UNIT-1 ASSIGNMENT CUM ASSESSMENT Semester: VI

Subject: APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT IN MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

(AIT 323)

Course Teacher: Dr. Digvijaysinh Parmar

5 Submitted by:- AFTAB MADHARA

reg no:-06-0257-2017

Roll no:-14

Q. 1 Explain the figure:

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Mobile host to Remote host communication

To communicate with remote host, mobile host requires

three phases.
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1. Agent Solicitation
2. Registration
3. Data Transfer
5 Agent Advertisement
HA and FA periodically send advertisement
messages into their physical subnets MN listens to
these messages and detects, if it is in the home or a
foreign network (standard case for home network)
10 MN reads a COA from the FA advertisement
messages

Registration (always limited lifetime!)

 MN signals COA to the HA via the FA, HA
acknowledges via FA to MN these actions
have to be secured by authentication
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Advertisement
HA advertises the IP address of the MN (as for
fixed systems), i.e. standard routing
information
10 Routers adjust their entries, these are stable for a
longer time (HA responsible for a MN over a
longer period of time)
Packets to the MN are sent to the HA, independent
of changes in COA/FA
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host communication

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Q2 GSM 890 - 915 Mhz contains how many channels, why?

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5

Q3.Explain the aspect of frequency reuse in GSM

Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of

channels throughout a coverage region is done. Each cellular base
10 station is allocated a group of radio channels or Frequencies sub-
bands to be used within a small geographic area known as a cell.
The shape of the cell is Hexagonal. The process of selecting and
allocating the frequency sub-bands for all of the cellular base
station within a system is called Frequency reuse or Frequency
15 Planning.
 Silent Features of using Frequency Reuse:

Frequency reuse improve the spectral efficiency and signal

5 Quality (QoS).
Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems
offers a protection against interference.
The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on
the tolerance capacity of the radio channel from the nearby
10 transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into
different sub-bands that are used by cells.
Frequency reuse scheme allow WiMax system operators to
reuse the same frequencies at different cell sites.
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 Cell with same letter use the same set of channels group or
frequencies sub-band.
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To find the total number of channel allocated to a cell:

S = Total number of duplex channels available to use

k = Channels allocated to each cell (k<S)
10 N = Total number of cells or Cluster Size

Then Total number of channels (S) will be,

S = kN
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Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N

In the above diagram cluster size is 7 (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) thus

frequency reuse factor is 1/7.
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N is the number of cells which collectively use the complete set of

available frequencies is called a Cluster. If a Cluster is replicated or
repeated ‘M’ times within the cellular system, then Capacity, C,
will be,
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C = MkN = MS

In Frequency reuse there are several cells that use the same set of
frequencies. These cells are called Co-Channel Cells. These Co-
30 Channel cells results in interference. So to avoid the Interference
cells that use the same set of channels or frequencies are
separated from one another by a larger distances.
 Condition to avoid Co-Channel Interference:
Neighboring cells won’t have the same edge or same set of
frequency.
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