EV-DO Air Interface

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CDMA Network Document
Drafted by
Planning Department version
EV-DO Air Interface
Prepared
Zeng Shuhui Date
by
Reviewed
Date
by
Reviewed
Date
by
Approved
Date
by
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved
Revision Record
Revision
Date Descriptions Author
version
2003.11.27 V1.00 First draft completed Zeng Shuhui
2004.3.3 V1.01 Revision draft completed Nie Jimin
2004.12.02 V1.02 Revision draft completed Li Ruixi

Table of Contents
EV-DO Air interface ................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO Air Interface .................................................................................. 2
1.1.1 Structure Reference Model ........................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Protocol Structure....................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3 1xEV-DO Channel Structure ...................................................................................... 6
1.1.4 Slot Structure.............................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Forward Link Channels......................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Forward Channel Structure ........................................................................................ 8
1.2.2 Traffic Channel ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3 Control Channel ....................................................................................................... 14
1.2.4 Pilot Channel ............................................................................................................ 15
1.2.5 MAC Channel ........................................................................................................... 15
1.2.6 Working Mode .......................................................................................................... 17
1.3 Reverse Link Traffic Channel ............................................................................................. 21
1.3.1 Reverse Traffic Channel Structure........................................................................... 22
1.3.2 Pilot /RRI Channel.................................................................................................... 23
1.3.3 ACK Channel............................................................................................................ 24
1.3.4 DRC Channel ........................................................................................................... 25
1.3.5 Data Channel ........................................................................................................... 25
1.3.6 Access Channel ....................................................................................................... 28
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Structure Reference Model ..............................................................................2
Figure 1-2 Air Interface Hierarchical Structure...................................................................3
Figure 1-3 Forward Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO ..........................................................6
Figure 1-4 Reverse Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO ..........................................................6
Figure 1-5 Forward Channel Slot Structure of 1xEV-DO System ......................................7
Figure 1-6 Comparison of CDMA2000 and 1xEV-DO Base Station Transmit Power Sharing
...................................................................................................................................8
Figure 1-7 Forward link slot structure ................................................................................9
Figure 1-8 QPSK Constellation........................................................................................11
Figure 1-9 8PSK Constellation ........................................................................................11
Figure 1-10 Signal Constellation for 16QAM Modulation.................................................12
Figure 1-11 Physical Layer Packet of Forward Traffic Channel.......................................13
Figure 1-12 Time-division multiplexing of Control Channel .............................................14
Figure 1-13 Control Channel Structure Physical Layer Packet Bit Size...........................15
Figure 1-14 Multi-slot Data Interleaving With Normal Termination ..................................18
Figure 1-15 Multi-slot Physical layer packet with early termination..................................19
Figure 1-16 Virtual Soft Handoff ......................................................................................20
Figure 1-17 Reverse Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel (Part 1 of 2)....22
Figure 1-18 Reverse Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel (Part 2 of 2)....23
Figure 1-19 Time-division multiplexing of reverse pilot channel and RRI channel...........24
Figure 1-20 Physical Layer Packet of Reverse Traffic Channel.......................................27
Figure 1-21 Physical Layer Packet of Access Channel ...................................................28
Figure 1-22 Access probe ...............................................................................................29
Figure 1-23 Generation of access channel ......................................................................30

List of Tables
Table 1-1 Forward link data rates ......................................................................................9
Table 1-2 MACIndex Comparison ...................................................................................16
Table 1-3 MAC Channel Modulation Parameters ............................................................16
Table 1-4 Reverse link data rate......................................................................................21
Table 1-5 Parameters for reverse link encoder................................................................25

EV-DO Air interface Internal open
EV-DO Air Interface
Key words:
Abstract:
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations:
1. AN Access Network
2. AT Access Termination
3. DRC Data Rate Control
4. MAC Medium Access Control
5. RA Reverse Activity
6. RLP Radio Link Protocol
7. RPC Reverse Power Control
8. RRI Reverse Rate Indicator
9. UATI Unicast Access Termination Identifier
10. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
11. QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
List of References:
1. CDMA2000 High-speed Packet Air Interface Qualcomm
2004-02-022 All rights reserved Page i of 36

EV-DO Air interface

This document details the structure and characteristics of forward
(downlink) and reverse (uplink) channels. These 1xEV-DO
characteristics, which are dictated by EV-DO Physical Layer protocol,
vary with requirements of channel type and information data rate.
1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO Air Interface

1xEV-DO is a high data rate air interface providing high-speed, high
capacity packet data service for wireless users. This service employs the
IP protocol (Internet protocol) for seamless data transfer over the Internet
or any private IP network. Because experience with the Internet indicates
asymmetrical data flow, where downlink data flow is much higher than
uplink data flow, downlink and uplink data flow between AT and BTS
(base station) are asymmetrical.
The peak data rates for 1xEV-DO are:
z Forward link (downlink)=2.4576Mbps

z Reverse link (uplink)=153.6Kbps
Although 1xEV-DO base station can be collocated with an IS-95 or a
CDMA200, 1x EV-DO requires a separate CDMA carrier that cannot be
used by either IS-95 or CDMA2000. The air interface of 1xEV-DO system
is transmitted at full power and produces a large interference for other
systems.
1.1.1 Structure Reference Model
Figure 1-1 Structure Reference Model
The reference model includes the air interface between the AT and AN.
2004-02-022 All rights reserved Page 2 of 36

1.1.2 Protocol Structure
The air interface is hierarchized and defines corresponding interfaces for

each layer (and each protocol at each layer). In this case, the later
modifications on the layer or protocol are separate. The air interface
consists of physical layer, MAC layer, security layer, connection layer,
session layer, stream layer, and application layer from top to bottom.
Each layer includes one protocol implementing one or multiple layer
functions. Each protocol can be negotiated separately.
The protocol transmits messages to the same entity of other end of air
interface through signaling message or header. Figure 1-2 illustrates the
air interface hierarchical structure:
Figure 1-2 Air Interface Hierarchical Structure
1. Application Layer: Provides multiple kinds of applications. It provides

default signaling application used to transmit air interface protocol
messages and default packet application used to transmit user data.
z Default Signaling Application Protocols:

Signaling Network Protocol (SNP): Provides message transmission
services for signaling messages.
Signaling Link Protocol (SLP): Provides fragmentation mechanisms,

along with reliable and best-effort delivery mechanisms for signaling
messages.
z Default Packet Application Protocols

Radio Link Protocol (RLP): Provides retransmission and duplicate
detection for an octet aligned data stream.
Location Update Protocol: Defines location update procedures and

messages in support of mobility management for the Default Packet
Application.
Flow Control Protocol: Defines flow control procedures to enable and

disable the Default Packet Application data flow.
2. Stream Layer: Provides the multiplexing of different application layers.

The air interface can support up to four parallel application streams. The
first stream (Stream 0) always carries singaling, and the other three can
be used to carry applications with different QoS requirements or other
applications.
z Stream protocol: Adds header to each stream to be transmitted and

removes the receive stream headers and then transmits the packets
to correct applications.
3. Session Layer: Provides the address managment, protocol

negotiation, protocol configuration and state maintenance.
z Session Management Protocol: Provides a means to control the

activation and deactivation of the Address Management Protocol
and the Session Configuration Protocol. It also provides a session
keep-alive mechanism.
z Address Management Protocol: Provides Access Terminal
Identifier (ATI) management.
z Session Configuration Protocol: Provides negotiation and
configuration for the protocols used in the session.
4. Connection Layer: Provides connection management to maintain the

established AT/AN air link.
z Air Link Management Protocol: Provides the overall state

mechanism management of AT and AN during a connection.
z Initialization State Protocol: Provides the procedures that an AT
follows to acquire a network and that an AN follows to support
network acquisition.
z Idle State Protocol: Provides the procedures that an AT and AN

follow when a connection is not open.
z Connected State Protocol: Provides the procedures that an AT
and AN follows when a connection is open.
z Route Update Protocol: Provides the means to maintain the route
between AT and AN.
z Overhead Message Protocol: Provides broadcast messages
containing information that is mostly used by Connection Layer
protocols.
z Packet Consolidation Protocol: Provides transmit prioritization
and packet encapsulation for the Connection Layer.
5. Security Layer: Provides authentication and encryption.
z Key Exchange Protocol: Provides the procedures followed by the

AT and AN to exchange security keys for authentication and
encryption.
z Authentication Protocol: Provides the procedures followed by the
AT and AN for authenticating traffic
z Encryption Protocol: Provides the procedures followed by the AT
and AN for encrypting traffic.
z Security Protocol: Provides the procedures for generation of a
cryptosync that can be used by the Authentication Protocol and
Encryption Protocol.
6. MAC Layer: Identifies the procedures used to receive or send transmit

data over the physical layer.
z Control Channel MAC Protocol: Provides the procedures followed

by the AN to transmit and by the AT to receive Control Channel.
z Access Channel MAC Protocol: Provides the procedures followed
by the AT to transmit and by AN to receive the Access Channel.
z Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol: Provides the procedures
followed by AN to transmit and by AT to receive the Forward Traffic
Channel.

z Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol: Provides the procedures

followed by the AT to transmit and by the AN to receive the Forward
Traffic Channel.
7. Physical Layer: Provides channel structure, frequency, power output,

modulation and coding specifications for the forward and reverse links.
1.1.3 1xEV-DO Channel Structure
The physical layer of 1xEV-DO provides channel structure, frequency,

power output, modulation and coding specifications for the forward and
reverse links. The channel structure defined in the 1x EV-DO Physical
Layer is shown in Figure 1-4:
Figure 1-3 Forward Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO
Figure 1-4 Reverse Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO

1.1.4 Slot Structure
Forward link data is transmitted in successive 26.67ms frames, which are

divided into sixteen slots in which packets of data are transmitted.
Physical structure of each slot is shown in Figure 1-5:
Figure 1-5 Forward Channel Slot Structure of 1xEV-DO System
The packet data is transmitted on data fragments of the slot. The packets
of only one user for a slot are transmitted.
z The duration of single packet transmission is determined by data

transmission rate, ranging from 1 slot to 16 slots.
z The pilot and control information is intervened to the fixed interval of
each frame and sent to AT.
z The destination AT information capsule of packet transmission is
included in the packet.
The reverse data link adopts the structure similar to that of 1x, but no the
discrimination of FCH and SCH, adopting 26.667ms frames.
1.2 Forward Link Channels

In the 1xEV-DO system, a single forward link channel is divided into four
time-division sub-channels, which are:
z Data traffic
z Control Channel
z Pilot
z Medium Access Control (MAC)

1.2.1 Forward Channel Structure
Each active user is assigned one of 59 Walsh codes from a 64-order set
(5-63), where five codes are pre-assigned. Therefore, a single carrier can
be time-divided by 59 active users. This means that although at any one
time, only one user is actively receiving data over the data traffic channel,
at most 59 users are assigned logical channels on the carrier. A traffic
channel assignment indicates the air resources are assigned to the user.
The parameter “carrier max. User Number” (see Guide to CDMA EVDO
BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration) can be used to
constrain the active user number. The actual number of channels that
can be assigned is determined a Maximum Number of Users Supported
EMS parameter. Considering that data transfer occurs for a small fraction
of the time during a typical downloading pages, causing the AT to enter in
and out of a dormant mode at which time the AT surrender is channel
assignment. Therefore, the number users that during can be served
during busy hour periods may be greater than Maximum Number of
Users Supported value.
1. Transmit Power
Because the data channel is time-divided, there is no need for transmit

power sharing as in IS-95 and CDMA2000. Therefore, the base station
can transmit traffic data at full power to produce the highest carrier to
noise (Eb/No) ratio, allowing high data rate transmission.
In contrast, CDMA2000 base station transmit power must be shared with

the pilot, paging, sync and traffic channels as shown in Figure 1-6; while,
in 1xEV-DO data transmission is time-divided with small bursts of MAC
and pilot pulses. The differences are shown in Figure 1-6:
Figure 1-6 Comparison of CDMA2000 and 1xEV-DO Base Station Transmit Power
Sharing
2. 1xEV-DO Frame and Slot Structure
Forward data traffic channel is transmitted within 26.67ms frames, as

opposed to 20ms frames in IS-95. Each frame, which consists of 32,768
chips, is divided into sixteen 1.67ms 2048-chip slots as shown in Figure
1-7. The slots are, in turn, divided into two 1024-chip half slots in which
the transmission of control and traffic channels, and pilot pulses, MAC,
control and traffic channels are time-divided.
Figure 1-7 Forward link slot structure
When no data is transmitted, the MAC and pilot channels are transmitted
during their correct timing sequence within the idle slot. Each MAC
channel is composed of up 64 code channels, which are atrhogonally
spread by 64-order Walsh codeword and BPSK-modulated on a
particular phase of the carrier. MAC channel is composed of three
sub-channels, including, Reverse Power control
cha
nnel, DRCLock channel and reverse activity channel.
1.2.2 Traffic Channel
1. Forward Link Channel Modulaiton
The different data rates available in 1xEV-DO are achieved by varying

the modulation types, Turbo code rate and preamble chips, as shown in
Table 1-1:
Table 1-1 Forward link data rates
Characteristics Data Rate (kbps)
38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6
Bits per Packets 1024 1024 1024 1024 2048 1024 2048 3072 2048 4096 3072 4096
Modulation Type QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8PSK QPSK 16QAM 8PSK 16QAM

Preamble Chips 1024 512 256 128 64 128 64 64 64 64 64 64

Code Rate 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Physical layer 26.67 13.33 6.67 3.33 6.67 6.67 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 -- --
packet duration
(ms)
Number of slots 16 8 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
z Code Rate
The 1xEV-DO uses parallel codes and Turbo decoding techniques,
enabling utilization of frame sizes larger than IS-95 and CDMA2000.
Code rates of R=1/5 and 1/3 are used on forward channels, and code
rates of R=1/4 and 1/2 are used on reverse channels. The code rate R
factor identifies the ratio of the number of information bits to total
number of information bits plus overhead correction bits transmitted. An
R=1/5 factor indicates that for every one information bit transmitted, four
correction bits are transmitted to greatly improve the accuracy of the
information being transmitted.
z Modulation Type
The channel interleaver is provided for modulator and the modulator
outputs same-phase modulation and quadrature modulation.
With the exception of 921.6kbps, rates from 38.4kbps to 1228.8kbps are

achieved through quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation as
opposed to binary phase shift keying (BPSK) used in IS-95. Groups of
two successive channel interleaver output symbols shall be grouped to
form QPSK modulation symbols. Each group of two adjacent block
interleaver output symbols shall be mapped into a complex modulation
symbol. Figure 1-8 shows the signal constellation of the QPSK
modulator:

Figure 1-8 QPSK Constellation
The data rates at 921.6kbps and 1843.2kbps are achieved through 8PSK,
which produces a 3-bit symbol per cycle. This modulation scheme can be
illustrated by the constellation drawing shown in Figure 1-9. Groups of
three successive channel interleaver output symbols shall be grouped to
form 8-PSK modulation symbols. Each group of three adjacent block
interleaver output symbols shall be mapped into a complex modulation
symbol. Figure 1-9 shows the signal constellation of the 8-PSK
modulator:
Figure 1-9 8PSK Constellation

Data rates at 1228.8(2) kbps and 2457.6kbps are achieved through

16QAMquadrature phase shift/amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to
produce a 4-bit symbol per cycle. The 16-QAM modulation scheme uses
a combination of QPSK, yielding a 2-bit value and amplitude modulation,
and also yielding a 2-bit value where the combination of both results in a
4-bit symbol. The modulation scheme can be illustrated by the
constellation drawing shown in Figure 1-10.Groups of four successive
channel interleaver output symbols shall be grouped to form 16-QAM
modulation symbols. Each group of four adjacent block interleaver output
symbols shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol. Figure 1-10
shows the signal constellation of the 16QAM modulator:
Figure 1-10 Signal Constellation for 16QAM Modulation
z Bits Per Packet

The bit size of the transmitted forward traffic data channel packets varies
from 1024 bits, 2048 bits, 3072 bits, and 4096 bits. A forward traffic
channel physical layer contains one, two, three or four forward traffic
channel MAC layers, depending on the transmission rate. The bit size of
the forward traffic channel packets received from the MAC layer is fixed
at 1002-bits, as shown in Figure 1-11:

Figure 1-11 Physical Layer Packet of Forward Traffic Channel
Regardless of the sizes of the packet to be transmitted, a Frame Check

Sequence (FCS) is performed on the 1002-bit packets received from the
MAC layer. The FCS is a cyclic redundancy (CRC), which is a calculation
producing 16-bit value which is a function of the distribution of all the “1”
bits in the 1002-bit MAC layer packet. When a 1024-bit packet is to be
transmitted, the 16-bit CRC value is concatenated with the 1002-bit
packet MAC layer packet and a 6-bit tail to form the 1024-bit physical
layer packet. The six bits that provide the packet tail are tacked to the
very end of physical layer packet, and are always 0-bit values.
After receiving physical layer packet, the AT receiving the packet will
perform its own CRC calculation on the 1002-bit MAC layer value to
validate the correctness of the transmitted physical layer packet. If the
16-bit CRC value computed by the AT matches the 16-bit CRC value
transmitted in the physical layer packet, there is a good possibility that
the packet received by the AT is uncorrupted.
When a 2048-bit, 3072-bit, or 4096-bit packet is transmitted, the 2, 3, or 4

MAC Layer packets are concatenated together to form a single physical
layer packet. A single FCS is calculated regardless of the number of
MAC layer packets encapsulated in the physical layer packet, resulting in
one 16-bit CRC value which is tacked onto the end of the physical layer
packet, just before the 6 tail bits. To fill the physical layer packet to its
appropriate 2k, 3k, and 4k bit sizes, 22-bit padding (pad) is inserted after
the 1002 bit MAC layer packets, as shown in the 22 bit pad bits are
encoded as “0” bits, which are ignored by the AT.
2. Forward Traffic Channel Preamble
To assist the AT in synchronizing to the changing data rates, a sequence

of preamble bits must be transmitted together with each traffic and
control channel physical layer packets. The preamble sequence is
covered by a 32-chip bi-orthogonal sequence, which is repeated at least
once depending on the transmit mode. The preamble chips are inserted
within the data portion of the slot clock period prior to the start of the
packet transmission. If the total number of preamble chips to be inserted
exceeds the 400-chip data portion of the half-slot period, the preamble
chips are time-multiplexed with the MAC and pilot channel chips.
1.2.3 Control Channel
The functions of IS-95 sync and paging channels are combined into a
single control channel in the 1xEV-DO. The control channel, which is
interlaced with the transmission of traffic data, is transmitted every 256
slot (426.67ms), for 13.33ms duration to transmit control packet capsule.
The control channel is 8 slots wide, and in the same manner as the traffic
data channel, each slot is divided into two 1024-chip half slots in which
the transmission of control channel data modulation, pilot channels, and
MAC channels are time-divided.
Figure 1-12 Time-division multiplexing of Control Channel
z Control Channel Physical Layer Packet

The bit size of control packets is fixed at 1024 bits. A FCS is performed on
the1002 bit packets received from MAC layer. The FCS cyclic
redundancy (CRC) calculation produces a 16-bit value, which is a
function of the distribution of all the “1” bits in the 1002-bit MAC layer
packet. The 16-bit CRC value is concatenated with the 1002-bit MAC
layer packet and a 6-bit encoder tail (all “”0) to form the physical layer
packet of control channel, as shown in Figure 1-13:
Figure 1-13 Control Channel Structure Physical Layer Packet Bit Size
Just as for traffic data, the AT receiving the packet will perform its own
CRC calculation on the 1002-bit MAC layer value to validate the
correctness of the transmitted physical layer packet. If the 16-bit CRC
value computed by the AT matches the 16-bit CRC value transmitted in
the physical layer packet, there is a good possibility that the packet
received by the AT is uncorrupted.
1.2.4 Pilot Channel
The Pilot Channel shall consist of all “0” symbols transmitted on the
I-Channel with Walsh mask “0”. Each slot shall be divided into two half
slots, each of which contain a pilot burst. Each pilot burst shall have a
duration of 96 chips and be centered at the midpoint of the half slot.
Using the full power for the pilot burst provides the highest possible pilot
SNR so that an accurate estimate can be obtained quickly to estimate the
radio environment.
1.2.5 MAC Channel
The MAC Channel shall consist of three sub-channels: the Reverse

Power Control (RPC) Channel, DRCLock Channel, and the Reverse
Activity (RA) Channel. Each MAC Channel symbol shall be BPSK
modulated on one of 64-order Walsh codewords (masks). The Walsh
functions allocated for the MACIndex value are shown below:
W64i/2 where, i=0,2,4,…,62
W64(i-2)/2+32 where, i=1,2,…,63
i is MACIndex value. When the MACIndex value SN is an even number,

the MAC channel is allocated for same phase (I) modulation group.
When MACIndex value SN is a odd number, the MAC channel is
allocated for same phase (Q) modulation group.The MAC symbol Walsh
mask shall be transmitted four times per slot in bursts of 64 chips each. A
burst shall be transmitted immediately preceding each of the pilot bursts
in a slot and a burst shall be transmitted immediately following each of
the pilot bursts in a slot.
The MACIndex comparison when MAC channel and preamble are used
is shown in Table 1-2:
Table 1-2 MACIndex Comparison
MACIndex Use MAC channel or not Use Preamble or not
0 and 1 NO NO
2 NO Control channel at the rate of

76.8kbps
3 NO Control channel at the rate of

38.4kbps
4 RA channel NO
5 NO Broadcast channel
6–53 Used for RPC channel and DRCLock Used for forward traffic
channel transmission channel transmission
MAC channel symbol shall be transmitted on the Walsh channel and

MAC channel gain can be regarded as time function to change relevant
powers. Quadrature Walsh channel should be adjusted to remain the
unstable total transmit powers.
The modulation parameters of MAC channel are shown in Table 1-3:
Table 1-3 MAC Channel Modulation Parameters
Parameters RPC Channel DRCLock channel RA channel
Rate (bps) 600×(1--1/DRCLockPeriod) 600/(DRCLockLength×DRCLockPeriod) 600/RABLength
Bit 1 DRCLockLength RABLength

repetition
factor
Modulation BPSK (I or Q) BPSK (I or Q) BPSK (I)

(channel)
Modulation 2400×(1--1/DRCLockPeriod) 2400/DRCLockPeriod 2400

symbol rate
(bps)
Walsh 64 64 64
mask
length
Walsh 4 4 4
sequence
repletion
factor
PN 256 256 256

chips/slot
PN 256 256× DRCLockLength 256×RABLength

chips/bit
1.2.6 Working Mode
1. Multi-slot Packet Transmission
The packet data to be transmitted is redundant-coded by the Turbo coder,

and the code rate is specified by packet transmission rate. Incremental
redundancy is used construct multi-slot transmission structure of physical
layer packets at different rates. For example, even through the
specification allots four slots to send a packet when transmitting at a
153.6kbps rate, enough packet information bits are sent in each slot to
enable the AT to recover and validate the whole packet in less than the
specified four slots.
When transmitting at this rate, a redundancy factor of five is used. If the

packet data received by AT cannot be validated after the first slot
transmission, the packet information transmitted in the second slot
provides more and different redundant bits to complement the data bits
sent in the first slot, providing AT with a greater opportunity to validate the
packet.
If the packet still cannot be validated, different redundancy bits are

transmitted in subsequent slots to further increase the opportunity for the
AT to validate the packet. In this way, when the RF radio environment is
favorable, the receiver can obtain enough data information in a slot
period to validate the packet.
2. Slot Data Interleaving
The Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel physical layer packets
can be transmitted in 1 to 16 slots. When more than one slot is allocated,
the transmit slots shall use a 4-slot interleaving. That is, the transmit slots
of a physical layer packet shall be separated by three intervening slots,
and slots of other physical layer packets shall be transmitted in the slots
between those transmit slots. If a positive acknowledgement is received

on the reverse link ACK Channel before all the allocated slots have been
transmitted, the remaining un-transmitted slots shall not be transmitted
and the next allocated slot may be used for the first slot of the next
physical layer packet transmission.
Figure 1-14 and Figure 1-15 illustrate the multislot interleaving approach
for a 153.6 kbps Forward Traffic Channel with DRCLength of one slot.
The 153.6 kbps Forward Traffic Channel physical layer packet use four
slots, and these slots are transmitted with a three-slot interval between
them, as shown in the figures. The slots from other physical layer packets
are interlaced in the three intervening slots. After receiving each slot
packet, the AT calculates the FCS to confirm whether packet data
information is received correctly. Figure 1-14 shows the case of a normal
physical packet termination.
Figure 1-14 Multi-slot Data Interleaving With Normal Termination
In this case, the AT transmits NAK responses on the ACK channel after
the first three slots of the physical layer packet are received indicating
that is was unable to correctly receive the Forward Traffic Channel
physical packet after only one, two, or three of the nominal four slots. An
ACK or NAK is also transmitted after the last slot is received.
The AT transmits an ACK response on the ACK Channel after the first
three slots are received indicating that it still cannot correctly receive the
Forward Traffic Channel physical layer packet. The AT still must transmit
ACK or ANK after the last slot. The ACK transmission indicates that AT
receives correctly the packet. If NAK transmission indicates that packet

may be retransmitted within subsequent time at lower rate or RF radio

environment of AT is more favorable.
Figure 1-15 shows the case where the forward traffic channel physical
layer packet transmission is terminated early.
Figure 1-15 Multi-slot Physical layer packet with early termination
The AT transmits an ACK response on the ACK Channel after the third
slot is received indicating that it has correctly received the physical layer
packet. When the AN receives such an ACK response, it does not
transmit the remaining slots of the physical layer packet. Instead, it may
begin transmission of any subsequent physical layer packet.
3. Dynamci Rate Control
The forward transmission rate varies with the radio environment of AT.
The rate changes once at least in a 1.667ms slot. The AT continuously
monitors the quality of receive pilot pulses from all sectors in the active
set. In response, the AT sends back a Data Rate Control (DRC) report to
the target base station of active set.
The DRC report identifies the sector with the highest C/I ratio and the
highest rate in which the AT can receive quality data from the sector
within a margin to insure a low erasure rate. The DRC mask specifies
transmit sector and the DRC value is used to specify the required
transmit rate.

4. Virtaul Soft Handoff
The selection from one sector to another is called virtual soft handoff. For
the soft handoff performed in IS-95, the mobile may simultaneously
interact with two or more sectors to realize a signal gain. For the virtual
soft handoff performed in the 1xEV-DO, the AT selects a sector with the
best signal to provide service so that acquired gain is less than signal
gain after the consolidation.
Figure 1-16 Virtual Soft Handoff
When the DRC report from an active AT identifies (points to) Sector 1 as
its best serving sector, Sector 1 sends forward data request to AN and
AN starts to transmit the data packet. When the DRC reports from the AT
point to Sector 2 as its best serving sector for a definable period, sector2
sends forward data request to AN. And then, sector1 sends forward
termination indication to AN to confirm that the last frame is transmitted
successively. After receiving forward data request from sector2, AN
sends a “Flush” command to sector1, and starts to send packet data to
the sector2.
5. Scheduling Algorighm
To maximize the overall sector throughput, 1xEV-DO uses a scheduling

algorithm that takes advantage of a multi-user pool vying for time on the
carrier. Another primary factor in determining current scheduling
algorithm is to remain the data throughput Tk and DRC request rate DRCk
within recent period of active users. Compare with the DRCk/Tk of all the
active users in current sector and select the maximum one for service.

As a result, when the sum of all the request transmission data is larger
than air interface capability, the data throughput of each subscriber is
directly proportional to serving rate of environment request. It is fair for
each subscriber. The radio environment features random fading and
DRC changes dramatically, and the system will provide the service for
the subscriber with best DRC to facilitate improving the system
throughput.
1.3 Reverse Link Traffic Channel

The reverse channel structure consists of a Traffic Channel and an
Access channel. The access channel is divided into two sub-channels,
which are:
z Pilot, for coherent demodulation at the base station.

z Data, used by AT to initiate uplink data transmission.
The reverse traffic channel is divided into four sub-channels, which are:
z Pilot, for coherent demodulation at the base station.

z Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI): which indicates to the base station
the rate in which uplink (reverse) traffic channel is transmitted.
z Data Rate Control (DRC): Used by AT to indicate forward traffic
channel data rate requested on forward channel and selected
serving sector for AN.
z Acknowledge (ACK): Acknowledges if physical layer packets
transmitted on forward traffic channel are successfully or
unsuccessfully received.
z Data: Used by AT to transmit uplink data.
Uplink data is transmitted in successive 26.67ms frames at five different
data rates from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps, as shown in Table 1-4:
Table 1-4 Reverse link data rate
Data Rate (kbps)
9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6
Bits per 256 512 1024 2048 4096

packets
Modulation BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK

type
Preamble 1024 512 256 128 64

chips
Code rate 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2
PN chips/ bits 128 64 32 16 8
Physical layer 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67

packets
duration (ms)
1.3.1 Reverse Traffic Channel Structure
The structure of reverse traffic channel is shown as the following two

figures:
Figure 1-17 Reverse Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel (Part 1 of 2)

Figure 1-18 Reverse Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel (Part 2 of 2)
The forward channel uses time multiplexing to separate its four

sub-channels. For the Reverse Traffic Channel, the encoded RRI
Channel shall be time-division multiplexed with the Pilot Channel. This
time-division-multiplexed channel is, the DRC Channel, the ACK
Channel, and the Data Channel shall be orthogonaly spread by Walsh
functions (also referred to as Walsh mask) of length 4, 8, 16 t a fixed chip
rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Each Reverse Traffic Channel shall be identified by
a distinct user long code.
1.3.2 Pilot /RRI Channel
The AT shall transmit un-modulated symbols with a binary value of “0” on

the pilot channel. The transmission of the Pilot Channel and the RRI
Channel shall be time multiplexed on the same Walsh channel and
transmitted at the same power.
The RRI Channel is used by the AT to indicate the data rate at which the
Data Channel is transmitted. The data rate is represented by a three-bit
RRI symbol at the rate of 3-bit symbol per 16-slot physical layer packet.
Each RRI symbol shall be encoded into a 7-bit codeword by a simplex

encoder. Then, each codeword shall be repeated 37 times and the last 3
symbols shall be disregarded. The resulting 256 binary symbols per
physical layer packet shall be time-division multiplexed with the Pilot
Channel symbols and span the same time interval as the corresponding
physical layer packet. The time-division-multiplexed Pilot and RRI
Channel sequence shall be spread with the 16-chip Walsh function W016
producing 256 RRI chips per slot. The RRI chips shall be time-division
multiplexed into the first 256 chips of every slot as shown in Figure 1-19:
Figure 1-19 Time-division multiplexing of reverse pilot channel and RRI channel
When no physical layer packet is transmitted on the Reverse Traffic

Channel, the AT shall transmit the zero data rate RRI codeword on the
RRI channel. The Pilot Channel and RRI Channel shall be transmitted on
the I-Channel.
1.3.3 ACK Channel
The ACK channel is used by the AT to inform the AN whether a physical

layer packet transmitted on the forward channel has been received
successfully or not.
The AT shall transmit an ACK channel bit in response to every Forward

Traffic Channel slot that is associated with a detected preamble directed
to the AT. The AT shall transmit at most one redundant positive ACK in
response to a Forward Traffic Channel slot that is detected as a
continuation of the physical layer packet that has been successfully
received. Otherwise, the ACK channel shall be gated off.
The ACK channel shall be BPSK modulated. A “0” bit shall be transmitted
on the ACK channel if a Forward Traffic Channel physical layer packet
has been successfully received. Otherwise, a “1” bit (NAK) shall be

transmitted. A Forward Traffic Channel physical layer packet is

considered successfully received in slot n on the Forward Channel, the
corresponding ACK channel bit shall be transmitted in slot n+3 on the
Reverse Channel.
The ACK Channel transmission shall be transmitted in the first half of the
slot and shall last for 1024 PN chips. The ACK Channel shall use the
Walsh channel identified by the Walsh function W48 and shall be
transmitted on the I channel.
1.3.4 DRC Channel
The DRC channel is used by the AT to indicate to the AN the selected

serving sector and the requested data rate on the forward traffic channel.
The requested Forward Traffic Channel data rate is mapped into a
four-bit DRC value as specified by the Forward Traffic Channel MAC
Protocol. Any 8-order Walsh function corresponding to the selected
serving sector is used to spread the DRC channel transmission. The
mask mapping is defined by te public data DRCCover from the Forward
Traffic Channel MAC Protocol.
The DRC value shall be block encoded to yield 8-bit bi-orthogonal

codewords. Each DRC codeword shall be transmitted twice per slot.
Each bit of a repeated codeword shall be spread by an 8-order Walsh
function Wi8. Where, i is equals DRCCover. Each Walsh chip of the
8-order Walsh function shall be further spread by the Walsh function W816.
The DRC channel shall be transmitted on the Q channel.
1.3.5 Data Channel
The Data Channel shall be transmitted at the data rates give in Table 1-5.
Data transmissions shall only begin at slot FrameOffset within a frame.
The FrameOffset parameter is public data of the Reverse Traffic Channel
MAC Protocol, all data transmitted on the Reverse Traffic Channel shall
be encoded, block interleaved, sequence repeated, and orthogonally
spread by Walsh function W24.
Table 1-5 Parameters for reverse link encoder
Data Physical Reverse Code Coder Code Interleaving Modulation PN chip

rate layer rate rate output symbol per
(kbps) packet index block rate Repeat rate Symbol packet
bit size length (kbps) rate
(kbps)
9.6 256 1 1/4 1024 38.4 8 307.2 128

19.2 512 2 1/4 2048 76.8 4 307.2 64
38.4 1024 3 1/4 4096 153.6 2 307.2 32
76.8 2048 4 1/4 8192 307.2 1 307.2 16
153.6 4096 5 1/2 8192 307.2 1 307.2 8
For example, when transmitting at the 9.6kbps data, the 256-bit packet is
spread by undergoing the following:
z Turbo encoding at a 1/4 code rate, producing 1024 (254×4) code

symbols that are clocked at 38.4kbps (9.6*4) code symbol rate.
z Interleave packets are repeated effectively multiplying the 1024
symbols by a factor of 8 (8,192), producing a modulation symbol rate
of 307.2kbps (38.4*8).
z Spread by 4-chip Walsh code function W24, producing four chips per
symbol which is clocked at the 1.2288Mcps (4X 307.2 kbps).
In accordance with the information given in Table 1-5, at the 9.6kbps data
rate, the number of PN chips per physical layer packet is 128. This
number is obtained by dividing the 1 .2288 Mcps chip rate by the 9.6 kbps
data rate.
This data rate is the slowest data rate on the reverse channel. The AT will
start out transmitting at this data rate to ensure that the base station can
acquire the AT, regardless of the current RF environment conditions. If
the conditions are favorable, AT is permitted to transmit at a higher data
rate. Although the 1.2288Mcps chip rate remains the same regardless of
the data rate, higher rates are achieved by reducing packet interleaving
repeat rates. At the same time, to offset the reduction of interleaving
packet repeat rate, the physical layer packet doubles for each in
increasing data rates from 1024 to 2048. Because the data is transmitted
at the 1.2288 Mcps, as the physical layer packet size increases, the
number of chips per bits is reduced, increase the transmit data rate. At
reverse rate index 5, the Turbo code rate is reduced from 1/4 to 1/2
allowing the packet size to be increase from 2048 to 4096, thereby
doubling the data rate.
1. Physical Layer Pakcet Size
When the transmit data rate incrementally doubles from 9.6 kbps to
153.6 kbps, the MAC layer packet bit size used to construct physical

traffic data packet also incrementally doubles from 234 to 4074 as shown
in Figure 1-20.
Figure 1-20 Physical Layer Packet of Reverse Traffic Channel
A single FCS is calculated regardless of the MAC layer packet bit size
used to construct the physical layer packet. The FCS calculation results
in a 16-bit CRC value, which is tacked on to end of the physical layer
packet just before the 6 tail bits.
2. Turbo Encoder/Interleaver
Except for when the 153.6 kbps data rate is used, the content of data
channel is encoded at 1/4 code rate by the Turbo encoder/ Interleaver.
When the 153.6 kbps data rate is used, the content of data channel is
encoded at a 1/2 code rate. The reverse link encoder parameters are
shown in Table 1-5.
The redundancy provided by the Turbo encoder enables the base station
to reconstruct the received data when a small number of bits sporadically
distributed throughout the received bit pattern are corrupted. To
minimize the effect of RF noise spikes or shadow fading that will corrupt
large clusters of bits from preventing bit pattern reconstruction at the
base station, the Turbo-encoded bit pattern is interleaved.
Interleaving will pseudo-randomly scramble bit patterns at the output of

Turbo encoder/interleaver. Prior to bit-patter reconstruction at the base
station, the received bits are unscrambled. As a result, if any large cluster
or bits were corrupted during transmission, the unscrambling process will
sporadically distribute the corrupted bits throughout the received bit
pattern, enabling the reconstruction of the receive bits.
3. Walsh Code Spreading
The output of Turbo encoder/interleave is orthogonally spread Walsh

function. Then, ACK Channel, DRC Channel, and Data Channel chips
are scaled by a factor and the factor provides the gain of each channel to
pilot channel. The relative gains are specified by the parameters of MAC
Protocol public data.
The pilot and scaled ACK sequences to form resultant new I sequence.
The scaled DRC and Data Channel sequences form resultant Q-Channel
sequence.
4. Quadrature Spreading
The I-Channel and Q-Channel sequences are quadrature spread. The

quadrature spreading shall occur at the chip rate of 1.2288Mcps, and it
shall be used for the Reverse Traffic Channel and Access Channel. The
quadrature spreading operation shall be equivalent to a complex multiply
operation of the resultant I-Channel and resultant Q-Channel sequences
by the PNI and PNQ PN sequences.
The I and Q PN sequences, that is, PNI and PNQ shall be obtained from
the long-code PN sequences, UI and UQ , and the access terminal
common short PN sequences, PI and PQ.
1.3.6 Access Channel
The access channel data is transmitted by the AT to either initiate

communication with the AN or to respond to a message directed to the
AT. The access channel is divided into two sub-channels, data channel
and pilot channel.
The access channel is always transmitted at a fixed 9.6 kbps data rate.
The physical layer access message packet is 256 bits wide and consists
of a 234-bit MAC layer packet followed by a 16-bit FCS value and a 6-bit
tail, shown in Figure 1-21:
Figure 1-21 Physical Layer Packet of Access Channel
The access probe consists of a preamble followed by one or more

access channels physical packets. During the preamble transmission,
only the pilot is transmitted. During the access channel physical layer
packet transmission, both the pilot channel and the data channel are
transmitted. The output power of Pilot Channel during the preamble

portion of an access probe is higher than its is during the data portion of
access probe by and amount such that the total output power of the
preamble and data portions of the access probe are the same as shown
in Figure 1-22:
Figure 1-22 Access probe
1. Generation of Access Channel
The generation of reverse access channel is illustrated in Figure 1-23:

Figure 1-23 Generation of access channel
2. Data Channel
The access channel is encoded by Turbo encoder at a 1/4 code rate,

producing a 1024-bit symbol. Therefore, the code symbol rate is four
times the 9.6 kbps access channel data rate, or 38.4 kbps. To improve
the ability of base station to restore the Turbo coded in the event of
transmission fading and interface, the access channel data is interleaved
by the channel interleaver and the interleaved packet data is repeated
eight times, increasing the modulation symbol rate to (8 X 38.4 kbps)
307.2 kbps.
The output of Turbo encoder/interleaver is spread by Walsh function

quadrature, and the amplitude of resulting chip sequence is scaled,
through the data channel relative gain control, by a factor relative to the
amplitude of pilot chip sequence. The relative gain is specified by
parameters of MAC protocol public data. For details, see Guide to CDMA
EVDO BSS Network Planning Parameters Configuration. The output of
data channel relative gain control provides the Q input for quadrature
spreading.
3. Pilot Channel
Similar to the traffic pilot channel, the access pilot channels are also
un-modulated symbols having a binary 0 bit value. However, unlink the
traffic pilot channel that is time-multiplexed with the RRI channel, the
access pilot channel is continuously transmitted using a 16-chip Walsh
code function number 0.

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Document number Product name

Applicable for Product version

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

2004.3.3 V1.01 Revision draft completed Nie Jimin

2004.12.02 V1.02 Revision draft completed Li Ruixi

EV-DO Air interface ................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 1-1 Structure Reference Model ..............................................................................2

Figure 1-2 Air Interface Hierarchical Structure...................................................................3

Figure 1-3 Forward Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO ..........................................................6

Figure 1-4 Reverse Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO ..........................................................6

Figure 1-5 Forward Channel Slot Structure of 1xEV-DO System ......................................7

Figure 1-7 Forward link slot structure ................................................................................9

Figure 1-8 QPSK Constellation........................................................................................11

Figure 1-9 8PSK Constellation ........................................................................................11

Figure 1-10 Signal Constellation for 16QAM Modulation.................................................12

Figure 1-11 Physical Layer Packet of Forward Traffic Channel.......................................13

Figure 1-12 Time-division multiplexing of Control Channel .............................................14

Figure 1-14 Multi-slot Data Interleaving With Normal Termination ..................................18

Figure 1-15 Multi-slot Physical layer packet with early termination..................................19

Figure 1-16 Virtual Soft Handoff ......................................................................................20

Figure 1-20 Physical Layer Packet of Reverse Traffic Channel.......................................27

Figure 1-21 Physical Layer Packet of Access Channel ...................................................28

Figure 1-22 Access probe ...............................................................................................29

Figure 1-23 Generation of access channel ......................................................................30

Table 1-1 Forward link data rates ......................................................................................9

Table 1-2 MACIndex Comparison ...................................................................................16

Table 1-3 MAC Channel Modulation Parameters ............................................................16

Table 1-4 Reverse link data rate......................................................................................21

Table 1-5 Parameters for reverse link encoder................................................................25

EV-DO Air Interface

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations:

3. DRC Data Rate Control

4. MAC Medium Access Control

6. RLP Radio Link Protocol

7. RPC Reverse Power Control

8. RRI Reverse Rate Indicator

9. UATI Unicast Access Termination Identifier

10. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

11. QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

1. CDMA2000 High-speed Packet Air Interface Qualcomm

2004-02-022 All rights reserved Page i of 36

EV-DO Air interface

1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO Air Interface

The peak data rates for 1xEV-DO are:

z Forward link (downlink)=2.4576Mbps

1.1.1 Structure Reference Model

Figure 1-1 Structure Reference Model

2004-02-022 All rights reserved Page 2 of 36

1.1.2 Protocol Structure

The air interface is hierarchized and defines corresponding interfaces for

Figure 1-2 Air Interface Hierarchical Structure

1. Application Layer: Provides multiple kinds of applications. It provides

z Default Signaling Application Protocols:

Signaling Link Protocol (SLP): Provides fragmentation mechanisms,

z Default Packet Application Protocols

Location Update Protocol: Defines location update procedures and

Flow Control Protocol: Defines flow control procedures to enable and

2. Stream Layer: Provides the multiplexing of different application layers.

z Stream protocol: Adds header to each stream to be transmitted and

3. Session Layer: Provides the address managment, protocol

z Session Management Protocol: Provides a means to control the