Σ

Introduction
Chapter 1
Stat 101 1st Semester AY 2020-2021
WHAT IS
STATISTICS?
Learning Object 1
What comes to your mind when
you hear the word “Statistics”?
What comes to your mind when
you hear the word “Statistics”?
 What comes to your mind when
you hear the word “Statistics”?
oNumbers that you see on television, social media
oBut how do you come up with those numbers? You
gather information, process it, and analyze it.
oHowever, it does not end there. You have to report
what you have found out.
oThe study of Statistics does not merely involve
knowing and memorizing such important figures as
the population of the Philippines.
Statistics
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the…

Collection
Organization
Analysis
Interpretation
Presentation
…of data
Roles of Statistics

IN
MEDICINE

IN
ECONOMICS
Roles of Statistics

IN
EDUCATION

IN BUSINESS
BASIC CONCEPTS
IN STATISTICS
Learning Object 2
Statistical Inquiry
A statistical inquiry is a designed research that
provides information needed to solve a research
problem.

Note: “Information” is processed data. What

distinguishes a statistical inquiry from other types
of research is the use of data that have been
collected and analyzed in answering the research
problem.
 Statistical Inquiry
Title: Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children? by: Luisa Mirano
Specific Objective: (#2. to compare the characteristics of the
elements in the different subgroups in the population through
contrasts of their respective summary measures) to compare the
average weight loss/gain among obese adolescents who took
Sibutramine and those who took Orlistat (the only two drugs
approved by the FDA) with those who did not take any medication
Importance: Obesity is now viewed as a biomedical rather than a
moral condition and thus should be treated in the same manner
as any chronic disease. This study will help determine if
medication is effective in treating childhood obesity.
Stages in Doing a
Statistical Inquiry
 Population vs Sample
Population
• collection of all elements under consideration in a
statistical inquiry.

Sample
• a subset of a population

Note: The elements are the units whose characteristics

will be observed and measured by the researchers in
order to answer the research problem.
 Population vs Sample

The figure on the right shows a Population

diagram depicting the
relationship between the
population and the sample.
The big circle is the population
while the small circle within is
the sample. Sample
This emphasizes the
requirement that all elements of
the sample must belong in the
population.
 Population vs Sample
Average expenditure of all households in Metro Manila
Population: set of all households in Metro Manila
Average expenditure of all households in Quezon City
Population: set of all households in Quezon City
Average lifespan of a light bulb manufactured by Company X
for a month
Population: collection of light bulbs manufactured by Company X
for a month

Since we define population as a collection of all elements under

consideration in a statistical inquiry, notice that whenever we identify
the population, we use the words “collection of”, “set of”, or any similar
terms. Otherwise, we are just referring to the elements.
 Population vs Sample
Example of population with people as elements:
o set of farmers in Central Luzon

Examples of population with animals/objects as

elements:
o collection of milkfish cultured in Luzon
o set of fluorescent bulbs manufactured for a
month

Examples of population with areas as elements:

o set of barangays in Metro Manila
o collection of fishponds in Pampanga
Variable, Observation, and Data

Variables
• a characteristic or attribute of the elements in a
collection that can assume different values for
the different elements.

Observation
• a realized value of the variable

Data
• collection of observations
Variable, Observation, and Data
This is an example of what a variable and an observation is

Variable Observation
S = sex of a student Male, Female

E = employment status of an Temporary, Permanent,

employee Contractual

N = number of children per

n = 0,1,2,3,…
teacher

W = weight of a patient w > 0 kgs.

Variable, Observation, and Data
Elements: students in an Elementary Statistics course
Variable: X = age of a student in an Elementary Statistics class

The ages of all the 35 students in this class were determined and
recorded as follows:

16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18,
18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21,
21, 22

This collection of observations, or realized values of X, is our data.

EXAMPLES
1. The Office of Admissions is studying the
relationship between the UPCAT score and
the general weighted average (GWA) upon
graduation among graduates of the
university from 2015 to 2019.

Population: collection of all graduates of the

university from the years 2015 to 2019
Variables of interest: UPCAT score, GWA
EXAMPLES

2. The research division of a certain

pharmaceutical company is investigating the
effectiveness of a new diet pill in reducing
weight on female adults.
Population: set of all female adults who will
use the diet pill
Variables of interest: weight before taking the
diet pill, weight after taking the diet pill
EXAMPLES
3. The Department of Health is interested in
determining the percentage of children
below 12 years old infected by the
Hepatitis B virus in Metro Manila in 2006.

Population: set of all children below 12

years old in Metro Manila in 2006
Variables of interest: whether or not the
child has ever been infected by the
Hepatitis B virus
Definition of Summary Measure

Summary Measure
• A summary measure
is a single numeric
figure that describes
a particular feature
of the whole
collection.
Parameter and Statistic

Parameter
• is a summary measure describing a specific
characteristic of the population. (It is computed
using population data.)

Statistic
• is a summary measure describing a specific
characteristic of the sample. (It is computed
using sample data.)
EXAMPLES
Consider the case where our population consists
of 35 students in an Elementary Statistics class.
The parameter of interest is P=proportion of
students in this class with cellular phones.

number of elements possessing a certain characteristic

𝑃=
number of elements in the collection
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠
=
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
EXAMPLES
The variable under study, X, is whether or not the student owns a
cellular phone. This variable has only two possible values:
0 – student does not own a cellular phone
1 – student owns a cellular phone
Suppose that among the 35 students, 28 own a cellular phone. Thus,

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 28

𝑃= = = 0.8
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 35

Suppose we were not able to collect data from all the 35 students.
Instead, we only took a sample of 10 students from this class.
Among the 10 students in the sample, 7 own cellular phones.
Can you compute for the parameter, P?
EXAMPLES
We cannot compute for the parameter, P=proportion of
students in the population with cellular phones but we
can compute for 𝑃! (read as “P hat”), where 𝑃=proportion
!
of students in the sample with cellular phones as follows:

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 7

𝑃! = = = 0.7
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 10

The proportion of students in our sample with cellular

phones is an example of a statistic because it is a
summary measure describing a characteristic of the
sample.
EXAMPLES
Suppose we redefine the population as the
collection of all students enrolled in all sections
of Elementary Statistics so that the class
consisting of 35 students earlier is now just a
sample taken from this new population.
Is the earlier computed proportion of 0.8 a
parameter or a statistic?
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
Mr. Donaldo Chan, a candidate for vice-mayor in Orion, Bataan, wants
to find out if there is a need to intensify his campaign efforts against
his opponents.
He requested the services of a group of students to interview 1,000 of
the 3,000 registered voters of Orion, Bataan. The survey results
showed that 75% of the 1,000 voters in the sample will vote for him as
vice-mayor.

a) Identify the population and the sample.

b) Identify the variable of interest.
c) Identify the parameter and the statistic.
EXERCISES

Identify the population and the sample.

Population: set of 3,000 registered voters
of Orion, Bataan
Sample: set of 1000 registered voters of
Orion, Bataan.
EXERCISES

Identify the variable of interest.

Let X = whether or not the registered voter
will vote for Mr. Donaldo Chan.
X = 0 if the voter will not vote for him
X =1 if the voter will vote for him
EXERCISES

Identify the parameter and statistic.

Parameter: population size which is 3000
Statistic: the sample size of 1000 voters
and the proportion 75%.
EXERCISES
Define suitable populations, variable/s, and
the parameter of interest for the following
studies:
a) The manufacturer of badminton
shuttlecocks wishes to determine how
many games their brand of shuttlecock
will last on the average.
EXERCISES

a) The manufacturer of badminton

shuttlecocks wishes to determine how
many games their brand of shuttlecock will
last on the average.
Population: collection of all badminton
shuttlecocks manufactured by the company
Variable of interest: number of games their
shuttlecock will last
Parameter of interest: mean number of games
EXERCISES
Define suitable populations, variable/s, and
the parameter of interest for the following
studies:
b) A market researcher wishes to determine
the market share of the four leading
brands of cereal among children in Metro
Manila who are 12 years old or younger.
EXERCISES

b) A market researcher wishes to determine

the market share of the four leading brands
of cereal among children in Metro Manila
who are 12 years old or younger.
Population: collection of children 12 years or
younger in Metro Manila
Variable of interest: cereal preference among
the four leading brands
Parameter of interest: percentage of children
who prefer a certain brand
FIELDS OF
STATISTICS
Learning Object 3
Applied Statistics
Applied statistics is concerned with the procedures
and techniques used in the collection, presentation
organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

The study of applied statistics allows us to select

and properly implement the most appropriate
statistical methods that will provide solutions to the
research problem
Theoretical or
Mathematical Statistics
Mathematical Statistics is concerned with the
development of the mathematical foundations of
the methods used in applied statistics.

The study of mathematical statistics permits us to

understand the rationale behind the methods we
use in analysis and to establish new theories that
will validate the use of new statistical methods or
modifications of existing statistical methods in
solving research problems that are more complex.
Two Major Areas of Applied
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Definition: Descriptive statistics includes all
the techniques used in organizing,
summarizing and presenting the data on
hand.

It cannot be used to make generalizations about

the population if the data on hand is simply
sample data.
Descriptive Statistics

Example:
Given the daily sales performance for a product for
the previous year, we can draw a line chart or a
column chart to emphasize the upward/downward
movement of the series.
Likewise, we can use descriptive statistics to
calculate a quantity index per quarter to compare
the sales by quarter for the previous year.
Two Major Areas of Applied
Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Definition: Inferential statistics includes all the
techniques used in analyzing the sample data
that will lead to generalizations about a
population from which the sample came from.
We arrive at our conclusions under conditions of
uncertainty because we use partial information only.
Conclusions will be subject to some error. Probability
theory will help us understand the possible errors that can
be committed.
Inferential Statistics

Example:
Election polls make use of inferential statistics to
predict the winners for the coming election based on
data collected from a sample of registered voters.

Example: Krystal Surveys on the 1998 Presidential

Elections

Sample size: 500 Metro Manila

2387 Other provinces
2887
Inferential Statistics

Example:
Election polls make use of inferential statistics to
predict the winners for the coming election based on
data collected from a sample of registered voters.

Example: Krystal Surveys on the 1998 Presidential

Elections
Actual Estimate
(based on quick count) (based on survey)

Estrada 40% 34%

De Venecia 16% 14%
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
For each of the following problems below, decide whether
the method that will be used belongs in the field of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
1. Janine wants to determine the variability of her six
exam scores in Algebra.
2. A car manufacturer wishes to estimate the average
lifetime of batteries by testing a sample of 50 batteries.
EXERCISES
For each of the following problems below, decide whether
the method that will be used belongs in the field of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
3. A marketing research group wishes to determine the
number of families not eating three times a day in the
sample used for their survey.
4. A marketing research group wishes to determine the
number of families in the Philippines not eating three
times a day based on the sample used for their survey.
EXERCISES
For each of the following problems below, decide whether
the method that will be used belongs in the field of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
5. A politician wants to determine the total number of
votes his rival obtained in the past election based on
his copies of the tally sheet of electoral returns.
6. A politician wants to determine the total number of
votes his rival obtained in the election based on the
sample used in the exit poll.
Σ
Introduction
END OF CHAPTER 1