Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577

APPLICATION OF LATIN SQUARE DESIGN IN THE ANALYSIS OF

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR DIFFERENT TRAFFIC
VIOLATION ON ROAD ACCIDENTS: A STUDY

1Dr.R.Arumugam, 2S.Safrin Preethi, 3M.Rajathi

1,3Assistant Professor, 2PG Student,
1,2Department of Mathematics, 3Department of Software Engineering,
Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur-613 403
Tamilnadu, India
Email: arumugamr2@gmail.com, safrinpreethi76@gmail.com, rajathiarumugam@pmu.edu

Abstract
The Latin Square Design is one of the maximum essential designs used in lots of
experimentation. It gives greater possibility than Complete Randomized Design and
Randomized Block Design for the Reduction of experimental mistakes through skilful
planning. In this examine, we're discussing approximately the mathematical houses of Latin
squares layout and the utility of Latin squares in experimental layout.The examiner confirmed
that there has been a large distinction amongst 4 styles of visitors violation for avenue
accidents. And we are discussing approximately which visitor’s violation reason greater
accidents. Next, we use Minitab statistical software program to calculate the ANOVA table to
find the significant level.

Keywords: Road Accident, Latin Square Design, traffic violation, Minitab software

1. Introduction
Latin square design is a specific type of configuration of integers, letters of the
alphabet, or different symbols. Latin squares had been of interest to mathematicians for a
completely lengthy time. In this situation, we can take the case while we've got nuisance
elements that we want to manipulate them with the aid of using blockading them off in an
instruction to be able to look at the impact of a remedy variable. The layout for conducting
that is referred to as a Latin Square Design. We introduce the outline of this layout and
evaluation of variance of the layout. Sir Ronald A.Fisher becomes the primary statistician that
implemented a proper experimental mathematical model (Fisher R. A New York, 1971) [1].
The peculiarity of subject experiments lies within the fact, proven in all cautious uniformity
trials, that the vicinity of floor selected for the experimental plots can be assumed to be

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markedly heterogeneous, in that its fertility varies in a systematic, and regularly a complicated
way from factor to factor (Fisher R. AOliver and Boyd, 1925) [2]. R.Arumugam et.al
focussed the Applications of stochastic models in Webpage ranking [3]. The impact of
Dengue fever in Thanjavur district based on the statistical study discussed by
Dr.R.Arumugam et. al.,[4]. A statistical study was made for the production of Crops befor and
after Gaja cyclone in the delta region by Dr.Arumugam.R et.al., [5]. Applications mobile
learning through statistical approach in the higher educational institutions was discussed by
M.Rajathi and R.Arumugam [6].
The economic cost of traffic accidents has been extensively studied in aggregate terms.
It is not unusual place to specific the price in phrases of monetary magnitudes along with
Gross Domestic Product or in line with capita income (e.g., Connelly and Supangan, 2006 [7];
Kopits and Cropper, 2005 [8]; López et al., 2004 [9]; Elvik, 2000 [10]). Other authors have
centered at the standards for use whilst measuring the price of site visitors injuries (Andersson,
2005 [11]; Schwab and Soguel, 1995 [12]; Alfaro et al., 1994 [13]). The association among
site visitors violations and the incidence of site visitors injuries is likewise nicely documented.
For example, Macdonald et al. (2004) [14] display that drivers who're receiving remedy for an
dependancy or alcohol abuse incur a bigger variety of site visitors violations than people who
are not. But additionally they locate proof that receiving remedy for drug dependancy or
alcohol abuse substantially reduces the opportunity of inflicting an accident.Vingilis and Wilk
(2008) [15] show that the driving under the influence of alcohol will increase the opportunity
of collisions amongst more youthful drivers, at the same time as Neyens and Ng Boyle (2007)
[16] display that unique motive force distractions (cognitive, mobile phone use and so on) are
associated with unique crash types.
The impact of COVID-19 at Mayiladuthurai district, Tamilnadu based on the
statistical study was made by M.Harikumaran, Dr.R.Arumugam and M.Rajathi [17]. A
statistical study on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test among women and men within the age
Group of 20 and 30 in thanjavur district was discussed by R.Arumugam et.al., [18].
Design of Experiment (DOE) is a powerful tool for achieving significant product quality
improvements and process efficiency. For the design of the experiment it can also
be said that it is the methodology of applying statistics in the process of
performing the experiment. As such discipline is not just a engineering problem but is used
in different social sciences. Design of Experiment (DOE) is a powerful tool for achieving
significant product quality improvements and process efficiency. For the design of the

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experiment it can also be said that it is the methodology of applying

statistics in the process of performing the experiment.
Day by day, the number of accidents and death of the people are increasing. Nowadays,
accidents can be caused by many reasons in highly developed cities. These accidents are
mainly caused by unconcerned Drivers, irresponsible pedestrians and Vehicle fault. A, B, C
and D are the four traffic violation and the rows correspond to the cities and the columns
correspond to the months.

An experiment is a process or study that results in the collection of data. The results of
experiments are not known in advance. Usually, statistical experiments are conducted in
situations in which researchers can manipulate the conditions of the experiment and can
control the factors that are irrelevant to the research.

2. Methods and Materials

The main aim for this study is to know whether there is any significant difference among
the given four traffic violations in the area of Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, and Thanjavur
from January 2019 to April 2019 in Tamil Nadu by using Latin Square Design.
To find the significant level at the 1% and the 5% level Minitab software were used.
Data Collection:
The secondary data for this study was collected from the website of the Transport
and Road safety commission (TRSC). To analyze the level of road accident in Tamil Nadu
especially in Chennai, Madurai, from January2019 to April 2019, we are using the statistical
software Minitab.
Design of Experiments
Much of our understanding approximately merchandise and methods within the
engineering and medical Disciplines are derived from experimentation. An test is a chain of
exams performed in a scientific way to boom the expertise of an current technique or to
discover a brand new product or technique. Design of Experiments, is a device to increase an
experimentation approach that maximizes mastering the usage of at the very least
resources. Design of Experiments is broadly used in lots of fields with vast software
throughout all of the herbal and social sciences. It is notably utilized by engineers and
scientists worried within the development of producing methods to maximise yield and
reduce variability. Often times, engineers additionally paintings on merchandise or methods
wherein no medical concept or concepts are immediately applicable. Experimental layout

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strategies come to be extraordinarily critical in such conditions to increase new merchandise

and methods in a cost-powerful and assured way.

Latin Square Design

A Latin square design is a process of placing treatments like A. B and C, so that they
show in a balanced fashion within a square block or field.

This kind of design is used to reduce systematic error due to rows and columns.
Replicates are also included in this design.

Definition of Terms
What is a Latin square design?
This is a test layout that may be used to manipulate two sources of nuisance variability.
Replication: It is a utility of a remedy greater than as soon as in a test. It is accomplished to
lessen or manipulate mistakes variance.
Randomization: This way that experimental error is randomly distributed; or the residual
error isn't always clustered. It is accomplished to keep away from bias within the allocation of
remedy to plot.
Experimental Error: This is a degree of the sum of version among plots or devices receiving
equal
Blocking: This is grouping of test vicinity or experimental cloth into homogenous groups.
Plot or Experimental Unit: This is the smallest unit receiving a sure remedy.
Treatment: It is a fabric been compelled at the unit and whose impact is to be monitored. The
remedy may be both qualitative (E.g. fertilizer types) and quantitative (e.g. quantified stage of
a fertilizer type
Procedure to create LSD
A suitable randomization method is as follows: ·
Write down any Latin rectangular of the specified size (it may be a popular Latin rectangular).
· Randomize the order of the rows. Randomize the order of the columns.
· Randomize the allocation of remedies to the letters of the rectangular.
Advantages of the Latin Square Design ·
You can manipulate version in direction
You can boom performance compared to the randomized absolutely block layout.
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· It gives way of analyzing 3 elements on the equal time.

Disadvantages of the Latin Square Design ·
The leader downside is that the evaluation leans closely on the idea of additively and may be
deceptive while interactions are simply present.
· All 3- factor should be on the equal variety of levels.

3. Analysis
The data used in this research study is presented in such a way that treatments are grouped
into homogenous blocks and rows. Day by day, the number of accidents and death of the
people are increasing. Nowadays, accidents can be caused by many reasons in highly
developed cities.
These accidents are mainly caused by unconcerned Drivers, irresponsible pedestrians and
Vehicle fault. Now we are going to analysis the road accidents held in the first four months of
the year 2019 in four different cities. We are considering the row blocking factor as the four
different cities namely Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore and Thanjavur and the column
blocking factors as the four months namely January, February, March and April. Where A, B,
C and D are the four traffic violations. They are
A – Drunken Driving: The driving of a vehicle with an excess of alcohol in the blood
B – Over Speed: To run at an excessive speed
C – Using Mobile While Driving: Having a phone conversation while driving when it is on
red D – Signal Jumping: A vehicle that crosses an intersection or a traffic signal

Table 1: The data of Road Accidents with various levels from Jan 2019 to April 2019 in
Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Thanjavur

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Table 2: Data representation in LSD

Cities (Row Jan Feb Mar April
blocking factor)
Chennai A(98) B(146) C(7) D(6)
Coimbatore B(160) C(7) D(6) A(102)
Madurai C(4) D(10) A(85) B(185)
Thanjavur D(4) A(7) B(75) C(1)

Method of Analysis
The experimental design used for this research is the Latin Square design.
The model for the design is

y ij (k )
=+  +  + +
k i j ij (k )

y ij ( k )
The observation in row and the column receiving the treatment

 =Overall mean

 k
Of the treatment

 i
= of the

= of the column
Random error

ANOVA Table

Table 3: Calculation of an ANOVA table using F- Test

Hypothesis:
The hypothesis to be tested in this experiment includes
H0: There is no significant difference between treatments (Traffic violation)
F table value: F[t-1),(t-1)(t-2)] degrees of freedom at 5% or 1% level of significance
Steps to calculate the above Sum of Squares are as follows:

• Correction Factor (CF) = ; Total Sum of Squares (TSS) =

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• Row sum of squares (RSS) = ; Column sum of squares (CSS) =

; Treatment sum of squares (TrSS) =

• Error Sum of Squares = TSS-RSS-CSS-TrSS

Table 4: Three Factor ANOVA Table

Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean F- Ratio F Table Value

Variation freedom Square Square at 5% level
Row 3 65.11 21.70 4.15
Column 3 30.24 10.14 1.93
Treatment 3 506.91 168.97 32.30 4.76
Error 6 31.42 5.23
Total 15 633.87

Hypothesis:
H0: There is no significant difference between treatments (traffic violation)
Decision Rule:

Reject H 0 if F cal  F tab otherwise accept

EMS 5.23
SE = = ==
r 4

EMS 5.23 *100=40.566

Coefficient of variation (CV %) = *100 =
Y 5.6375
Treatment means will be calculated from the original table on treatment totals.

Table 5: Treatment mean:

Treatments Drunken Over speed Signal Using mobile phone

driving jumping while driving
Mean of Treatment 7.3 14.15 0.45 0.65
SE 1.143
CV % 40.56

15

10

0
Method A Method B Method C Method D

Figure 1: Treatment means comparison

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Comparing the four methods with each other in the bar chart mentioned above.
Comparing to these four methods to each other, the second method is more like to cause more
accidents.
ANOVA Table Using Minitab Software

In the current world there is much statistical software available on the internet. In this
case study we use Minitab statistical software for calculating the ANOVA table in Latin
Square Design.

Minitab is a software product that helps you to analyze the data. This is designed
essentially for the Six Sigma professionals. It provides a simple, effective way to input the
statistical data, manipulate that data, identify trends and patterns, and then extrapolate
answers to the current issues.

Collect the data from the Latin Square Design table in column wise factor.

Table 6: Data input in Minitab software

Table 7: ANOVA Table using Minitab

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4. Discussion and Result

We discussed the road accidents caused by four types of factors in four cities in four
months using Latin square design and explored which factor caused the most accidents. The
use of F-distribution test in this study was a better tool. It was used to check whether
differences between the treatments where significant. The Least Significant Difference was
also used in this study to check for the mean difference in regards to the yield produced from
each block or within each treatment. Form the ANOVA table 4 we conclude that the F-
calculated value for row, column and treatments are 4.15, 1.93 and 32.30 also the table value
of F at 5% level is 4.76. Therefore the H0 is accepted at the 5% level in the row and column.
But in the treatment it is significant, because the null hypothesis is rejected. Table 5 represents
that the treatment means. The standard error and the coefficient of variations are
1.143 and 40.56. From the ANOVA table 7 based on the Minitab software the p-values are
0.000, 0.065 and 0.224. Therefore it is significant based on the row, column and treatment at
5% level.

5. Conclusion

The Latin Square Design is known to be used in different scientific fields: agronomic,
industrial, biological, medical, research, psychology etc. The study showed that there was a
significant difference among four types of traffic violation for road accidents, using the Latin
Square Design shows that there was significant difference between the treatments (traffic
violation). From the results obtained, we conclude that the mean differences were significant
showing that the four different traffic violations had effect on road accidents. peed camera
enforcement should be used for a large concentration of traffic crashes at high-volume traffic
locations. Physical policing can be a good alternative to safety camera enforcement when
crashes are scattered, and provided operations are randomised and applied to a large part of
the network. To increase its effectiveness, speed enforcement must be supported by setting
safe and credible speed limits, by publicity, by legislation facilitating effective enforcement,
and by appropriate sanctions.
References

1. Fisher R. A., the Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Phycho-Physical

Experiment. In: Fisher R. A. (Ed) the Design of Experiments, 9th Edition. Hafner
Publishing Company; New York, 1971.
2. Fisher R. A., Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,
1925.

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3. Preethi, E, Arumugam, R, Applications of Stochastic Models in Web Pageranking,

2017, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research (IJRTER),
Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 245-252.
4. Dr.R.Arumugam, C.Gowri, M.Rajathi (2019), A statistical look at on the Impact of
Dengue fever in Thanjavur District the usage of SPSS, Compliance Engineering, Vol.
10, Issue. 12, pp. 671-683.
5. Dr.R.Arumugam, B.Sri Ranjani, M.Rajathi (2019), A statistical study on the
Production of Crops before and after Gaja cyclone in the delta region around
Thanjavur District, Compliance Engineering, Vol. 10, Issue. 12, pp. 598-607.
6. M.Rajathi, R.Arumugam (2019), Applications of Mobile learning in the higher
educational institutions through Statistical approach, International Journal of Recent
Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), Vol. 8, Issue. 1, pp-1431-1439.
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states and territories. Accid. Anal. Prev. 38 (6), 1087–1093
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accidents. Report EUR 15464 EN. Commission of the European Communities,
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traffic violations of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine abuse clients before and after
treatment. Accid. Anal. Prev. 36 (5), 795–800.
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teenage drivers. Accid. Anal. Prev. 39 (1), 206–212.
17. M.Harikumaran, Dr.R.Arumugam, M.Rajathi (2020), The impact of COVID – 19 at
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18. [16] S. Sowmya Bharathi, Dr.R.Arumugam, M.Rajathi (2020), A Statistical study on
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test between males and females in the age Group of 20 and
30 in thanjavur district, Compliance Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue. 12, pp. 325-336.

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