафедры лексикологии английского языка
Московского государственного лингвистического университета (МГЛУ), канд.
филол. наук,
Т.В. Кожевникова, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков Московского техни-
ческого университета связи и информатики (МТУСИ), канд. пед. наук, доц.

Полякова Т.Ю.
П54 Английский язык в транспортной логистике : учебное пособие /
Т.Ю. Полякова, Л.В. Комарова. — М. : КНОРУС, 2014. — 240 c. — (Бака-
лавриат).
ISBN 978-5-406-03238-1
Основная цель пособия — подготовить студентов бакалавриата технических
вузов по профилю «Логистика и управление цепями поставок» к использованию
английского языка в их будущей профессиональной деятельности. В соответствии
с Примерной программой по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для подготовки
бакалавров (неязыковые вузы) пособие направлено на овладение студентами лек-
сикой, используемой в сфере логистических операций, а также на формирование
навыков и умений говорения, аудирования, чтения и письма.
Соответствует Федеральному государственному образовательному стандарту
высшего профессионального образования третьего поколения.
Для студентов технических вузов, специализирующихся в области логистики
и международных транспортных операций, а также для всех интересующихся пробле‑
мами логистики.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73
Полякова Татьяна Юрьевна
Комарова Людмила Викторовна
Английский язык в транспортной логистике
Сертификат соответствия № РОСС RU. АЕ51. Н 16509 от 18.06.2013.
Изд. № 6549. Подписано в печать 08.11.2013. Формат 60×90/16.
Гарнитура «Newton». Печать офсетная.
Усл. печ. л. 15,0. Уч.-изд. л. 10,2. Тираж 1000 экз. Заказ №
ООО «КноРус».
127015, Москва, ул. Новодмитровская, д. 5а, стр. 1.
Тел.: 8-495-741-46-28.
E-mail: office@knorus.ru http://www.knorus.ru
Отпечатано в филиале «Чеховский Печатный Двор»
ОАО «Первая Образцовая типография».
142300, Московская область, г. Чехов, ул. Полиграфистов, д. 1.

© Полякова Т.Ю., Комарова Л.В., 2014

ISBN 978-5-406-03238-1 © ООО «КноРус», 2014
 CONTENTS

Предисловие для студентов............................................................................... 4

Предисловие для преподавателей..................................................................... 7

Introductory Text ................................................................................................ 12

Unit 1. ROAD TRANSPORT.............................................................................. 13

Unit 2. RAIL TRANSPORT................................................................................ 37

Unit 3. MARITIME TRANSPORT..................................................................... 60

Unit 4. INTERMODAL TRANSPORT............................................................... 85

Unit 5. LOGISTICS ...........................................................................................108

Unit 6. WAREHOUSE TERMINALS AND CUSTOMS......................................134

Unit 7. CONTRACTS...........................................................................................163

Unit 8. TRANSPORT AND LAW.........................................................................194

English-Russian Dictionary...................................................................................221
 Предисловие для студентов

Мы живем в эпоху стремительно развивающихся международ-

ных связей, определяющихся в значительной степени глобализа-
цией экономики. Логистические отделы многих компаний одними
из первых чувствуют происходящие изменения. Нередко комплек-
тующие для конкретного производства, расположенного в провин-
циальном городке одной страны, поступают из разных стран и могут
отправляться для сбыта на другой континент. Специалистам в обла-
сти логистики необходимо уметь разговаривать на английском языке
по телефону, вести деловую переписку с зарубежными партнерами,
читать информационные материалы, разбираться в тонкостях кон-
трактов на иностранном языке, т.е. они должны быть подготовлены
к осуществлению определенных профессиональных обязанностей
на английском языке как языке международного общения. Именно
этому вы сможете научиться, обучаясь английскому языку по пред-
лагаемому пособию.
Пособие состоит из предисловия для студентов, предисловия
для преподавателей, введения (Introductory Text), восьми уроков-
тем (Units) и англо-русского словаря (English-Russian Dictionary).
Introductory Text дает общее представление о предмете «Логисти-
ка», в дальнейшем конкретизируемое в темах, которым посвящены
уроки пособия.
Каждый из уроков-тем содержит следующие разделы: Introducing
New Information («Введение новой информации»), Developing Reading
Technique («Развитие техники чтения»), Learning New Words («Заучи-
вание новых слов»), Reviewing Grammar («Повторение грамматики»),
Learning to Listen and Speak («Обучение слушанию и говорению»),
Learning to Write («Обучение письму»), Learning to Read and Analyse
(«Обучение чтению и анализу»), Vocabulary (Словарь). Названия
этих разделов отражают основные аспекты вашей будущей работы
над английским языком.
Раздел Introducing New Information представлен тематическим
текстом. Хотя пособие не является учебником по логистике, тексты
этого раздела с одной стороны знакомят вас с отдельными сторона-

4
ми логистической деятельности, а с другой — дают возможность ос-
воить необходимые для будущей работы слова и термины.
Раздел Developing Reading Technique представлен упражнением,
выполнение которого предполагает предварительное чтение текстов
преподавателем. Необходимость и важность его выполнения опре-
деляется тем, что скорость чтения про себя и скорость переработки
извлекаемой информации в значительной степени зависят от того,
насколько доведены до автоматизма навыки чтения вслух.
Раздел Learning New Words направлен на закрепление новых слов
и терминов.
Раздел Reviewing Grammar содержит упражнения, выполнение
которых позволит повторить изученную ранее грамматику, правиль-
но оформлять предложения на английском языке при устном обще-
нии и понимать сложные предложения в письменных текстах. Если
вы чувствуете пробел в знаниях по грамматике, вы можете обратить-
ся к учебнику «Английский язык для инженеров» или какому-либо
грамматическому справочнику.
Раздел Learning to Listen and Speak представлен диалогом партне-
ров, который очень часто проходит в форме телефонного разговора.
Поскольку в устной речи чрезвычайно важно понимать собеседни-
ка, то выполнение первого и второго заданий всегда связано с про-
слушиванием диалога. Последующая отработка чтения вслух гото-
вит вас к использованию фрагментов диалога и к самостоятельному
ведению беседы для достижения поставленной цели.
Раздел Learning to Write посвящен ведению деловой переписки.
Вы не только получите возможность познакомиться с образцами де-
ловой корреспонденции, но и научитесь самостоятельно составлять
письма в соответствии с поставленной задачей.
Раздел Learning to Read and Analyse содержит несколько текстов.
Вы сможете по-разному применять имеющиеся у вас умения читать
в зависимости от стоящей перед вами задачи. Вы увидите, что даже
очень короткое письменное сообщение может заключать большое
количество важной информации. Три текста в конце этого раздела
расширят ваше представление о будущей специальности. В процес-
се работы над ними вам предлагается написать реферат или сделать
устное сообщение. В случае необходимости дополнительную инфор-
мацию по составлению рефератов и подготовке докладов вы можете
найти в учебнике «Английский язык для инженеров» либо в другом
источнике.

5
 Раздел Vocabulary содержит необходимую для работы с конкрет-
ным уроком-темой лексику. Сначала в нем представлена лексика
из текста раздела Introducing New Information и диалога раздела Learning
to Listen and Speak. Эти слова предназначены для заучивания. Особое
внимание следует обратить на сочетаемость новых слов с другими
словами, употребляемые с ними предлоги и т.д., что сделает вашу уст-
ную речь грамотной и точной. Здесь же вы найдете слова, которые по-
могут вам в чтении текстов из раздела Learning to Read and Analyse. Они
предназначены не столько для использования в устной речи, сколько
для их узнавания и понимания их значений в письменных текстах.
В конце пособия имеется «Англо-русский словарь» (English‑Russian
Dictionary), в котором представлены слова из всех разделов Vocabulary
в алфавитном порядке с транскрипцией. Поскольку слова и терми-
ны, включенные в пособие, относятся к довольно новому научному
и практическому направлению человеческой деятельности, извест-
ному как «Логистика», некоторые из них еще не нашли отражения
в словарях. Их знание даст вам возможность знакомиться с различ-
ными публикациями в области логистики.
Мы надеемся, что работа с пособием будет интересной, а навы-
ки и умения, приобретенные в результате этой работы, позволят вам
использовать английский язык в будущей профессиональной дея-
тельности.
Успехов вам!

6
 Предисловие для преподавателей

Настоящее пособие предназначено для обучения английскому

языку студентов бакалавриата технических вузов по сравнительно
новой специальности «Логистика». Оно может быть использовано
для организации обязательного обучения по дисциплинам «Ино-
странный язык» и «Деловой иностранный язык», а также по дис-
циплинам вариативной части учебного плана. Материалы посо-
бия могут найти применение в процессе реализации магистерского
и аспирантского курсов по данному направлению либо при обуче-
нии студентов по профилю «Организация перевозок».
Основная цель пособия — подготовка обучающихся к исполь-
зованию английского языка как языка международного общения
в профессиональной деятельности. В соответствии с действующей
Примерной программой по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для
подготовки бакалавров1 пособие направлено на формирование
и дальнейшее развитие межкультурной профессионально ориенти-
рованной компетенции и предусматривает овладение обучающими-
ся умениями чтения, говорения, аудирования и письма с ориента-
цией на будущую логистическую деятельность.
В области обучения чтению, которое продолжает оставаться од-
ной из основных конечных целей обучения, ставится задача даль-
нейшего развития четырех видов чтения: изучающего, поискового,
просмотрового и ознакомительного. В качестве учебного материала
используются современные аутентичные тексты, имеющие непо-
средственное отношение к специальности «Логистика». Эти тексты
представляют собой образцы журнальных и газетных статей, реклам-
ных сообщений, деловой корреспонденции, контрактов. В соответ-
ствии с проведенным нами исследованием потребностей инженеров
в области использования иностранного языка в профессиональной
деятельности чтение деловых писем и контрактов занимает значи-
тельное место в их работе2.
1
Примерная программа по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для подготовки бака-
лавров (неязыковые вузы). М. : ИПК МГЛУ «Рема», 2011.
2
Полякова Т.Ю. Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности инженеров //
Вестник Московского автомобильно-дорожного института (государственного технического
университета). Вып. 7. М. : МАДИ (ГТУ), 2006.

7
 Важной задачей пособия является обучение устной речи. Име-
ются задания, обеспечивающие дальнейшую практику в аудирова-
нии, а также направленные на формирование умений монологиче-
ской и диалогической речи. При этом большое внимание уделяется
развитию умений ведения разговоров по телефону, поскольку, как
показало вышеуказанное исследование потребностей специалистов,
общение, опосредованное телефоном, является одним из наиболее
востребованных для специалистов технического профиля.
В области обучения письму авторы ставили задачу подгото-
вить обучаемых к написанию деловых писем, резюме и рефератов
статей.
Пособие рассчитано на 160 часов работы в аудитории, однако
его структура и содержание позволяют использовать учебный ма-
териал достаточно гибко в зависимости от уровня языковой подго-
товки обучающихся и целей рабочей программы, принятой в кон-
кретном вузе.

Структура пособия
Настоящее пособие, которое может быть дополнено аудиопри-
ложением, состоит из предисловия для студентов, предисловия для
преподавателей, содержащего методические указания по работе
с пособием, введения (Introductory Text), восьми уроков-тем (Units)
и англо-русского словаря (English-Russian Dictionary).
Во введении представлен один текст, предназначенный для чте-
ния. В нем вводится и объясняется содержание понятия «логисти-
ка», раскрываются ее составляющие и их роль в современной эко-
номике. Цель этого текста — ввести обучаемых в профессионально
ориентированную проблематику учебного материала, сделать его
доступным для понимания в случае, если они еще не приступили
к изучению специальных дисциплин. Кроме того, предложенные
в этом разделе задания позволяют преподавателю познакомиться
со студентами учебной группы и получить представление об уровне
их коммуникативной компетенции.
Уроки-темы посвящены ключевым вопросам логистики: уни-
модальным перевозкам (Road Transport, Rail Transport, Maritime
Transport), интермодальным перевозкам (Intermodal Transport), об-
щим проблемам логистики (Logistics), складированию и таможне
(Warehouse Terminals and Customs), логистической документации
(Contracts, Transport and Law).

8
 Структура урока-темы
Каждый урок-тема состоит из девяти разделов: Introducing
New Information, Developing Reading Technique, Learning New Words,
Reviewing Grammar, Learning to Listen and Speak, Learning to Write,
Learning to Read and Analyse, Vocabulary. Выделение данных разделов
отражает в целом последовательность работы с учебным материа-
лом, а также основную направленность каждого из разделов. В то
же время в них имеются задания, предполагающие взаимосвязанное
развитие различных видов речевой деятельности.
Раздел Introducing New Information вводит основную информацию
урока-темы. Содержание текста ориентировано на будущую спе-
циальность. Владение этой информацией необходимо для работы
с остальным учебным материалом. Понимание содержания текста
доступно студентам, не приступившим к изучению специальных
дисциплин.
С лингвистической точки зрения текст построен на изученных
грамматических явлениях. Новые слова и термины, предназначен-
ные для активного владения, выделены полужирным шрифтом. Вы-
полнение задания к тексту предполагает использование ознакоми-
тельного чтения.
Раздел Developing Reading Technique был введен, принимая во вни-
мание большое значение чтения вслух для развития умений чтения и
говорения. Он построен на первом тексте урока-темы. Выполнение
трех заданий этого раздела предназначено для самостоятельной до-
машней работы студентов. Представляется важным указание при-
близительного времени чтения текста вслух, так как скорость чтения
является косвенным показателем автоматизации навыков чтения.
Работа над новыми словами и терминами представлена в разделе
Learning New Words. В первом задании студентам предлагается найти
в первом тексте выделенные слова и попытаться определить их зна-
чения, опираясь на контекст. Этот этап работы направлен на раз-
витие языковой догадки, что является очень важным для будущей
деятельности бакалавров.
Проверка определенных значений по словарю в конце урока-
темы обеспечивает правильность понимания и знакомство с до-
полнительной лингвистической информацией. Следует обратить
внимание студентов на сочетаемость новых слов с другими словами
и предлогами. Предлагаемые в этом разделе упражнения направ-

9
лены на закрепление новых слов. В группах с хорошей языковой
подготовкой студентов в упражнении на перевод словосочетаний
из текста может быть предложено задание объяснить значение сло-
восочетаний на английском языке. Последнее в этой серии упраж-
нение на перевод словосочетаний с русского языка на английский
может быть использовано для контроля или самоконтроля.
Раздел Reviewing Grammar посвящен повторению грамматиче-
ских явлений, изученных студентами ранее в рамках базового курса.
В упражнениях этого раздела повторяются образование и употре-
бление личных и неличных форм глагола, словообразовательные
модели, столь важные для расширения потенциального словаря об-
учаемых. Большое внимание уделяется использованию предлогов и
артиклей. Неправильное использование артиклей, по мнению ис-
следователей, является одной из основных и трудно искореняемых
ошибок при обучении устной речи на английском языке. Общая на-
правленность этого раздела — подготовка обучаемых к правильному
использованию грамматических явлений в продуктивных видах ре-
чевой деятельности: говорении и письме. Помимо объяснений пре-
подавателя, для выполнения этих упражнений студенты могут ис-
пользовать учебник «Английский язык для инженеров»1 и учебное
пособие «Существительное и артикль»2, а также другие грамматиче-
ские справочники.
Раздел Learning to Listen and Speak направлен на развитие навы-
ков и умений устной речи. Основу этого раздела составляет образец
диалога профессионального характера. Диалог может быть пред-
ставлен в записи в аудиоприложении. Все слова, предназначенные
для активного владения, выделены шрифтом.
Первое задание этого раздела предполагает слушание текста, чи-
таемого преподавателем. Цель первого слушания — общее понима-
ние текста. Повторное слушание выполняется с целью извлечения
конкретной информации.
Поэтапное выполнение упражнений, следующих за двумя зада-
ниями на прослушивание, должно постепенно подготовить обуча-
емых к использованию фрагментов диалога в речи. Завершающий
этап работы обеспечивает использование сформированных навыков
и умений в новой ситуации, в некоторой степени аналогичной ситу-
1
Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Английский язык для
инженеров. М. : Высшая школа, 2007.
2
Полякова Т.Ю., Панова С.С. Существительное и артикль. М. : Высшая школа, 2003.

10
ации диалога-образца. В коммуникативном задании формулируют-
ся цель и мотив высказывания участников диалога.
Раздел Learning to Write готовит обучаемых к чтению и состав-
лению деловой корреспонденции. В коммуникативных ситуациях
представлены образцы аутентичных писем, а ситуация позволяет
сформулировать цель, мотив и дополнительные обстоятельства чте-
ния и письма. Некоторые упражнения этого раздела требуют ис-
пользования извлекаемой из писем информации в монологической
и диалогической речи. При недостатке учебного времени они могут
быть пропущены.
Раздел Learning to Read and Analyse содержит несколько разных
по жанру аутентичных текстов. Тексты лишь в некоторых случаях
подвергались сокращению и незначительной адаптации. Они на-
правлены на развитие навыков и умений просмотрового, ознако-
мительного, изучающего и поискового видов чтения, что обеспечи-
вается сопровождающими тексты заданиями. При необходимости
для решения особых методических задач преподавателем могут быть
предложены дополнительные задания к трем последним текстам,
включая задания на устный и письменный перевод. При желании для
детального анализа преподавателем может быть выбран один из этих
текстов в соответствии с интересами обучаемых и уровнем их языко-
вой подготовки. Имеющиеся в пособии задания к этим текстам тре-
буют составления реферата, развернутого плана одного из текстов,
выбранного с учетом интересов обучаемого, а также подготовки до-
клада. Возможность выбора текста для использования в дальнейшей
работе обучаемого, предложение дополнительного текста и заданий
способствуют хорошему усвоению материала студентами и позволя-
ют осуществить индивидуальный подход к обучению.
Рекомендации по составлению рефератов и докладов могут быть
получены студентами от преподавателя либо найдены в учебнике
«Английский язык для инженеров».
Vocabulary включает слова и термины из разделов Introducing New
Information и Learning to Listen and Speak, предназначенные для актив-
ного владения, а также слова и термины из раздела Learning to Read
and Analyse, облегчающие понимание текстов для чтения и предна-
значенные для их узнавания в тексте.

11
 INTRODUCTORY TEXT
Market economy has brought a lot of new business terms into the Rus-
sian language. Логистика (logistics) is one of them.
The word ‘logistics’ dates from the ancient Greek logos – ‘ratio, word,
calculation, reason’ and was used in ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine
empires to denote the military’s need to supply themselves with arms, am-
munition and rations as they moved from their base to a forward position.
With increasing development of trade and economy, it started to be
used in business too. Moving raw materials to manufacturers and then
finished goods to customers used to be a simple job for men with strong
backs and little education. Today more than ever before senior manage-
ment of a firm is concerned about improving transportation management
and logistics as transportation represents a major expense item and freight
transportation accounts for about 6 per cent of gross domestic product
of a country.
The goal of transportation is to ensure that all raw materials arrive at the
factory at the proper time and in good condition. To achieve that it is nec-
essary to focus on improvements of operations that lead to a better service
at the lowest cost. Transportation managers are also involved in many other
operations. They assist marketing by quoting freight rates for salespeople,
suggesting quantity discounts that can be based on transportation savings
and selecting carriers and routes for reliable delivery of products.
The meaning of logistics is expanding. Now we speak about inbound,
internal, outbound logistics, transport logistics, strategic logistics, ware-
housing logistics, integrated logistics etc. According to the Council of Lo-
gistics Management, now one of the world’s prominent organizations for
logistics professionals, ‘logistics is that part of the supply chain process
that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and
reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information be-
tween the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet
customers’ requirements’. As transport logistics is a major factor in the
supply chain process, the authors of this book have paid much attention
to modes of transport, transport companies’ operations as well as to some
other activities related to customs clearance, warehousing and safe delivery
of goods to final destinations.

12
 Unit 1
ROAD TRANSPORT

INTRODUCING NEW INFORMATION

Ex. 1. A. Read the text and find 2—3 sentences that express the main idea.

ROAD TRANSPORT
Rusavto as international road carrier has been operating in the world
market of transportation and forwarding services since 1968.
It is a major transport company which deals with first-class partners
throughout Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and carries out large orders
of about 2 million tons every year. For the last few years international car-
riage of goods has considerably increased. The volume of transported cargoes
is growing, new routes appear, and the range of goods is becoming wider.
In the European market of transport services the Company closely co-
operates with more than a hundred international transport and forwarding
firms.
The Company has an up-to-date fleet about 3,500 motor vehicles with
a carrying capacity of 20 to 30 tons and a body volume of 60 to 103 cu.m.
which are capable of carrying any cargoes, including those requiring certain
temperature conditions, containers, large-size and bulky cargoes. More
than half the trucks are the products of such well-known manufactur-
ers as Mercedes-Benz, Volvo etc. Among the imported semi-trailers are
Trailor, Schmitz, and Koegel. All these vehicles satisfy the international
requirements regarding technical reliability, safety of goods, and ecological
standards. The vehicles of Rusavto meet the requirements of international
transportation by road and are used on the routes of the CIS and Europe.
The Company transports large consignments on the door-to-door
principle. It also handles small consignments of less than 5 tons at their ter-
minals in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other places, stores them in ware-
houses, makes customs clearance and delivers groupage cargo to the final
destination.

13
 B. Reread the text and say if the statements below are true or false. Correct
the false statements.
1. Rusavto carries very small consignments to Germany.
2. Rusavto trucks do not meet the requirements of international trans-
portation regarding ecological standards.
3. They have been operating in the international market since 1988.
4. The Rusavto fleet of vehicles is about 3,500 trucks and semi-trailers.
5. Rusavto has terminals throughout Russia and the CIS.
6. Frozen chicken does not require temperature conditions during
carriage.
7. Rusavto buys new vehicles from American manufacturers.
8. Rusavto does not make customs clearance.
C. Look through the text again and say what was mentioned in the text
about
a) road transport of goods;
b) the Rusavto fleet of vehicles;
c) the transport services Rusavto offers their clients.

DEVELOPING READING TECHNIQUE

Ex. 2. A. Listen to the text Road Transport and follow it with your eyes.
B. Listen to the text again and repeat it sentence by sentence.
C. Read the text aloud. Approximate time of reading is 1.5 min.

LEARNING NEW WORDS

Ex. 3. A. Find the words in bold type and try to guess their it meaning. Check
up the translation of the words in the Vocabulary (p. 33). Write them out
in your vocabulary.
B. Write down all the words unknown to you in your vocabulary.

Ex. 4. Explain the meaning of the following phrases within the text:
1) to operate a terminal;
2) to deal with first-class partners;
3) to satisfy the requirements;
4) to handle large consignments;
5) to deliver goods to the final destination;

14
 6) to be capable of carrying containers;
7) to satisfy ecological standards;
8) to transport goods on door-to-door principle;
9) an international road carrier;
10) the market of transport and forwarding services;
11) an up-to-date fleet of vehicles;
12) cargo requiring certain temperature conditions.
Ex. 5. Match these verbs and noun phrases and translate the expressions they
make into Russian:
to require bulky cargo
to operate temperature conditions
to deal with large orders
to be capable of groupage cargo
to include carriage of goods
to increase warehouses
to handle a fleet of vehicles
to store large consignments
to carry out goods
Ex. 6. Fill in the gaps with the words given below. Change the form of the words
if necessary.
to compete, competition, competitive, competitor (or rival)
Two or more companies which sell or manufacture the same product
are _________. They are in _________, and they _________ for cus-
tomers. In order to sell more goods than its _________, a company must
be _________. It is important to keep ahead of the _________ by selling
at _________ prices.

Ex. 7. Complete the sentences choosing the right word and changing its form
if necessary.
1. She’s busy now. She’s (work, operate) on the report for the confer-
ence.
2. Since when have you been (work, operate) for this forwarding com-
pany?
3. The new service (work, operate) on Saturdays from London to Tel
Aviv and returns next week via Italy.
4. They (work, operate) a fleet of old aeroplanes which need mod-
ernization.

15
 5. A new air-cargo terminal started (work, operate) last week.
6. This machine (work, operate) perfectly.
7. Balkan Cargo (work, operate) in the Russian market for five years
and among other planes (work, operate) one Antey plane.
Ex. 8. Check yourself. Give the English equivalents of the following Russian
word combinations:
1) работать на рынке транспортных услуг;
2) выполнять большие заказы;
3) работать с первокласcными партнерами;
4) значительно увеличить международные перевозки грузов;
5) объем и ассортимент перевозимых грузов;
6) сотрудничать со многими транспортными и экспедиторски-
ми фирмами;
7) современный парк машин грузоподъемностью...;
8) способный перевозить любой груз;
9) продукция широко известных производителей;
10) отвечать мировым стандартам;
11) обрабатывать большие партии грузов и мелкопартионные
грузы;
12) брать на хранение;
13) выполнять таможенную очистку;
14) перевозить обратный груз к месту назначения.

REVIEWING GRAMMAR
Ex. 9. Study the table.
The Tenses of the Verb in the Active Voice
Indefinite/ Continuous/ Perfect Perfect Continuous
Simple Progressive
Formula V to be + V-ing to have+ V-ed to have been + V-ing
(IV ф. гл.) (III ф. гл.) (IV ф. гл.)

} }
Present ask am have asked have been asking
asks (3-е л. ед. ч.) is asking has
are
Past asked (II ф. гл.) was
were } asking
had asked had been asking

}
} } have asked } have been asking
Future shall (1-е л. ед. ч.) shall shall shall
ask
will (все лица) be asking will will
will

16
 Ex. 10. A. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the usage
of different tenses of the verb.
1. We did a deal with Mitsubishi last year.
2. Mercedes-Benz always supply spare parts to their customers as soon
as they require them.
3. We’ve got enough trucks in stock at the moment and can dispatch
them immediately.
4. They have been operating in the world market for a number of years.
5. International carriage of goods is increasing from year to year.
6. Unfortunately we don’t make customs clearance.
7. They cooperated with many European carriers three years ago.
8. We can carry both groupage cargoes and large consignments to the
final destination.
9. We used containers on that route.
10. They stored the whole consignment in their warehouse at the Ros-
tov terminal.
B. Make questions to which the above sentences may be the answers.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in the correct tense.
1. They (sell) trucks for a number of years. They (sell) more than
500 units last month.
2. When they (set up) the new forwarding company? — They (not,
set) it up yet, but the new company (start) operating in two weeks
because a few new routes (appear) lately.
3. This is a high-quality product. It always (meet) the requirements
of the customers.
4. The volume of carriages in Russia (increase) greatly for the last few
years.
5. Brown & Co. (run) a transport business last year too. They (oper-
ate) in the world market since 1996. Now they (cooperate) with two
French forwarders.
6. If you (place) an order now, we (deliver) the goods by the end of this
month.
7. Rusavto (carry) dangerous cargo to different countries for five years.
8. If you (handle) five trucks a week, we (sign) a service contract.
9. The driver (talk) on the phone while I (fill in) the Customs Decla-
ration.
10. What (ensure) safety of the goods during transportation?

17
 Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Несколько лет назад на российском рынке начали работать
более 200 новых фирм.
2. Новый маршрут позволит фирме работать более эффек-
тивно.
3. С какими странами мира работает фирма Danzas?
4. Где ты сейчас работаешь? — На выставке.
5. Он работает в торговле уже два года.
6. Я работаю секретарем, и мне нравится моя работа.
7. «Британские авиалинии» впервые осуществили перевозку
грузов в Японию в 1974 году.
Ex. 13. Put in prepositions where necessary.
1. How many trucks do you have ___ stock ___ the moment? We are
carrying ___ large orders and want to buy two more trucks ___ im-
mediate delivery.
2. Could you call ___ later? The president is talking ___ our French
agent.
3. — What is the price ___ your semi-trailer?
— As you are our regular buyer who we have been dealing ___ ___
many years, we can offer you a lower price.
4. — Does our price suit ___ you?
— I’m afraid it’s not quite competitive as compared ___ the prices
___ world market.
5. We heard ___ their firm ___ the exhibition ___ Paris. They offered
transportation ___ the door-to-door basis.
6. We’ll place an order ___ your firm ___ 50 two-axle semi-trailers if
the price suits ___us.
7. FinnTruck Ltd has a fleet ___ 700 vehicles ___ carrying capacity
___ 38 and more tons.
8. — How long have you been cooperating ___ this Swedish com-
pany?
— ___ five years.
— I like their approach ___ business. We’re going to discuss a new
deal ___ them ___ one ___ these days.
9. The Cronos Group deals ___ refrigerated semi-trailers. Their
products have always been ___ high quality and met ___ the re-
quirements ___ their customers.

18
 10. — When could you deliver the spare parts ___ us? We need them
urgently.
— We’ll be able to dispatch ___ them as soon as you supply us ___
all required documentation.
Ex. 14. Put in articles where necessary.
1. We have received ___ fax message about ___ Containers Model
ST-5 and would like to advise you that we could place ___ order
with you for 50 containers if you could offer us ___ complete con-
tainer for ___ period of three months for ___ test as we agreed dur-
ing ___ talks in Moscow. We are expecting ___ contract from you
within ___ few days.
2. They need ___ trucks of ___ high capacity.
3. ___ carrying capacity of ___ Koegel trucks is much higher than
___ capacity of your trucks.
4. ___ terms of ___ delivery are ___ same as under ___ previous con-
tract.
5. During ___ talks they will discuss ___ prices, ___ conditions
of ___ carriage and ___ other matters.
6. If __ machine breaks down during __ guarantee period, we’ll repair
it free of ___ charge.
7. ___ forwarding company transports ___ large consignments of ___
goods to ___ final destination.
8. ___ first consignment of ___ spare parts will arrive at ___ port
in ___ month.
9. Do ___ Russian trucks meet ___ international requirements re-
garding ___ ecological standards?
10. ___ ecological standards regarding noise are becoming higher.
Ex. 15. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Кто обещал им поставить полуприцепы к концу года?
2. Если он предложит нам оборудование по более низкой цене,
мы разместим заказ на 100 машин.
3. Эта экспедиторская фирма использует свой подвижной со-
став на новых маршрутах.
4. Мы бы хотели просмотреть инструкции по уходу и эксплуа-
тации.
5. Ему казалось, что растаможивание груза не займет так много
времени.
6. За последнее время число продаваемых машин возросло.

19
 7. Данный тягач обладает большой мощностью и отвечает евро-
пейским экологическим стандартам.
8. — Сколько машин с грузом вы обрабатываете ежедневно?
— Наш терминал не очень большой; вчера, например, мы
обработали 30 машин.

LEARNING TO listen and SPEAK

Ex. 16. A. Listen to the conversation and say what it is about:
a) buying spare parts;
b) selling trucks;
c) buying and selling trucks.

MEETING WITH A POTENTIAL CUSTOMER

Jack Evans, Sales Manager of Truck Motor Ltd, is talking to a Russian
businessman, who is visiting the factory.
Evans: When we set up this visit, Mr. Ivanov, I forgot to ask you how you
heard about us. Did you see our goods on display at the London
exhibition?
Ivanov: No, it was nothing like that, actually. I saw your trucks when
I was visiting a terminal in Spain. They were operating very ef-
ficiently, even though they were over ten years old.
Evans: That’s because we offer a good after-sales service. We always
promise to get spare parts to customers as fast as possible.
Ivanov: I like to hear that. So often, suppliers just don’t want to know as
soon as one of their machines breaks down.
Evans: It’s not the way we run our business. When we sell our goods,
we offer a complete package: a high-quality product, competi-
tive price, two-year guarantee, reliable after-sales service. . . and,
of course, a good service manual — one that the customer can un-
derstand easily.
Ivanov: I’m impressed by your approach to business. We’ll probably do
a deal while I’m here.
Evans: Ah, that sounds interesting.
Ivanov: It’s possible I’ll place an order for your PX5 model.
Evans: Good.
Ivanov: If I did, could you dispatch, say, four or five immediately?
Evans: Yes. We’ve got plenty in stock at the moment. No problem.

20
Ivanov: I’d like to call my office first and talk to some of my colleagues.
If they agree, we could discuss the deal tomorrow.
Evans: Great. That suits me fine.
B. Listen to the conversation again and say if the statements below are true
or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Mr Ivanov saw the trucks at the exhibition in Osaka.
2. The trucks were brand new.
3. Ivanov was going to do a deal with Truck Motor Ltd when he came
to Moscow.
4. Truck Motor Ltd could dispatch the goods immediately.
5. Ivanov wanted to come back to the matter in a day or two.
C. Listen to the conversation and repeat it sentence by sentence.
D. Rearrange the conversation. If you have difficulty, translate the sen-
tences into Russian.
Ivanov: I’m impressed by your approach to business. We’ll probably
do a deal while I’m here.
Ivanov: I like to hear that. So often, suppliers just don’t want to know
as soon as one of their machines breaks down.
Evans: Ah, that sounds interesting.
Evans: When we set up this visit, Mr Ivanov, I forgot to ask you how you
heard about us. Did you see our goods on display at the London
exhibition?
Ivanov: No, it was nothing like that, actually. I saw your trucks when
I was visiting a terminal in Spain. They were operating very ef-
ficiently, even though they were over ten years old.
Evans: That’s because we offer a good after-sales service. We always
promise to get spare parts to customers as fast as possible.
Evans: It’s not the way we run our business. When we sell our goods,
we offer a complete package: a high-quality product, competi-
tive price, two-year guarantee, reliable after-sales service. . . and,
of course, a good service manual — one that the customer can
understand easily.
E. Complete the conversation.
Ivanov: Mr Evans, how did you hear about us? Did you see our goods
on display at the exhibition in Osaka?
Evans : No, I saw your trucks when _____________________________

21
Ivanov: What did you think of them?
Evans: _________________________________________________
Ivanov: How old were they?
Evans: _________________________________________________
Ivanov: _________________________________________________
Ex. 17. Have a conversation with your partner using the information below.
Your suppliers of spare parts have let you down. They did not deliver
spare parts on time. It’s not the first time they’ve broken their obligations.
Explain to your new supplier the urgency of having spare parts for your
trucks. Ask them what after-sales package they can offer and then discuss
your future order with them.

LEARNING TO WRITE
Ex. 18. A. You work for a transport company carrying goods throughout Eu-
rope. Read the following letter sent to your company, explain to your
boss in Russian what the letter is about and ask him if the information
is of interest to your company. If yes, enumerate the points that are most
important to you.
Dear Sirs,
We have received your letter of the 1st of June regarding Road Service
Russia/UK and vice versa.
We offer to run a joint service from Moscow to London and from London
to Moscow in cooperation with you starting with operations on once‑a-
week basis each way.
We are ready to send a loaded trailer to you and receive a loaded trailer
from you with either a full load for one consignee or groupage cargo for
a number of consignees.
Trailer turn round time in the UK will be about three days.
It is, of course, necessary to estimate together the operation costs for both
parties. In our opinion there are great possibilities for both companies
to operate a very successful service.
We shall be pleased to discuss the matter in detail with you at any time
convenient to you.
Anthony Smith
Managing Director
Green & Co. Ltd

22
 B. Write a reply to Green & Co. Mention the following:
a) your interest in cooperation;
b) your wish to invite their representative to discuss details concerning
cooperation;
c) your considerations about operation costs, volume of cargo to be
transported both ways and the time of dispatching the first consign-
ments.

LEARNING TO READ AND ANALYSE

Ex. 19. A. Read the advertisement and say who it is intended for:
a) companies dealing with transportation;
b) individuals;
c) companies importing or exporting goods from Europe;
d) companies importing or exporting goods from Asia;
e) companies importing or exporting goods from America.

EXPRESS EXPRESS
<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>
MARTINI EUROSPEED
EUROPEAN EXPRESS
EXPRESS DELIVERIES
IN EUROPE
All destinations The dedicated
Dedicated vehicle operator
Transits to 17 tons to express your freight
with confidence
TIME „„ vans — 17 tonners
IS „„ door-to-door
ON OUR „„ U.K. — Scandinavia — Poland
SIDE „„ all of Europe — U.K.
Any time, „„ 24 hours
Any place,
Anywhere
Tel. 0151 545 0515 Tel. 0151 245 4143
Fax. 0151 545 0520 Fax. 0151 245 4140

Notes:
express delivery прямые поставки
dedicated cпециализирующийся на одной области деятельно-
сти, на одном направлении

23
 B. Read the advertisement again and answer the questions.
1. What types of vehicles do the companies have?
2. What routes do they operate on?
3. What cargo can they transport?
4. Which of the two firms would you contact to transport your cargo?
Why?
C. You represent Eurospeed. Describe the services of your firm to a po-
tential customer.

Ex. 20. Read the text and say whether it is

a) an advertisement;
b) a passage from a textbook;
c) an encyclopedia article;
d) a newspaper article.

German forwarder InterSchen and Swedish BTL are going to set up

one of the biggest transport firms in Europe. The two companies have
a combined turnover of more than $4 billion with a workforce of around
20,000 in 30 European countries. BTL chief executive Hakan Larson said
the company had studied ways of expanding its land transport over the last
months. He said: “In InterSchen we have found a partner that shares our
values and views on the market coverage, large-scale operation, and long-
term business development.” He also added that job cuts would take place
as a result of this deal.

B. Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What is the combined turnover of the two companies?
2. What is their workforce?
3. Why will job cuts take place?

C. You are Hakan Larsen of BTL. Speak about the joint venture and
changes the company is going to make.

Ex. 21. Get ready to make a presentation at the annual conference on Interna-
tional Transport and Logistics to be held in St. Petersburg on the 3rd
of June 20… Read the texts given below and decide what topic of your
presentation will be. Make a plan of your presentation and prepare a
report according to the plan.

24
 From the History of Road Transport
Part I
People have long used truck-like vehicles to transport goods, though
before mechanical engines they were often drawn by pack animals or hu-
mans. But as civilizations have advanced, the need for better, more power-
ful methods of transportation has evolved alongside the evolution of socie-
ty. Improved vehicles require better means of movement, just as improved
roads and movement among places has allowed for the development
of better vehicles. Trucks of all kinds occupy the roads, from semi-trucks
carrying mega payloads across major highways to stylish Studebaker per-
sonal truck models from the middle of the 20th century being carefully
maintained by classic truck enthusiasts. The trucks of today fulfill many job
descriptions, but their usage is solidly defined in the human consciousness:
a truck is not mistaken for any other type of vehicle. From its early use as
“a cart for carrying heavy loads” to the modern “motor vehicle for carrying
heavy loads,” the word “truck” definitively embodies the idea of moving
goods — but the idea has come a long way.
Dictionary.com

The Early Days of Trucking

Before the advent of advanced transmissions and gear drives for inter-
nal combustion engines, trucking was slow to establish its niche even as
railroads were limited to rail interaction among city centers. While there
were hundreds of truck manufacturers in the United States in the early
20th century, those that survived (including Mack, Peterbilt, Chevrolet,
and International) were able to adapt to meet the ever-expanding and
changing needs of the trucking industry. Drivers frequently started their
own trucking companies. Companies with multiple drivers or company-
specific fleets handled transportation of commodities among cities with
gradually increasing ranges, corresponding to the evolution of the truck.
The first major trucking boom occurred during the prosperous postwar
1920s. Not only were roads constantly improving and reaching more plac-
es, but “balloon tires” replaced the solid rubber tires, and bigger trucks
with closed cabs helped companies travel farther, carry more, and do so
with greater comfort.
A number of trucking companies went bankrupt during the Depression,
but those who survived got a boost. In 1935, Congress entered the picture by
passing the Motor Carrier Act, which authorized the Interstate Commerce

25
Commission to regulate the trucking industry. Since World War I, road
transport had shown great potential, and rail tariffs were easily undercut by
numerous emerging trucking companies competing in the open market.
The Motor Carrier Act established freight-hauling rate regulations,
limited the number of hours that truckers were allowed to drive, and over-
saw trucking company’s range as well as the type of freight they could car-
ry. Trucking companies were concerned regulations would override their
competitive advantages over rail carriers. But road infrastructures improved
with driver demand, opening up opportunity for trucking traffic. Railroad
transportation of both people and goods diminished with the rise of the au-
tomobile, and much of the rail infrastructure, particularly in America, has
been steadily dismantled over the course of the 20th century.

The Age of the Automobile

In the United States, the authorization of the Interstate Highway Sys-
tem in 1956 allowed the trucking industry to burst full-force into the scene.
At the same time, however, the 40s and the 50s saw the rise of the auto-
mobile in conjunction with one of America’s major population shifts from
the city to the suburb. Truck manufacturers experienced a boom during the
war as defense contracts encouraged big truck and heavy-duty vehicle pro-
duction on behalf of the war effort. For the most part, standard automo-
bile production halted during the war, so products that emerged following
it were repackaged versions of cars from before the war. Innovative new
personal truck designs, however, were direct offshoots of war efforts, and
fresh, modern pickups began hitting the market before new car models.
The postwar era of truck production was the beginning of intense
competition among these Detroit truck makers (especially between Ford
and Chevrolet) that has persisted to the present day. Only now, however,
American trucks compete with quality entries from foreign competitors
who have gradually won over a large share of the market, particularly with
vehicles that have proven themselves reliable and, of special concern, more
fuel-efficient.
Part II
In the commercial trucking industry, new engine designs with a fo-
cus on performance emerged after World War II. Direct-injection turbo-
charged diesel engines that became a standard emerged during the 1950s,
in large part thanks to the work of Volvo in Sweden. Engine manufacturers
such as the U.S. Cummins and British Perkins companies began heavily

26
supplying the market with diesel engines through the 1960s as the trucking
industry began its conversion from standard gasoline. Truck transmissions
evolved with improved highways around the world. Trucks were being built
for longer distances, higher speeds, and heavier loads. One significant ex-
ample from the 1960s was the construction of the Asian highway, which
helped link the Middle East, India, Afghanistan, and the Far East. This
initial inter-Asia development spurred later construction linking Western
Europe with Asia. Meanwhile, the American trucking industry initially led
the way in air suspension technology though the European industry quickly
followed suit. Other innovations such as multi-axle vehicles and articulat-
ed semi-truck designs were developed to deal with new types of payloads,
most importantly that of freight container shipping (Gibbins 1978).
Malcom McLean started the McLean Trucking Company with one
truck in 1937, the way many entrepreneurs did. But McLean not only built
a trucking empire of some 1,700 trucks and 32 terminals across the United
States, but he also spearheaded the transportation industry that created the
global marketplace: container shipping. McLean first pitched his idea to the
railroad industry, with whom he was in direct domestic competition. Other
companies and the U.S. military had broached the idea of standardized con-
tainer shipping, but McLean made it ubiquitous. He acquired an oil tanker
business, then obtained a major loan to acquire the Waterman Steamship
Corporation, which controlled docking and related ship facilities.
At the warning of the Interstate Commerce Commission, McLean un-
loaded his trucking industry to focus solely on shipping. After developing
standard-sized steel truck containers (that could be fixed to a trailer chassis
for use on the road), McLean launched his first container ship on April 26,
1956. McLean’s idea almost instantly caught on as customers responded
to increased speed of service and lower rates, and that idea was born the
day he sat for hours in his sole truck in a line waiting for stevedores to break
down loads from the trucks and individually haul crates and bundles onto
the ships. The trucking industry began to take hold of the idea as did the
Port of New York Authority, which, as McLean eyed international ship-
ping, built the first container port in the world (Evans 2004). With domes-
tic ventures more easily connected to a global marketplace, trucking has
remained a vast industry into the 21st century.

The Rising Cost of Energy

Today, fuel remains readily available, but prices have become increas-
ingly prohibitive for vehicles with poor fuel economy.

27
 Commercial industries and individuals who rely upon trucks have been
hit especially hard by the rising oil prices, which, in turn, have affected
everyone as transportation costs carry over into the cost of goods and ser-
vices. Truck manufacturers had responded to the energy crises of the 1970s
by developing more aerodynamic, more fuel-efficient trucks, and federal
deregulation of the industry in the 1980s created uniformity among state
laws that opened up the country to double-trailers and coast-to-coast car-
riers. But today’s energy crisis has made everyone uneasy, from small busi-
ness operators to major transportation conglomerates.
The trucks of tomorrow, from the pickup to the eighteen-wheeler, may
need to be powered by an existing alternative fuel — or by an energy source
not yet conceived. Mass transportation has been the catalyst of the modern
global economy. But without relatively inexpensive means of movement,
the transportation of commodities can be expected to experience signifi-
cant changes.
Posted July 14, 2008

References
Adams, Ronald G. 2000. 100 Years of Semi Trucks. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Com-
pany.
Evans, Harold. 2004. They Made America. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Com-
pany.
Gibbins, Eric and Graeme Ewens. 1978. The Pictorial History of Trucks. Secaucus, N.J.:
Orbis Publishing Limited.
Mueller, Mike. 1999. The American Pickup Truck. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Com-
pany.
Nelson, James. C. “The Motor Carrier Act of 1935”. The Journal of Political Econo-
my, Vol. 44, No. 4. (August 1936): 464—504.
Vlasic, Bill. “G.M. Shifts Focus to Small Cars in Sign of Sport Utility Demise”.
The New York Times. June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008 from The New York
Times Website.

Road Transport Unions

FIATA
FIATA, in French “Fédération Internationale des Associations de
Transitaires et Assimilés”, in English “International Federation of Freight
Forwarders Associations”, in German “Internationale Föderation der

28
Spediteurorganisationen”, was founded in Vienna/Austria on May 31,
1926.
FIATA, a non-governmental organization, represents today an in-
dustry covering approximately 40,000 forwarding and logistics firms, also
known as the “Architects of Transport”, employing around 8—10 million
people in 150 countries.
It is  recognized as representing the freight-forwarding industry
by many other governmental organizations, governmental authorities, pri-
vate international organizations in the field of transport such as the Inter-
national Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), the International Union of Railways (UIC), the In-
ternational Road Transport Union (IRU), the World Customs Organiza-
tion (WCO), the World Trade Organization (WTO) etc.
In summary FIATA is the largest non-governmental organization
in the field of transportation. Its influence is worldwide.

Objectives
FIATA’s main objectives are:
„„ to unite the freight-forwarding industry worldwide;
„„ to represent, promote and protect the interests of the industry by
participating as advisors or experts in meetings of international bodies
dealing with transportation;
„„ to familiarize trade and industry and the public at large with the services
rendered by freight forwarders through the dissemination of information,
distribution of publications etc.;
„„ to improve the quality of services rendered by freight forwarders by
developing and promoting uniform forwarding documents, standard trading
conditions etc.;
„„ to assist with vocational training for freight forwarders, liability
insurance problems, tools for electronic commerce including electronic
data interchange (EDI) and barcode.

Best Practices Discussions

The following guidelines will be applied to any “best practices” discus-
sion.
All industry practices discussed should involve an attempt to reduce
costs, realize efficiency or improve the quality of service. Discussions
should be limited to what is reasonably necessary to accomplish these le-
gitimate goals.

29
 As in other areas of FIATA activity, price and other competitively
sensitive terms of trade should not be discussed in the “best practices”
context. Specific present or future competitive plans and strategies of in-
dividual companies should not be discussed, nor should specific customer
information or specific companies’ costs.
In discussing “best practices”, no agreement should be reached to use
only a particular practice, to deal with suppliers or customers on particu-
lar terms, or to exclude a member or other competitor for using different
practice.
Prior to a “best practices” discussion, an agenda should be prepared
and any questions about whether a matter is appropriate for discussion
should be referred to counsel before inclusion on the agenda. Minutes
should be kept of all meetings at which “best practices” are discussed.
Should questions arise about the propriety of a “best practices” discussion,
the discussion should be discontinued until counsel can be consulted.

IRU
History and Mission
The International Road Transport Union (IRU) is the world road
transport organization which upholds the interests of bus, coach, taxi and
truck operators to ensure economic growth and prosperity via the sustain-
able mobility of people and goods by road worldwide.
History
The International Road Transport Union (IRU) was founded in Ge-
neva on 23 March 1948, one year after the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE), to expedite the reconstruction of war-
torn Europe through facilitated international trade by road transport.
The IRU started as a group of national road transport associations
from eight Western European countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
A global industry federation of national Member Associations and As-
sociate Members in 73 countries on the five continents, the IRU today
represents the interests of bus, coach, taxi and truck operators worldwide,
from large fleets to individual owner-operators.
As such, the IRU has a truly global vision and acts effectively at the in-
ternational, regional, national and even local level with public authorities
by implementing its motto, “Working together for a better future”.
The IRU, as the global voice of the road transport industry, works to-
wards achieving the twin goals of Sustainable Development and Facilita-

30
tion of road transport worldwide. However, the IRU is not merely an in-
dustry interest group but defends the interests of economy and society as
a whole.
Indeed, the road transport industry is the backbone of strong economies
and dynamic societies. It is therefore legitimate and indispensable to main-
tain a dialogue with all institutions and stakeholders that can impact the
sector’s future growth, innovation capacity and investment decisions,
in order to represent and safeguard an industry that is vital to economic
growth, social development and, ultimately, prosperity and which plays
a crucial role in everyone’s life by meeting the demand for the sustainable
mobility of both people and goods.
The IRU’s mission is therefore to facilitate road transport worldwide
and ensure its sustainable development, notably by using vocational training
to promote professional competence in the sector and improve the quality
of services it offers.
It defends customers’ freedom of choice between transport modes and
the equal regulatory treatment of all modes, and promotes cooperation
and complementarity with all other modes of transport.
The IRU is involved in activities which include, but are not limited to:
„„ partnership among all its active and associate members and with
related organizations and industries to define, develop and promote policies
of common interest;
„„ monitoring all activities, legislation, policies and events that impact
the road transport industry, responding to and cooperating with all actors
involved;
„„ strategic reflection on global challenges of energy, competition and
social responsibility, drawing on the strengths and expertise of its members
channeled through the IRU Commissions and Working Parties;
„„ dialogue with intergovernmental bodies, international organizations
and all other stakeholders concerned by the road transport industry,
including the public at large;
„„ cooperation with policy makers, legislators and opinion-makers,
in order to contribute to informed and effective legislation, striking the right
balance between the needs and interests of all;
„„ public-private partnerships with relevant authorities to implement legal
instruments such as the TIR Convention under UN mandate or concrete
transnational projects such as the reopening of the Silk Road;
„„ communication of the role and importance of the road transport
industry, of its position on various issues and of reliable data and information;

31
 „„ provision of practical services and information to road transport
operators, such as the latest fuel prices, waiting times at borders, secure parking
areas, professional training, legislative developments, legal assistance etc.;
„„ training to promote professional competence in the sector, improve
the quality of services it offers and ensure compliance of road transport
training standards with international legislation, through the IRU Academy.

VOCABULARY
1. carry (v) перевозить
carry by road перевозить автомобильным транспортом
carry by rail перевозить железнодорожным транспортом
carry by air перевозить воздушным транспортом
carry by sea перевозить морским транспортом
We don’t carry many goods by rail now.
carrier (n) перевозчик
road carrier автомобильный перевозчик
rail carrier железнодорожный перевозчик
air carrier авиаперевозчик
sea carrier морской перевозчик
carriage (n) перевозка
Air carriage is very expensive.
carrying capacity грузоподъемность
сarry out (v) выполнять
2. considerably (adv) значительнo
3. operate (v) работать, действовать
The new manager will operate from his office in London.
operation (n) работа, эксплуатация (машин и оборудования)
I’d like to see this machine in operation.
operation instruction инструкция по эксплуатации и уходу
4. forwarding (adj) экспедиторский
forwarding company экспедиторская компания, фирма-экспедитор
syn. forwarder
They are one of the biggest forwarding companies in Europe.
5. deal with (v) вести дело, заниматься; ведать; рассматривать вопрос
They have been dealing with Sony for two years.
deal (n) сделка
It’s a good deal.
syn. transaction
6. increase (v) увеличивать(ся)
increase (n) увеличение

32
 a 5% increase увеличение на 5%
The increase in sales is not big enough.
7. cargo (n) груз
groupage cargo сборный груз
What type of cargo do you carry?
8. route (n) маршрут
At the talks our partners offered a new route.
9. range (n) ассортимент; размах
The company produced a wide range of goods three years ago.
10. fleet (n) парк; флотилия
fleet of vehicles парк транспортных средств
fleet of trucks парк грузовых автомобилей
fleet of vessels флот
They are planning to increase their fleet of vessels.
The container fleet will increase to 50 units by the end of the year.
11. capable (adj) способный
He is not capable of using such methods.
12. include (v) включать
What does the price include?
13. requirement (n) требование
meet (satisfy) the requirements отвечать требованиям
Do our terms meet your requirements?
require (v) требовать
They require the goods in a month.
This cargo requires certain temperature conditions.
14. size cargo крупногабаритный груз
This forwarding firm doesn’t carry large-size cargo.
15. truck (n) тягач
We require trucks of high capacity.
trucking (n) перевозка грузов с использованием тягачей, автомобильные
перевозки
16. trailer (n) прицеп
semi-trailer полуприцеп
17. vehicle (n) автотранспортное средство; колесное транспортное средство
18. reliable (adj) надежный
reliability (n) надежность
19. safety (n) сохранность; безопасность
safe (adj) безопасный
safe transportation безопасная транспортировка
safe delivery безопасная доставка
They couldn’t guarantee safe delivery of the goods because of the situ-
ation in the country.
20. consignment (n) партия груза
They carried large consignments to the final destination.

33
 consignor (n) грузоотправитель
consignee (n) грузополучатель
Put down the full name of the consignee here.
21. handle (v) обрабатывать (груз)
How much cargo can you handle?
handling (n) обработка
22. store (v) хранить, складировать
Where are the chemicals stored?
storage (n) складирование, хранение
You are responsible for storage.
23. warehouse (n) склад
They have their own warehouse where they can store more than
5,000 tons.
24. customs clearance таможенная очистка
Do you make customs clearance?
сustoms declaration таможенная декларация
25. clear (v) зд. растаможивать
26. destination (n) пункт назначения
final destination конечный пункт назначения
A forwarding company is a transport firm which delivers the goods
to the final destination.
27. set up (v) основывать, учреждать, организовывать
They set up a joint venture last year.
set up a visit договориться о встрече
28. efficiently (adv) эффективно
The manager worked very efficiently.
29. spare (adj) запасной
spare parts запасные части
They need spare parts for the new trucks.
syn. spares
30. customer (n) заказчик
We’ve got a lot of customers now.
31. supplier (n) поставщик
supply (n) предложение (товаров и услуг)
Do you know what D/S means? — Sure. Demand and supply.
supply (v) снабжать, поставлять
supply sb with sth
supply sth to sb
When could you supply the spare parts?
Who supplies you with spare parts?
32. break down ломать(ся)
The machine broke down because the operator didn’t follow the op-
eration instruction.
break-down (n) поломка

34
 33. run (v) вести (дело)
He’s been running this shop since last year.
34. package (n) пакет, упаковка
complete package полный пакет
35. undertake (v) принимать обязательства
undertake to carry принимать обязательства по перевозке
undertake delivery принимать обязательства по доставке
The Buyers undertake to observe the Sellers’ Operation Instructions.
36. quality (n) качество
high quality высокое качество
low quality низкое качество
be of high (low) quality высокого (низкого) качества
Their goods have always been of high quality.
37. competitive (adj) конкурентоспособный
competition (n) конкуренция
competitor (n) конкурент
compete (v) конкурировать, соревноваться
Their prices are not quite competitive.
38. manual (n) руководство, справочник
service manual руководство по обслуживанию
39. approach (n) подход
I don’t quite like your approach to this matter.
approach (v) приближаться
The ship is approaching the port.
40. appropriate (adj) соответствующий, уместный
41. place (v) помещать, размещать
place under loading подавать под погрузку
We’ll place a truck under loading tomorrow at 9 o’clock.
place an order with sb for sth
They want to place an order with us.
42. dispatch (v) отправлять
When can you dispatch the first consignment?
dispatch (n) отправка
Please indicate the point of dispatch.
43. immediately (adv) немедленно
syn. promptly, urgently
We require five semi-trailers immediately.
44. stock (n) наличие (продукция, имеющаяся на складе), запас
The stock is limited at the moment.
have in stock иметь в наличии
We haven’t got so many refrigerators in stock.
45. regulation (n) постановление, распоряжение
When was the new regulation adopted?
regulate (v) регулировать, контролировать

35
46. comprise (v) включать, заключать в себе; составлять
47. sophisticated (adj) cложный, усложненный
48. inconsistency (n) несовместимость, несоoтветствие
49. ultimately (adv) в конце концов, в конечном итоге
50. hazardous (adj) рискованный, опасный
51. emphasize (v) подчеркивать
52. level out (v) растягивать на какой-либо поверхности
53. ascertain (v) устанавливать, выяснять
54. elaborate (v) детально, тщательно разрабатывать
55. enterprise (n) предприятие
56. appeal (v) взывать к кому-либо; апеллировать
57. implement (v) осуществлять, выполнять
implementation (n) осуществление, выполнение
58. adjust (v) приводить в порядок, улаживать; приспосабливать
59. prevail (v) превалировать
60. ensure (v) обеспечивать, гарантировать
61. bow (v) кланяться
62. forbid (v) (forbade, forbidden) запрещать
63. avoidance (n) избежание, уклонение
avoid (v) избегать, уклоняться
64. consequence (n) последствие
65. laud (v) хвалить, восхвалять, прославлять
66. assure (v) уверять, заверять
67. strive (v) (strove, striven) стараться, прилагать усилия
68. concede (v) уступать
69. entail (v) влечь за собой; вызывать
70. levy (v) взимать сбор, налог
71. proponent (n) защитник (политики, определенных мер)
72. shortfall (n) дефицит, недостача
73. deficiency (n) нехватка, дефицит
74. curtain (n) занавес
75. retraction (n) отказ, отмена
76. justify (v) оправдывать
77. exclusively (adv) исключительно
78. call for (v) призывать
79. lobbying (n) лоббирование
80. surcharge (n) доплата, дополнительный сбор
81. guide (v) направлять
82. emit (v) выделять (тепло, газы)
emission (n) выделение
83. bottleneck (n) узкий проход, проезд, место

36
 Unit 2
RAIL TRANSPORT

INTRODUCING NEW INFORMATION

Ex. 1. A. Read the text and find 2—3 sentences that express the main idea.

RAIL FREIGHT COMPANIES

International Rail Freight is the grandfather of all inter-railway coop-
erative efforts in Europe, at least for intermodal traffic. It was established
in 1993 when two big rail companies, Rail Freight and Inter Freight, signed
an agreement of cooperation.
Rail Freight was founded in 1967 and is owned by 28 different railways.
Its head office is in Basle, but there are offices throughout Europe from
Lisbon to Moscow.
Inter Freight was founded in 1949 with the purpose of handling refrig-
erated rail traffic in conventional rail wagons. They have a fleet of 6,500
container wagons and handled 46,500 tonnes of temperature-controlled
consignments last year.
Although IRF operates trains mainly in Western Europe, a scheduled
service in Moscow and Turkey has been also introduced. They are planning
to start time-tabled trains for classic (non-container) wagon-loaded traffic.
A shuttle service to Barcelona is expected to go into operation soon.
IRF is cooperating in a number of joint ventures, a customer service
organization is being set up in Germany.
The Company’s main goal is to increase productivity by developing
train control system with special fleet control functions. They are also try-
ing to increase the capacity of their main routes by raising the axle loads
from 31 to 35 tonnes per axle. Steel wagons are being replaced by rapid-
discharge aluminium wagons. Automatic wagon identification points have
recently been installed in addition to hot box detectors. In close coopera-

37
tion with other big European rail operators they are working on a system
of freight “freeways” to reduce journey time and become fully competitive
both on price and services.
B. Reread the text and say if the statements below are true or false.
Correct the false statements.
1. Rail Freight is a state company with the head office in Berlin.
2. Rail Freight was established in 1993.
3. IRF operates in Western Europe and handles refrigerators only.
4. A scheduled service to Moscow will be introduced next year.
5. The main goal of the company is to increase its fleet.
6. The company has increased the axle load to 40 tons per axle.
7. Hot box detectors have recently been installed on all trains that run
on the route Barcelona — Moscow.
8. IRF are trying to reduce journey time by replacing steel wagons
with rapid-discharge aluminium wagons.
C. Look through the text again and say what was mentioned in the text
about
a) IRF and their business;
b) the IRF fleet of wagons;
c) the main goal of the Company.

DEVELOPING READING TECHNIQUE

Ex. 2. A. Listen to the text Rail Freight Companies and follow it with your eyes.
B. Listen to the text again and repeat it sentence by sentence.
C. Read the text aloud. Approximate time of reading is 1.5 min.

LEARNING NEW WORDS

Ex. 3. A. Find the words in bold type and try to guess their meaning. Check up
the translation of the words in the Vocabulary (p. 56). Write them out
in your vocabulary.
B. Write down all the words unknown to you in your vocabulary.
Ex. 4. Translate the following phrases within the text:
1) to introduce a shuttle service;
2) to handle refrigerated rail traffic;

38
 3) to increase the capacity of the route;
4) to operate a scheduled service;
5) to reduce journey time;
6) to become competitive;
7) to replace a fleet control system.
Ex 5. Match these verbs and noun phrases and translate the expressions they
make into Russian:
to handle into operation
to go conventional railway wagons
to replace joint venture
to reduce productivity
to raise rapid-discharge wagons
to establish wagon identification points
to own delivery time
to install a railway
Ex. 6. Fill in the gaps with the words given below. Change the form of the words
if necessary.
to produce, products, production, productivity
A manufacturer (or a manufacturing company) _________ goods. The
goods it makes are its ________ . When a manufacturing company extends,
it usually increases its ________ . If one year it ________ 100 tonnes and
the next year it ___________ 110 tonnes, it has increased _________ by
10%. When a company invests in new equipment, its _________ is grow-
ing. Each company thinks of increasing its _________ .
Ex. 7. Make nouns from the verbs given below and insert them in the following
sentences.
Model: reduce — reduction
to own, to introduce, to replace, to produce, to handle, to install
1. Our partners agreed to deliver_____ by the end of the month.
2. The _____ of the new shuttle service to Moscow was suspended for
two months.
3. The _____ and the shareholders will hold a meeting in December.
4. Toyota is one of the main _____ of high-quality cars in the world.
5. If prices for oil go up, _____ costs will rise dramatically.
6. If _____ in a country increases and economy starts booming, peo-
ple get rewarding jobs, earn good money and want more _____ .

39
 7. _____ of cargo at railway terminals sometimes take a lot of time.
8. The joint company had to invest heavily into the _____ of new hot
box detectors.

Ex. 8. Check yourself. Give the English equivalents of the following Russian
word combinations:
1) железнодорожные перевозки грузов;
2) установить новое оборудование;
3) создать совместное предприятие;
4) увеличить производительность;
5) ввести новый маршрут движения поездов по расписанию;
6) определить основную цель работы;
7) увеличить нагрузку на ось;
8) с целью обработки рефрижераторных составов;
9) подписать соглашение о сотрудничестве;
10) система идентификации вагонов;
11) выставить счет заказчику;
12) отгрузить заказ морем;
13) разместить твердый заказ на 100 детекторов у «Смит и Ко»;
14) предоставить 5%-ную скидку;
15) вести переговоры по заключению сделки;
16) назначить обоснованные цены.

REVIEWING GRAMMAR

Ex. 9. Study the table. Pay attention to the forms of the Passive Voice.
The Tenses of the Verb
in the Passive Voice

Indefinite/Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect

Formula to be + V-ed to be + being + V-ed to have been + V-ed

} } }
Present am am have
is asked is being asked been asked
are are has
Past was
were
} asked was
were } being asked had been asked
Future shall
will
} be asked —
shall
will } have been asked

40
 Ex. 10. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice. Make
questions and negative statements.
1. Dangerous cargoes are carried in containers.
2. Scheduled services are being introduced now.
3. Their fleet of vehicles was increased last year.
4. The goods will be cleared at this terminal.
5. The French truck has just been loaded.
6. Russian trucks can be used on international routes.
7. The new model of truck will have been developed by 2015.
Ex. 11. Make sentences according to the models using the words and word com-
binations given as promts.
Model A: When were the goods handled?
Prompts: this groupage cargo, the container, consignment No. 19, this
semi-trailer, the German trucks, the frozen chicken.
Model B: Where will the truck be sent?
Prompts: the order (to place), the spare parts (to deliver), the deal (to make),
the colleague (to meet), the goods (to sell), the trucks (to buy).
Model C: The cargo has just been loaded, hasn’t it?
Prompts: the ship (to discharge), the visit (to set up), the machines (to sup-
ply), the best prices (to offer), good after-service (to promise).
Model D: They are impressed by the range of our products.
Prompts: the after-sales service, the low prices, the high quality of the
goods, the reliability of the machines, our approach to business,
the warehouse equipment.
Ex. 12. Make questions to which the following sentences may be the answers.
1. Most cargo in Russia is transported by rail. (How?)
2. When you make a deal with foreign partners, you usually ask them
to reduce the price which is offered. (What?)
3. The volume of cargo going through the Channel Tunnel will double­
over the next few years. (When?)
4. National railways in Europe will be privatized to meet the growing
market requirements of the European Community. (Why?)
5. Western freight forwarders wanted to cooperate with Russian rail.
(Who?)
6. Most wagons in Russian rail were replaced last year. (When?)

41
 7. Up-to-date equipment has recently been installed at rail terminals
in the Moscow region. (Where?)
8. When customers are invoiced, two copies of Invoice are usually
written out. (How many?)
9. As a rule, good discounts are given to regular buyers. (Who?)
Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Наши прицепы продаются во многих странах Азии по вполне
конкурентоспособным ценам.
2. Вчера вам звонили несколько раз. Я просила перезвонить се-
годня утром.
3. Запасные части будут поставлены к концу недели.
4. Если появится новый маршрут, перевозки продуктов увели-
чатся в два раза.
5. — Машину уже загрузили?
— Нет еще. Мне кажется, загрузку закончат только к вечеру.
6. Сколько груза обрабатывает ваш терминал?
7. Таможенная очистка груза производится на этом терминале, да?
8. Большинство товаров, которые импортировались в нашу
страну, перевозилось автомобильным транспортом.
9. Подвижной состав фирмы Truck & Trailer не будет использо-
ваться на этом маршруте.
10. — Когда могут быть отправлены грузы по нашему заказу?
— Вы имеете в виду запасные части к полуприцепам? Они
только что были отправлены.

Ex. 14. Put in the verbs using the correct tense in the Active or Passive Voice.
1. When goods (carry) from one place to another, they (insure) with
an insurance company.
2. As we (not, give a discount), we (buy) trucks from Volvo last year.
3. The wagon (discharge) at the moment. When your trucks (arrive)
at the station?
4. Swiss railways (not, be able to carry) 4-metre high vehicles across
Switzerland until the construction of the new tunnels (complete).
5. What new freight service just (introduce) by their company?
6. When they (invoice) customers, CIF prices usually (quote) as they
(have) forwarding agents throughout Europe.
7. A new terminal (go into operation) last week, but the volume
of freight which we (handle) (not, reduce).

42
 8. A German-Austrian joint venture (set up) recently to increase pro-
ductivity and reduce costs.
9. Many transport and forwarding companies in Russia (create) by
private investors who realize the importance of the development
of intermodal traffic.
10. Broken parts (replace) as soon as we (inform) of the breakage.
Ex. 15. Put in prepositions where necessary.
1. We have just introduced this service _____ the market and think we
can raise productivity _____ 5%.
2. A big concession was made _____ the Buyers as we realized that
their order was worth $ _____ _____ our company.
3. If you quote _____ CIF prices, we think we’ll be able to place
a bigger order _____ you.
4. A new route will go _____ operation next month _____ addition
_____ the shuttle service which was introduced _____ last year.
5. We’ll give you a 10% discount _____ the price if you increase your
order _____ 100 wagons.
6. The new hot box detectors were bought _____ the Italian manu-
facturers. They are _____ high quality and satisfy _____ the world
standards.
7. We were invoiced _____ the amount of $ _____ to be paid _____
the end _____ the month.
8. The company requires _____ 100 pallets _____ immediate delivery
and 100 more _____ three months.
9. If you don’t mind, this deal will be discussed _____ your manager
_____ the 2nd _____ February.
10. —What’s the purpose _____ your coming _____ Brusells?
— It’s a business trip. I was invited _____ Sky Cargo Ltd.
Ex. 16. Put in articles or possessive pronouns where necessary. Get ready to dis-
cuss the text.
_____ Britain is _____ only state in _____ European Union which ful-
ly privatized _____ rail service. _____ other states such as _____ Germa-
ny, _____Italy, _____ Sweden, and _____ Netherlands have _____ state
ownership of _____ railways though there was _____ decision of _____
E.U. to create _____ single competitive rail market in _____ Europe.
_____ main competitor for _____ rail is _____ road transport, but to at-
tract freight away from _____ roads _____rail industry _____ must invest

43
in _____ new projects. Traditionally, _____ British Rail Freight had left
_____ investments in _____ rolling stock and _____ terminals to _____
customers.
However, _____ new business approach is to provide _____ wagons
if and when _____ clients ask for them and to organize _____ collection
and _____ delivery from _____ rail head to _____ customer. _____ in-
terest in _____ rail freight has been historically minimal because _____
requirements of _____ price, _____ reliability, and _____ time were not
met. _____ rail is _____ alternative to _____ road, but this is more true
for _____ shuttle service than for _____ multi-drop stations.
There is _____ growing interest in _____ rail because _____ people’s
attitudes are changing but _____ rail has to stand up financially.

Notes:
ownership собственность
to create cоздавать
rolling stock подвижной состав
to provide обеспечивать
rail head железнодорожный терминал

Ex. 17. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Плата за перевозку грузов по железной дороге недавно значи-
тельно возросла. Железнодорожный транспорт в России при-
надлежит государству, которое последнее время проявляет
большой интерес к его развитию.
2. Интермодальные перевозки в Европе постоянно развивают-
ся. Каждый год создаются совместные транспортные пред-
приятия и возникают экспедиторские фирмы.
3. Во время гарантийного периода все неисправные детекторы
заменяются на новые бесплатно.
4. Если фирме предоставляется скидка, продавец надеется, что
заказ будет увеличен.
5. Будет несправедливо делать им уступку снова. В прошлый
раз мы организовали разгрузку в выходной день, хотя они
не оплатили грузчикам эту работу.
6. При перевозке любой груз непременно страхуется.
7. Вы можете назначить цену и выписать счет сразу же? Товар
нужен нам срочно.

44
 8. Вы не возражаете, если счет будет выслан вам завтра?
9. — Ты думаешь, стоит поторговаться?
— Конечно. Продавец почти всегда делает скидку. Наша
цель — купить дешевле.
10. Новые вагоны поступили на российский рынок в прошлом
году. Они были куплены многими перевозчиками, так как их
грузоподъемность намного выше, чем у предыдущей модели.

LEARNING TO LISTEN AND SPEAK

Ex. 18. A. Listen to the telephone conversation and say what discount Mr Ivanov
received at the end of the talk: 2%, 2.5%, or 5%.

MAKING A DEAL
Mr Ivanov, a Russian businessman, is in England. He is visiting Brown
& Co. Ltd, a firm which manufactures electronic equipment. He is negoti-
ating a deal with Robert Smith, Sales Manager of the Company.

Ivanov: Mr Smith, we want to place a firm order for XBS3 Detectors.

Smith: Excellent. How many would you like to buy?
Ivanov: We’d like five for immediate delivery and 130 in two months time.
By the end of June, that is.
Smith: I see. That’s a very good order. I didn’t realize you were that
big. Well, you know, the price of the detector is $1,200 per unit.
That’s without freight and insurance. When we invoice the cus-
tomers, we usually quote FOB Southhampton. But perhaps you
prefer the goods to go by air?
Ivanov: No, air freight’s too expensive. They can go by sea. But if you
don’t mind, I’d like you to quote CIF St Petersburg.
Smith: All right, we can do it. You want us to quote for 135 XBS3 Detec-
tors, CIF St Petersburg, goods to be shipped by sea.
Ivanov: Correct. There’s one other thing. As this is a fairly big order, I was
wondering what sort of discount you could offer. Would 5% be
reasonable?
Smith: Oh, I don’t think we could go that high. As a special concession …
since you are a new customer, I could possibly give you 2% off the
price.

45
Ivanov: 2%? That’s not too much. This order will be worth over $.....
to your company.
Smith: Yes, I realize that.
Ivanov: And don’t forget, we may place orders for some of your other
models.
Smith: I tell you what. I don’t want to talk about it any longer. How
about 2.5%?
Ivanov: Oh, I suppose that’s fair enough. OK then, agreed.

B. Listen to the conversation again and say what you remember about
a) Brown and Co. Ltd and their products;
b) the order the Russian company was going to place with the British
company;
c) the discount Mr. Ivanov got from the manufacturers.
C. Listen to the conversation again and say if the statements below are true
or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Mr Ivanov is going to buy containers from the British company.
2. The price for the detectors includes freight and insurance.
3. Mr Ivanov prefers the goods to go by air.
4. Mr Smith quoted CIF St Petersburg.
5. Mr Ivanov didn’t ask for a discount.
6. Mr Smith offered Mr Ivanov a 10% discount.
7. The Russian company placed an order for 200 detectors.
D. Listen to the conversation and repeat it sentence by sentence.
E. Reorder the conversation. If you have difficulty, translate the sentences
into Russian.
Smith: I see. That’s a very good order. I didn’t realize you were that
big. Well, you know, the price of the detector is $1,200 per unit.
That’s without freight and insurance. When we invoice the cus-
tomers, we usually quote FOB Southhampton. But perhaps you
prefer the goods to go by air?
Smith: Excellent. How many would you like to buy?
Ivanov: Mr Smith, we want to place a firm order for XBS3 Detectors.
Smith: All right, we can do it. You want us to quote for 135 XBS3 Detec-
tors, CIF St Petersburg, goods to be shipped by sea.
Ivanov: No, air freight’s too expensive. They can go by sea. But if you
don’t mind, I’d like you to quote CIF St Petersburg.

46
Ivanov: We’d like five for immediate delivery and 130 in two months time.
By the end of June, that is.
F. Complete the conversation.
Ivanov: _________________________________________________
Smith: Oh, no. I don’t think we could go that high. As a special conces-
sion, since you are a new customer, I could possibly give you 2%
off the price.
Ivanov: _________________________________________________
Smith: But unfortunately our maximum discount is only 3%.
Ivanov: _________________________________________________
Smith: I tell you what. I don’t want to talk with you about it any longer.
How about 2.5%?
Ivanov: _________________________________________________
Ex. 19. Have a conversation with your partner using the information below.
You are a big road carrier in Russia, and you want to start international
operations in Germany and France, but as your trucks don’t meet the Eu-
ropean ecological standards, you have to buy five Volvo trucks to start op-
erations. Volvo trucks are rather expensive, and you want to get a discount
for your order for five trucks. Speak to a representative of Volvo and ask
him for a 10% discount. Tell him they can expect bigger orders from your
company in the future.

LEARNING TO WRITE
Ex. 20. A. You work for a big rail transport company. You have received a free
copy of International Freighting Weekly containing the following letter.
Your boss wants to know if it’s worth subscribing to the journal. Tell him
what the letter is about and recommend him to subscribe to the journal.

A Letter to the Editor

International Freighting Weekly
151 Roseberry Avenue,
London
15 December 20…
Dear Sir,
I am moved by Steve Winter’s viewpoint in IFW (December 15) and would
like to respond to it.

47
In the transport business, customers are making more and more demands
on their suppliers to improve quality and reduce costs. Our task is to be-
come more efficient and to achieve this goal, but the railways’ attitude
to service and pricing is quite different.
Channel Tunnel service levels have deteriorated to the point where one
of our customers has demanded we move his product by road. The level
of service is bad enough, but in addition to it the railways want a 4% in-
crease in their charges, which is neither moral nor deserved. They continue
to enjoy their monopoly position and ignore the real commercial problems.
I do not know any other industry where quality is allowed to suffer, yet
prices rise unchecked.

David Bull
Sales & Marketing Director
NDX

Notes:
to demand требовать
attitude отношение
level уровень
to deteriorate ухудшаться
charge плата
to deserve заслуживать
to suffer страдать

B. Read the letter again and answer the questions.

1. What service does NDX offer to their customers?
2. Why is the rail charge increased?
3. Is it possible to improve quality and reduce prices?
4. How can the situation in Channel Tunnel be changed?
5. Why is the writer annoyed?
C. You are the editor of International Freighting Weekly. Write a short let-
ter to David Bull and invite him to come to your office for an interview.
D. Role-play a telephone conversation between David Bull and the editor
of IFW who is inviting David to do an interview with their reporter.
E. Your boss has decided to subscribe to International Freighting Weekly.
Write a letter to them and make a subscription for the second half of the
year.

48
 LEARNING TO READ AND ANALYSE
Ex. 21. A. Read the text and say whether it is
a) an advertisement;
b) a passage from a text-book;
c) an encyclopedia article;
d) a newspaper article.

The current optimism in the freight market has been encouraged by the
new Labour government. English Wales System (EWS) operation is worth
around 90 m tonnes per year and 7.5 m tonnes of this are petroleum and
chemical products. The company runs tank trains between ports and in-
land distribution terminals, carries a variety of liquids from various stages
in the production chain. Over the last few years EWS has been starting new
traffic flows and increasing the frequency of trains on the existing services.
As well as block trains, EWS attracts smaller customers which do not
want to contract a whole train. The Enterprise network serves around
200 locations across the country on both a direct and a hub-and-spoke
services and carries wagon, tank and container traffic.
EWS is adding new routs and “thickening” existing ones with a greater
frequency of service. They also invest in new designs for rolling stock and
track to make the UK rail infrastructure compatible with the Continent.
B. There are names of goods and types of vehicles in the article. Find them
and write them out.
Goods Vehicles

C. Say what you remember from the article about the EWS operations.

Ex. 22. A. Read the advertisement and say who it is intended for:
a) companies dealing with transportation;
b) individuals;
c) companies importing or exporting goods from Europe;
d) companies importing or exporting goods from Asia;
e) companies importing or exporting goods from America.
SeaRail offers an efficient and safe method of transporting goods by
rail between Russia and Scandinavia. In Russia the consignors load Rus-

49
sian wagons, and SeaRail takes care of the reloading in Finland to mod-
ern bogie changeable wagons. SeaRail delivers the goods to the consign-
ee in Sweden, Norway or Denmark via the trainferry m/s SeaWind. The
trainferry sails between Turku and Stockholm daily.
SeaRail has got about 300 wagons, can also offer collection/distribu-
tion by lorry for areas with no rail network. SeaRail also offers warehousing
services in Turku.
B. Read the advertisement again and answer the questions.
1. Why is the company called SeaRail?
2. Rail tracks are different in different countries, aren’t they?
3. What additional services do SeaRail offer?
C. You work for a transport company in Russia. You want to find new part-
ners in Norway. You have read the SeaRail advertisement. Write a letter
to them asking for detailed information about their company.

D. You represent a transport company. Describe the services of your com-

pany to a potential customer.

Ex. 23. Get ready to make a presentation at the Annual International Confer-
ence on Transport and Logistics. Read the texts given below and decide
what topic of your presentation will be. Make a plan of your presenta-
tion and prepare a report according to the plan.

What Is a Freight Train?

A freight train is a train which is used to carry cargo, in contrast to pas-
sengers. Freight trains consist of at least one engine and a chain of train
cars which are coupled together. People use trains to carry freight all over
the world, with costs for shipping by train being generally lower than those
for air freight or truck freight. However, freight trains are less flexible for
shipping than trucks, planes, and ships, since they must stick to the regions
where tracks are available for use.
People have been using freight trains for cargo ever since the train
was invented. Before motor trucks railroads controlled inland transport
of goods and services in the 19th century. The powerful railroad indus-
try was the focus of technological innovation in an era when intermedi-
ate transportation needs were largely met by vehicles drown by pack ani-
mals. Trains are quick and efficient and have a number of advantages when
it comes to shipping cargo, including the capability of pulling a very heavy

50
load with a surprisingly low use of energy. A single powerful locomotive
can pull a very long train of freight cars, with some companies using mul-
tiple locomotives in what is known as a locomotive assist. Locomotive as-
sists are used for extremely long freight trains to ensure that the train has
enough power to get over steep hills.
There are a number of ways in which freight can be packaged
on a freight train. Classically, freight trains carried goods in bulk in box-
cars or wagons, and this technique is still used for some things. More com-
monly, freight trains are loaded with shipping containers. Containerization
allows goods to be moved easily between ships, trains, and trucks without
the need for repacking. Freight trains also have specialized cars like refrig-
erated cars for food and specially-built racks for loading cars.
In some nations, railroads and trucking companies have come up with
a creative cooperative shipping method in which trucks drive straight up
onto the flat cars of a freight train. This technique, known as “trailer on flat
car” or “piggybacking,” can be extremely useful. It allows truckers to take
advantage of the high speeds and efficiency of train travel, while ensuring
that goods can reach their end destinations, even if those end destinations
are beyond the reach of a freight train.
The rise of trucking, shipping, and flying freight has led some rail-
roads to alter their methods of doing business in order to attract custom-
ers. Many companies have supported containerization and piggybacking
to make it easier for customers to combine shipping methods, and the
use of frequently scheduled trains also encourages customers, by assuring
them that their goods will be moved quickly. The energy efficiency of us-
ing a freight train also became a selling point in the early 21st century,
when many companies wanted to engage in more environmentally-re-
sponsible business practices, and the costs of fuel began to rise radically,
making energy efficiency appealingly cheap as well as environmentally
sound.

International Union of Railways

The International Union of Railways (UIC) is the worldwide organi-
zation for international cooperation among railways and promotion of the
rail transport mode. Founded in 1922, it currently gathers 200 members
on all five continents.
The Union’s main mission is to promote rail transport at a global level
in order to cope with current challenges of mobility and sustainable devel-
opment, by enhancing international cooperation between its members.

51
 The UIC’s objectives are to facilitate exchange on best practices among
members, support members in their efforts to develop new business oppor-
tunities, propose new ways for improving economic performance of the
rail network, achieve interoperability and create new world standards for
railways (including common standards with other modes), develop centres
of competence (High Speed, Safety, Security, E-Business etc.).
UIC has:
„„ 82 active members (including the railways from Europe, Russia, the
Middle East, North Africa, South Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Japan,
Korea, Kazakhstan, and companies operating worldwide such as Veolia
Transport);
„„ 80 associate members (including railways from Asia, Africa, America,
and Australia);
„„ 35 affiliate members (related or ancillary rail transport businesses or
services).
UIC members may be:
„„ integrated railway companies;
„„ infrastructure managers;
„„ railway or combined transport operators, rolling stock and traction
leasing companies, service providers (restaurant services, sleeping cars,
public transport, maritime transport).

RAILROADS
Recently the railroad industry has recorded a new high for freight traf-
fic. Coal, grain, and chemicals are the major commodities shipped by rail.
However, intermodal railroad traffic has risen considerably. This rapid in-
crease is due to mainly the introduction of specialized railcars that carry
double stacked containers. The double stack efficiencies have made it pos-
sible to move containers faster, reducing delivery times and carrying export
and domestic traffic on the backhaul. Double stack cars now account for
approximately 40 percent of total intermodal capacity.
A once-fragmented industry could be in a position to offer more
unified regional services based on better-coordinated schedules and re-
lated services. For the customers of International Marketing Companies
(IMC; transportation coordinators for shippers who use rail as the primary
mode), this will offer a single regional service, faster and more efficient
use of routes, rail cars and cargo handling equipment, larger and faster
throughput of international rail yards, and improved communications be-
tween shippers and carrier.

52
 On the other hand, it can be argued that if these rail mergers continue,
there is the possibility that shippers could have only two or three large na-
tionwide networks to meet their rail-related transportation needs. To pre-
vent monopoly pricing situations that would affect the competitiveness
of captive users of rail services, some shipper organizations are calling for
safeguards or alternatively, some kind of re-regulation of the railroad in-
dustry.
The rail industry is considering other improvements to reduce its costs
and improve services. One such initiative is the sharing of equipment be-
tween rail carriers to gain maximum utilization of those assets. For the
shipper, this could mean more cost-effective placement, loading, transit,
unloading, and release of intermodal containers and trailers. For carriers,
it has the potential of improving equipment utilization, maintenance and
purchasing/replacement programs for intermodal containers, trailers, and
transfer and storage yards.
Reliability of services by the rail industry is greatly dependent on the
condition of the rail carriers’ infrastructure. After decades of neglect, poor
service by the railroads often led to loss of customers where customers had
a choice of alternative services, or the business had moved or closed be-
cause of the lack of such alternatives. To win back customers, and possibly
attract new ones, the railroads have in the past decade and a half spent bil-
lions of dollars to improve their infrastructure to provide faster and more
efficient services, including intermodal. This includes improved tracks
crossings, faster intra-line and inter-line rail yards including intermodal,
and equipment handling and inspection systems to spot equipment dam-
age faster and more reliably.

TURKISH RAILWAYS — TIME FOR A CHANGE

Turkey is not a railway country in the Central European sense.
The truck is dominant in both domestic and international freight traffic.
The downward slope started for the Turkish state-owned railway in the
1950s. At that time, the railway still had an impressive market share of 60%.
Today the proportion of freight carried by rail in the Turkish transport
market has dropped to just 4%.
There is an urgent need for investment, but until now the resources
have not been available. Bureaucracy, lack of interest in customers’ needs
and the railway employees’ habit of expecting gifts of money all contribute
to the railway’s negative image. The fact that corruption is rife in the rail
sector, and also in other parts of the Turkish administration, is an open se-

53
cret. TCDD (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryoallari) employees are
paid a minimum wage, and this is the way they make ends meet.
The TCDD is a state company and does not respond very flexibly
to customers’ needs. According to an Austrian company involved in inter-
modal transport to and from Turkey for many years carrying, for example,
mining products with its own 30 foot containers on this route, there are
usually no problems as soon as a train leaves, but until it happens, the cus-
tomer either has to have patience or put a banknote in with the waybill.
The railway network is inadequate and to a large extent obsolete. The
TCDD is a state within a state – terms such as customer service and mar-
keting are foreign words in every sense.
Schenker Arkas is a joint venture by Schenker Austria and the Turkish
transport operator Arkas. Schenker uses it for the conventional block-train
service from Hungary to Hankali (Istanbul). This train has been running
successfully for years and also offers the chance to taking freight to Bul-
garia and Romania on the way.
The TCDD’s busiest route is the line from the Bulgarian – Turkish
border to Istanbul. Here the wagons usually run according to schedule. But
from Istanbul, one has to be prepared for surprises at the Hankali terminal
in Istanbul where he has to organize the pick-up and distribution of freight
and the handling of incoming and outgoing intermodal shipment.
Hankali station lies at the western edge of Istanbul. This is where in-
coming freight trains from Europe finish their journey and leave for Europe
in the other directions. Not only intermodal trains and conventional trains
are handled on TCDD premises at Hankali. At this terminal there is also
a huge customs clearance zone for trucks, where the Turkish customs for-
malities are carried out. The customs agents are mostly former customs
officials who are very familiar with the complicated Turkish customs for-
malities. They know the rules of the game very well when they are dealing
with the Turkish customs bureaucracy.
According to Turkish customs regulations, containers, wagons etc.
must be temporarily cleared through customs on entering Turkey. If they
are not exported again within three months, they pass into the hands of the
Turkish state. This practice is contrary to the international GATT agree-
ment, which does not provide for temporary customs clearance of import-
ed transport equipment.
Although Turkey did sign the agreement, the Turkish international law
takes precedence over international law. For TCDD to apply the GATT
agreement, it must have specific directions from the government. But this
has so far not happened.

54
 SOME BASIC ENGLISH TERMS

rail car железнодорожный вагон rail freighting entity подразделение,

stacked containers контейнеры, уло-
женные в штабель
double stack cars двухъярусные вагоны,
платформы (с погрузкой контейнера
в два яруса)
throughput пропускная способность;
прирост; темпы роста
storage yard складская площадка
yard завод; верфь; сортировочная пло-
щадка
inter-line rail yard сортировочная стан-
ция для грузов прямого сообщения
track crossing железнодорожный пе-
реезд
назначающее тарифы за железно-
дорожные перевозки; компания,
занимающаяся грузовыми железно-
дорожными перевозками
block train маршрутный контейнерный
поезд
customs clearance zone зона таможен-
ной очистки грузов
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade) Генеральное соглашение по
тарифам и торговле

VOCABULARY

1. freight (n) груз; фрахт (плата за перевозку); грузовые перевозки

2. rail freight железнодорожные грузовые перевозки
road freight автомобильные грузовые перевозки
sea freight морские грузовые перевозки
rail (n) железная дорога; рельс
It’s safer to carry goods by rail than by road.
railway (n) железная дорога
3. effort (n) усилие
I’ll make every effort to help you.
сooperative efforts совместные усилия
4. traffic (n) движение (транспорта); перевозки
intermodal traffic интермодальные (смешанные) перевозки
road traffic автомобильные перевозки; дорожное движение
rail traffic железнодорожные перевозки
Rail traffic is increasing.
5. own (v) владеть, иметь в собственности
Now British rail is not owned by the state.
owner (n) владелец, собственник
ownership (n) собственность
6. throughout (prep) через, по всей площади
RZD cooperate with a lot of freight forwarders throughout Europe.

55
 7. purpose (n) цель
syn. aim
on purpose намеренно
He’s done it on purpose.
with the purpose of  c целью...
It was done with the purpose of handling rail freight.
8. conventional (adj) обычный
9. wagon (n) товарный вагон
Dangerous goods are not transported in conventional wagons.
10. schedule (n) расписание, график
schedule (v) составлять расписание, график, план
scheduled (adj) по расписанию, по графику
A scheduled rail service was opened last month.
11. introduce (v) вводить, представлять
A new product has just been introduced into the market.
introduction (n) введение, представление
12. timetabled (adj) идущий по графику
13. wagonload (n) вагон (как весовая единица)
14. shuttle service (n) регулярное движение между двумя пунктами; челноч-
ное сообщение
15. go into operation входить в эксплуатацию
A new plant went into operation last month.
16. joint venture совместное предприятие
This Russian-British joint venture was set up two months ago.
17. goal (n) задача, цель
To become a famous artist was the goal of his life.
18. productivity (n) производительность
labour productivity производительность труда
Labour productivity at the terminal was high enough.
19. raise (v) поднимать
raise the axle load поднять нагрузку на ось
20. per axle на одну ось
21. replace (v) заменять
All broken parts will be replaced this week.
replacement (n) замена; новая деталь взамен вышедшей из строя
When can you supply the replacements?
22. rapid (adj) быстрый, скоростной
They promised rapid unloading of the truck.
23. discharge (v) разгружать
It’s necessary to discharge the wagon today.
discharge (n) разгрузка
syn. unload, unloading
24. identify (v) определять, устанавливать (подлинность)
identification (n) распознавание, устанoвление

56
 identification (identity) card удостоверение личности
25. install (v) устанавливать, монтировать
The equipment will be installed next week.
installation (n) установка
26. add (v) добавлять
Have you got anything to add?
addition (n) добавление, дополнение
in addition to в дополнение к...
I want to say a few words in addition to what has been said.
additional (adj) дополнительный
27. reduce (v) снижать
reduce journey time сократить время в пути
reduce prices снижать цены
Can you reduce your price?
reduction (n) снижение
28. firm (adj) твердый
It’s our firm offer.
29. realize (v) понимать, осознавать
He didn’t realize he was wrong again.
30. insurant (n) страхователь
insure (v) страховать
Is your car insured?
insurer (n) страховщик
insurance (n) страхование
When you go abroad, you must have a medical insurance.
insurance policy страховой полис
31. invoice (v) выписывать счет-фактуру
They invoiced us for the first consignment only.
invoice (n) счет-фактура
When can I have the invoice?
32. quote (v) назначать цену
Can you quote CIF St Petersburg?
quotation (n) котировка
Here is our quotation.
33. perhaps (adv) возможно
Perhaps we’ll reduce our price.
34. prefer (v) предпочитать
We prefer to sell on FOB terms.
preference (n) предпочтение
35. mind (v) возражать
Do you mind if I sit here? — No, please do.
36. ship (v) отгружать
The first consignment will be shipped in three months.

57
 37. discount (n) скидка
give a discount предоставлять скидку
ask for a discount просить о предоставлении скидки
They asked us for a discount of 5%.
discount off (on) the price cкидка с цены
Сan you give us a discount off the price?
38. reasonable (adj) обоснованный
Your terms sound reasonable.
39. concession (n) уступка
After the talks they made us a small concession.
40. worth (adj) стоящий
be worth стоить
It’s worth discussing prices and a possible discount.
41. fair (adj) справедливый
I don’t think it’s fair.
42. neglect (v) пренебрегать; упускать
I hate his habit of neglecting important things.
negligence (n) небрежность, невнимание; халатность
The sales manager’s negligence resulted in short delivery.
negligent (adj) небрежный, халатно относящийся к делу
43. provided при условии что
The sellers will sign the contract provided the terms suit them.
provide (v) обеспечивать
What other services can you provide?
provide sb with sth
provide sth to sb
provider (n) поставщик, провайдер
Aeroflot is the biggest air transport provider in Russia.
44. responsibility (n) ответственность
They couldn’t share the responsibility for the damage.
responsible (adj) ответственный
Who’s responsible for timely delivery?
45. revenue (n) доход, государственный доход
A revenue officer is a customs officer employed to detect or prevent
smuggling.
46. respond (v) отвечать, реагировать
47. back-haul (n) обратный транзит; обратный груз; пропускная способ-
ность
48. merger (n) слияние, объединение (предприятий, банков и т.п.)
49. target (n) мишень, цель; зд. выявление
The target market has increased.
targeted (adj) запланированный, нацеленный
50. safeguard (n) гарантия; охрана; мера предосторожности

58
 51. assets (n pl) активы; имущество
52. condition (n) условие
53. lead (v) (led, led) вести
54. lack (n) отсутствие, нехватка
55. spot (v) определять, находить
56. entity (n) организация, предприятие
57. acquire (v) приобретать
58. fiercely (adv) жестоко
59. adverse (adj) враждебный; неблагоприятный; вредный
60. substantial (adj) значительный, существенный
61. enhance (v) увеличивать, усиливать
62. alliance (n) союз
63. invigorate (v) придавать силу, вливать энергию
64. congestion (n) затор; куча, груда
65. inherent (adj) свойственный, присущий
66. launch (v) запускать, начинать
67. lucrative (adj) прибыльный, доходный, выгодный
68. downward (adv) вниз
69. slop (n) склон
70. urgent (adj) срочный, неотложный
urgency (n) cрочность, безотлагательность
71. fife (n) дудка
72. wage (n) заработная плата (рабочих)
73. involve (v) вовлекать
74. flexibly (adv) гибко
75. mining (n) горное дело, горная промышленность
76. border (n) граница
сross the border пересекать границу
border crossing point погранпереход
77. complicated (adj) сложный
78. temporary (adj) временный
temporarily (adv) временно
79. sign (v) подписывать
80. precedence (n) предшествование
81. apply (v) применять(ся)

59
 Unit 3
MARITIME TRANSPORT

INTRODUCING NEW INFORMATION

Ex. 1. A. Read the text and find 2—3 sentences that express the main idea.

SEA TRANSPORT AND THE PORT OF ROTTERDAM

International navigation holds the biggest share of about 90% of the
cargo carriage. After World War II, when the world economy began to boom
and cargo transport increased greatly (which caused serious congestion —
long waiting time of ships), specialized ships were built that could carry
different types of goods and decrease transport costs. They were container
ships, Ro-Ro vessels, barge carriers and general cargo vessels.
The capacity of the general cargo ship ranges from 5,000 to 13,000
DWT. It has four or five holds (space for cargo stowage below deck), usu-
ally one or two tween decks and many derricks (ship’s cranes) arranged
in such a way that each hold can be served by at least two derricks.
The introduction of container ships has been a breakthrough in the re-
duction of the turnaround time of the merchant ships. The use of contain-
ers also reduces damage and pilferage of cargo and packing costs.
The port of Rotterdam has now become the most important container
main port in Europe. About 60% of the containers delivered to or shipped
from Rotterdam are handled by Europe Combined Terminal (ECT), one
of the leading container transhipment companies in the world. The re-
structuring process in the port started 25 years ago. The terminals were
specially equipped for handling automobiles, timber and general cargo.
ECT designed new types of quay cranes, terminal trucks which were like
a train with pneumatic tyres that can shift 10 containers in one go, straddle
carriers equipped with automatic spreaders and other equipment.
In 1993 ECT signed a 20-year contract with Sea-Land whose Delta ter-
minal uses a large number of up-to-date equipment developed by ECT, for
example a robot crane and vehicles for horizontal transport and container
storage.

60
 The Rotterdam Municipal Port Management together with ECT are
working on a new project of further development of the port which in-
cludes the construction of a number of ultramodern terminals, extensive
central rail-and-inland shipping terminals and distribution centres where
the whole process of handling a container is computerized.

Notes:
DWT, dwt (deadweight) полная грузоподъемность
turnround time время оборачиваемости судна
restructuring process процесс реконструкции
extensive central крупные железнодорожно-речные
rail-and-inland shipping терминалы
terminals

B. Reread the text and say if the statements below are true or false. Correct
the false statements.
1. International navigation started to boom long before World War II.
2. Congestion is the process of handling transport documentation at
a port.
3. Specialized ships were built to decrease turnround time of a ship.
4. A hold is a space where passengers stay during a voyage.
5. There are many derricks at the port.
6. Sea-Land is the leading transhipment company in the world.
7. Timber is not handled at the port of Rotterdam.
8. Robot cranes and vehicles for horizontal transport do not operate
at the port of Rotterdam.
9. The Rotterdam port is not going to be modernized.
C. Look through the text again and say what was mentioned in the text about
a) the development of international navigation;
b) the structure of a vessel;
c) the port of Rotterdam.

DEVELOPING READING TECHNIQUE

Ex. 2. A. Listen to the text Sea Transport and the Port of Rotterdam and follow
it with your eyes.
B. Listen to the text again and repeat it sentence by sentence.
C. Read the text aloud. Approximate time of reading is 2 min.

61
 LEARNING NEW WORDS
Ex. 3. A. Find the words in bold type and try to guess their meaning. Check up
the translation of the words in the Vocabulary (p. 83). Write them out
in your vocabulary.
B. Write down all the words unknown to you in your vocabulary.

Ex. 4. Translate the following phrases within the text:

1) a booming economy;
2) to reduce turnround time of vessels;
3) to be equipped for handling cars;
4) to shift 10 containers in one go;
5) rail-and-inland shipping terminals;
6) to cause damage and pilferage to cargo;
7) Ro-Ro vessels.
Ex. 5. Match these verbs and noun phrases and translate the expressions they
make into Russian:
to cause inland shipping terminals
to decrease stowage of goods
to carry out damage to cargo
to design vehicles
to include congestion
to shift with quay cranes
to equip straddle carriers
to reduce pilferage at terminals
Ex. 6. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
A.
damage, trucks, transported, insures, transit, insurance, transportation,
covered, shipment
Goods can also be transported by sea, by a shipping company. If the
goods are shipped, then __________ must be arranged from the fac-
tory to the docks (or a quay). This can either be by road in __________
(or lorries) or by rail. The shipment must be insured (covered) against loss
or __________ in transit (while being ________). Sometimes the ex-
porter takes out ____ and sometimes the importer __________ the
__________ depending on the terms of their agreement. If the goods are
damaged in __________ , the company is __________ by the insurance.

62
 B.
freight, cargo, shipping, transit, charges/costs, docks
Someone has to  pay for all these things. While goods are in  __________,
they are called freight (or cargo), so the company pays __________ rates
(or __________costs) to the shipping company. The __________ is load-
ed at the __________, and for this the company pays handling charges.
Also the company must pay packaging __________ .
Ex. 7. Complete the sentences choosing the right word and changing its form
if necessary.
1. Their (share, division) in container service is not big.
2. They (divide, share) cash between the participants.
3. The road (divide, share) at this point, and we must take the left
turning.
4. The capital of the company (share, divide) between three people,
and each received his (share, division).
5. I don’t want (share, divide) a room with anyone.
6. We’ll (divide, share) the travelling expenses with you.
7. We are (accept, receive) French forwarders tomorrow, and we have
a good (reason, cause) to be in a hurry.
8. Have they (receive, accept) our prices? — If they haven’t, try to find
out the (cause, reason).
9. They didn’t (accept, receive) our invoice yesterday.
10. The Sellers (receive, accept) FOB terms, and we are going to sign
a contract tomorrow.
Ex. 8. Translate into English using the correct verb.
1. К сожалению, мы не сможем принять ваши условия. (accept,
receive)
2. Какова причина повреждения судна? (reason, cause)
3. Когда я был в Италии, меня прекрасно принимали. (accept,
receive)
4. Он сказал, что сможет разделить ответственность за причи-
ненный ущерб. (share, divide)
5. На складе наш груз разделили на две части, и первую уже от-
правили. (share, divide)
6. Я не вижу причину их отказа. (cause, reason)
7. Друзья все делили пополам. (share, divide)
8. Уверен, что он поделится с тобой последним. (share, divide)

63
 9. В чем причина задержки груза на таможне? (cause, reason)
10. Банк не принял счет к оплате. (accept, receive)
Ex. 9. Check yourself. Give the English equivalents of the following Russian
word combinations:
1) снизить транспортные расходы;
2) вызвать повреждение груза;
3) оборудовать для обработки генеральных грузов;
4) перемещать 10 контейнеров за один раз;
5) сконструировать новый тип берегового крана;
6) подписать долгосрочный контракт;
7) большая доля грузовых перевозок;
8) снизить время оборачиваемости судна;
9) место для укладки груза на судне;
10) включить строительство современных терминалов;
11) торговый флот;
12) доставить в речной порт;
13) уменьшить расходы на упаковку.

REVIEWING GRAMMAR
Ex. 10. Study the table.
Participle II
Verb -ed/III форма глагола
produce produced
write written

Ex. 11. Translate the world combinations into Russian paying attention to Par-
ticiple II:
1) the detectors installed last month;
2) the wagon discharged yesterday;
3) the joint venture set up quite recently;
4) the cargo handled at our terminal;
5) the train control system developed by them;
6) the timetable service introduced last month;
7) the railway owned by an American firm;
8) the order placed with a British company;

64
 9) the price quoted;
10) the concession made to the new customer;
11) though required immediately;
12) when discovered;
13) unless shared 50 : 50;
14) if caused by congestion;
15) while decreased considerably;
16) though held at the end of the month;
17) if equipped for handling.

Ex. 12. Change the sentences using Participle II as in the model.

Model: containers which were manufactured — containers manufactured /
manufactured containers
1. The containers which were manufactured by the firm are easy
to handle.
2. The deal which was discussed yesterday was not profitable.
3. The discount which the firm offered did not suit us.
4. The container which was delivered yesterday has not yet been un-
loaded.
5. The first consignment which was handled on Friday has not been
dispatched yet.
6. The detectors which were replaced by the manufacturer were defective.
7. The prices which were reduced by the firm will rise again next
month because of inflation.

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Терминал, построенный в прошлом году, уже не является на-
шей собственностью.
2. Документы, подписанные директором, на столе. Вы можете
взять их.
3. Оборудование, установленное в прошлом месяце, отвечает
новейшим мировым стандартам качества.
4. Совместное предприятие, созданное совсем недавно, работа-
ет очень успешно.
5. Сведения, записанные тобой по телефону, не совсем верны.
6. Сборный груз, доставленный нашей фирмой грузополучате-
лю, прибыл из Германии и Голландии.
7. Запасные части, обещанные вами, так и не были получены.

65
 8. Автомобили, выпускаемые этим заводом, отвечают совре-
менным требованиям.
9. Транспортные средства, используемые на этих маршрутах,
устарели.
10. Полуприцепы, ввезенные из Франции, начнут работать
на наших маршрутах в следующем месяце.
11. Хотя груз был отправлен вовремя, он прибыл с опозданием.
12. При своевременном обнаружении неисправности легко ис-
правляются.
13. Если потребуется, запасные части могут быть отправлены не-
медленно.
14. При ограничении финансирования компании трудно рас-
считывать на успех.
15. Ожидается, что рост торговли приведет к более высоким по-
казателям на рынке транспортных услуг.

Ex. 14. Complete the sentences using correct tense and voice forms of the verb.
1. RonCon (manufacture) containers since 1980. Their containers
(use) by many transport operators last year.
2. Our department (develop) robot cranes since we first (see) them at
the exhibition Logistics and Transport-20…
3. Ten containers (shift) in one go at the port of St Petersburg.
4. They (pack) chemicals for 2 hours, I think everything (pack) to-
morrow.
5. Anyone (call) me yesterday? — No, there (be) a fax for you to ar-
range insurance of the consignment for Chicago.
6. The tyres (take) over at the port by our freight forwarders.
7. The warehouse (equip) with up-to-date cranes (design) by the
Dutch manufactures.
8. The delay in delivery of the equipment (cause) by the congestion
in the port.
9. Transport costs (decrease) if port equipment (modernize).
10. You (arrange) unloading? — Certainly, in fact the vessel (unload)
now. It (complete) in three hours.

Ex. 15. Put in prepositions where necessary and translate the sentences into
Russian.
1. The damage occurred _____ transit. The cause _____ damage
is being discussed now.

66
 2. He says that the freight forwarders will take _____ the goods _____
the port _____ loading.
3. I don’t share _____ your point _____ view_____ the future devel-
opment _____ transport_____ Russia.
4. There were serious congestions _____ the port _____ Novorossiysk­,
which caused _____ delay_____ discharge.
5. The warehouses are not equipped _____ up-to-date cranes so far,
that is why loading takes much time and causes _____ delays.
6. Who’s arranged _____ their visit _____ the manufacturing plant?
— They arrived _____ the invitation _____ our Board of Directors.
7. The new terminal will be specially equipped _____ handling tim-
ber. The process _____ reconstruction is not completed yet.
8. The transport documentation will be handled _____ the forward-
ers _____ behalf _____ the manufacturers.
9. The cargo was sent _____ the port _____ road.
10. The goods have been packed _____ two containers _____ our
warehouse and sent _____ the port.
Note:
to occur происходить

Ex. 16. Put in articles where necessary and discuss the text.
___ Blue Express Ltd started ___ sea carriage in ___ North Europe
in 1986 when they had only two vessels. Today ___ company operates
four modern vessels in ___ line. ___ latest addition to ___ fleet is ___
6,100 dwt, multipurpose m/v Christina, launched in ___ September this
year. ___ vessel was ___ German-built and flagged and can take 341 con-
tainers and is capable of ___ carrying ___ conventional and ___ Ro-Ro
cargo. ___ service operates every 12/14 days loading in ___ Antwerp and
___Harwich for ___ discharge in ___ Tripoli. ___ new service has recently
been added with ___ monthly vessel calling at ___ Barcelona and Malta
for ___ discharge. ___ company will be pleased to offer ___ advice and
___ assistance to ___ new customers.
Notes:
to launch зд. спускать на воду
to call at зд. заходить в порт

Ex. 17. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Если они не включат транспортные расходы в общую стои-
мость, мы не сможем принять такие условия.

67
 2. Судоходство начало развиваться еще в прошлом веке, a бурно
расти после Второй мировой войны.
3. Сейчас пересматриваются многие нормы, сооружаются но-
вые причалы, что дает возможность избегать скопления судов
и вовремя загружать и разгружать их.
4. Новый терминал, оборудованный современной робототехни-
кой, начнет работать в порту в начале следующего года.
5. Использование контейнеров, закупленных у ведущих произ-
водителей в Голландии, снизило время обработки груза.
6. Стрела крана сломалась, что явилось причиной порчи груза.
7. Нам бы хотелось иметь дополнительные копии таможенной
декларации и коносамента, подписанные вами.
8. У нас было слишком много работы, и мы не смогли обрабо-
тать всю документацию, полученную вчера вечером.
9. Я звоню тебе уже полчаса. Вопрос очень срочный. Дело в том,
что в графе, озаглавленной «Вес», опечатка.
10. Они сделали нам уступку: снизили плату за перевозку леса.

Note:
причал berth

LEARNING TO LISTEN AND SPEAK

Ex. 18. A. Listen to the telephone conversation and say which of the shipping
documents Mr Semenov is filling in:
a) Customs Declaration;
b) Certificate of Origin;
c) Bill of Lading;
d) Waybill;
e) Insurance.

EXPORT-IMPORT DOCUMENTATION
Mr Semenov, who works for the Freight Forwarding Agency, is calling
Mr Brockett, General Manager of a tyre factory.

Brockett: Hello, Brockett here.

Semenov: Hello, Mr Brockett. That’s Semenov again.
Brockett: What’s the problem?

68
Semenov: It’s about that consignment of tyres for Briansk. I want to make
sure I’m putting down the correct information on the forms.
I’m looking at the section headed “Number and description
of packages”. Am I right in saying it’s five thousand (5,000)
tyres?
Gross weight…
Brockett: Gross weight is 115 tons. FOB value is $100,000.
Semenov: Thanks, I’ll write that down, and I think you’ll be sending the
goods by road to the Town Docks. They’ll go to the container
freight station. Right?
Brockett: Yes. The Transworld Shipping can take over from there.
Semenov: Let me make a note of that. Place of acceptance of cargo
by Transworld … container freight station, Town Docks.
Transworld will pack the goods into the container and unpack
at destination.
Brocket: I also want Transworld to handle the documentation. They can
prepare the Bills of Lading and Customs Declaration on our be-
half.
Semenov: How about insurance?
Brockett: They can arrange our insurance policy. But try to get a low pre-
mium for us, Mr Semenov. Oh, by the way, remember that we
want extra copies of the Bill of Lading.
Semenov: I’ve already noted that. Now, I’ll let you get back to your work.
Brockett: Thanks. I’m really very busy at the moment. Still call me if you
need me.

Note:
FOB value стоимость груза с учетом условий поставки FOB (free
on board), при которой продавец оплачивает доставку гру-
за в порт и погрузку на судно

B. Listen to the conversation again and say if the statements below are true
or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Mr Semenov is the General Manager of a tyre factory.
2. The tyres for Briansk were sold on CIF terms.
3. Freight forwarders were dealing with the packing of tyres.
4. The consignment of tyres was not insured.
5. The manufacturing plant did not need any copy of the Bill of Lad-
ing.
6. The General Manager was not very busy.

69
 C. Say what you remember from the conversation about
a) the sold consignment of goods;
b) the mode of transportation of the tyres;
c) the documents used during the carriage.
D. Listen to the conversation again and repeat it sentence by sentence.

E. Reorder the conversation.

Semenov: It’s about that consignment of tyres for Briansk. I want to make
sure I’m putting down the correct information on the forms. I’m
looking at the section headed “Number and description of pack-
ages”. Am I right in saying it’s 5,000 tyres? Gross weight . . .
Brockett: Yes. The Transworld Shipping can take over from there.
Semenov: Hello, Mr Brockett. That’s Semenov again.
Brockett: What’s the problem?
Semenov: Let me make a note of that. Place of acceptance of cargo
by Transworld . . . container freight station, Town Docks.
Transworld will pack the goods into the container and unpack
at destination.
Brockett: Gross weight is 115 tons. FOB value is $100,000.
Semenov: Thanks, I’ll note that down, and I think you’ll be sending the
goods by road to the Town Docks. They’ll go to the container
freight station. Right?
F. Complete the conversation.
— Brown and Co. Good morning.
_________________________________________________
— What’s the problem?
_________________________________________________
— Are the goods going by truck?
_________________________________________________
— How about insurance?
_________________________________________________
— Who’ll take over the goods at the port?
_________________________________________________
— Could you make us a concession?
_________________________________________________
— What terms of delivery can you offer?
_________________________________________________

70
 Ex. 19. Have a conversation with your partner using the information below.
Your company is planning to import some components for Scania
trucks from Sweden. You’ve got an Import Licence for the volume of com-
ponents you require. Contact Forwarding & Logistics (a large Russian
transport and logistics company). Find out what shortest possible time for
delivery of such cargo they can offer and what shipping documents are re-
quired in case you would like to cooperate with them.
Ex. 20. Role-play a conversation with your partner about any of the following
subjects.
1. You want to know why the vessel is arriving at the port of discharge
with delay and what is the cause of delay.
2. You want an extra copy of the Bill of Lading.
3. You want your cargo to be loaded on Friday afternoon.
4. You want to add one more package to the goods to be loaded to-
morrow.
5. You want to have an extra copy of the Insurance Policy.

LEARNING TO WRITE
Ex. 21. A. Your company deals in selling and buying terminal trucks and port
equipment. You receive much e-mail every day. Tell your boss that among
the spam you receive every day you’ve got a letter that may be of interest
to your boss. Tell him what it is about. Ask him if he is interested in tak-
ing part in the exhibition and whether he would like to look through the
letter.

Dear Colleague,
MariChem Worldwide, the 12th International Conference and Exhibi-
tion on Chemical Transport and Storage, will be held at the KolnMesse
Congress Centre in Cologne, Germany on 2—4 December this year. The
meeting will take place in the heartland of Europe’s chemical industry and
will be the world’s leading industry event for all those dealing with the in-
ternational transport and storage of chemicals.
The enclosed Newsletter No. 1 provides comprehensive information
on both the MariChem conference programme and the exhibition, which
once again promises to be one of the largest collections of industry equip-
ment suppliers and service providers ever gathered in one place.

71
The impact of markets on overland transport options will also feature
in the sessions on tank containers, road tankers and rail services, reflecting
the fact that chemical producers are expected to play a greater role at this
year’s event than any previous MariChem.
Please use the enclosed forms to register as a conference delegate or to re-
ceive further information on the exhibition. If you have any specific ques-
tions, do not hesitate to contact us directly. We look forward to seeing you
in Cologne.
Yours sincerely
Howard Phillips
Managing Director

Notes:
to provide обеспечивать
comprehensive обширный; всесторонний
impact воздействие
to register зарегистрироваться

B. Read the letter again and say what the letter says about
a) the exhibition in Cologne;
b) the problems which will be discussed at the conference;
c) the equipment to be on display at the exhibition.
C. Role-play a telephone conversation with Howard Phillips to ask him
to send you a detailed programme of the Conference.

Ex. 22. You represent a manufacturing company which wants to take part in the
exhibition in Frankfurt on 16th — 18th February 20. . . and display ter-
minal trucks you manufacture. Write a letter to the organizers of the ex-
hibition, tell them about your firm and your intention to participate and
order the exhibition space you need. Inquire them if they can provide
accommodation for your personnel who will work at your pavilion.

LEARNING TO READ AND ANALYSE

Ex. 23. A. Read the advertisement and say who it is intended for:
a) companies dealing with transportation;
b) individuals;

72
 c) companies importing or exporting goods from Europe;
d) companies importing or exporting goods from Asia;
e) companies importing or exporting goods from America.

ALL THE WAY, EVERY OTHER DAY

Every other day our container vessels sail from Rotterdam, Antwerp,
Southampton, Felixstowe and Le Havre to the Iberian Peninsula and Mo-
rocco and vice versa. Our Iberian destinations are Lisbon, Leixoes and
Vigo. The Morocco destination is Casablanca.
Our experience and up-to-date fleet guarantee a fast and reliable ship-
ping of your 20 ft and 40 ft containers. We take care of your cargo, and you
can count on the utmost care and attention.
HOLLAND MAAS SHIPPING BV
B. Read the advertisement again and answer the questions.
1. What services does the company offer?
2. Where do they carry goods?
3. How often do their vessels sail?
C. You represent Holland Maas Shipping BV. Describe the services of your
company to a potential customer. Your customer would like to take his
cargo to Lisbon. Tell him about your freight rates.

Ex. 24. A. Read the texts and say whether they are
a) advertisements;
b) passages from a textbook;
c) encyclopedia articles;
d) newspaper articles.

RUSSIA WARNS SHIPOWNERS

The Russian government has warned its smaller shipowners that they
will not be able to send their vessels to Western sea ports when new inter-
national sea safety rules are introduced later this year.
“Small lines must spend between US$3 m and US$5 m (£1.9 m —
£3.1 m) to certify each ship and its crew in accordance with the new rules.
It is big money for them,” a Russian Transport Ministry official said.
Another ministry official said that about 70 Russian shipping lines
have a very weak financial position. “In total these companies own a fleet
of 100 vessels, but they have little chance of survival,” he said.

73
 Sergei Plekhanov, head of the Ministry’s Maritime Department, said
that most of these lines would go bust.
Big lines are planning to certify their vessels and crews. “Private lines
Novoship and Sovkomflot have already gone through the procedures,”
he said, adding that others were preparing to do it by July 1.

Notes:
to warn предупреждать
safety безопасность
to certify сертифицировать
crew команда судна
survival выживание

RUSSIA SET TO BUILD THREE PORTS IN GULF

by Vikenti Rom in Moscow
Russia is to develop three sea ports in the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic
Sea, with a US$210 m (£124 m) loan from the World Bank.
A government official said these ports will begin to handle cargo in 2012
and that construction was already under way.
Ust-Luga port, being developed at the total cost of US$1.1 bn (£650 m)
will have capacity to handle around 35 m tons of coal, general cargo, tim-
ber and containers annually.
Primorsk port will cost US$604 m (£355 m) and will handle 45 m tons
of petroleum, oil products and natural gas per year.
The third port, Batareyny, will handle petroleum exports.
According to Russia’s Transport Ministry, of the country’s total an-
nual import/export freight of 160 m tons, 70 m tons goes through the ports
of the Baltic Sea and Ukraine.
The experts said that the turnover may increase by 50% by 2010, with
most of the growth at the Baltic Sea ports.

Notes:
the Gulf of Finland Финский залив
loan заем
annual ежегодный
turnover оборот

B. Read the texts again and answer the questions.

1. What safety rules did the Russian government introduce?
2. Why could most small shipowners go bankrupt?
3. How many ports are going to be built in the north of Russia?

74
 4. Which of them will handle oil exports?
5. Is it necessary to build new ports in Russia?
C. Say what you remember from the articles about
a) new safety rules introduced by the Russian government;
b) the construction of new ports.
Ex. 25. Get ready to make a presentation at the Annual Conference on Trans-
port and Logistics. Read the following texts in order to determine the
main idea of each of them. Find the text most interesting for you and
prepare a detailed plan of it. Speak on the problems touched upon in the
text you have chosen using your plan.

STEAMSHIP LINES
The U.S. water transportation industry consists of steamship lines
involved in deep sea transportation, as well as services that move cargo
through lakes and inland rivers.
For deep sea transportation, rising trade volumes are expected to lead
to a stronger performance and higher demand. U.S.-owned steamship
lines face competitive pressures from foreign-owned lines, and as a result
have been involved in mergers of strategic alliances. For domestic ship-
ping, long-term improvements will depend on the movement of additional
tonnage that could result from current agricultural subsidy and increased
oil exports. However, declining domestic petroleum production and reli-
ance on pipelines for petroleum movements would have a dampening ef-
fect on the growth of the domestic segment of the industry.
Shippers are always looking for the lowest rate and the most efficient
method of transporting their cargo. The ocean containership industry
has met that challenge by building larger and faster containerships. The
shipper could be the winner, but only if the rest of the transportation and
distribution chain is able to make equally impressive cost-effective chang-
es, particularly at the intermodal connecting points where two or more
modes meet.
Available data on vessels on order demonstrate the trend towards
greater use of larger vessels. A total of 38 post-Panamax (larger than can
use the Panama Canal) vessels are in operation, 54 are on order and the
construction of 27 additional vessels is under consideration. In addition,
60 Panamax size (maximum size that can transit the Canal) containerships
are on order, and 21 more will probably be ordered in the next few years.

75
 Unless the entire transportation and distribution system enjoys equal
economies of scale in its operations, the advantages gained from the larger
ships will not be fully realized.
To accommodate the requirements brought on by bigger, faster ships,
some of the largest carriers are building marine terminals that incorpo-
rate the latest in intermodal concepts and technologies. American Pacific
Lines, for example, is constructing an on-deck rail operation designed
to improve the cost efficiency and reliability of intermodal transfer opera-
tion. Other terminal operators, some of whom may or may not be connect-
ed directly to one of the carriers, are developing and operating what could
be considered the so-called “steamless terminal.” These terminals allow
the container to move directly off the ship and out the front gate without
stopping along the way in the terminal, based on pre-clearance of docu-
mentation via EDI (electronic data interchange). This form of just-in-time
(JIT) type of movement parallels very closely what is already becoming the
standard for cargo shipments in other parts of the logistics chain.
Conventional containerships can still take advantage of existing fa-
cilities. Niche carriers, with more traditional-sized vessels (2,000 to 4,000
TEUs), will continue to call at ports that are not capable of handling these
very large containerships. This is especially true on trade routes that need
to cater to consumer requirements for more frequent and smaller-volume
shipments. Meanwhile, the potential exists for faster but smaller container-
ships, such as FASTSHIP, capable of crossing the North Atlantic in three
and a half days. For the shipper, this could mean a reduction in inventory
time and cost, especially important for high-value products such as elec-
tronic components and automobiles.
Containership carriers are also looking at combining or sharing op-
erations and other activities to reduce operating costs through mergers or
the development of consortiums and partnerships. These working agree-
ments include sharing vessels space, marine terminal facilities and equip-
ment, and marketing staffs to reduce duplication of assets and operation
costs. In terms of price, however, they would still have compete with
each other. These consortiums and alliances are in direct competition
with carriers that compete independently or are members of the now-
threatened conference system, that was originally established to stabilize
vessel-use and avoid ruinous competition. For the shipper, these agree-
ments have very little effect on the actual movement of the cargo because
the carrier and the bill of lading that it issues will control the level of ser-
vice and reliability.

76
 EXPANSION TO DOUBLE CAPACITY
Interporto Rivalta Scrivia Spa (IRS) is considering doubling its con-
tainer handling capacity through a facility designed for 300,000 teu plus
the ability to handle swap bodies.
The IRS terminal is at Alessandria (between Milan and Genoa in Ita-
ly). For the purpose of expanding its capacity, IRS has set up a joint ven-
ture called “Terminal Europa”, which is 46% owned by IRS, 27% by the
IRS parent company Fajioli group, and 27% Gavio, to build an existing
infrastructure amounting to 750,000 sq.m with eight rail sidings of 900 m,
each equipped with two transfer cranes. The investment planned for the
“Terminal Europa” project is estimated at EUR 50 million.
The start of construction, originally planned for late 2004, was post-
poned to 2005 since IRS was looking for new partners in addition to Gavio,
a renowned logistics operator who has its own main facility just 3 km away
from IRS. IRS would consider both domestic (Italian) and foreign part-
ners, be they in the rail sector or not. The IRS managing director says
that they are not rushing construction since at present the existing con-
tainer terminal has 40% spare capacity and the site where the new facility
is planned is already IRS property, so there will actually be no hindrance
to complete it within about a year or two.
Much depends on the ability of the ports of Genoa to bring IRS the
expected additional container throughput. The new facility will not only
cater for maritime traffic. Considering the ideal geographic position at the
crossroads of the Lisbon—Kiev corridor at the Genoa—Antwerp / Rotter-
dam axis, IRS also aims to become a transhipment node on both the east—
west and north—south routes, benefiting from flourishing trades expected
from the recent EU expansion to 25 members.
Meanwhile, IRS is concentrating on the continued development of its
core business, warehousing and logistics, where it is currently working at
95% capacity.
IRS describes itself as a multipurpose logistics hub, unique in its ca-
pacity to offer integrated logistics solutions thanks to its extensive stor-
age area (2 million sq.m and 300,000 sq.m of closed warehouses) and or-
ganization. IRS can offer complete management of the distribution cycle
through the know-how, specialized plants and state-of-the-art warehouse
management information system with tailored services to match any cli-
ent’s needs.
IRS was established in 1966 with the aim of creating an inland exten-
sion to the port of Genoa to rapidly clear goods discharged on the piers.

77
It is located at the intersection of three motorways as well as the Alessan-
dria—Voghera and Novi—Tortona railways.
The trend to outsource services in logistics allowed the management
to make important decisions such as converting the infrastructure into
a multimodal hub where interport services are integrated with redistribu-
tion of products. Of the original 150,000 sq.m in 1966, IRS has expanded
to double its indoor warehousing area and is looking forward to further
growth.

THE INTERNATIONAL OCEAN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

IN CRISIS
Assessing the Reasons and Outlook
In the course of the World Bank’s assistance programs for developing
countries fundamental and continuously ongoing changes in the structure
of trade markets and the organization of the related service industries have
been identified. Particularly the sea-trade markets and the international
ocean transport industry seemed to undergo substantial change. Freight
origins and destinations shifted much more rapidly than in the past, types
of cargo and their forms of packaging kept changing. These trends became
more and more pronounced since the beginning of the 1980s. The Bank’s
first assessment of the causes and effects of such development concluded
that considerable changes in international manufacturing and product mar-
keting practices have tended to alter the profile of demand for ocean trans-
port in significant ways. A further conclusion was that technological progress
had enabled shipowners and operators to drastically revamp their service of-
ferings and networks in response to changing ocean transport demand.
Towards the end of 1992 the world merchant fleet had a total carrying
capacity of about 657 million tons (dwt), and almost 69 million dwt were
on order with shipyards in 40 different countries. About 40 % of the ocean
transport activities were in the oil trades, including crude and petroleum
products; another 40 % was serving the key dry bulk trades, including iron
ore, coal, and grain, as well as the minor bulks, such as agricultural and for-
estry products. Only one-fifth of the registered tonnage was engaged in the
general cargo trades, which also comprises the sea carriage of containers.
The consequence of this market structure with preferences to liquid
and dry bulk cargoes was that the majority of vessels was operating either
on a charter or tramp basis, which is common practice in the bulk trades.
In the general cargo trades the conference-based liner segment was much
reduced in comparison with previous years. The phenomenon confirms

78
the earlier recognizable trend toward independent action which has been
increasingly adopted by different carriers, particularly in the container
sector. Under this type of arrangement carriers negotiate (freight) service
contracts directly with shippers. By doing so, they by-pass existing con-
ference rules for specific trade routes. Such service contracts often span
longer periods, i.e. they are usually not limited to one shipment, and are
widely considered to be more advantageous to shipper and carrier alike
than conference regulated ocean transport.
Continuing a trend that could already be observed during the 1980s,
1992 was a further concentration of fleet ownership. Shipowners in five
countries — Greece, Japan, the USA, Norway, and Hong Kong — con-
trolled over 50 % of the world merchant fleet. But the present pattern
of ship registration and “flags flown” does not reflect the true state of own-
ership. Almost half of all merchant ships which were registered in 1992
flew so-called “Flags of Convenience” (FOCs) of countries which provide
shipowners with substantial benefits. These benefits entail tax allowances
or holidays, freedom to crew ship with low-wage labor, regardless of na-
tionality and without the involvement of labor unions, and frequently also
less stringent vessel classification and inspection rules.
The principal countries that offered FOCs in 1992 were Liberia, Cyprus,
and the Bahamas, a situation which remained largely unchanged from earlier
years. Some European countries — notably Germany and Norway — have
established “second national flags”. On the other hand there were some new
development behind these occurrences and that was the rapid outflagging
of vessels from the republics of the former Soviet Union (FSU).
While outflagging is one phenomenon that points to a fundamental
change in the organization of international ocean transport, another one
relates to ship management.
Developments during 1992 demonstrate that more shipowners have
passed the responsibility for asset marketing and operations to professional
ship management organizations. These are usually private companies that
are not involved in ownership but engage in managing vessels on a contrac-
tual basis to secure the best rates of return on their clients’ — the shipown-
ers — investments. A very substantial portion of the international tanker
and dry bulk fleets were managed under such arrangements, basically con-
tinuing a trend which has set in during the 1980s. But these arrangements
are not limited to the bulk sector. Most of these organizations are located
in the world’s principal shipping centers, like London, Hong Kong, New
York, and Singapore. The users of these vessel management services come

79
from all country group, which also include developing nations such as the
FSU republics.
It has thus become difficult to identify the true ownership of, and for
that matter the accountability for many vessels engaged in seatrading. The
flag flown and the port of registration do no any longer reveal conclusively.
In addition to management by third parties, there are usually mortgage banks
involved that have proprietary rights, and ships’ officers and ratings may be
citizen of a variety of countries. It is therefore not unusual to identify sev-
eral parties of different nationalities that are associated with one ship. If any-
thing, ocean transport in the 1990s has become a very complex industry.

SOME BASIC ENGLISH TERMS

distribution and transportation service
услуги по распределению и пере-
возке грузов
economies of scale преимущества
масштаба производства; эконо-
мия, обусловленная ростом мас-
штабов производства
EDI (electronic data interchange)
электронная система обмена дан-
ными
JIT (just-in-time) принцип «точно
в срок», система своевременной
доставки грузов
niche carriers перевозчики, работа-
ющие в определенных нишах
swap body съемный кузов (единица
перевозки груза, размеры которой
соответствуют габаритам авто‑
транспортного средства и кото‑
рая оборудована погрузочно-раз‑
грузочными средствами)
merger слияние (компаний)
logistics hub логистический узел,
центр, пункт
tailored service специальное обслу-
живание, обслуживание по заказу
to outsource передавать непрофиль-
ные функции стороннему под-
рядчику
outsourcing аутсорсинг (передача
выполнения непрофильных функций
стороннему подрядчику)
multimodal hub центр, узел, пункт
мультимодальных перевозок
package пакет, упаковка; место
груза
to package упаковывать
packaging тара; грузовое место; упа-
ковка
packing упаковка
merchant fleet торговый флот
carrying capacity грузоподъемность;
провозная способность
DWT, dwt (dead weight) полная гру-
зоподъемность судна
charter чартер (документ, удостове‑
ряющий наличие и содержание до‑
говора фрахтования между фрах‑
товщиком и фрахтователем)
tramp трамповый
shipment отгрузка, отправка
shipping centre крупный морской
порт; транспортный узел
mortgage bank ипотечный банк

80
 VOCABULARY
1. navigation (n) судоходство, плавание
Inland navigation usually starts in April.
navigate (v) управлять судном, плавать (на судне)
2. share (n) доля, акция
His share in this business is not big.
share (v) делить, разделять
Could you share your knowledge with us?
3. boom (v) быстро расти, процветать
Trade is booming.
boom (n) бум, быстрый подъем
The great boom in the construction industry started two years ago.
4. cause (v) быть причиной, вызывать что-либо
What caused the delay in delivery?
cause (n) причина
He didn’t know the cause of damage to the delivered goods.
5. decrease (v) уменьшать(ся), снижать(ся)
The temperature has decreased considerably.
decrease (n) уменьшение, снижение, спад
The production decrease started 10 years ago.
6. vessel (n) судно
Ro-Ro vessel судно типа Ro-Ro (с накатной погрузкой-разгрузкой)
general cargo vessel судно, перевозящее генеральный груз
Many vessels were owned by their company.
7. hold (n) трюм
There were four holds in the general cargo vessel.
8. stowage (n) мор. размещение груза в трюме, укладка
Much attention is paid to stowage.
stow (v) укладывать, складировать
Cargo should be stowed carefully.
9. deck (n) палуба
tween deck твиндек (межпалубное пространство)
10. derrick (n) деррик, грузовая стрела
The vessel is equipped with derricks.
11. breakthrough (n) прорыв
12. damage (n) ущерб, вред, повреждение
The damage to the goods occurred in transit.
damages (n pl) возмещение ущерба, убытков
The Surveyor estimated the damages.
agreed and liquidated damages — согласованные (или оговоренные)
и заранее оцененные убытки, неустойка
They claimed agreed and liquidated damages.

81
 13. pilferage (n) мелкая кража
What decreases damage and pilferage of cargo?
14. transhipment (n) перегрузка, перевалка
tranship (v) перегружать
The cargo was transhipped at the port.
15. equip (v) оборудовать
equip with оборудовать чем-либо
equip for оборудовать для чего-либо
The terminal was equipped with new cranes.
The vessel was equipped for handling general cargo.
16. timber (n) лес (товар), лесоматериалы
Timber is handled at the new terminal.
ср. wood (n) лес (небольшой массив); дерево, древесина
Furniture is always made of wood, isn’t it?
forest (n) лес (большой лесной массив)
There are big forests in Siberia.
17. design (v) конструировать, разрабатывать
New models of cars are designed in many countries.
design (n) конструкция
The machine is of the latest design.
18. quay (n) причал
A new quay has recently been built.
quay crane береговой кран
19. tyre (n) шина, покрышка
They’ve been producing tyres for 10 years.
20. shift (v) перемещать, передвигать
This crane can shift containers.
shift (n) сдвиг, смена, перемещение
21. up-to-date (adj) современный
They sell up-to-date office equipment.
22. construction (n) строительство
The construction of the quay is not completed.
23. distribution (n) распространение, распределение
distribute (v) распределять, распространять (продавать)
distributor (n) агент по продаже, оптовая фирма
They are distributors of our products in Greece.
24. weight (n) вес
gross weight вес брутто
net weight вес нетто
What’s the weight of this package?
weigh (v) взвешивать; весить
25. note down (v) делать пометки, записывать
She noted down the date of the ship’s arrival.

82
 26. take over (v) зд. принимать груз к перевозке
They will take over the cargo at the warehouse.
27. acceptance (n) приемка
The place of acceptance of the cargo is noted down here.
accept (v) принимать
I’m afraid we can’t accept the terms of delivery.
acceptable (adj) приемлемый
Are our terms acceptable to you?
28. Bill of Lading коносамент (накладная на груз при перевозке морем)
Bill of Lading has just been signed by the master of the ship.
29. premium (n) страховая премия (сумма, выплачиваемая страхователю),
страховой взнос
30. extra (adj) дополнительный
There are some extra forms to fill in.
31. steamship (n) пароход, паровое судно
32. face (v) сталкиваться
33. shipping (n) перевозки
34. subsidy (n) субсидия
35. reliance (n) доверие, уверенность
36. pipeline (n) трубопровод
37. dampen (v) смачивать, увлажнять; ослаблять, уменьшать
38. rate (n) ставка
39. challenge (v) вызывать, бросать вызов
40. equally (adv) в равной степени
41. connect (v) соединять
42. order (n) заказ
43. trend (n) тенденция
44. accommodate (v) размещать
45. facility (n) тех. возможность
46. cater (v) cнабжать, обслуживать
47. frequent (adj) частый
48. apparel (n) одежда
49. inventory (n) инвентаризация, опись
50. ruinous (adj) пагубный
51. effect (n) результат; осуществление, выполнение
come into effect вступать в силу
52. issue (v) выдавать, выписывать
53. expand (v) расширять(ся)
54. capacity (n) мощность, производительность
55. postpone (v) откладывать
56. consider (v) рассматривать, считать
57. rush (v) бросаться, кидаться, устремляться
58. hindrance (n) препятствие, помеха

83
 59. axis (n) ось
60. node (n) узловой пункт
61. warehousing (n) складирование
62. storage (n) хранение, складирование
63. match (v) отвечать, удовлетворять
64. pier (n) мол, дамба; пирс
65. shipyard (n) верфь
66. crude and petroleum products нефтепродукты
67. ore (n) руда
68. grain (n) зерно
69. majority (n) большинство
70. confirm (v) подтверждать
71. adopt (v) принимать (закон, резолюцию и т.п.)
adoption (n) принятие
72. negotiate (v) вести переговоры
73. observe (v) наблюдать
74. benefit (n) преимущество, благо, польза
benefit (v) получать премущество, пользу
75. allowance (n) налоговое послабление
76. crew (n) экипаж, команда
77. regardless of (adv) независимо от…
78. stringent (adj) строгий
79. secure (v) обеспечивать, гарантировать
80. reveal (v) вскрывать, отражать
81. mortgage (n) залог
82. proprietary (n) собственность
83. ratings (n pl) матросы

84
 Unit 4
INTERMODAL TRANSPORT

INTRODUCING NEW INFORMATION

Ex. 1. A. Read the text and find 2—3 sentences that express the main idea.

INTERMODAL TRANSPORT
What is intermodal transport? The definition is given below.
“Intermodal” means movements by cargo containers interchangeably
between transport modes, i.e. motor, water and air carriers, and where the
equipment is compatible within the multiple system.
The term “multimodal transport” was first used during the preparation
for the UN Convention on Multimodal Transport which was held in 1980.
The Convention is not in force as only eight states so far have become con-
tracting parties. Thirty contracting parties are required to bring the Con-
vention into force.
The Convention reads: “International intermodal transport means the
carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis
of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which
goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place
designated for delivery.” A contract should be concluded between the ship-
per (consignor) and the multimodal transport operator (carrier), by which
the latter undertakes to carry out an intermodal transport operation him-
self or through other parties.
The international multimodal transport system functions through one
company offering combined or multimodal transport services provided that:
a) the transport operation is international in that it crosses the borders
of two or more countries;
b) the transport operation uses at least two modes of transport;
c) the transport operation is from the exporter’s stores to the consum-
er’s stores;

85
 d) the responsibility for the whole transport operation in all stages
is shouldered by the multimodal transport operator.
Multimodalism in many countries is still in an infant stage. Operators
are often faced with heavy bureaucracy, insufficient regulatory framework,
poorly developed infrastructure etc. The acceptance of multimodalism
by a number of countries has been very slow because the shippers and re-
ceivers of cargo are not aware of their potential benefits in terms of gains
in time and costs.

Notes:
compatible совместимый
in an infant stage в зачаточном состоянии
insufficient regulatory недостаточно развитая система контроля
framework

B. Reread the text and say if the statements below are true or false. Correct
the false statements.
1. Intermodal transport means carriage of goods by two or three trans-
port operators.
2. The UN Convention on Multimodal Transport is in force now.
3. In Intermodal transport one operator is responsible for the delivery
of the cargo to the final destination.
4. You have to cross the borders of two or more countries within the
framework of the multimodal transport operation.
5. Multimodalism is well-developed in many countries.
6. Transport operators are faced with heavy bureaucracy, insufficient
regulatory framework etc.
C. Look through the text and say what was mentioned in the text about
a) the UN Convention on Multimodal Transport;
b) the conditions under which the system can function efficiently;
c) difficulties multimodal transport operators are faced with.

DEVELOPING READING TECHNIQUE

Ex. 2. A. Listen to the text Intermodal Transport and follow it with your eyes.
B. Listen to the text again and repeat it sentence by sentence.
C. Read the text aloud. Approximate time of reading is 1.5 min.

86
 LEARNING NEW WORDS

Ex. 3. A. Find the words in bold type and try to guess their meaning. Check up
the translation of the words in the Vocabulary (p. 107). Write them out
in your vocabulary.
B. Write down all the words unknown to you in your vocabulary.

Ex. 4. Translate the following phrases within the text:

1) to move containers interchangeably;
2) compatible equipment;
3) to take goods in charge;
4) a place designated for delivery;
5) to undertake to carry out a transport operation;
6) to be in an infant stage;
7) to face heavy bureaucracy;
8) poorly developed transport infrastructure;
9) to gain time and money;
10) to offer multimodal transport services.

Ex. 5. Match these verbs and noun phrases and translate the expressions they
make into Russian:
to conclude combined transport services
to bring with heavy bureaucracy
to shoulder a place for delivery
to be aware a contract with a carrier
to undertake a convention into force
to be faced of potential benefits
to designate responsibility for transport operations
to provide an intermodal transport operation

Ex. 6. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.

infant, provides, subsidizing, imposing, subsidize, grants, controls,
limiting, impose, imported, taxes
One way a country can control its economy is by imposing import re-
strictions (or controls). If an industry is just starting up (when it is called an
_____ industry), the government may help it because it makes the country
richer and _____ employment.

87
 The government can help it by _____ it or by ______ import restric-
tions. To ____ an industry means to give it loans or _____ . Import ______
protect it from competition by _____ importation of the goods the infant
industry produces. The government might also _____ taxes on _____
goods. These _____ are called duties or tariffs.

Ex. 7. Complete the sentences choosing the right word.

1. When we started this new service, we didn’t expect (to win, to gain)
much.
2. Who (won, gained) the last match?
3. They were not aware of their (wins, gains).
4. The Blue Berets (won, gained) the battle.
5. He decided to open a bank (invoice, account).
6. The firm didn’t receive our (invoice, account) last week.
7. Many (accounts, invoices) were frozen in August.
8. We should send them our (invoice, account) at the revised price.
9. Our vessel was wrecked on the Chinese (seaside, coast, shore,
bank).
10. The master went (to the bank, to the seaside, ashore, to the coast),
but the crew remained on board.
11. Many people going to the Black (coast, shore, bank, seaside) enjoy
their holiday there.
12. A new terminal has been built on the (shore, bank, coast, seaside)
of the lake.

Ex. 8. Check yourself. Give the English equivalents of the following word com-
binations:
1) ввести соглашение в действие;
2) пересекать границу двух государств;
3) принимать обязательства по перевозке грузов;
4) при условии заключения контракта;
5) развивать мультимодальные перевозки;
6) принимать ответственность за хранение груза;
7) выигрывать во времени;
8) осознавать потенциальные выгоды;
9) смешанные перевозки;
10) доставить на склад заказчика;
11) сталкиваться с трудностями.

88
 REVIEWING GRAMMAR
Ex. 9. Study the table.
Ing-forms of the Verbs
Formula V-ing
Form Active Passive
Simple producing being produced
Perfect having produced having been produced

Ex. 10. Translate the world combinations into Russian paying attention to -ing
forms of the verb:
1) after sharing investments;
2) increasing transport costs;
3) the committee arranging the show;
4) trucks operating at the terminal;
5) a letter giving information;
6) having covered the insurance;
7) forwarders handling door-to-door deliveries;
8) derricks shifting containers;
9) new equipment being designed at our department;
10) when working on a new project.
Ex. 11. Change the sentences using Participle I as in the model.
Model: Vehicles which carry containers are not often met here. — Vehicles
carrying containers are not often met here.
1. Vehicles which carry containers were bought last month.
2. They promised to take over even goods which require certain tem-
perature conditions.
3. Rusavto who operate in our market are well known all over the world.
4. The company which offers us spare parts is one of the leading man-
ufacturers of trailers in Europe.
5. A company which develops its control system can increase produc-
tivity.
6. We have just placed a big order with a Dutch company which man-
ufactures refrigerated semi-trailers.
7. Now our company is dealing with the Spanish forwarders who in-
troduced the new service between Barcelona and Madrid.

89
 8. The Finnish-Russian joint venture which deals with groupage con-
signments has opened a new office in St Petersburg.
Ex. 12. Complete the sentences using the -ing forms of the verbs in brackets, put
in prepositions where necessary and translate the sentences into Rus-
sian.
1. At the talks our general manager strongly objected ________ (in-
sure) the goods with Ingosstrakh.
2. What’s the purpose ________ (reduce) supplies to our British
partners?
3. These wagons are capable ________ (carry) any cargoes through-
out Europe.
4. I just can’t think ________ (make) even a small concession to them
as they always let us down.
5. It’s worth ________ (deal) with well-known companies though
their prices can be higher.
6. They were interested ________ (open) a new shuttle service
to Warsaw.
7. They are dreaming ________ (raise) productivity by ________
(restructure) the port.
8. We are looking forward ________ (hear) from you as soon as pos-
sible.
9. The new terminal was equipped ________ (handle) general cargo
and timber.
10. He left without ________ (say) a word.
Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Мне кажется, нам не стоит назначать такие высокие цены.
Мы можем потерять выгодных клиентов.
2. Экспедиторская фирма, организующая доставку грузов в ко-
нечный пункт назначения, известна нам как очень надежный
партнер в течение многих лет.
3. Мы открыли еще одну контору с целью улучшить обслужива-
ние, так как объем перевозок постоянно растет.
4. Мы предпочитаем отправить эту партию грузов самолетом,
так как это значительно сократит время доставки.
5. Американский бизнесмен, обсуждающий сделку с нашим ди-
ректором, очень доволен работой нашей фирмы.
6. Число фирм, работающих на рынке транспортных услуг, рез-
ко сократилось.

90
 7. Недавно мы закупили новую партию прицепов, способных
перевозить любые грузы.
8. Фирма Toyota, продающая автомобили на российском рынке
в течение многих лет, предлагает отличное послепродажное
обслуживание.
9. Вы видите человека, заполняющего таможенную деклара-
цию? Пожалуйста, передайте ему этот коносамент.
10. С нетерпением ждем вашего ответа.

Ex. 14. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct
form.
1. The firm (take) the goods in charge at the Russian-Finnish border
(be) our partner for two years.
2. I think you (gain) a lot if you (conclude) a new contract with them.
3. Before (draw up) a new contract the firms (settle up) all previous
debts.
4. Why multimodalism (make) slow progress?
5. The invoice (pay) by (transfer) the money to their bank account at
the end of the month.
6. This forwarding company (undertake) to carry our goods to the
consumer’s warehouses.
7. A negotiable Bill of Lading (issue) when a transport operation (car-
ry out) by two or more transport operators.
8. What difficulties Russian forwarders (face) with when they (come)
into the European market?
9. The Convention on Multimodal Transport (not, bring) into force
yet as there (be) heavy bureaucracy in many countries.
Ex. 15. Put in articles where necessary. Be ready to discuss the text.
VR Cargo’s cooperation with ____ Kombiverker is growing from
____ year to ____ year. ____ cargo can be delivered in ____ same load-
ing unit from ____ Helsinki to ____ Paris for example. ____ intermodal
transport is ____ important area of ____ development in ____ goods
transportation of ____ integrated Europe, and no wonder — ____ roads
are filled with ____ cars, ____ trucks and ____ trailers. One solution
to ____ problem is to switch ____ trailers, ____ containers and vehicle
combinations from ____ road ____ rail. ____ Kombiverker specializes
in ____ intermodal transport and uses ____ German Huckepack trans-
port tubes in which ____ goods are carried in ____ same loading unit

91
from ____ terminal to ____ terminal and finally delivered to ____ con-
signee by ____ trucks.
Italy is one of ____ most important countries in ____ cooperative
venture, as ____ great deal of ____ exports and imports to and from ____
Finland are carried out with ____ semi-trailers and ____ swap bodies. VR
Cargo’s aim is to offer ____ continuos transport link between ____ Fin­
nish and Italian terminals.

Notes:
loading unit весовая единица
swap body съемный кузов (единица перевозки груза, размеры ко‑
торой соответствуют габаритам автотранспорт‑
ного средства и которое оборудовано погрузо-разгру‑
зочными средствами)

Ex. 16. Put in prepositions when necessary.

1. Neither Bill ____ Lading nor Customs Declaration has been filled
____ .
2. I think he’ll make the necessary arrangements ____ placing trucks
____ loading.
3. While the president was ____, I was ____ charge ____ invoicing
customers.
4. The young man came here ____ purpose ____ getting more expe-
rience ____ logistics.
5. The new transport operator was faced ____ bureaucracy ____ the
Customs.
6. Many businessmen are not aware ____ the gains ____ multimodal
transport operations.
7. A multimodal contract should be concluded if the cargo crosses the
borders ____ two or more countries.
8. They settled ____ ____ packing the goods ____ wooden boxes.
9. A negotiable Bill ____ Lading is signed when two or more trans-
port operators carry ____ the transport operation.
10. Stonehaven is a small town ____ the western coast ____ the North
Sea.
Ex. 17. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Мне кажется, довольно трудно дать определение тому, что
такое логистика.
2. Вы отвечаете за все, что будет происходить в мое отсутствие.

92
 3. Соглашение вступает в силу с 1 января.
4. К сожалению, контракт все еще не заключен, хотя все про-
блемы были решены на прошлой неделе.
5. Когда и где планируется пересечение границы?
6. При перевозке леса мы столкнулись с большими трудностя-
ми, вызванными отсутствием перегрузочных терминалов.
7. Экспедитор, предложивший нам свои услуги по доставке груза
в конечный пункт, просил дополнительные 5% за срочность.
8. Один из наилучших способов найти делового партнера — это
воспользоваться Интернетом.
9. Мне кажется, этот принцип не сработает. Они не cмогут ор-
ганизовать перевозку к этому времени.
10. В конечном счете выиграют все: и перевозчики, и произво-
дители, и потребители.

LEARNING TO LISTEN AND SPEAK

Ex. 18. Listen to the telephone conversation and say which route (given in the
scheme) is being discussed.

Truck → train Truck → ship → truck

Korea (Seoul) → Moscow Korea (Kesor) → Hamburg → Moscow
a b
Plane
Seoul → Moscow
c

DISCUSSING THE MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

Ell & Co., a Russian company, are buying electronic equipment from
Korea. Mr Somov is calling EuroLog to find out the best way of transport-
ing the goods to Moscow.

Brown: EuroLog. Good morning.

Somov: Good morning. My name’s Oleg Somov of Ell & Co. I’m sending
some electronic equipment from Kesor, Korea to Moscow, and
I’d like to know the best mode of transportation. I think the best
way is to send the goods by sea, is that right?

93
Brown: Just a moment. You see, you can’t send your goods directly from
Kesor to Moscow by sea. Neither Kesor nor Moscow is on the
coast.
Somov: Oh, Kesor is on the coast though, isn’t it?
Brown: It is, but it is not a port. There is a port in Inchon, and you can
send your goods to the port by road or rail. They can travel from
Inchon to one of the European ports, say to Hamburg, and then
by truck to Moscow. Or they can travel from Inchon to Nakhod-
ka by sea and then to Moscow by rail. It’s much cheaper.
Somov: And which of these is the best route?
Brown: It depends on how big your consignment is. It might be better and
cheaper to send the goods by air.
Somov: Which airport do the goods travel from in this case?
Brown: The nearest airport is in Seoul. You’ll have to transport the goods
to Seoul by road or by rail.
Somov: I see. Perhaps I’ll send you the details and you will arrange the
cheapest route. Could you do that?
Brown: Certainly. That’s just what we are here for. We’d be delighted
to help.
B. Listen to the conversation again and say if the statements below are true
or false. Correct the false statements.
1. EuroLog is a big forwarding firm.
2. Mr Somov wanted to export electronic equipment to Korea.
3. The best way of transporting the goods to Moscow is to send them
by rail.
4. Kesor is the biggest Korean port.
5. Mr Somov and Mr Brown settled the problem of transportation.
C. Listen to the conversation and repeat it sentence by sentence.
D. Rearrange the conversation.
Somov: My name’s Oleg Somov of Ell & Co. I’m sending some electronic
equipment from Kesor, Korea to Moscow and I’d like to know
the best mode of transportation.
Brown: Certainly. That’s just what we are here for. We’d be delighted
to help.
Somov: Oh, Kesor is on the coast though, isn’t it?
Brown: Just a moment. You see, you can’t send your goods directly from
Kesor to Moscow by sea. Neither Kesor nor Moscow is on the
coast.

94
Somov: I see. Perhaps I’ll send you the details and you will arrange the
cheapest route. Could you do that?
Brown: It depends on how big your consignment is. It might be better and
cheaper to send the goods by air.
Somov: And which of these is the best route?
Brown: It is, but it is not a port. There is a port in Inchon, and you can
send your goods to the port by road or rail. They can travel from
Inchon to one of the European ports, say to Hamburg, and then
by truck to Moscow. Or they can travel from Inchon to Nakhod-
ka by sea and then to Moscow by rail. It’s much cheaper.
E. Complete the conversation.
Black: _________________________________________________
Ivanov: Good morning. I’d like to send five boxes of spare parts from
St Petersburg to Paris. I think the best way is to send the goods
by rail.
Black: _________________________________________________
Ivanov: What mode could you suggest?
Black: _________________________________________________
Ivanov: And which of these is the best?
Black: _________________________________________________
Ex. 19. Have a conversation with your partner using the information below.
Your company imports mobile telephones from Sweden to your sub-
sidiary in Rostov-on-Don. The goods are to be sent from the Helsinki dis-
tribution centre. The forwarders have two routes to destine the consign-
ment. Discuss these routes with the forwarders and find out the best one.

LEARNING TO WRITE
Ex. 20. A. You work for a transport company carrying goods throughout Eu-
rope. Read the following letter sent to your company, explain to your
boss in Russian what the letter is about and ask him if the informa-
tion is of interest to your company. If yes, enumerate the points that
are most important to you.
Dear Delegate,
Established in 1988, INTERMODAL is now recognized as the annual
conference for the intermodal industry worldwide.

95
If your business is in organizing, shipping or handling consignments in con-
tainers, swap bodies or any other multimodal load units, you will be inter-
ested to learn how to make intermodal transport work to your advantage.
Major issues dealt with this year include ocean shipping deregulation, Eu-
ropean domestic Intermodalism and learning how to share and optimize
limited infrastructure resources. Intermodalism is no longer a European
or American phenomenon. It is fast becoming a reality in China, India
and Latin America and concerns shippers, shipping lines, ports, railways,
freight forwarders and road hauliers.
With over 90 speakers from 20 different countries representing an authori-
tative cross-section of the global spectrum, INTERMODAL is the leading
event of this year’s transport calendar.
I look forward to welcoming you in Amsterdam during “Intermodal Week”
in October.
Yours faithfully
Alex von Stempel
Conference Editor

P.S. Remember INTERMODAL is the only truly international event that

brings together all parties involved in shipping cargo by land and sea.

Notes:
annual ежегодный
haulier = carrier
issue = problem
ocean shipping deregulation сокращение вмешательства государства в регулиро-
вание морскими перевозками

B. Read the letter again and say what the letter says about
1) the main problems for discussion at the Conference;
2) the Conference as the leading transport event of the year;
3) intermodalism.
C. Write a reply to the letter accepting the invitation and asking for further
information about the programme of the Conference (in detail).

Ex. 21. You represent FIATA organizing annual conferences on Intermodal

Transport and Logistics. Write a circular letter to would-be participants

96
 informing them of the event which is to take place in Geneva from 7th
to 11th September 20 . . .
Ex. 22. Role-play. You are entrusted with getting in touch with the representa-
tive of your company in Germany. Inform him of the conference and try
to convince him to take part in it though you are aware that he is against
such events as he thinks they are a waste of time and money.

LEARNING TO READ AND ANALYSE

Ex. 23. Read the text and compare the European and American transport infra-
structure. Find as many differences as possible.
The first intermodal service started in 1969 in the USA when fast con-
tainer trains between Chicago and Los Angeles were introduced. Dur-
ing this short period of time (29 years) intermodal transport turned to be
a great success in the USA, medium success in Europe, while in other ar-
eas the progress is only in its initial stages.
The Americans define intermodal move as a haul of sea container
along a distance that is longer than 500 miles usually by rail. The Euro-
pean situation is quite different. In Europe intermodal transport is usu-
ally named “combined transport”. Smaller distances between ports and
inland destinations, many different nations, slow investments in the
transport infrastructure, tough regulations and lack of unified rail sys-
tems eliminated the possibility to build an intermodal transport system
similar to the American one.
Intermodal transport in Europe is first of all the process of container-
ization of general cargo. The forecast to the year 2010 says that more than
two-thirds of the global general cargo trade will move in containers, and
this is good news for intermodal transport.

Notes:
haul перевозка
lack (of) недостаток, нехватка

Ex. 24. A. Read the advertisement and say who it is intended for:
a) companies dealing with transportation;
b) individuals;
c) companies importing or exporting goods from Europe;

97
 d) companies importing or exporting goods from Asia;
e) companies importing or exporting goods from America.

MERZARIO
EUROPE
The quality choice for full load door-to-door
services to and from Europe.
Daily departures.
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain
and other European destinations.
Driver-accompanied trailers.
Intermodal services with swap bodies or
containers up to 26 ton payload.
Own offices throughout Europe.
For your Pan European
requirements contact our sales team.
ANDREA MERZARIO LIMITED
44 Broadway, Stratford, London E15
Tel: 0181 534 6380
Fax: 0181 519 0531
B. Read the advertisement again and answer the questions.
1. Where does the company operate?
2. How big is it?
3. What means of transport do they use to carry cargo?
C. You represent Merzario. Describe the services of your company to a po-
tential customer.

Ex. 25. A. Read the text and say whether it is

a) an advertisement;
b) a passage from a textbook;
c) an encyclopedia article;
d) a newspaper article.

EMERY SETS UP NEW MULTIMODAL SERVICE

Emery Worldwide has setup a multimodal transport and logistics ser-
vice facility at Vienna Airport’s International Cargo Centre.

98
 It marks the company’s first major presence in Austria after 23 years
operating through agents.
Australian general manager Walter Wildner will oversee operations and
report to Steve Soukup, Emery’s divisional manager for Eastern Europe,
Switzerland and Austria.
Through Emcon, the company’s tracking and tracing system, Emery
can promote its full range of services.
Austria is the tenth country in two years in which Emery has converted
agent operations into wholly-owned company units.

Notes:
to oversee зд. следить
tracking and tracing system система слежения

B. Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. How had the company worked in the Austrian market before they
set up a new office?
2. What will help Emery to promote a full range of services?
3. How big is Emery?
C. Say what you remember from the article about Emery Worldwide and the
services they offer.

D. You are Walter Wildner. Speak about your firm and your future job.

Ex. 26. Read the following texts in order to determine the main idea of each
of them. Find the text most interesting for you and prepare a detailed
plan of it. Speak on the problems touched upon in the text you have cho-
sen using your plan.

TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY RESPONSE TO BUSINESS

REQUIREMENTS
By and large, the transportation needs emphasize reliable, fast freight
transportation service. In all industries, cost is an important component.
Low transportation cost is actually the key requirement for most indus-
tries in all sectors, with the exception of industries producing high-value
and perishable products as well as industries that rely on JIT (just-in-time).
Economies become more service-oriented and more integrated into the
global economy, and as manufacturing processes are increasingly decen-
tralized at the multinational locations, business requirements have then

99
become more complex, requiring transportation from and to a more di-
verse list of origins and destinations. Furthermore, businesses now require
a greater variety of services to meet more specific needs rather than the his-
torical emphasis on similar large volume moves between the same origins
and destinations.
Transportation carriers and other service providers in the transporta-
tion industry are responding to the changing needs of businesses by broad-
ening their service offerings, so that one company can be held accountable
for the overall service and cost.
The transportation industry is broadly defined to include: Railroad
Transportation; Local and Interurban Transit; Trucking and Warehousing;
Water Transportation; Air Transportation; Pipelines; and Transport Ser-
vices. The transportation industry has been growing at an annual rate of 3%
from 1995. The growth of railroad, truck, and air transportation is related
to the increased demand generated by other economic activity, increased
leisure time, economic deregulation (that lowered costs and prices), and
to the increasing importance that users place on speed, reliability, and in-
creased service levels.
As a result of deregulation and other industry trends, modal distinc-
tions are disappearing. Many of the services provided by all transportation
companies now include multimodal movements and/or intermodal con-
nections that cannot be identified separately or disaggregated using the
available international data. For example, the overnight delivery industry
includes both trucking firms, air carriers, as well as integrated carriers that
operate both trucks and aircraft.
At the same time that modal distinctions are becoming less relevant,
the role of carriers, shippers, and middlemen or intermediaries is evolving
and their distinctions are also disappearing. In any freight transportation
move, there have been typically at least two players, the shipper and the car‑
rier. Depending on the size of the shipment, the type of cargo movement,
the origin and destination, whether domestic or international, and other
factors, there might have been several other players involved. These other
participants include additional carriers, and what are typically referred
to as “third-party agents, brokers or middlemen.” In addition, the shipper
can also own a carrier, and in such situations, the department within the
company in need of transportation service is typically required to use the
company-owned or private carrier.
In many industries, transportation had been an integral part of many
companies businesses, e.g. many shippers built their own railroads, or op-

100
erated their own trucks, vessels or airlines. In recent years, the overall
trend then has been towards outsourcing transportation services and re-
lying on one or a limited number of outside carriers and firms to manage
and control transportation costs and services. Even the administrative and
logistics functions are being increasingly outsourced to one or a limited
number of logistics companies.
An increasing number of firms have then contracted the management
of transportation services, including arrangements with travel agencies for
business travel needs, as well as contracting out freight transportation and
logistics services.

PRESSURE MOUNTS AS EXPORTS SLIDE

Cost-efficiency has long been the watch-word for efficient exporters,
but for many Dutch shippers it has become a necessity if they are to survive
the game. A fallback in export volumes to traditional markets last year took
its toll on the country’s manufacturers, with many looking closely at their
total supply chain to see where costs could be saved.
For many years the Netherlands has been in the vanguard of Eu-
rope’s reforming economies, being the model among many of its Euro-
pean neighbours in controlling unemployment. However, this model has
proved less than effective in dealing with the shocks to its exports, notably
to Southeast Asia and Brazil.
According to the Central Planning Bureau, the Dutch government’s
think tank, the economy will grow by just 2.25% this year due to the knock-
on effects of the global slowdown.
In spite of weaker export prospects, the Netherland’s current account
surplus is estimated to have registered 5.8% of GDP last year and is ex-
pected to slip only slightly to 5.7% of GDP this year.
Many exporters were suffering from the after-effects of the Asian crisis,
with exports of waste paper — the traditional Far Eastern import — now
starting to dry up. Shippers have to cut costs if they are to stay operating
in the market. But in re-examining their supply chains, shippers are not
only looking to secure the cheapest transport options possible, but are out-
sourcing more of the physical transport operations to third-party opera-
tors.
Pressures of time and cost in getting cargoes to the market has en-
couraged many companies to consider mixing and matching transport
modes — with short-sea shipping and inland waterway transportation as
obvious choice. If an exporting company can cut its transport costs by us-

101
ing different modes, it will consider it. It is often attractive to avoid expen-
sive warehousing costs by storing cargoes at sea as it is shipped from one
port to another. If a shipper has a choice, he will definitely give shortsea
shipping a chance, mainly because his supply chain is not being interrupt-
ed and also because using short-sea shipping gives out a positive image.
Heavy congestion on the roads is forcing many Dutch shippers to re-
consider alternative modes of transport. Major producers like Heineken
and some of the large chemical companies are heavy users of inland water-
way systems to and from the port of Rotterdam.
The Dutch government has placed such an importance on inland wa-
terways as a transport mode that it, together with its near neighbour Bel-
gium, liberalized the sector at the beginning of December 1998 — two years
ahead of the official deadline. Through liberalization, inland vessel opera-
tion is more organized and potentially more cost-effective for shippers.
Instead of cargo owners waiting for available inland barges, liberaliza-
tion has encouraged inland waterway operators to run more dependable
services offering more service guarantees than before. Improvements are
reflected in the level of freight rates charged.
Inland waterways remain an important transport mode for cargo des-
tined for the two Groningen Seaports of Delfzijl and Emshaven.
The ports, which handled 5.5 m tons of chemicals, timber products and
general cargo last year, mainly serve their local import and export markets.
Groningen Seaports is looking to boost its handling of containers this
year through the construction of a new roll-on, roll-off ramp at the port,
which is due to be completed by May. The drive towards moving freight off
the roads and onto more environmentally friendly modes of transport will
have knock-on effects for hauliers.
According to the project manager at Holland Transport, the association
of Dutch hauliers, growing competition from eastern bloc hauliers is hav-
ing more of a detrimental effect on the earnings of Dutch drivers. Hauliers
from these countries can apply for licences to operate as Dutch companies
to the market, but it is not the same for Dutch truck drivers in the Polish
or Hungarian markets. But these Eastern European drivers are driving for
rates that would hardly cover the cost of the fuel they put in their vehicles.
It is easier for prices to go down than for them to rise. Dutch hauliers need
to have easy entry to Eastern European markets while professional and
educational qualifications for entry the Dutch market should be upgraded.
The problem is not only to do with the amount of available cargo
on the market, but the rates being paid to hauliers.

102
 ECONOMIC TRENDS AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION
REQUIREMENTS
The U.S. economy is being transformed as a result of many global de-
mand and supply forces that affect the competitiveness of U.S. industry.
Recent trends in distribution and logistics, shipper requirements, and busi-
ness location patterns are also revolutionizing the private transportation
industry. These trends also have significant complications for the types
of infrastructure and government-supported transportation programs that
will be required in the future.
Economic forces and free-trade policies that are generating increased
worldwide trade tend to generate transportation demand, as products
move longer distances and regions specialize in products which can be dis-
tributed competitively.
Economic trends and globalization of the economy are also forcing
industries to restructure operations and become more competitive. Indus-
tries restructuring also tends to generate increased transportation demand,
because, for example, businesses tend to disperse their manufacturing
around the world to reduce labor costs, and/or increase transportation re-
quirements by concentrating distribution out of one or a few distribution
centers serving the entire nation. Traditional large-scale manufacturers
have become more competitive over the past decade, partly by institut-
ing just-in-time inventory control systems that reduce their manufactur-
ing, distribution and inventory costs, and increase demand for higher levels
of transportation service. These companies then are not only searching for
ways to reduce transportation costs, but also are purchasing integrated lo-
gistics systems that reduce transit times and improve reliability.
Just-in-time systems are increasingly being used not only by manufac-
turing, but also by retailing and service industries. In general, JIT systems
consume more transportation assets than conventional shipping arrange-
ments. They require more trucks on the road, not to move more freight,
but to move it quicker. The flexibility of U.S. transportation capacity may
be constrained, as highway volumes may increase faster than the cargo ton-
nage that is being carried.
Some of the most competitive sectors of the U.S. economy include the
newer high technology and knowledge-based industries that are generating
changes in the nature of transportation demand, since they rely on shorter
product cycles that can quickly become obsolete, as well as more frequent
shipments of smaller, lighter products.
The competitiveness of American companies is dependent on whether
their products can be transported and delivered reliably at a competitive

103
price from a manufacturing plant or distribution center to a larger hinter-
land, including both domestic and foreign destinations.
Improved reliability of transportation service and the ability of a com-
pany to reduce its product inventory increases the firm’s competitive ad-
vantage, both because of their ability to respond to changing customer
demand faster and to reduce their costs. If enough U.S. manufacturers
improve on their supply chain logistics efficiency, the whole economy
is affected positively. This can be seen most clearly during an economic
slowdown where a less severe downturn is expected than in the past due
to more efficient manufacturers. In the past, inefficiencies in the supply
chain worsened recessions. However, if the supply chain is efficient, there
are not many goods in the pipeline, and as demand falls, production will
increase accordingly, thereby saving business losses from over production
and over inventory. As such, the benefits of increased transportation reli-
ability include contributing to U.S. competitiveness, business profitability,
and overall economic stability.

SOME BASIC ENGLISH TERMS

economic deregulation дерегулирова-
ние (уменьшение государственного
регулирования экономики)
integrated carrier компания, зани-
мающаяся перевозкой грузов ав-
томобильным и авиатранспортом
intermediary посредник
cost efficiency рентабельность, эф-
фективность затрат
current account текущий платежный
баланс; текущий счет
supply chain цепочка поставок
short-sea shipping морская перевозка
на короткие расстояния (между
европейскими портами, а также
между ними и портами неевропей‑
ских стран, омываемых морями, по
которым проходит граница евро‑
пейских стран)
deep sea shipping морское (океаниче‑
ское) судоходство
warehousing cost складские расходы
congestion чрезмерное скопление
(грузов, судов и т.п.); чрезмерная
перегрузка (склада, порта и т.п.)
to boost handling of containers уско-
рять обработку контейнеров
to disperse (the) manufacturing рас-
средоточение производства (об‑
рабатывающей промышленности)
just-in-time inventory control system
система контроля запасов, обес­
печивающая их своевременное
пополнение
hinterland районы экономического
тяготения, расположенные вдали
от побережья
to worsen recession усиливать эконо-
мический спад

104
 VOCABULARY
1. intermodal (adj) интермодальный
2. definition (n) определение
define (v) определять
I’d like you to define it properly.
3. interchangeably (adv) взаимозаменяемо
4. mode (n) способ
syn. method
transport mode способ транспортировки
mode of payment способ оплаты
There are different modes of transportation.
5. multimodal (adj) мультимодальный
6. bring into force вводить в действие
be in force действовать
The regulation is in force.
7. charge (n) забота, попечение; надзор; хранение
charge (v) взимать сбор, налагать пошлину и т.п.
be in charge of sth отвечать за что-либо
Who will be in charge of the shipment while I’m away?
8. designate (v) предназначать, указывать
9. conclude (v) заключать
conclude a contract
сonclude an agreement
When was this agency agreement concluded?
10. latter (n) последний (из двух названных)
11. function (v) функционировать
The previous transport system didn’t function properly.
12. consumer (n) потребитель
consumer goods потребительские товары
The demand for consumer goods has increased.
consume (v) потреблять
13. shoulder (n) плечо
shoulder (v) принимать на себя
They refused to shoulder responsibility for the damage.
14. be faced with . . . встречаться, сталкиваться
The firm was faced with a lot of difficulties when it started this busi-
ness.
15. insufficient (adj) недостаточный
The information is insufficient.
16. make progress добиваться успеха
You’ve made great progress in learning economics.
17. be aware of . . . понимать, осознавать
be aware that . . .

105
 syn. realize
He wasn’t aware of my presence.
Some time passed before I realized that I was wrong.
18. benefit (n) выгода
Did the company get much benefit from this modernization?
19. gain (v) получать; приобретать; выигрывать
They didn’t gain much when they invested in production of consumer
goods.
gain (n) выигрыш; выгода
20. directly (adv) непосредственно, прямо
It’s better to take the goods directly from the factory.
direct (adj) прямой
21. neither . . . nor (conj) ни ... ни
Neither frozen food nor fruit can be transported in these vans.
22. coast (n) морское побережье
Our ship was going along the coast.
on the coast
ср. shore
on shore
ashore
On Sunday the crew was allowed to go ashore.
seaside
at the seaside
I’d like to spend my holiday at the Baltic seaside.
bank
on the bank
There are a few boarding houses on the bank of the Volga.
23. arrange (v) организовывать, устраивать
arrangement (n) приведение в порядок; договоренность
I think he can easily arrange that.
arrangements (n pl) меры, мероприятия, приготовления
I’d like to mak