Trogonometric Functions

Chapter 1
Trigonometric Functions
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1
Angles

Basic Terms
◼ Two distinct points determine a line called

line AB.
A B
◼ Line segment AB—a portion of the line

between A and B, including points A and B.
A B
◼ Ray AB—portion of line AB that starts at A and
continues through B, and on past B.
A B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3

Basic Terms continued
◼ Angle-formed by rotating
a ray around its endpoint.
◼ The ray in its initial

position is called the
initial side of the angle.
◼ The ray in its location

after the rotation is the
terminal side of the
angle.

Naming Angles
◼ Unless it is ambiguous as to the meaning, angles may
be named only by a single letter (English or Greek)
displayed at vertex or in area of rotation between initial
and terminal sides
◼ Angles may also be named by three letters, one
representing a point on the initial side, one representing
the vertex and one representing a point on the terminal
side (vertex letter in the middle, others first or last)
B AcceptableNames:
angleA
angle
 angleCAB
c angleBAC
Basic Terms continued
◼ Positive angle: The ◼ Negative angle: The

rotation of the terminal rotation of the terminal
side of an angle side is clockwise.
counterclockwise.

Angle Measures and Types of Angles
◼ The most common unit for measuring angles is

the degree. (One rotation = 360o)
◼ ¼ rotation = 90o, ½ rotation = 180o, 1 360 rotation =10
◼ Angle and measure of angle not the same, but it
is common to say that an angle = its measure
◼ Types of angles named on basis of measure:
0o    90o  = 90o 90o    180o  = 180o

Complementary and Supplementary Angles
◼ Two positive angles are called complementary

if the sum of their measures is 90o
◼ The angle that is complementary to 43o = 47o
◼ Two positive angles are called supplementary if
the sum of their measures is 180o
◼ The angle that is supplementary to 68o = 112o

Example: Complementary Angles
◼ Find the measure of each angle.

◼ Since the two angles form a right
angle, they are complementary
angles. Thus,
k + 20 + k −16 = 90 k +20
k − 16
2k + 4 = 90
2k = 86
The two angles have measures of:
k = 43
43 + 20 = 63 and 43 − 16 = 27

Example: Supplementary Angles
◼ Find the measure of each angle.

◼ Since the two angles form a straight
angle, they are supplementary
angles. Thus,
6x + 7 + 3x + 2 = 180
9x + 9 =180 6x + 7 3x + 2
9x =171
These angle measures are:
x = 19
6(19) + 7 = 121 and 3(19) + 2 = 59

Portions of Degree: Minutes, Seconds
◼ One minute, 1’, is 1/60 of a degree.

1
1' = or 60' = 1
60
◼ One second, 1”, is 1/60 of a minute.
1' 10
1"= = or 60"= 1' or 3600"= 10
60 3600

Example: Calculations
◼ Perform the calculation. ◼ Perform the calculation.

27 34'+ 26 52' 72 −1518'
27 34'
Hint write: 72 as 7160'
+ 26 52' ◼
53 86' 71 60
◼ Since 86 = 60 + 26, the
sum is written: 53
−15 18'
+ 1 26' 56 42'
54 26'
Converting Between Degrees, Minutes and
Seconds and Decimal Degrees
◼ Convert 74 12' 18" ◼ Convert 34.624
Write minutes and seconds Changefractionaldegrees
as fractionsof a degree: to minutes and fractional
minutes to seconds:
74 12' 18" = 74 +
12
+
18 34.624 = 34 + .624
60 3600 = 34 + .624(60')
 74 + .2 + .005
= 34 + 37.44'
 74.205
= 34 + 37'+ .44'
= 34 + 37'+ .44(60")
= 34 + 37'+ 26.4"
= 34 37' 26.4"
Standard Position
◼ An angle is in standard position if its vertex is

at the origin and its initial side is along the
positive x-axis.



Quadrantal Angles
◼ Angles in standard position having their terminal

sides along the x-axis or y-axis, such as angles
with measures 90, 180, 270, and so on, are
called quadrantal angles.
Measure: − 3600

Coterminal Angles
◼ A complete rotation of a ray results in an angle

measuring 360. Given angle A, and continuing
the rotation by a multiple of 360 will result in a
different angle, A + n360,with the same
terminal side: coterminal angles.

Example: Coterminal Angles
◼ Find the angles of smallest possible positive

measure coterminal with each angle.
◼ a) 1115 b) −187
◼ Add or subtract 360 as may times as needed to
obtain an angle with measure greater than 0 but
less than 360.
◼ a) 1115− 360 = 755 b) −187 + 360 =173
755 − 360 = 395 0
395 − 360 = 35 173
0
35
Homework
◼ 1.1 Page 6
◼ All: 6 – 9, 14 – 17, 24 – 29, 32 – 35, 38 – 41,
46 – 51, 55 – 58 , 75 – 79
◼ MyMathLab Assignment 1 for practice
◼ MyMathLab Homework Quiz 1 will be due for a

grade on the date of our next class meeting!!!

1.2
Angle Relationships and

Similar Triangles

Vertical Angles
◼ When lines intersect, angles opposite each other are

called vertical angles
Q
R
M
N
P
◼ Vertical angles in this picture:

NMPand: RMQ QMNand : RMP
◼ How do measures of vertical angles compare?
Vertical Angles have equal measures.

Parallel Lines
◼ Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane

and do not intersect.
◼ When a line q intersects two parallel lines, q, is
called a transversal.
Transversal q
m
parallel lines
n

Angles and Relationships q
A transversalintersecting parallel Exterior
m
lines formseight angles with the Interior
n
following namesand relationships : Exterior
Name Angles Rule

Alternate interior angles 4 and 5 Angles measures are equal.
3 and 6
Alternate exterior angles 1 and 8 Angle measures are equal.
2 and 7
Interior angles on the same 4 and 6 Angle measures add to 180.
side of the transversal 3 and 5
Corresponding angles 2 & 6, 1 & 5, Angle measures are equal.
3 & 7, 4 & 8

Example: Finding Angle Measures
Equation?
◼ Find the measure of each ◼ 6x + 4 = 10x − 80
marked angle, given that lines
m and n are parallel. 84 = 4x
(6x + 4)
m
21 = x
◼ Measure of each angle?
n
(10x − 80) ◼ One angle has measure
6x + 4 = 6(21) + 4 = 130
◼ What is the relationship
between these angles?
◼ and the other has measure
10x − 80 = 10(21) − 80 =
Alternate exterior with equal
measures 130

Angle Sum of a Triangle
◼ The instructor will ask specified students to draw three

triangles of distinctly different shapes. All the angles will
be cut off each triangle and placed side by side with
vertices touching.
◼ What do you notice when you sum the three angles?
The result is a straight line (straight angle)

◼ The sum of the measures of the angles
of any triangle is 180.

Example: Applying the Angle Sum
◼ The measures of two of ◼ Solution?

the angles of a triangle
52 + 65 + x = 180
are 52 and 65. Find the
measure of the third 117 + x = 180
angle, x.
x = 63
65
x
◼ The third angle of the
triangle measures 63.
52

Types of Triangles: Named Based on
Angles

Types of Triangles: Named Based on
Sides

Similar and Congruent Triangles
◼ Triangles that have exactly the same shape, but

not necessarily the same size are similar
triangles A D
B C E F
◼ Triangles that have exactly the same shape and
the same size are called congruent triangles
G L
H K M N
Conditions for Similar Triangles
◼ Corresponding angles must have the same

measure.
A = D, B = E, C = F
◼ Corresponding sides must be proportional.
(That is, their ratios must be equal.)
AB BC AC
= =
DE EF DF
A D
B C E F
Example: Finding Angle Measures on
Similar Triangles
◼ Triangles ABC and DEF ◼ Since the triangles are
are similar. Find the similar, corresponding
measures of angles D angles have the same
and E. measure.
D
◼ Angle D corresponds to
angle: A
A o
◼ Measure of D: 35
35 112
F E ◼ Angle E corresponds to
angle: B
112 33 o
C B ◼ Measure of E: 33

Example: Finding Side Lengths on Similar
Triangles
Write a proportion involving corresponding sides with one unknown:
◼ Triangles ABC and DEF ◼ To find side DE:
are similar. Find the 32 64
lengths of the unknown
=
16 x
sides in triangle DEF. 32x = 1024
D
x = 32
32
A
16 ◼ To find side FE:
35 112 32 48
64 F E
=
32 24 16 x
C
112 33
B 32x = 768
x = 24
48

Example: Application of Similar Triangles
◼ A lighthouse casts a ◼ The two triangles are

shadow 64 m long. At the similar, so corresponding
same time, the shadow sides are in proportion,
cast by a mailbox 3 m so: 3 x
high is 4 m long. Find the =
height of the lighthouse. 4 64
4x = 192
3
x = 48
4
x
◼ The lighthouse is 48 m
high.
64

Homework
◼ 1.2 Page 14
◼ All: 3 – 7, 9 – 13, 16 – 19, 25 – 36, 41 – 44,
46 – 49, 51 – 54, 57 – 60, 65 – 66, 69 – 70


1.3

Trigonometric Functions Compared with
Algebraic Functions
◼ Algebraic functions are sets of ordered pairs of real
numbers such that every first member, “x”, is paired with
exactly one second member, “y”
◼ Trigonometric functions are sets of ordered pairs such
that every first member, an angle, is paired with exactly
one second member, a ratio of real numbers
◼ Algebraic functions are given names like f, g or h and in
function notation, the second member that is paired with
“x” is shown as f(x), g(x) or h(x)
◼ Trigonometric functions are given the names, sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, or cosecant, and in
function notation, the second member that is paired with
the angle “A” is shown as sin(A), cos(A), tan(A), cot(A),
sec(A), or csc(A) – (sometimes parentheses are omitted)

(x, y)
r 
◼ Let (x, y) be a point other the origin on the

terminal side of an angle  in standard position.
The distance, r, from the point to the origin is:
r = x2 + y2 .
The six trigonometric functions of  are defined as:
y x y
sin = cos = tan = (x  0)
r r x
r r x
csc = ( y  0) sec = ( x  0) cot  = (y  0)
y x y

Values of Trig Functions Independent of
Point Chosen
◼ For the given angle, if point (x1,y1) is picked and r1 is
calculated, trig functions of that angle will be ratios of the
sides of the triangle shown in blue.
◼ For the same angle, if point (x2,y2) is picked and r2 is
calculated, trig functions of the angle will be ratios of the
triangle shown in green
◼ Since the triangles are similar, ratios and trig function
values will be exactly the same
(x2, y2 ) (x1, y1 )

y2 r2 r1
y1
x1
x2

Example: Finding Function Values
◼ The terminal side of angle  in standard position

passes through the point (12, 16). Find the
values of the six trigonometric functions of
angle .
Note: x and y aregiven, find (12, 16)
"r"and thenuse definitions : 16
r = x2 + y2 = 122 + 162 
12
= 144 + 256 = 400 = 20

continued
◼ x = 12 y = 16 r = 20
Using definitions, the valueof eachof the trig functions is :
y 16 4 r 20 5
sin = = = csc = = =
r 20 5 y 16 4
x 12 3 r 20 5
cos = = = sec = = =
r 20 5 x 12 3
y 16 4 x 12 3
tan = = = cot = = =
x 12 3 y 16 4

Trigonometric Functions of Coterminal
Angles
◼ Note: To calculate trigonometric functions of an
angle in standard position it is only necessary to
know one point on the terminal side of that
angle, and its distance from the origin
◼ In the previous example six trig functions of the
given angle were calculated. All angles
coterminal with that angle will have identical trig
function values
◼ ALL COTERMINAL ANGLES HAVE IDENTICAL
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION VALUES!!!!

Equations of Rays with Endpoint at Origin:
◼ Recall from algebra that the equation of a line is:

y = mx + b wherem is slope and b is y - intercept
◼ If a line goes through the origin its equation is:
y = mx or:
any equationinvolving only x and y and their coefficients
◼ To get the equation of a ray with endpoint at the
origin we write an equation of this form with the
restriction that:
either x  0 or x0
left ray right ray
Calculate"r":
◼ Find the six trigonometric
function values of the
r = 22 + (−1)2 = 5
angle  in standard
position, if the terminal
side of  is defined by
x + 2y = 0, x  0.
◼ We can use any point on

the terminal side of  to
find the trigonometric
function values.
Choose x  0, calculatey :
x=2 y = −1
continued
◼ From previous ◼ Use the definitions of the
calculations: trig functions:
y −1 −1 5 5
sin = = =  =−
r 5 5 5 5
x = 2, y = −1, r = 5 x 2 2 5 2 5
cos = = =  =
r 5 5 5 5
y 1 r
tan = = − csc = = − 5
x 2 y
r 5 x
sec = = cot = = −2
x 2 y

Finding Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles
◼ A point on the terminal side of a quadrantal angle always
has either x = 0 or y = 0 (x = 0 when terminal side is on y
axis, y = 0 when terminal side is on x axis)
◼ Since any point on the terminal side can be picked,
choose x = 0 or y = 0, as appropriate, and choose r = 1
◼ The remaining x or y will then be 1 or -1
(0, 1)
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
r =1
(0,−1)

Example: Function Values Quadrantal
Angles
◼ Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for an angle
of 270.
◼ Which point should be used on the terminal side of a 270
angle?
◼ We choose (0, −1). Here x = 0, y = −1 and r = 1.
◼ Value of the six trig functions for this angle:
−1 0
sin270 = = −1 cos270 = = 0
1 1
−1 1
tan270 = undefined csc270 = = −1
0 −1
1 0
sec270 = undefined cot 270 = = 0
0 1
Undefined Function Values
◼ If the terminal side of a quadrantal angle lies

along the y-axis, then, because x = 0, the
tangent and secant functions are undefined:
y r
tan = and sec =
x x
◼ If it lies along the x-axis, then, because y = 0,
the cotangent and cosecant functions are
undefined.
x r
cot = and csc =
y y

Commonly Used Function Values
 sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  csc 

0 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
90 1 0 undefined 0 undefined 1
180 0 −1 0 undefined −1 undefined
270 −1 0 undefined 0 undefined −1
360 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
Thesecanbe quickly calculated- not necessaryto memorize

Finding Trigonometric Functions of Specific
Angles
◼ Until discussing trigonometric functions of specific
quadrantal angles such as 90o, 180o, etc., we have found
trigonometric functions of angles by knowing or finding
some point on the terminal side of the angle without
knowing the measure of the angle
◼ At the present time, we know how to find exact
trigonometric values of specific angles only if they are
quadrantal angles
◼ In the next chapter we will learn to find exact
trigonometric values of 30o, 45o, and 60o angles
◼ In the meantime, we can find approximate trigonometric
values of specific angles by using a scientific calculator
set in degree mode

Finding Approximate Trigonometric Function
Values of Sine, Cosine and Tangent
◼ Make sure your calculator is set in degree mode
◼ Depending on your calculator,
❑ Enter the angle measure first then press the
appropriate sin, cos or tan key to get the value
❑ Press the sin, cos, or tan key first, then enter the
angle measure
◼ Practice on these: sin 270o = −1
tan 60o = 1.732050808
cos30o = 0.866025403
We will learn more about using the calculatorin the next chapter.
Exponential Notation and Trigonometric
Functions
◼ A trigonometric function defines a real number ratio for a
specific angle, for example “sin A” is the real number
ratio assigned by the sine function to the angle “A”
◼ Since “sin A” is a real number it can be raised to any
rational number power, such as “2” in which case we
would have “(sin A)2”
◼ However, this value is more commonly written as “sin2 A”
sin2 A = (sin A)2
◼ Using this reasoning then if “tan A = 3”, then:
4
tan A = 34
= 81

Homework
◼ 1.3 Page 24
◼ All: 5 – 8, 17 – 28, 33 – 40


1.4
Using Definitions of the


Identities
◼ Recall from algebra that an identity is an

equation that is true for all values of the variable
for which the expression is defined
◼ Examples:
2(x + 3) = 2x + 6
Expressionis definedfor all valuesof x and is truefor all valuesof x
1  2
2 + 3 = + 6
x  x
Expressionis not definedfor x = 0, but is true for all other values of x

Relationships Between Trigonometric
Functions
◼ In reviewing the definitions of the six
trigonometric functions what relationship do you
observe between each function and the one
directly beneath it?
y x y
sin = cos = tan = (x  0)
r r x
r r x
csc = ( y  0) sec = ( x  0) cot  = (y  0)
y x y
◼ They are reciprocals of each other

Reciprocal Identities
◼ This relationship can be summarized:

1 1 1
sin = cos = tan =
csc sec cot
1 1 1
csc = sec = cot =
sin cos tan
◼ Each identity is true for angles except those that
that make a denominator equal to zero
◼ These reciprocal identities must be memorized

Example: Find each function value.
◼ cos  if sec  =
3 ◼ sin  if csc  = − 15
2 3
1
sin = − 15
◼ Since cos  is the
3
reciprocal of sec  : 3
=−
15
1 1 2
cos = = = 3 15
sec 3 3 =− 
2 15 15
−3 15 − 15
= =
15 5

Signs of Trig Functions by Quadrant of
Angle
◼ Considering the following three functions and
the sign of x, y and r in each quadrant, which
functions are positive in each quadrant?
y x y
sin = cos = tan = (x  0)
r r x
x− x+
y+ y+
r+ r+ sin all
x− x+
y− y− tan cos
r+ r+
Signs of x, y, r Positive Trig Functions
Signs of Other Trig Functions by Quadrant
of Angle
◼ Reciprocal functions will always have the same
sign
◼ All functions have positive values for angles in
Quadrant I
◼ Sine and Cosecant have positive values for
angles in Quadrant II
◼ Tangent and Cotangent have positive values for
angles in Quadrant III
◼ Cosine and Secant have positive values for
angles in Quadrant IV

Memorizing Signs of Trig Functions by
Quadrant
◼ It will help to memorize by learning these words in
Quadrants I - IV:
“All students take calculus”
And remembering reciprocal identities
students all sin (csc) all

take calculus tan (cot) cos (sec)
◼ Trig functions are negative in quadrants where they are
not positive

Example: Identify Quadrant
◼ Identify the quadrant (or quadrants) of any angle

 that satisfies tan  > 0, sin  < 0.
◼ tan  > 0 in quadrants:

I and III
◼ sin  < 0 in quadrants:
III and IV
◼ so, the answer satisfying both is quadrant:
III

Domain and Range of Sine Function
◼ Given an angle A in standard position, and (x,y) a point

on the terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin,
sin A = y/r
◼ Domain of sine function is the set of all A for which y/r is
a real number. Since r can’t be zero, y/r is always a real
number and domain is “any angle”
◼ Range of sine function is the set of all y/r, but since y is
less than or equal to r, this ratio will always be equal to 1
or will be a proper fraction, positive or negative:
r y (x, y)
−1  sin A 1
x

Domain and Range of Cosine Function
◼ Given an angle A in standard position, and (x,y) a point

on the terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin,
cos A = x/r
◼ Domain of cosine function is the set of all A for which x/r
is a real number. Since r can’t be zero, x/r is always a
real number and domain is “any angle”
◼ Range of cosine function is the set of all x/r, but since x
is less than or equal to r, this ratio will always be equal to
1, -1 or will be a proper fraction, positive or negative:
r y (x, y)
−1 cosA 1
x

Domain and Range of Sine & Cosine
◼ What relationship do you notice between the

domain and range of the sine and cosine
functions?
◼ They are exactly the same:
Domain: Any Angle
Range: −1, 1

Domain and Range of Tangent Function
◼ Given an angle A in standard position, and (x,y) a point on the

terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin, tan A = y/x
◼ Domain of tangent function is the set of all A for which y/x is a real
number. Tangent will be undefined when x = 0, therefore domain is
all angles except for odd multiples of 90o
◼ Range of tangent function is the set of all y/x, but since all of these
are possible: x=y, x<y, x>y, this ratio can be any positive or negative
real number:
−   tanA  
r y (x, y)
x

Domain and Range of Cosecant Function

terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin, csc A = r/y
◼ Domain of cosecant function is the set of all A for which r/y is a real
number. Cosecant will be undefined when y = 0, therefore domain
is all angles except for integer multiples of 180o
◼ Range of cosecant function is the reciprocal of the range of the sine
function. Reciprocals of numbers between -1 and 1 are:
−   cscA  −1 or 1 cscA  
r y (x, y)
x

Domain and Range of Secant Function

terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin, sec A = r/x
◼ Domain of secant function is the set of all A for which r/x is a real
number. Secant will be undefined when x = 0, therefore domain is
all angles except for odd multiples of 90o
◼ Range of secant function is the reciprocal of the range of the cosine
function. Reciprocals of numbers between -1 and 1 are:
−   secA  −1 or 1 secA  
r y (x, y)
x

Domain and Range of Cotangent Function

terminal side a distance of r > 0 from the origin, cot A = x/y
◼ Domain of cotangent function is the set of all A for which x/y is a real
number. Cotangent will be undefined when y = 0, therefore domain
is all angles except for integer multiples of 180o
◼ Range of cotangent function is the reciprocal of the range of the
tangent function. The reciprocal of the set of numbers between
negative infinity and positive infinity is:
−   cot A  
r y (x, y)
x

Ranges of Trigonometric Functions
◼ For any angle  for which the indicated functions

exist:
◼ −1  sin   1 and −1  cos   1
◼ tan  and cot  can equal any real number;
◼ sec   −1 or sec   1
◼ csc   −1 or csc   1.
(Notice that sec  and csc  are never between
−1 and 1.)

Deciding Whether a Value is in the Range of
a Trigonometric Function
◼ Tell which of the following is in the range of the trig
function:
sin A = 1.332 No
cos A = ¼ Yes
tan A = 1,998,214 Yes
sec A = ½ No
csc A = 0.2485 No
cot A = 0 Yes
sin A = - 0.3359 Yes
cos A = -3 No
tan A = -3 Yes
Development of Pythagorean Identities
◼ For every point (x,y) on the terminal side of an

angle A at a distance of r > 0 from the origin, we
have the following relationship based on the
Pythagorean Theorem: (x, y) r y
x2 + y 2 = r 2 A x
◼ Dividing both sides by r2 gives:

2 2
x y Equivalent to Trig Equation :
+ 2 =1
2
r r cos2 A + sin 2 A = 1

x2 + y 2 = r 2 A x
◼ Dividing both sides by x2 gives:

y2 r 2 Equivalent to Trig Equation :
1+ 2 = 2
x x 1+ tan2 A = sec2 A

x2 + y 2 = r 2 A x
◼ Dividing both sides by y2 gives:

x2 r2 Equivalent to Trig Equation :
+1 = 2
y 2
y cot2 A +1 = csc2 A
Pythagorean Identities
sin  + cos  = 1,
2 2
tan  + 1 = sec  ,
2 2
1 + cot 2  = csc2 
MUST MEMORIZE!!!

Development of Quotient Identities
◼ Based on x, y, r definitions of sine and cosine

functions:
y
sin A r y r y
= =  = = tanA
cosA x r x x
r
sin A
= tanA
cosA

Development of Quotient Identities
◼ Based on x, y, r definitions of sine and cosine

functions:
x
cos A r x r x
= =  = = cot A
sin A y r y y
r
cosA
= cot A
sin A

Quotient Identities
sin
= tan
cos
cos
= cot
sin
MUST MEMORIZE!!!

Using Identities to Find Missing Function
Values
◼ Given the quadrant of the angle and the value of
one trig function, the other five trig function
values can be found using various identities
◼ Examples that follow will illustrate the approach

Example: Other Function Values
◼ Find sin and cos given that tan  = 4/3 and

 is in quadrant III.
◼ Since  is in quadrant III, sin and cos will

both be negative.
Why can't weuse the quotient identity to say:
sin 
tan = tosay thatsin  = 4 and cos = 3?
cos
◼ sin and cos must be in the interval [−1, 1].

Example: Other Function Values
continued
◼ There is no identity that directly gives sin or cos from tan, but which
one will give a reciprocal of sin or cos from tan? tan  + 1 = sec 
2 2
tan2  + 1 = sec2  Now, whatidentity will give sin fromcos?

 4
2 Since sin2  = 1 − cos2  ,
 3 + 1 = sec2

 
2
 3 
sin2  = 1 −  − 
16
+ 1 = sec 
2  5
9 9
sin2  = 1 −
25 25
= sec2 
9 16
sin2  =
Why negative? − 5 = sec 25
QuadrantIII 3 4
sin = − Why negative?
3 5 QuadrantIII
− = cos
5
Note: Other3 Trig function values canbe found with reciprocalidentities.
Solving Trigonometric Equations
◼ In algebra there are many types of equations that involve

a variable that are either true or false depending on the
value of the variable
x −3= 7
◼ This equation is true only if x = 10, so we say that 10 is
the solution to the equation
◼ In trig we likewise have many types of equations that
involve a variable representing an unknown angle that
are true or false depending on the value of the variable
sin(2 +10) =
1
csc( + 50)
◼ In this course we will develop methods for solving
various types of trigonometric equations

Using Identities to Find a Value of an Angle
that Solves a Trigonometric Equation
◼ Given a trigonometric equation with an unknown
angle, one solution (not all) can be found by
using identities to convert both sides to the same
trig function and then setting the unknown
angles equal to each other as shown in the
following example:

Find One Solution:
sin(2 +10) =
1
csc( + 50)
Usea reciprocalidentity on the right side :
sin(2 +10) = sin( + 50)
Although thereareother waysthis can be true,one wayis
when theangle on the left is the sameas the one on the right :
2 +10 =  + 50
 = 40
Laterin the coursewe will developmethodsfor finding all solutions to trigonometric equations

Homework
◼ 1.4 Page 33
◼ All: 3 – 6, 9 – 10, 15 – 18, 21 – 24, 27 – 40,
47 – 54, 56 – 61, 65 – 70


Trogonometric Functions

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Chapter 1

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

◼ Two distinct points determine a line called

◼ Line segment AB—a portion of the line

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3

◼ The ray in its initial

◼ The ray in its location

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-4

◼ Positive angle: The ◼ Negative angle: The

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-6

◼ The most common unit for measuring angles is

0o    90o  = 90o 90o    180o  = 180o

◼ Two positive angles are called complementary

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-8

◼ Find the measure of each angle.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-9

◼ Find the measure of each angle.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-10

◼ One minute, 1’, is 1/60 of a degree.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-11

◼ Perform the calculation. ◼ Perform the calculation.

◼ An angle is in standard position if its vertex is

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-14

◼ Angles in standard position having their terminal

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-15

◼ A complete rotation of a ray results in an angle

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16

◼ Find the angles of smallest possible positive

◼ MyMathLab Homework Quiz 1 will be due for a

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-18

Angle Relationships and

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

◼ When lines intersect, angles opposite each other are

◼ Vertical angles in this picture:

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20

◼ Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-21

Name Angles Rule

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-22

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-23

◼ The instructor will ask specified students to draw three

◼ What do you notice when you sum the three angles?

The result is a straight line (straight angle)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-24

◼ The measures of two of ◼ Solution?

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-25

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-26

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-27

◼ Triangles that have exactly the same shape, but

◼ Corresponding angles must have the same

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-30

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-31

◼ A lighthouse casts a ◼ The two triangles are

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-32

◼ MyMathLab Homework Quiz 2 will be due for a

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-33

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-35

◼ Let (x, y) be a point other the origin on the

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-36

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-37

◼ The terminal side of angle  in standard position

"r"and thenuse definitions : 16