Œˆˆ‘’…‘’‚Ž Ž€‡Ž‚€ˆŸ ˆ €“Šˆ Ž‘‘ˆ‰‘ŠŽ‰ ”…„…€–ˆˆ

”…„…€‹œŽ… €ƒ…’‘’‚Ž Ž Ž€‡Ž‚€ˆž

ŒŽ‘ŠŽ‚‘Šˆ‰ ”ˆ‡ˆŠŽ-’…•ˆ—…‘Šˆ‰ ˆ‘’ˆ’“’
(ƒŽ‘“„€‘’‚…›‰ “ˆ‚…‘ˆ’…’)

‘. ˆ. Š®«¥á­¨ª®¢ 

Œ¥â®¤ë à¥è¥­¨ï
®á­®¢­ëå § ¤ ç ãà ¢­¥­¨©
¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨

„®¯ã饭®
“祡­®-¬¥â®¤¨ç¥áª¨¬ ®¡ê¥¤¨­¥­¨¥¬
¢ëáè¨å ã祡­ëå § ¢¥¤¥­¨© ®áᨩ᪮© ”¥¤¥à æ¨¨
¯® ®¡à §®¢ ­¨î ¢ ®¡« á⨠¯à¨ª« ¤­ëå ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª¨ ¨ 䨧¨ª¨
¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ã祡­®£® ¯®á®¡¨ï ¤«ï áâ㤥­â®¢ ¢ã§®¢
¯® ­ ¯à ¢«¥­¨î ¯®¤£®â®¢ª¨ ýà¨ª« ¤­ë¥ ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª  ¨ 䨧¨ª þ

¬®áª¢ 
Œ”’ˆ
2015
“„Š 517.9

Š®«¥á­¨ª®¢  ‘. ˆ.
Œ¥â®¤ë à¥è¥­¨ï ®á­®¢­ëå § ¤ ç ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¬ â¥-
¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨. { ãç. ¯®á®¡¨¥. { Œ.: Œ”’ˆ, 2015. {
79 á.

“„Š 517.9

‚ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­ë ¬¥â®¤ë à¥è¥­¨ï ®á­®¢­ëå § ¤ ç ¨§ ªãàá 

ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨, ¨§ãç ¥¬®£® ­  ¢á¥å ä ªã«ìâ¥â å

Œ”’ˆ. â¨ § ¤ ç¨ ¢å®¤ïâ ¨ ¢ ¢ à¨ ­âë ¯¨á쬥­­ëå íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­-

­ëå à ¡®â.

‚ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­  ­¥ ¯à®áâ® ¬¥â®¤¨ª  à¥è¥­¨©, ­® ¢ ª ¦-

¤®¬ ¯ à £à ä¥ 㤥«¥­® ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ⥬ ¢®¯à®á ¬, ª®â®àë¥ ¢ë§ë¢ îâ

­ ¨¡®«ì訥 § âà㤭¥­¨ï ã áâ㤥­â®¢. à¨¢®¤ïâáï â ª¦¥ í«¥¬¥­âë

®¡®á­®¢ ­¨ï ¯à¨¬¥­ï¥¬®© ¬¥â®¤¨ª¨, çâ® ¤ ñâ ¢®§¬®¦­®áâì ¢®á¯®«ì-

§®¢ âìáï ¥î ¤«ï à¥è¥­¨ï ¡®«¥¥ á«®¦­ëå ¯à¨ª« ¤­ëå § ¤ ç å ¬ â¥-

¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨.

à¥¤­ §­ ç¥­® ¤«ï áâ㤥­â®¢ ¨ ¯à¥¯®¤ ¢ â¥«¥© ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª¨å,

䨧¨ª®-¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª¨å, 䨧¨ª®-â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨å ¨ íª®­®¬¨ç¥áª¨å ᯥ-

樠«ì­®á⥩, ¯®¢ëè îé¨å ¯®¤£®â®¢ªã ¯® ¯à¨ª« ¤­®© ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª¥ ¢

à ¬ª å ¨­­®¢ æ¨®­­®-®¡à §®¢ â¥«ì­®© ¯à®£à ¬¬ë.

c Š®«¥á­¨ª®¢  ‘. ˆ., á®áâ ¢«¥­¨¥, 2015

°
c ”¥¤¥à «ì­®¥ £®á㤠àá⢥­­®¥  ¢â®­®¬­®¥ ®¡à §®¢ â¥«ì­®¥
°
ãç०¤¥­¨¥ ¢ëá襣® ¯à®ä¥áᨮ­ «ì­®£® ®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï
ýŒ®áª®¢áª¨© 䨧¨ª®-â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨© ¨­áâ¨âãâ
(£®á㤠àá⢥­­ë© ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â)þ, 2015
 Ž£« ¢«¥­¨¥
‚¢¥¤¥­¨¥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
§ 1. Š« áá¨ä¨ª æ¨ï ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ì­ëå ãà ¢­¥­¨© á
ç áâ­ë¬¨ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¬¨ ¢â®à®£® ¯®à浪 
á «¨­¥©­®© áâ à襩 ç áâìî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
§ 2. ‡ ¤ ç  ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë . . . 8
2.1. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥? . . . . . . . . . . 9
à¨¬¥à 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
à¨¬¥à 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
à¨¬¥à 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2. ®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­ ï áâàã­  á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬
¨«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3. ‡ ª®­ ®âà ¦¥­¨ï ®â § ªà¥¯«ñ­­®£® (᢮¡®¤­®£®)
ª®­æ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
à¨¬¥à 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
§ 3. ‡ ¤ ç  Š®è¨ ¢ R2 , R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1. ¥áª®«ìª® ᯮᮡ®¢ ­ å®¦¤¥­¨ï ç áâ­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï
­¥®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2. ¥ª®â®àë¥ á¯®á®¡ë à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç Š®è¨
¤«ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . 20
à¨¬¥à 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
à¨¬¥à 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
à¨¬¥à 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
à¨¬¥à 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
à¨¬¥à 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
à¨¬¥à 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
§ 4. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ®â१ª¥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ®â१ª¥, ª®£¤  ®¯¥à â®à −L∗1
ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï . . . 28
à¨¬¥à 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2. Š ª ¡ëâì, ¥á«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ­¥®¤­®à®¤­®¥ ¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥
ãá«®¢¨ï ­¥®¤­®à®¤­ë¥? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
à¨¬¥à 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
à¨¬¥à 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3. —â® ¤¥« âì, ¥á«¨ ®¯¥à â®à −L∗1 ­¥ ï¥âáï
®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï? . . . . . . . . 41
 à¨¬¥à 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

à¨¬¥à 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

§ 5. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ªà㣥. ”㭪樨 ¥áᥫï . . . . . 44

à¨¬¥à 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

§ 6. ««¨¯â¨ç¥áª¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.1. “à ¢­¥­¨¥ ‹ ¯« á  ¢ R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

6.2. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥, ¥á«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­

f (r, ϕ) = arn cos mϕ ¨«¨ f (r, ϕ) = arn sin mϕ,

(n + 2)2 6= m2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.3. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥, ¥á«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­

f (r, ϕ) = arn cos mϕ ¨«¨ f (r, ϕ) = arn sin mϕ,

(n + 2)2 = m2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

à¨¬¥à 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

à¨¬¥à 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

à¨¬¥à 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

§ 7. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ á ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å

ä㭪権 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1. ‘奬  à¥è¥­¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

à¨¬¥à 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

7.2. Š ª ã ª®­ªà¥â­®© áä¥à¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨

®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì ¥ñ ¯®à冷ª? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

à¨¬¥à 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

à¨¬¥à 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

à¨¬¥à 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

§ 8. ®â¥­æ¨ «ë . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.1. Ž¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢ R3 . . . . . . . . . . . 69

à¨¬¥à 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

à¨¬¥à 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

à¨¬¥à 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

8.2. ®â¥­æ¨ « ¯à®á⮣® á«®ï ¢ R3 . . . . . . . . . 74

à¨¬¥à 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

8.3. ®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï ¢ R3 . . . . . . . . . 75

à¨¬¥à 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

à¨¬¥à 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

‹¨â¥à âãà  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
 ‚¢¥¤¥­¨¥
‚ ¯®á®¡¨¨ áä®à¬ã«¨à®¢ ­ë ãá«®¢¨ï, ¯à¨ ª®â®àëå ¯® ¬ â-
à¨æ¥ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â®¢ ¯à¨ áâ àè¨å ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ëå § ¤ ­­®£®
ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì ⨯ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤ï ¥£® ª ª ­®-
­¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¢¨¤ã.
 áᬮâ७® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®©
áâàã­ë ¡¥§ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à  ¨ ýá訢ª®©þ ¯®
å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪¥,   â ª¦¥ á ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à ,
­® ¡¥§ ýá訢ª¨þ.
à¨¢¥¤¥­® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ® ᢮¡®¤­ëå ª®«¥¡ ­¨ïå áâàã­ë
á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬ (᢮¡®¤­ë¬) á ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«ë
„ « ¬¡¥à , ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­ë § ª®­ë ®âà ¦¥­¨ï ®â § ªà¥¯«ñ­­®£®
(᢮¡®¤­®£®) ª®­æ .
 áᬮâà¥­ë ¯à¨¬¥àë ¬¥â®¤®¢ à¥è¥­¨ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¨ ­¥-
®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ¨«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®-
¢®¤­®áâ¨, ¡¥§ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã« ã áá®­  ¨«¨ Š¨àå£®ä  ¢
á«ãç ïå, ª®£¤  ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¨«¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï 㤮¢-
«¥â¢®àïîâ ­¥ª®â®àë¬ á¯¥æ¨ «ì­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.
à¨¢¥¤ñ­ ¯à¨¬¥à à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨pŠ®è¨ ¢ R3 , ª®£¤  ­ -
ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï § ¢¨áïâ ⮫쪮 ®â x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,   § ¤ ç 
Š®è¨ ᢮¤¨âáï ª ᬥ蠭­®© § ¤ ç¥ ¤«ï ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®©
áâàã­ë á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬.
Œë ®¡à é ¥¬ ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ­  ­ å®¦¤¥­¨¥ ᮡá⢥­­ëå äã­ª-
権 à §«¨ç­ëå § ¤ ç ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.
®áâ à ¥¬áï ¯®§­ ª®¬¨âìáï á ¤®¢®«ì­® ¡®«ì訬 à §­®®¡-
à §¨¥¬ ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨©. â® ¨«¨ áâ ­¤ àâ­ë¥ ®¤­®à®¤­ë¥
­  ®â१ª¥, ¨«¨ ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®áâì ­  ®¤­®¬ (¢ § ¤ ç å ­  ªà㣥
¯à¨ r = 0), ¨«¨ ®¡®¨å ª®­æ å ®â१ª  (¯à¨ θ=0 ¨ ¯à¨ θ=π ¢
§ ¤ ç å ­  áä¥à¥), ¨«¨ ¥¤¨­á⢥­­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬ ï¥âáï ¯¥à¨-
®¤¨ç­®áâì ᮡá⢥­­®© ä㭪樨 (§ ¤ ç¨ ­  ªà㣥 ¨«¨ áä¥à¥).
‚ëïá­¨âáï, çâ® ®¤­®¬ã ᮡá⢥­­®¬ã §­ ç¥­¨î ¬®¦¥â á®-
®â¢¥âá⢮¢ âì ¥¤¨­á⢥­­ ï ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï,   ¬®¦¥â ¨
­¥áª®«ìª®.
“¢¨¤¨¬, ç⮠ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì ®à⮣®-
Rb
­ «ì­ë: a un (x)um (x) dx = 0, n 6= m,   ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì ®à⮣®-

5
 Rb
­ «ì­ë á â ª ­ §ë¢ ¥¬ë¬ ¢¥á®¬: a g(x)un (x)um (x) dx = 0,
n 6= m.
Œë ¨§«®¦¨¬ áãâì ¬¥â®¤  à §¤¥«¥­¨ï ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ­  ¯à¨-
¬¥à¥ § ¤ ç¨ ­  ®â१ª¥. ® ¤«ï ¤àã£¨å § ¤ ç, ¢ ç áâ-
­®áâ¨, ¬­®£®¬¥à­ëå, ãá«®¦­ï¥âáï «¨èì ®¯¥à â®à ˜âãଠ{
‹¨ã¢¨««ï,   á ­¨¬ ¨ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨.
¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç “Œ”, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¨é¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ä®à¬ «ì-
­®£® à鸞 ¯® ¢á¥¬ ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ á ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨,
§ ¢¨áï騬¨ ®â ¤àã£¨å ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå, ¢å®¤ïé¨å ¢ § ¤ çã. ‚®-
¯à®á ® ⮬, ¯®«ã稫¨ «¨ ¬ë ª« áá¨ç¥áª®¥ ¨«¨ ®¡®¡éñ­­®¥
à¥è¥­¨¥,   â ª¦¥ ¢®¯à®áë áãé¥á⢮¢ ­¨ï ¨ ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®áâ¨
ª« áá¨ç¥áª®£® ¨«¨ ®¡®¡éñ­­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï, ®â¢¥âë ­  ª®â®àë¥
¤ ñâ ⥮à¨ï («¥ªæ¨¨), ¬ë ®¡á㦤 âì ­¥ ¡ã¤¥¬. ˆå à¥è¥­¨¥
§ ¢¨á¨â ®â ⮣®, ª ª®¬ã ª« áá㠯ਭ ¤«¥¦ â ä㭪樨, ¢å®¤ï-
騥 ¢ ãá«®¢¨¥ § ¤ ç, | ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­, ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï
¨«¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ¨ â. ¤.
Ž¡ëç­® ¯®â¥­æ¨ «ë ­ å®¤ïâ, ¢ëç¨á«ïï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥
¨­â¥£à «ë. â®â ¬¥â®¤ ¬ë ®¯ã᪠¥¬. ‚ ¤ ­­®¬ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¯®-
⥭樠«ë ­ å®¤ïâáï á ¯®¬®éìî ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¨ ᢮©áâ¢, ª®â®àë¬
®­¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîâ.

§ 1. Š« áá¨ä¨ª æ¨ï ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ì­ëå
ãà ¢­¥­¨© á ç áâ­ë¬¨ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¬¨ ¢â®à®£®
¯®à浪  á «¨­¥©­®© áâ à襩 ç áâìî

‘ä®à¬ã«¨à®¢ ­ë ãá«®¢¨ï, ¯®§¢®«ïî騥 ¯® ¬ âà¨æ¥ ª®-

íää¨æ¨¥­â®¢ ¯à¨ áâ àè¨å ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ëå § ¤ ­­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï
®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì ⨯ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤ï ¥£® ª ª ­®­¨ç¥áª®¬ã
¢¨¤ã.
 áᬮâਬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¢¨¤ 
k=n,m=n
X ∂2u
akm (x) + f (x, u, ∇u) = 0.
∂xk ∂xm
k=1,m=1

“à ¢­¥­¨ï ¤¥«ïâáï ­  âਠ⨯ . Š ¦¤ë© ⨯ ¨¬¥¥â ᢮©

â ª ­ §ë¢ ¥¬ë© ª ­®­¨ç¥áª¨© ¢¨¤ ¨ ®¯¨á뢠¥â ᢮© ª« áá ä¨-
§¨ç¥áª¨å ¯à®æ¥áᮢ.

6
 k=n,m=n 2
akm (x) ∂x∂ ∂x
u
P
’¨¯ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¢¨¤  + f (x, u, ∇u) =
k m
k=1,m=1
= 0, akm = amk , ¯à¨ n>2 ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¢ ª ¦¤®© â®çª¥ ®â-
¤¥«ì­®.
ƒ®¢®àïâ, çâ® ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨¬¥¥â ª ­®­¨ç¥áª¨© ¢¨¤ ¢ â®çª¥
x0 , ¥á«¨ ¢á¥ amk = 0, k 6= m, â. ¥. ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤
k=n 2
ak (x0 ) ∂ u2 + f (x0 , u, ∇u) = 0.
P
k=1
∂xk
’ ª ª ª 䨧¨ç¥áª¨¥ ¯à®æ¥ááë, ®¯¨á뢠¥¬ë¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï¬¨
à §­ëå ⨯®¢, à §«¨ç­ë, â®, ª ª ⮫쪮 ®¯¨á ­  ¬®¤¥«ì ¯à®-
æ¥áá , ¦¥« â¥«ì­® §­ âì ⨯ ¯®«ã稢襣®áï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï.
…᫨ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­® ª ª ­®­¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¢¨¤ã, ⮠⨯
®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï á«¥¤ãî騬 ®¡à §®¬.
1) …᫨ ¢á¥ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ®â«¨ç­ë ®â 0 ¨ ®¤­®£® §­ ª , â®
ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦¨â ª í««¨¯â¨ç¥áª®¬ã ⨯ã, ­ ¯à¨-
¬¥à, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ã áá®­ :
k=n
X ∂2u
∆u ≡ = f (x).
∂x2k
k=1
2) …᫨ ¢á¥ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ®â«¨ç­ë ®â 0, ­®, ¯® ªà ©­¥©
¬¥à¥, ¤¢  à §­®£® §­ ª , â® ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦¨â ª £¨-
¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®¬ã ⨯ã, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢®«­®¢®¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥:
k=n
∂2u 2 ∂2u 2
X ∂2u
= a ∆u + f (x, t) ⇐⇒ = a + f (x, t).
∂t2 ∂t2 ∂x2k
k=1
3) …᫨ å®âï ¡ë ®¤¨­ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â à ¢¥­ 0, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨-
­ ¤«¥¦¨â ª ¯ à ¡®«¨ç¥áª®¬ã ⨯ã, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®á⨠(ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¤¨ää㧨¨):
k=n
X ∂2u
∂u ∂u
= a2 2 + f (x, t) ⇐⇒ = a2 ∆u + f (x, t).
∂t ∂xk ∂t
k=1
“à ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨¢®¤¨âáï ª ª ­®­¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¢¨¤ã ¯à ªâ¨ç¥áª¨
k=n,m=n
P
â ª ¦¥, ª ª ª¢ ¤à â¨ç­ ï ä®à¬  akm (x0 )xk xm | íâ®
k=1,m=1
­¥ á ¬ ï ¯à®áâ ï à ¡®â .

7
 Œ®¦­® «¨ ®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì ⨯ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤ï ¥£® ª ª -
­®­¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¢¨¤ã?
’ ª ª ª ¯à¨ ­¥¢ë஦¤¥­­ëå «¨­¥©­ëå ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ïå
á®åà ­ï¥âáï à ­£ ¬ âà¨æë ¨ ª®«¨ç¥á⢮ ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ëå, ®â-
à¨æ â¥«ì­ëå ¨ ­ã«¥¢ëå ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â®¢, â® ¬®¦­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì
⨯ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤ï ¥£® ª ª ­®­¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¢¨¤ã.
1) …᫨ ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«ì ¬ âà¨æë kakm k ®â«¨ç¥­ ®â 0 ¢ â®çª¥,
â®
 ) ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ í««¨¯â¨ç¥áª®£® ⨯ , ¥á«¨ ¬ âà¨æ  ¨«¨ ¯®-
«®¦¨â¥«ì­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ , ¨«¨ ®âà¨æ â¥«ì­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ ;
¡) ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® ⨯ , ¥á«¨ ¬ âà¨æ  ­¥ ¯®-
«®¦¨â¥«ì­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­  ¨ ­¥ ®âà¨æ â¥«ì­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ .
2) …᫨ ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«ì ¬ âà¨æë akm à ¢¥­ 0 ¢ â®çª¥, â® ãà ¢-
­¥­¨¥ ï¥âáï ãà ¢­¥­¨¥¬ ¯ à ¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® ⨯ .

§ 2. ‡ ¤ ç  ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë

 áᬮâ७® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®©

áâàã­ë ¡¥§ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à  ¨ ýá訢ª®©þ ¯®
å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪¥,   â ª¦¥ á ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à ,
­® ¡¥§ ýá訢ª¨þ.
‡ ¤ ç  1. ¥è¨â¥ § ¤ çã ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®©
áâàã­ë

 utt = a2 uxx + f (x, t), x > 0, t > 0,



u| = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x > 0,

 t=0
(αu + βux )|x=0 = ϕ(t), t > 0.
Š ª à¥è ¥âáï § ¤ ç ?
1) ‘­ ç «  ­ å®¤¨âáï ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ­­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï
¨ ¢ë¯¨á뢠¥âáï ¥£® ®¡é¥¥ à¥è¥­¨¥:

u(x, t) = f (x + at) + g(x − at) + uç áâ­ .

2) ’¥¯¥àì à¥è ¥âáï § ¤ ç  Š®è¨.
’ ª ª ª ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï § ¤ ­ë ­  áâàã­¥, â. ¥. ¯à¨
x > 0, â® ¨ ä㭪樨 f (x), g(x) x > 0. €
­ å®¤ïâáï ¤«ï
â ª ª ª § â¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ë¯¨á뢠¥âáï ¤«ï f (x+at)+g(x−
− at), â® ­ ©¤¥­­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥áâ® ¢ ®¡« áâ¨, £¤¥

8
 x + at > 0, x − at > 0, x > 0, t > 0. âã ®¡« áâì ®¡®§­ ç¨¬
D1 . à¨ í⮬ ®ª §ë¢ ¥âáï, çâ® x+ at > 0 ¤«ï ¢á¥© ¯¥à¢®©
ç¥â¢¥àâ¨, £¤¥ ­ ¤® ­ ©â¨ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨,   ¯®â®¬ã f (x +
+ at) ®¯à¥¤¥«¨«®áì ¢® ¢á¥© § ¤ ­­®© ®¡« áâ¨. Žáâ «®áì
®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì g(x − at) ¤«ï x − at 6 0, t > 0, x > 0.
3) ¥è ¥¬ ªà ¥¢ãî § ¤ çã.
â® à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥áâ® ¢ ®¡« á⨠D2 : x + at > 0, x −
− at 6 0, x > 0, t > 0.
4) ¥è¥­¨ï ¢ ®¡« áâïå ¨ § ¯¨á뢠îâáï à §­ë¬¨ ä®à¬ã« ¬¨
| ®áâ «®áì ýáè¨âìþ ¨å.   á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ýá訢 âìþ ­ ¤®
⮫쪮 g(x − at), â. ª. f (x + at) | ®¤­®.

2.1. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥?

2
Ž¯¥à â®à ¤ = ∂ 2 −a2 ∆ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¢®«­®¢ë¬ ®¯¥à â®à®¬,
∂t
¨«¨ ®¯¥à â®à®¬ „ « ¬¡¥à .
1. …᫨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ utt = a2 ∆u + f (x, t) ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ãá«®¢¨¥

∂ 2 f (x, t)
¤f (x, t) = − a2 ∆f (x, t) = bf (x, t), b 6= 0,
∂t2
â. ¥. ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ï¥âáï ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ ¢¥ªâ®à®¬ ¢®«­®-
¢®£® ®¯¥à â®à , â® ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

uç áâ­ = cf (x, t).

◮ „¥©á⢨⥫쭮, ¤cf (x, t) = cbf (x, t) = f (x, t) ⇐⇒ c = 1b ,
¥á«¨ b 6= 0, â. ¥. ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢á¥£¤  áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, ¥á«¨
f (x, t) ­¥ ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥-
­¨ï.
 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. …᫨ ¦¥ b = 0, â. ¥. f (x, t) ï¢-
«ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, â® ­ ¤®
ᬮâà¥âì ®â¤¥«ì­® | á¬. ¯à¨¬¥à 2. ◭
2. …᫨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ utt = a2 ∆u + g(x, t) ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¨¬¥¥â
¢¨¤

g(x, t) = ϕ0 (t)ψ0 (x),

£¤¥ ∆ψ0 (x) = λψ0 (x), â. ¥. ψ0 (x) | ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï
®¯¥à â®à  ‹ ¯« á  (¢ ¤ ­­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ®¤­®¬¥à­®£®), â® ç áâ-

9
 ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ uç áâ­ = f (t)ψ0 (x), £¤¥ f (t)
| ¨áª®¬ ï äã­ªæ¨ï.
◮ „¥©á⢨⥫쭮, ¯®á«¥ ¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª¨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ᮪à é¥-
­¨ï ­  ψ0 (x) ¯®«ã稬

f ′′ (t) = a2 λf (t) + ϕ0 (t). ◭

à¨¬¥à 1. ¥è¨â¥ § ¤ çã


 utt = 9uxx + 90 cos(2x + 9t), x > 0, t > 0,
u|t=0 = 8 cos 3x − 5 cos 2x, ut |t=0 = 0, x > 0,
ux |x=0 = 18t − 2 sin 9t, t > 0.


◮ ’ ª ª ª ¤ cos(2x + 9t) = −45 cos(2x + 9t), â®

uç áâ­ = c cos(2x+9t) ⇒ −c·45 cos(2x+9t) = 90 cos(2x+9t) ⇐⇒

⇐⇒ c = −2 ⇒ uç áâ­ = −2 cos(2x + 9t) ⇒
⇒ u(x, t) = f (x + 3t) + g(x − 3t) − 2 cos(2x + 9t).
¥à¢ë© ᯮᮡ (¡¥§ ¯¥à¥å®¤  ª ®¤­®à®¤­®¬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨î
¨ ¡¥§ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à )

I. ¥è¨¬ § ¤ ç㠊®è¨.

½
f (x) + g(x) − 2 cos 2x = 8 cos 3x − 5 cos 2x, x > 0,
⇐⇒
f ′ (x) − g ′ (x) + 6 sin 2x = 0, x > 0
½
f (x) + g(x) + 3 cos 2x = 8 cos 3x,
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒
f (x) − g(x) − 3 cos 2x = C
f (x) = 4 cos 3x + C
(
2 , x > 0,
⇐⇒
g(x) = 4 cos 3x − 3 cos 2x − C 2 , x > 0.
‚¨¤¨¬, çâ® ä㭪樨 ­ ©¤¥­ë ⮫쪮 ¤«ï ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ëå
§­ ç¥­¨©  à£ã¬¥­â ,   ®âá ­¥¯®á।á⢥­­® á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ®
ä㭪樨 f (x+3t), g(x−3t) ⮦¥ ­ ©¤¥­ë ¤«ï ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ëå
§­ ç¥­¨©  à£ã¬¥­â , â. ¥.
C
f (x + 3t) = 4 cos 3(x + 3t) + , x + 3t > 0,
2
C
g(x − 3t) = 4 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3 cos 2(x − 3t) − , x − 3t > 0.
2

10
 ˆâ ª, ­ ©¤¥­ë f (x + 3t), g(x − 3t) ¤«ï x − 3t > 0, x + 3t > 0
| íâ® ¢­ãâਠ㣫  AOB .

t t
x+
3t > 0 B
0 3t 6 D2
x−
O x D1
A O x

¨á. 1 ¨á. 2

® ¬ë ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨ï ¤«ï t > 0, x > 0. Žç¥¢¨¤­®, çâ®

f (x + 3t) ®¯à¥¤¥«¨«®áì ¢® ¢á¥© ¨­â¥à¥áãî饩 ­ á ®¡« áâ¨,  

g(x − 3t) ⮫쪮 ¢­ãâਠ㣫  D1 . ¥è¥­¨¥, ¥áâ¥á⢥­­®, ®¯à¥-
¤¥«¨«®áì ⮦¥ ⮫쪮 ¢­ãâਠ㣫  D1 | ®­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¨«®áì

⮫쪮 ­ ç «ì­ë¬¨ ãá«®¢¨ï¬¨ Š®è¨:

u(x, t)D1 =
= 4 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3 cos 2(x − 3t) + 4 cos 3(x + 3t) − 2 cos(2x + 9t),
x − 3t > 0, x + 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0.

II. ’¥¯¥àì ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬

ux |x=0 = 18t − 2 sin 9t, t > 0.

®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ãá«®¢¨¥ ¢ ä®à¬ã«ã à¥è¥­¨ï

u(x, t) = f (x + 3t) + g(x − 3t) − 2 cos(2x + 9t) :

ux |x=0 = 18t−2 sin 9t ⇐⇒ 18t−2 sin 9t = f ′ (3t)+g ′ (−3t)+4 sin 9t.
‚¨¤­®, çâ®  à£ã¬¥­â ã f ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«¥­,   ä㭪樨 f ¨ g
¤«ï ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ëå §­ ç¥­¨©  à£ã¬¥­â  ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ë ¨§ ãá«®-

¢¨© Š®è¨. €à£ã¬¥­â ã g ­¥¯®«®¦¨â¥«¥­ | äã­ªæ¨ï ­¥ ¨§-

¢¥áâ­ , ®¡®§­ ç¨¬ ¥ñ g1 . ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¨§¢¥áâ­ãî äã­ªæ¨î f:

18t − 2 sin 9t = −12 sin 9t + g1′ (−3t) + 4 sin 9t ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ g1′ (−3t) = 18t + 6 sin 9t ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ g1′ (ξ) = −6ξ − 6 sin 3ξ, −3t = ξ, ξ 6 0 ⇐⇒
2
⇐⇒ g1 (ξ) = −3ξ + 2 cos 3ξ + B, ξ 6 0.

11
 ¥è¥­¨¥ ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤

u(x, t)D2 =
C
= 4 cos 3(x+3t)−3(x−3t)2 +2 cos 3(x−3t)−2 cos(2x+9t)+B+ ,
2
x − 3t 6 0, x + 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0.

III. ’¥¯¥àì ýá®èìñ¬þ à¥è¥­¨ï ¯® å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪¥ x = 3t

(â. ª. f (x + 3t) ®¤­  ¨ â  ¦¥, â® ýáè¨âìþ ­ ¤® ⮫쪮 g(x − 3t)
¨ g1 (x − 3t) ¯à¨ x = 3t, â. ¥. g(0) ¨ g1 (0)):
C C
u(x, t)D1 |x=3t = u(x, t)D2 |x=3t ⇔ B + + 2 = 1 ⇔ B = − − 1.
2 2
"Žâ¢¥â. u(x, t) = −2 cos(2x + 9t) + 4 cos 3(x + 3t) +
4 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3 cos 2(x − 3t), x − 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0;
+
2 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3(x − 3t)2 − 1, x − 3t < 0, x > 0, t > 0.
 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ®«ã祭­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¤¢ ¦-
¤ë ­¥¯à¥à뢭® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬® ¢­ãâਠD1 ¨ D2 , ­¥¯à¥-
à뢭® ¯® ¯®áâ஥­¨î ¢® ¢á¥© ¯¥à¢®© ç¥â¢¥àâ¨. Žáâ «áï ¢®-
¯à®á | ï¥âáï «¨ ®­® ­¥¯à¥à뢭® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àã¥¬ë¬ ¢®
¢á¥© ç¥â¢¥àâ¨? ®­ïâ­®, çâ® ­ ¤® ¯à®¢¥à¨âì à ¢¥­á⢮ ¯¥à-
¢ëå ¨ ¢â®àëå ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ëå g(ξ) ¨ g1 (ξ) ¢ 0:

g ′ (ξ) g ′′ (ξ)
½
= −12 sin 3ξ + 6 sin 2ξ, = −36 cos 3ξ + 12 cos 2ξ,
g1′ (ξ) ′′
= −6ξ − 6 sin 3ξ, g1 (ξ) = −6 − 18 cos 3ξ.
‚¨¤­®, çâ® ¯¥à¢ë¥ ¨ ¢â®àë¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥ ®¤¨­ ª®¢ë ¢ 0|
à¥è¥­¨¥ ª« áá¨ç¥áª®¥.
  á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪¨ | íâ® «¨­¨¨ â ª ­ §ë¢ -
¥¬®£® á« ¡®£® à §à뢠, â. ¥. ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥å®¤¥ ç¥à¥§ ­¨å ¬®£ãâ
ýࢠâìáïþ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥. ®í⮬ã à¥è¥­¨¥ ­¥ ¢á¥£¤  ¤®áâ -
â®ç­® £« ¤ª®¥ ¢® ¢á¥© ¯¥à¢®© ç¥â¢¥à⨠| ¬®¦¥¬ ¯®«ãç¨âì ¢
⮬ ¨«¨ ¨­®¬ á¬ëá«¥ ®¡®¡éñ­­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥.
‚â®à®© ᯮᮡ (á ¯¥à¥å®¤®¬ ª ®¤­®à®¤­®¬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨î ¨
¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à )
Š®­¥ç­®, ¬®¦­® ¯à¨¬¥­¨âì ä®à¬ã«ã „ « ¬¡¥à  áࠧ㠪
¨á室­®© § ¤ ç¥, ­® ­¨ªâ® í⮣® ­¥ ¤¥« ¥â, ¯®â®¬ã çâ® ¯à¨-
¤ñâáï ¢ëç¨á«ïâì ¤¢®©­®© ¨­â¥£à «.

12
 1) ®í⮬㠡®«ì設á⢮ ­ å®¤¨â ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥, ¤¥« ¥â
ýᤢ¨£þ,   § â¥¬ ¯à¨¬¥­ï¥â ä®à¬ã«ã „ « ¬¡¥à  㦥 ª ®¤­®-
த­®¬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨î. ‘¤¥« ¥¬ ¨ ¬ë â ª ¦¥:
v = u + 2 cos(2x + 9t).
®¢ ï § ¤ ç  ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤

 vtt = 9vxx , x > 0, t > 0,
v|t=0 = 8 cos 3x − 3 cos 2x, vt |t=0 = −18 sin 2x, x > 0,
vx |x=0 = 18t − 6 sin 9t, t > 0.

2) ’¥¯¥àì, çâ®¡ë ¢®á¯®«ì§®-
¢ âìáï ä®à¬ã«®© „ « ¬¡¥à , t D C
­ ¤® §­ âì, çâ® à¥è¥­¨¥ § - f, g2
¤ ç¨ Š®è¨ ¢ â®çª¥ § ¢¨-
f, g1 x, y
á¨â ®â ­ ç «ì­ëå ãá«®¢¨© ­ 
®á­®¢ ­¨¨ å à ªâ¥à¨áâ¨ç¥á- O A B x
ª®£® âà¥ã£®«ì­¨ª , â. ¥. ­ 
AB (á¬. à¨á. 3). ®í⮬㠐¨á. 3

¨§ à¨á. 3 ¢¨¤­®, çâ® ä®à¬ã« 

„ « ¬¡¥à  à ¡®â ¥â ⮫쪮 ¢­ãâਠ㣫  BOC , â. ¥. ¤«ï x−
− 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0.
ˆâ ª,
v(x, t)D1 =
1³ ´
= 8 cos 3(x+3t)−3 cos 2(x+3t)+8 cos 3(x−3t)−3 cos 2(x−3t) +
2
3
+ (cos 2(x + 3t) − cos 2(x − 3t)) =
2
4 cos 3(x + 3t) + 4 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3 cos 2(x − 3t).
¥è¥­¨¥ ­ ©¤¥­® «¨èì ¢ ç á⨠¯¥à¢®© ç¥â¢¥àâ¨. ’¥¯¥àì
¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬.
3) ‚­ãâਠ㣫  COD á⮨⠤àã£ ï § ¤ ç  | § ¤ ç  ⨯ 
ƒãàá : ¨§¢¥áâ­ë §­ ç¥­¨ï v(x, t) ­  ®¤­®© ¨§ å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪
¨ vx ­  ¯àאַ©, «¥¦ é¥© ¢­ãâਠ㣫  å à ªâ¥à¨á⨪. ¥è¨¬
íâã § ¤ çã:

 v(x, t) = f (x + 3t) + g(x − 3t), t > 0, x > 0,
v(x, t)D1 |x−3t=0 = 4 cos 3(6t) + 1, ⇒
vx |x=0 = 18t − 6 sin 9t, t > 0


13
 
 f (6t) + g(0) = 4 cos 3(6t) + 1, t > 0 ⇒
⇒ ⇒ f (0) + g(0) ≡ v(0, 0) = 5, ⇐⇒
 ′ ′
f (3t) + g (−3t) = 18t − 6 sin 9t, t > 0
½
f (ξ) = 1 + 4 cos 3ξ − g(0), ξ > 0,
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒
g ′ (−ξ) = 6ξ − 6 sin 3ξ + 12 sin 3ξ, ξ > 0
½
f (ξ) = 1 + 4 cos 3(ξ) − g(0), ξ > 0,
⇐⇒ ⇒
g (ξ) = −3ξ 2 + 2 cos 3ξ + B, ξ 6 0
⇒ v(x, t)D2 =
= 1 + 4 cos 3(x + 3t) − g(0) − 3(x − 3t)2 + 2 cos 3(x − 3t) + B,
x + 3t > 0, x − 3t 6 0.
v(0, 0)D2 = 1 + 4 − g(0) + 2 + B = 5 ⇐⇒ − g(0) + B = −2.
®«ã稬, çâ®
u(x, t)D2 =
= −2 cos(2x + 9t) + 4 cos 3(x + 3t) + 2 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3(x − 3t)2 − 1,
x − 3t > 0, x + 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0.
t ý‘訢 âìþ à¥è¥­¨ï ¯® å à ª-
f, g2 â¥à¨á⨪¥ ­¥ ­ ¤®!

 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥.
‚ ®¡« á⨠D1 à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ï-
x, y f, g1 ¥âáï á㬬  ý¯àאַ©þ ¨ ý®¡à â-
­®©þ ¢®«­,   ¢ ®¡« á⨠D2 |
O A B x á㬬  ý®¡à â­®©þ ¨ ®âà ¦ñ­-
¨á. 4
­®© ®â ª®­æ  (á¬. à¨á. 4).

"Žâ¢¥â. u(x, y) = −2 cos(2x + 9t) + 4 cos 3(x + 3t) +

4 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3 cos 2(x − 3t), x − 3t > 0, x > 0, t > 0;
+ ◭
2 cos 3(x − 3t) − 3(x − 3t)2 − 1, x − 3t 6 0, x > 0, t > 0.
à¨¬¥à 2.  ©¤¨â¥ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

utt = a2 uxx + ex−at .

◮ ‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¤ex−at = 0. …᫨ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì à¥è¥­¨¥

¢ ¢¨¤¥ uç áâ­ = cf (x, t), â® ¯®«ã稬 ca2 ex−at = ca2 ex−at +
+ ex−at ⇐⇒ ∅.

14
 ®í⮬㠢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ¢â®àë¬ á¯®á®¡®¬:

uç áâ­ = f (t)ex ⇒ f ′′ (t)ex = a2 f (t)ex + ex e−at ⇐⇒

⇐⇒ f ′′ (t) = a2 f (t) + e−at .
Š ª ¬ë ¢¨¤¨¬, ¤«ï ¨áª®¬®© ä㭪樨 f (t) ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥á⮠१®-

­ ­á:

fç áâ­ = bte−at ⇒ −2abe−at + a2 bte−at = a2 bte−at + e−at ⇐⇒

µ ¶
1 at −at 1 −at x
⇐⇒ b = − ⇒ uç áâ­ = C1 e + C2 e − te e .
2a 2a
‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ç áâ­®£® ¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, uç áâ­ =

= − 2a1 tex−at .

Žâ¢¥â.
1 tex−at .
uç áâ­ = − 2a ◭
à¨¬¥à 3.  ©¤¨â¥ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï
x t
9utt = uxx + t sin + x sin .
3 3
◮ ’ ª ª ª

∂2 ∂2
µ ¶
x 1 x
9 2 − 2 t sin = t sin ,
∂t ∂x 3 9 3
2 2
µ ¶
∂ ∂ t t
9 2 − 2 x sin = −x sin ,
∂t ∂x 3 3
â®
x t
uç áâ­ = at sin
+ bx sin ⇒
3 3
1 x t x t
⇒ at sin − bx sin = t sin + x sin ⇐⇒ a = 9, b = −1 ⇒
9 3 3 3 3
x t
⇒ uç áâ­ (x, t) = 9t sin − x sin . ◭
3 3

2.2. ®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­ ï áâàã­  á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬

¨«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬

¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ® ᢮¡®¤­ëå ª®«¥¡ ­¨ïå ¡¥áª®­¥ç­®©

áâàã­ë, â. ¥. à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:

utt = a2 uxx , t > 0, x ∈ R,

½

u|t=0 = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x ∈ R,

15
¤ ñâáï ä®à¬ã«®© „ « ¬¡¥à :

x+at
u0 (x + at) + u0 (x − at) 1
Z
u(x, t) = + u1 (ξ) dξ.
2 2a x−at

‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¥á«¨ ä㭪樨, § ¤ î騥 ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï,

ïîâáï ­¥çñâ­ë¬¨, â. ¥. u0 (x) = −u0 (−x), u1 (x) = −u1 (−x),

â®, ¢®-¯¥à¢ëå,

x+at
u0 (x + at) + u0 (x − at) 1
Z
u(x, t) = + u1 (ξ) dξ,
2 2a x−at
Z −x+at
u0 (−x + at) + u0 (−x − at) 1
u(−x, t) = + u1 (ξ) dξ =
2 2a −x−at
Z −x+at
−u0 (x − at) − u0 (x + at) 1
= − u1 (−ξ) dξ =
2 2a −x−at
Z x+at
u0 (x − at) + u0 (x + at) 1
=− − u1 (ξ) dξ = −u(x, t),
2 2a x−at
â. ¥. à¥è¥­¨¥ u(x, t) | ⮦¥ ­¥çñâ­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï,   ¢®-¢â®àëå,

at
u0 (at) + u0 (−at) 1
Z
u(x, t)|x=0 = + u1 (ξ) dξ = 0.
2 2a −at

…᫨ ¦¥ u0 (x) = u0 (−x), u1 (x) = u1 (−x) | çñâ­ë¥, â®

 ­ «®£¨ç­® ¯®ª §ë¢ ¥âáï, çâ® u(x, t) | çñâ­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¨

u′0 (at) + u′0 (−at) 1

ux (x, t)|x=0 = + (u1 (at) − u1 (−at)) = 0.
2 2a
â¨ ä ªâë ¤ î⠮᭮¢ ­¨¥ § ¯¨á âì à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ® ª®-

«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬ ¨«¨ ᢮¡®¤-

­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬ ä®à¬ã«®© „ « ¬¡¥à .

ãáâì § ¤ ­  ᬥ蠭­ ï § ¤ ç  ­  ¯®«ã®á¨.

‡ ¤ ç  2.

 utt = a2 uxx , x > 0, t > 0,



u| = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x > 0,

 t=0
u|x=0 = 0, t > 0.

16
 à®¤®«¦¨¬ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ­¥çñâ­ë¬ ®¡à §®¬ ­  ®â-
à¨æ â¥«ì­ãî ¯®«ã®áì, â. ¥. ¯®«®¦¨¬
½ ½
u0 (x), x > 0, u1 (x), x > 0,
v0 (x) = ¨ v1 (x) =
−u0 (−x), x 6 0 −u1 (−x), x 6 0.
‡ ¯¨è¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:

utt = a2 uxx , t > 0, x ∈ R,

½

u|t=0 = v0 (x), ut |t=0 = v1 (x), x ∈ R,

ä®à¬ã«®© „ « ¬¡¥à 
x+at
v0 (x + at) + v0 (x − at) 1
Z
u(x, t) = + v1 (ξ) dξ.
2 2a x−at

’®£¤ , ¢ ᨫ㠯ਢ¥¤ñ­­ëå ¢ëè¥ à áá㦤¥­¨©, íâ® à¥è¥­¨¥

ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ᬥ蠭­®© § ¤ ç¨ 2 (á¬. ¯à¨¬¥àë 4, 9).

2.3. ‡ ª®­ ®âà ¦¥­¨ï ®â § ªà¥¯«ñ­­®£® (᢮¡®¤­®£®)

ª®­æ 

”㭪樨 f (x + 3t), g(x − 3t)

x − 3t > 0, x + 3t > 0
¤«ï
®¯à¥¤¥«ïîâáï ¨§ ­ ç «ì­ëå ãá«®¢¨© Š®è¨,   g(x − 3t) ¤«ï x −
− 3t 6 0 ¨§ ªà ¥¢®£® ãá«®¢¨ï ¨ ãá«®¢¨© Š®è¨.
‚ ç áâ­®áâ¨, ¥á«¨ ª®­¥æ § ªà¥¯«ñ­, â. ¥.

u|x=0 = 0, t > 0, â® f (at) + g(−at) = 0,

¬ë ¯®«ãç ¥¬ § ª®­ ®âà ¦¥­¨ï ®â § ªà¥¯«ñ­­®£® ª®­æ 

g(x − at) = −f (−x + at), x − at 6 0.

…᫨ ª®­¥æ ᢮¡®¤¥­, â® § ª®­ ®âà ¦¥­¨ï ¤à㣮©: f ′ (at) +
′
+ g (−at) = 0 ⇐⇒ f (at) − g(−at) = C , â. ¥.
g(x − at) = f (at − x) + C, x − at 6 0,
à¨¬¥à 4.

 utt = a2 uxx , x > 0, t > 0,



u| = x2 , ut |t=0 = x sin x, x > 0,

 t=0
u|x=0 = 0, t > 0.

17
◮ à®¤®«¦¨¬ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ­¥çñâ­ë¬ ®¡à §®¬, ¯®« -
£ ï v0 = x|x|, v1 = x| sin x|. ’®£¤  à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¤ ñâáï ä®à-
¬ã«®© (ãç¨â뢠ï, çâ® ¢® ¢á¥© ¯¥à¢®© ç¥â¢¥à⨠x + at > 0):
x+at
(x + at)2 + (x − at)|x − at| 1
Z
u(x, t) = + ξ| sin ξ| dξ.
2 2a x−at

 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. Š ᮦ «¥­¨î, ¤ «¥ª® ­¥ ¢á¥£¤ 

¬®¦­® â ª ¯à®áâ® § ¯¨á âì ­¥çñâ­®¥ ¯à®¤®«¦¥­¨¥. ®í⮬ã,
å®âì ¢ ¯à¨­æ¨¯¥ â ª®¥ ¢®§¬®¦­®, ç áâ® ¯à®é¥ à¥è¨âì § ¤ çã
ý¢ «®¡þ à áᬮâ७­ë¬¨ ¯¥à¢ë¬ ¨«¨ ¢â®àë¬ á¯®á®¡ ¬¨. ◭

§ 3. ‡ ¤ ç  Š®è¨ ¢ R2 , R3
à¨¢®¤ïâáï ¯à¨¬¥àë ¬¥â®¤®¢ à¥è¥­¨ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¨ ­¥-
®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ¨«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®-
¢®¤­®áâ¨, ¡¥§ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã« ã áá®­  ¨«¨ Š¨àå£®ä  ¢
á«ãç ïå, ª®£¤  ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¨«¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï 㤮¢-
«¥â¢®àïîâ ­¥ª®â®àë¬ á¯¥æ¨ «ì­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.
à¨¢¥¤ñ­ ¯à¨¬¥à à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨
p Š®è¨ ¢ R3 , ª®£¤  ­ -
ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï § ¢¨áïâ ⮫쪮 ®â x2 + y2 + z 2 . ‡ ¤ ç  à¥-
è ¥âáï ¢ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å ª®®à¤¨­ â å,   á ¯®¬®éìî § ¬¥­ë ¯¥-
६¥­­ëå § ¤ ç  Š®è¨ ᢥ« áì ª ᬥ蠭­®© § ¤ ç¥ ¤«ï ¯®«ã-
¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë á § ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬.
ã¤¥¬ à áᬠâਢ âì á«¥¤ãî騥 § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨: ¤«ï ¢®«­®-
¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï
utt = a2 ∆u + f (x, t), t > 0, x ∈ Rm ,
½
‡ ¤ ç  3.
u|t=0 = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x ∈ Rm ,
£¤¥ m = 2 ¨«¨ m = 3, ¨ ¤«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨
ut = a2 ∆u + f (x, t), t > 0, x ∈ Rm ,
½
‡ ¤ ç  4. £¤¥ m ∈
u|t=0 = u0 (x), x ∈ Rm ,
∈ N.
‘­ ç «  à áᬮâਬ ¬¥â®¤ë, ª®â®àë¥ ¯®¤å®¤ïâ ¤«ï ®¡¥¨å
§ ¤ ç. ’®£¤  ®áâ ­¥âáï «¨èì ®¤¨­ ¬¥â®¤ à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨ Š®-
è¨ ¤«ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨, ª®â®àë© ­¥
£®¤¨âáï ¤«ï ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï.

18
3.1. ¥áª®«ìª® ᯮᮡ®¢ ­ å®¦¤¥­¨ï ç áâ­®£®
à¥è¥­¨ï ­¥®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

 ) …᫨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ utt = a2 ∆u + f (x, t) ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ãá«®¢¨¥

2
∂ f (x, t)
f (x, t) = −a2 ∆f (x, t) = bf (x, t), â. ¥. ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­
∂t2
ï¥âáï ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ ¢¥ªâ®à®¬ ¢®«­®¢®£® ®¯¥à â®à  (¨«¨
∂f (x, t)
®¯¥à â®à  ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨
∂t − a2 f (x, t) = bf (x, t)),
â® ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

uç áâ­ = cf (x, t), c 6= 0.

…᫨ ¦¥ f (x, t) ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£®
ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, â® ­ ¤® ᬮâà¥âì ®â¤¥«ì­® (á¬. ¯à¨¬¥à 2).
b) …᫨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ utt = a2 u + f (x, t) ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¨¬¥¥â
¢¨¤

f (x, t) = ϕ0 (t)ψ(x), £¤¥ ∆ψ(x) = λψ(x),

â. ¥. ψ(x) | ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ®¯¥à â®à  ‹ ¯« á , â®
ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ uç áâ­ = ϕ(t)ψ(x) (á¬.
á. 9).
c) …᫨ ¢ § ¤ ç å 1 ¨«¨ 2 f (x, t) ≡ g(x), â. ¥. ­¥ § ¢¨á¨â ®â t ¨
∃ n ∈ N, â ª®¥, çâ®

∆n g = 0, ∆n u0 = 0, ∆n u1 = 0,
â® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç 㤮¡­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ¬­®£®ç«¥­ , à á¯®-
«®¦¥­­®£® ¯® ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ë¬ á⥯¥­ï¬ t á ­¥¨§¢¥áâ­ë¬¨
ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨, § ¢¨áï騬 ®â x, ¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïî饣® ­ -
ç «ì­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬, â. ¥. ¢ ¢¨¤¥
t2 t3 tm
u(x, t) = u0 (x)+tu1 (x)+ ϕ1 (x)+ ϕ2 (x)+ . . .+ ϕm−1 (x),
2! 3! m!
£¤¥ m ¬ë ­¥ ª®­ªà¥â¨§¨à㥬, â. ª. ®­®  ¢â®¬ â¨ç¥áª¨ ®¯à¥-
¤¥«¨âáï ¢ ¯à®æ¥áᥠà¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨. Žáâ «®áì 㤮¢«¥â¢®-
à¨âì ãà ¢­¥­¨î. ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«ã ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
t2 t3 tm
ϕ1 (x)+ ϕ2 (x)+ . . .+
u(x, t) = u0 (x)+tu1 (x)+ ϕm−1 (x),
2! 3! m!
t t2 t3 tm−2
ϕ1 (x)+ ϕ2 (x)+ ϕ3 (x)+ ϕ4 (x)+ . . .+ ϕm−1 (x) =
1! 2! 3! (m − 2)!

19
 t2 t3
µ
2
= a ∆u0 (x) + t∆u1 (x) + ∆ϕ1 (x) + ∆ϕ2 (x) + . . .+
2! 3!
tm
¶
+ ∆ϕm−1 (x) + g(x) ⇐⇒ ϕ1 (x) = a2 ∆u0 (x) + g(x),
m!
ϕ2 (x) = a2 ∆u1 (x),
ϕ3 (x) = a2 ∆ϕ1 (x) = a2 ∆(a2 ∆u0 (x) + g(x)) =
= a4 ∆2 u0 (x) + a2 ∆g(x),
ϕ4 (x) = a2 ∆ϕ2 (x) = a4 ∆2 u1 (x),
... ...
‚¨¤­®, çâ® ­ ç¨­ ï á ­¥ª®â®à®£® k
ϕi ¡ã¤ãâ à ¢­ë 0.
¢á¥

…᫨ ¢ § ¤ ç å 3, 4 ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï u0 (x), u1 (x) ­¥ 㤮¢-

«¥â¢®àïîâ ãá«®¢¨ï¬ í⮣® ¯ã­ªâ , â® ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ 㤮¡­®

¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u(x, t) =

t2 ϕ (x) + t3 ϕ (x) + . . . + tm ϕ
2! 1 3! 2 m! m−1 (x),
â. ¥. 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïî饥 ­ã«¥¢ë¬ ­ ç «ì­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.

’ ª ª ª ®¡é¥£® à¥è¥­¨ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

¨«¨ ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®á⨠¢ á«ãç ¥ x ∈ Rn ,

m > 1, ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, â® ¯®á«¥ ­ å®¦¤¥­¨ï ç áâ­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï
­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ᤥ« âì ᤢ¨£: v(x, t) = u(x, t) − uç áâ­ (x, t), ç⮡ë
ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ áâ «® ®¤­®à®¤­ë¬.

3.2. ¥ª®â®àë¥ á¯®á®¡ë à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç Š®è¨

¤«ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

ã¤¥¬ à áᬠâਢ âì § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨ ¤«ï ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ¢®«-

­®¢®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

utt = a2 ∆u, t > 0, x ∈ Rm ,

½
‡ ¤ ç  5. m
½ u|t=0 =2 u0 (x), ut |t=0 = 0,mx ∈ R .
utt = a ∆u, t > 0, x ∈ R ,
‡ ¤ ç  6.
u|t=0 = 0, ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x ∈ Rm ,
£¤¥ m = 2, 3, ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨

ut = a2 ∆u, t > 0, x ∈ Rm ,
½
‡ ¤ ç  7. £¤¥ m ∈ N.
u|t=0 = u0 (x), x ∈ Rm ,
1. ɇǬ

∆u0 = λu0 ¨«¨ ∆u1 = λu1 ,

20
 â® à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç 5{7 ¨é¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï ¨áª®¬®©
ä㭪樨 f (t) ­  ᮡá⢥­­ãî äã­ªæ¨î ®¯¥à â®à  ‹ ¯« á 
(u0 ¨«¨ u1 ᮮ⢥âá⢥­­®), 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïî饣® ­ ç «ì­ë¬
ãá«®¢¨ï¬, â. ¥.

u(x, t) = f (t)u0 (x), f (0) = 1, f ′ (0) = 0; (5)

u(x, t) = f (t)u1 (x), f (0) = 0, f ′ (0) = 1; (6)

u(x, t) = f (t)u0 (x), f (0) = 1. (7)
2. ɇǬ

u0 = ϕ(αx + βy + γz) ¨«¨ u1 = ϕ(αx + βy + γz),

â® à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç (5) { (7) ­ å®¤¨¬ ¢ ¢¨¤¥

u = f (t, αx + βy + γz).
Ž¡®§­ ç¨¬ ξ = αx + βy + γz . ’®£¤  § ¤ ç¨ áâ ­ãâ ®¤­®¬¥à-
­ë¬¨ ¨ ¯à¨¬ãâ ¢¨¤

 ftt = a2 (α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )fξξ ,



f = u0 (ξ), (5*)
 t=0
ft |t=0 = 0;
 ftt = a2 (α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )fξξ ,


f = 0, (6*)
 t=0
ft |t=0 = u1 (ξ);
ft = a2 (α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )fξξ ,
½
(7*)
ft=0 = u0 (ξ).
¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç (5*) { (6*) «¥£ª® § ¯¨á âì á ¯®¬®éìî ä®à-
¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à . ¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ (7*) ¬®¦­® ¯®«ãç¨âì á ¯®-
¬®éìî ä®à¬ã«ë ã áá®­  ¨«¨ ª ª-â® ¯®-¤à㣮¬ã, ¥á«¨ íâ®
¢®§¬®¦­®.
utt = a2 ∆u, t > 0, x ∈ Rm ,
½
3. …᫨ ¢ § ¤ ç¥ ¨«¨
u|t=0 = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), x ∈ Rm
§ ¤ ç¥ (7) ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï â ª®¢ë, çâ® áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â n ∈ N
â ª®¥, çâ®

∆n u0 = 0, ∆n u1 = 0,
â® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u(x, t) = u0 (x) +
2 3
tm ϕ
+ tu1 (x) + t2! ϕ1 (x) + t3! ϕ2 (x) + . . . + m! m−2 (x).

21
4. …᫨ u0 ¨«¨ u1 ïîâáï ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨¥¬ ­¥ª®â®à®© £ à¬®-
­¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨 ­  ­¥ª®â®àãî äã­ªæ¨î ®â ¤àã£¨å ­¥§ -
¢¨á¨¬ëå ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå, â. ¥.

u0 (x1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 , . . . , xk )g(xk+1 , . . . , xn ), ∆f = 0

2
(­ ¯à¨¬¥à, u0 (x, y, z) = (x2 − y 2 )e−z ), â® à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­®
¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

u(t, x1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 , . . . , xk )h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ),

h|t=0 = g(xk+1 , . . . , xn ),
¥á«¨ íâ®, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨. …᫨ íâ®
§ ¤ ç  5, â®

h|t=0 = g(xk+1 , . . . , xn ), ht |t=0 = 0.

◮ ®¤áâ ¢¨¬

u(t, x1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 , . . . , xk )h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ),

­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ 7:

utt = a2 ∆u, t > 0, x ∈ Rn ,

½

u|t=0 = f (x1 , . . . , xk )g(xk+1 , . . . , xn ), ut |t=0 = 0.

2
a ∆(f (x1 , . . . , xk )h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn )) =
= a2 (h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn )∆f (x1 , . . . , xn ))+
+f (x1 , . . . , xk )∆h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn )) ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ htt (t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ) = a2 ∆h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ) ⇒
 htt (t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ) = a2 ∆h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn ),


⇒ h(t, xk+1 , . . . , xn )|t=0 = g(xk+1 , . . . , xn ), ◭

ht (t, xk+1 , . . . , xn )|t=0 = 0.


5. „®¢®«ì­® ç áâ® ¢áâà¥ç ¥âáï ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ¢¨¤ 

u0 = x sin(ax + by + cz).

‚ëç¨á«¨¬ ∆u0 : ∆u0 = 2a cos(ax + by + cz) − (a2 + b2 +

+ c2 )x sin(ax + by + cz).

22
 ‡­ ç¨â, à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u = g(t) cos(ax + by +

+ cz) + f (t)x sin(ax + by + cz), 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïî饬 ­ ç «ì­ë¬

ãá«®¢¨ï¬ f (0) = 0, g(0) = 1, ¥á«¨ íâ®, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, § ¤ ç  7.

◮ ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï:

u = f (t)x sin(ax + by + cz) + g(t) cos(ax + by + cz),
f (0) = 1, g(0) = 0,
′ ′
f (t)x sin(ax + by + cz) + g (t) cos(ax + by + cz) =
= −g(t)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) cos(ax + by + cz)+
+f (t) 2a cos(ax+by+cz) − (a2 +b2 +c2 )x sin(ax+by+cz) ⇒
¡ ¢
½ ′
f (t) + f (t)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) = 0, f (0) = 1,
⇒
g ′ (t) + g(t)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) = 2af (t), g(0) = 0.
®«ã稫¨ ¤¢¥ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨ ¤«ï ®¡ëª­®¢¥­­ëå ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨-

 «ì­ëå ãà ¢­¥­¨©. ◭
à¨¬¥à 5.

 utt = ∆u + (x2 + y 2 ) sin t, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,



u| = (2x − y + 2z) sin(2x − y + 2z)2 ,

 t=0
ut |t=0 = 0.

◮  ©¤ñ¬ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï utt = ∆u + x2 sin t. ’ ª

ª ª (sin t)′′ = − sin t, â®

uç áâ­ = f (x) sin t ⇒: −f (x) = f ′′ (x) + x2 ⇐⇒

⇐⇒ f ′′ (x) + f (x) = −x2 ⇐⇒ f (x) = C1 sin x + C2 cos x + 2 − x2 .
‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ç áâ­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï ¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì uç áâ­ = (2−x2 ) sin t.
€­ «®£¨ç­® ¯®«ãç¨âáï ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ uç áâ­ = (2 − y 2 ) sin t
¤«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï utt = u + y 2 sin t.
2 2
’®£¤  v = u − (4 − x − y ) sin t ⇒

 vtt = v, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,



⇒ v|t=0 = (2x − y + 2z) sin(2x − y + 2z)2 ,

vt |t=0 = x2 + y 2 − 4.


¥è¥­¨¥ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ á㬬ë à¥è¥­¨© v = w(x, y, z, t) +

+ f (x, y, t) ¤¢ãå § ¤ ç:

23
  wtt = ∆w, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,


1. w| = (2x − y + 2z) sin(2x − y + 2z)2 , ⇒ w(x, y, z, t) =

 t=0
wt |t=0 = 0
= g(2x − y + 2z, t). Ž¡®§­ ç¨¬ 2x − y + 2z = ξ . ’®£¤ 

 gtt = 9gξξ , t > 0, ξ ∈ R,
g|t=0 = ξ sin ξ 2 , ⇐⇒
gt |t=0 = 0


(ξ + 3t) sin(ξ + 3t)2 + (ξ − 3t) sin(ξ − 3t)2

⇐⇒ g(ξ, t) = .
2
 ftt = ∆f, t > 0, (x, y) ∈ R2 ,


2. f| = 0, ⇒
 t=0 2 2
ft |t=0 = x + y − 4.
⇒ f (x, y, t) =
t2 t3 t4
= 0+t(x2 +y 2 −4)+ ϕ1 (x, y)+ ϕ2 (x, y)+ ϕ3 (x, y)+ . . .+
2! 3! 4!
t2
+ϕ1 (x, y) + tϕ2 (x, y) + ϕ3 (x, y) + . . . =
2!
t2 t3
= t(4) + ϕ1 (x, y) + ϕ2 (x, y) + . . . ⇐⇒
2! 3!
⇐⇒ ϕ1 (x, y) = 0, ϕ2 (x, y) = 4,
ϕ3 (x, y) = ϕ1 (x, y) = 0, ϕ4 (x, y) = ϕ2 (x, y) = 0,
4t3 2t3
f (x, y, t) = t(x2 + y 2 − 4) + = t(x2 + y 2 − 4) + .
3! 3
3
Žâ¢¥â. u(x, y, t) = (4 − x2 − y 2 ) sin t + t(x2 + y 2 − 4) + 2t3 +
³
+ 12 (2x − y + 2z + 3t) sin(2x − y + 2z + 3t)2 + (2x − y + 2z −
´
− 3t) sin(2x − y + 2z − 3t)2 . ◭
ut = ∆u, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,
½
à¨¬¥à 6.
u|t=0 = xyz cos x.
◮ ‚ í⮬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥
(∆yzx cos x) = −2yz sin x − yzx cos x.
®í⮬ã à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

u = f (t)yz sin x + g(t)yzx cos x, f (0) = 0, g(0) = 1.

24
 ’®£¤ 

f (t)yz sin x + g ′ (t)yzx cos x =

′

= −f (t)yz sin x − g(t)(2yz sin x + yzx cos x) ⇐⇒

½ ′
g (t) + g(t) = 0, g(0) = 1 ⇐⇒ g(t) = e−t ;
⇐⇒ ⇒
f ′ (t) + f (t) = −2g(t) = −2e−t , f (0) = 0
⇒ f (t) = Ce−t − 2te−t , f (0) = 0 ⇒ f (t) = −2te−t .
Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â
−t −t
Žâ¢¥â.
( z, t) = e yzx cos x − 2te yz sin x.
u(x, y, ◭
2ut = 7u + sin
√ x ch z , t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,
à¨¬¥à 7. t+4
u|t=0 = (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z.
◮ à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ®¡ëç­®£® ᨭãá  (¨«¨ ª®á¨­ãá ) ­  £¨¯¥à¡®-

«¨ç¥áª¨© ᨭãá (¨«¨ ª®á¨­ãá) ï¥âáï £ à¬®­¨ç¥áª®© äã­ª-

樥©

∆ sin x ch z = 0.
®í⮬㠨饬 ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥

uç áâ­. = f (t) sin x ch z,f (0) = 0 :

1 √
2f ′ (t) = √ ⇒ f (t) = t + 4 + C,
t+4
√ ¡√ ¢
f (0) = 0 ⇒ f (t) = t + 4 − 2 ⇒ uç áâ­. = t + 4 − 2 sin x ch z.
’¥¯¥àì ¤¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£:

2vt = 7∆v, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,

½
v = u − uç áâ­ ⇒
v|t=0 = (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z.
ˆ­â¥à¥á­®, çâ® ∆2 (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z ≡ 0 (¯à®¢¥àìâ¥!).

®í⮬ã à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨é¥¬ ¢ ¢¨¤¥

v = (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z + tϕ1 (x, y, z)+

t2 t3
+ ϕ2 (x, y, z) + ϕ3 (x, y, z) + . . . ⇒
2! 3!
2
µ ¶
t
⇒ 2 ϕ1 (x, y, z) + tϕ2 (x, y, z) + ϕ3 (x, y, z) + . . . =
2!
= 7(2 cos x ch z + 2 sin x sh z) + tϕ1 (x, y, z)+

25
 t2 t3
+ ϕ2 (x, y, z) + ϕ3 (x, y, z) + . . . ⇐⇒
2! 3!
⇐⇒ 2ϕ1 (x, y, z) = 14(cos x ch z + sin x sh z),
2ϕ2 (x, y, z) = 7∆ϕ1 (x, y, z) = 0,
2ϕ3 (x, y, z) = ∆ϕ2 (x, y, z) = 0.
v = (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z + 7t(cos x ch z + sin x sh z) ⇒
¡√ ¢
Žâ¢¥â. u = t + 4 − 2 sin x ch z + (x − 2y + z) sin x ch z +
+ 7t(cos x ch z + sin
 x sh z). ◭
u = ∆u, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R3,
 tt
3
 ³ ´
u|t=0 = x2 y − y3 e−z ,
2
à¨¬¥à 8.

ut |t=0 = 0.

³ 3´
◮ ’ ª ª ª x y − y3 ≡ 0, â® à¥è¥­¨¥ ­ å®¤¨¬ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u =
2
³ 3´
= f (t, z) x2 y − y3 , f (t, z)|t=0 = e−z , ft (t, z)|t=0 = 0.
2

®¤áâ ¢¨¢ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï, ¯®«ãç ¥¬ § -

¤ çã:
½
ftt (t, z) = fzz (t, z),
2 ⇐⇒
f (t, z)|t=0 = e−z , f t (t, z)|t=0 = 0,
2 2
e−(z+t) + e−(z−t)
⇐⇒ f (t, z) = ⇒
2 ³ ´
µ 3
¶ e−(z+t)2 + e−(z−t)2
y
⇒ u = x2 y − .
3 2
³ ´
´ e−(z+t)2 + e−(z−t)2
y3
³
2
Žâ¢¥â. u = x y − . ◭
3 2
 2
u = a ∆u, t > 0, (x, y, z) ∈ R , 3
 tt
 ³ p ´3
à¨¬¥à 9. u|t=0 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) sh x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
 p
ut |t=0 = cos x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

◮ â® ¤®¢®«ì­® ¢ ¦­ë© ¨ ¨­â¥à¥á­ë© ¯à¨¬¥à. ¥è ¥âáï ®­
á ¯®¬®éìî ¯¥à¥å®¤  ª áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬ ¨ ¯®á«¥¤ãî-

饩 § ¬¥­®© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå, ª®â®à ï ᢥ¤ñâ § ¤ ç㠊®è¨ ¢ R3

ª ®¤­®¬¥à­®© ᬥ蠭­®© § ¤ ç¥ ­  ¯®«ã®á¨ r > 0. ¥à¥©¤ñ¬

ª áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬, ¨, ¯®áª®«ìªã ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï

26
§ ¢¨áïâ ⮫쪮 ®â à ááâ®ï­¨ï, â® ¨ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì ¢

¢¨¤¥ u(r, t):

 ³ ´
= 2 u + 2u
u
 tt a rr r r , t > 0, r > 0,

u| = r2 sh3 r,
 t=0

ut |t=0 = cos r.
® ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¬ë à¥è âì ­¥ 㬥¥¬. ®í⮬ã ᤥ« ¥¬ § -
ϕ(r, t)
¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå: ϕ(r, t) = ru(r, t) ⇐⇒ u(r, t) = r , ¨§

ª®â®à®© á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ϕ(r, t)|r=0 = 0. ®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ãá«®¢¨ï

§ ¤ ç¨:

ϕtt = a2 ϕrr , t > 0, r > 0,




ϕ|t=0 = r3 (sh r)3 , r > 0,

ϕ| = r cos r, r > 0,
 t t=0


ϕ|r=0 = 0, t > 0.
®«ã稫 áì § ¤ ç  ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë á § -

ªà¥¯«ñ­­ë¬ ª®­æ®¬. ¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¯®«ãç¨âì á ¯®¬®éìî

ä®à¬ã«ë „ « ¬¡¥à , ¥á«¨ ¯à®¤®«¦¨¬ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ­ 

®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ãî ¯®«ã®áì ­¥çñâ­ë¬ ®¡à §®¬.

‚ ­ è¥¬ á«ãç ¥ r cos r | 㦥 ­¥çñâ­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï,   ­®¢®¥

ϕ|t=0 ¬®¦­® § ¯¨á âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ϕ|t=0 = r3 | sh3 r| | ¯®«ã稬 § -

¤ ç㠊®è¨ ­  ¢á¥© ®á¨:

 ϕtt = a2 ϕrr , t > 0, r ∈ R,



ϕ| = r3 | sh3 r|, r ∈ R,
 t=0
ϕt |t=0 = r cos r, r ∈ R,
à¥è¥­¨¥ ª®â®à®© ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤

(r + at)3 ¯sh3 (r + t)¯ + (r − at)3 ¯sh3 (r − at)¯

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
u(r, t) = +
2r
Z r+at
1
+ ξ cos ξ dξ.
2ar r−at
’ ª ª ª ¢® ¢á¥© ¨­â¥à¥áãî饩 ­ á ®¡« á⨠r+at > 0, â® ¬®¦­®
§ ¯¨á âì
(r + at)3 sh3 (r + at) + (r − at)3 ¯sh3 (r − at)¯
¯ ¯
Žâ¢¥â. u(r, t) = 2r +
1 ((r + at) sin(r + at) − (r − at) sin(r − at) − 2 sin r sin at). ◭
+ 2ar

27
 
 utt = ∆u,
à¨¬¥à 10. u|t=0 = (y + z) arctg(y − z),
ut |t=0 = 0.

◮ â®â ¯à¨¬¥à ®â«¨ç ¥âáï ®â ¯à¥¤ë¤ãé¨å ⥬, çâ® ¬ë ᤥ-
« ¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬ëå ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå: ξ = y + z, η = y − z ⇒
2 2 2 2
³ ´
⇒ ∂ u2 + ∂ u2 = 2 ∂ u2 + ∂ u2 ¨ § ¤ ç  ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤
∂y ∂z ∂ξ ∂η

 utt = 2u,
u|t=0 = ξ arctg η, ⇒ (â. ª. ∆ξ = 0)u = ξf (η, t) ⇒
ut |t=0 = 0.


 ftt (η, t) = 2fηη (η, t),
⇒ f |t=0 = arctg η, ⇐⇒
ft |t=0 = 0.

√ √
arctg(η − 2t) + arctg(η + 2t)
⇐⇒ f (η, t) = .
2
1 arctg(y − z − √2t) + arctg(y −
³
Žâ¢¥â. u(y, z, t) = (y + z) ·
2
√ ´
− z + 2t) . ◭

§ 4. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ®â१ª¥

 áᬠâਢ ¥âáï ¬¥â®¤ à §¤¥«¥­¨ï ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ”ãàì¥ ­ 

®â१ª¥ ¤«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨© £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® (­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢®«­®-
¢®¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥) ¨ ¯ à ¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® (­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ⥯-
«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨) ⨯®¢. „«ï ®âë᪠­¨ï ᮡá⢥­­ëå äã­ª-
権 ¨ ᮡá⢥­­ëå §­ ç¥­¨© § ¤ ç¨ ¢®§­¨ª ¥â ®¯¥à â®à L∗1 =
= a2 (x) d2 d + c(x).
+ b(x) dx  áᬠâਢ îâáï ¤¢  á«ãç ï: ®¯¥-
2
dx
à â®à −L∗1 ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï ¨ ®¯¥à -
â®à −L∗1 ­¥ ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.

4.1. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ®â१ª¥, ª®£¤  ®¯¥à â®à −L∗1

ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï

ã¤¥¬ à áᬠâਢ âì á«¥¤ãî騥 § ¤ ç¨ ­  ®â१ª¥:

28
 ‡ ¤ ç  8.

 utt + αut + βu = L1 u + f (x, t), t > 0, a < x < b,
u|t=0 = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), a 6 x 6 b;
(c1 u + d1 ux )|x=a = ϕ1 (t), (c2 u + d2 ux )|x=b = ϕ2 (t), t > 0,

¨«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨:
‡ ¤ ç  9.

 ut + αu = L1 u + f (x, t), t > 0, a < x < b,
u| = u0 (x), a 6 x 6 b;
 t=0
(c1 u + d1 ux )|x=a = ϕ1 (t), (c2 u + d2 ux )|x=b = ϕ2 (t), t > 0,
2
£¤¥ ®¯¥à â®à L1 ≡ a2 (x) ∂ 2 + b(x) ∂x
∂ + c(x), α, β, c , d ∈ R.
i i
∂x
® á­ ç «  à áᬮâਬ § ¤ ç¨ á ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騬¨ ®¤­®-
த­ë¬¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï¬¨ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ë¬¨ ªà ¥¢ë¬¨ ãá«®¢¨ï¬¨:
‡ ¤ ç  8*.

 utt + αut + βu = L1 u, t > 0, a < x < b,
u|t=0 = u0 (x), ut |t=0 = u1 (x), a 6 x 6 b;
(c1 u + d1 ux )|x=a = 0, (c2 u + d2 ux )|x=b = 0, t > 0,

¨«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®áâ¨:
‡ ¤ ç  9*.

 ut + αu = L1 u, t > 0, a < x < b,
u|t=0 = u0 (x), a 6 x 6 b;
(c1 u + d1 ux )|x=a = 0, (c2 u + d2 ux )|x=b = 0, t > 0.


‚ ®¡¥¨å § ¤ ç å, çâ® ¢ ¦­®, ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï

| ®¤­®à®¤­ë¥. ’ ª¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¯à¨­ïâ® à¥è âì ¬¥â®¤®¬ à §¤¥-
«¥­¨ï ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ”ãàì¥.
I. „«ï í⮣® ¯à®¢¥¤ñ¬ à §¤¥«¥­¨¥ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ¢ ®¤­®à®¤-
­®¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨ïå. â® ï-
¥âáï ª«îç¥¢ë¬ ¬®¬¥­â®¬ ¯à¨ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¨ ¬¥â®¤  ”ãàì¥. ‚
­ è¥¬ á«ãç ¥ ¯®á«¥ à §¤¥«¥­¨ï ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ¯®«ãç âáï ®¡ëª-
­®¢¥­­ë¥ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ì­ë¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï á ¯®áâ®ï­­ë¬¨ ª®íä-
ä¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨. ‚ ¤àã£¨å § ¤ ç å, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢ ⮬ ¦¥ ãà ¢­¥-
­¨¨ ⥯«®¯à®¢®¤­®á⨠¨«¨ ¢®«­®¢®¬, ­® ¢ ¯à®áâà ­á⢥ ¡®«ì-
襩 à §¬¥à­®áâ¨, ¯®«ãç îâáï ¡®«¥¥ á«®¦­ë¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï.
ˆé¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, § ¤ ç¨ 9* ¢ ¢¨¤¥
u(x, t) = T (t)X(x).

29
 ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ u(x, t) = T (t)X(x) ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥:

T (t)X(x) + αT (t)X(x) = T (t)L∗1 X(x) ⇐⇒

′

T ′ (t) L∗ X(x) (8)

+α= 1 = const = ν,
T (t) X(x)
2
£¤¥ ®¯¥à â®à
d + c(x)
L∗1 = a2 (x) d 2 + b(x) dx | ®¯¥à â®à 㦥 á
dx
®¡ëª­®¢¥­­ë¬¨ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¬¨.
’¥¯¥àì à §¤¥«¨¬ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢ ®¤­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®-
¢¨ïå:

c1 T (t)X(a) + d1 T (t)X ′ (a) = 0 ⇐⇒ c1 X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,

c2 T (t)X(b) + d2 T (t)X ′ (b) = 0 ⇐⇒ c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
„«ï X(x) ¢®§­¨ª«  ªà ¥¢ ï § ¤ ç 
 ∗
 L1 X(x) = νX(x), a < x < b,
c X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
 1
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
¥è¥­¨¥ ¢á¥© § ¤ ç¨ 9* ⥯¥àì § ¢¨á¨â ®â à¥è¥­¨ï í⮩
ªà ¥¢®© § ¤ ç¨. € ªà ¥¢ ï § ¤ ç , ª ª ¨§¢¥áâ­®, ­¥ ¢á¥£¤ 
¨¬¥¥â ­¥âਢ¨ «ì­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ | ¢áñ § ¢¨á¨â ®â ®¯¥à â®à  L∗1 .
Ž¯¥à â®à − div(p(x) grad) + q(x), p(x) > 0, q(x) > 0, ­ §ë-
¢ ¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.
‚ ®¤­®¬¥à­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ®­ ¯à¨­¨¬ ¥â ¢¨¤
µ ¶
d d
L≡− p(x) + q(x).
dx dx
…᫨ L∗1 = −L, â® ãá«®¢¨ï § ¤ ç¨ ¯à¨¬ãâ ¢¨¤

 LX(x) = −νX(x), a < x < b,
c1 X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.


’ ª ï § ¤ ç  ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï § ¤ ç¥© ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.

‹î¡®¥ ­¥âਢ¨ «ì­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ í⮩ § ¤ ç¨ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï
ᮡá⢥­­®© ä㭪樥© § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï,   ⥠(−ν),
¯à¨ ª®â®àëå â ª®¢ë¥ áãé¥áâ¢ãîâ, ­ §ë¢ îâáï ᮡá⢥­­ë¬¨
§­ ç¥­¨ï¬¨ § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.

30
 ‚ ⥮ਨ ªãàá  ¤®ª §ë¢ ¥âáï, çâ® ¥á«¨ p(x) ∈ C 1 [a; b],
p(x) > p0 > 0, q(x) ∈ C[a; b], q(x) > 0, ⮠ᮡá⢥­­ëå §­ -

祭¨© áçñâ­®¥ ¬­®¦¥á⢮, ®­¨ ­¥®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ë, â. ¥. −ν =

= λ2 , ª ¦¤®¬ã ᮡá⢥­­®¬ã §­ ç¥­¨î ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã¥â ®¤­ 

ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï,   ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨, ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã-

î騥 à §­ë¬ ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ §­ ç¥­¨ï¬, ®à⮣®­ «ì­ë, â. ¥.

Rb
a Xk (x)Xn (x) dx = 0, k 6= n, ¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïîâ ᮡ®© ¯®«­ãî

®à⮣®­ «ì­ãî ¢ L2 [a, b] á¨á⥬ã.

Žç¥­ì ç áâ® ¢ ­ è¨å § ¤ ç å p(x) ≡ 1, q(x) ≡ 0, ¨ ⮣¤ 

2 2
L = − d 2 ,   L∗1 ≡ d 2 .
dx dx
‚ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ § ¤ ç  ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤

 −X ′′ (x) = λ2 X(x), a < x < b,



c X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
 1
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
Žá®¡¥­­®áâì íâ¨å § ¤ ç ­  ¬¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ®

¥á«¨ ¢ ª ¦¤®¬ ¨§ ª« áá¨ç¥áª¨å ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨© ®â«¨ç¥­ ®â

0 «¨èì ®¤¨­ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â, ⮠᢮©á⢠ ¯®«ãç îé¨åáï ᮡáâ-

¢¥­­ëå ä㭪権 ¨§¢¥áâ­ë ¨§ ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®£®  ­ «¨§  2-£®

ªãàá .

à¨¬¥à 11. ¥è¨â¥ § ¤ ç㠘âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï

 −X ′′ (x) = µX(x), x ∈ (0; π),



X ′ (0) = 0,
 ′
X (π) = 0.
◮ ’ ª ª ª ⥮à¨ï ­¥ ¢á¥¬ ¨§¢¥áâ­ ,   § ¤ ç  ¯à®áâ ï, â® à¥-

訬 ¥ñ ¯à¨ ¢á¥å ¢®§¬®¦­ëå §­ ç¥­¨ïå ¯ à ¬¥âà  µ:

2) µ = 0 : X(x) = C1 x + C2 .
X ′ (0) = 0 ⇐⇒ C1 = 0, X ′ (π) = 0 ⇐⇒ C1 = 0 ⇒ X0 (x) = 1.
1) µ < 0 ⇔ µ = −λ2 < 0 : X(x) = X(x) = C1 ch λx + C2 sh λx.
X ′ (0) = 0 ⇐⇒ C2 = 0, X ′ (π) = −C1 λ sh λπ = 0 ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ C1 = 0 ⇒ X(x) ≡ 0.
2
3) µ > 0 ⇐⇒ µ = λ > 0 : X(x) = C1 cos λx + C2 sin λx.
X ′ (0) = 0 ⇐⇒ C2 = 0, X ′ (π) = −C1 λ sin λπ = 0 ⇒

31
 ⇒ λπ = kπ, k ∈ Z ⇒ Xk (x) = cos kx, k ∈ N.
‘¢®©á⢠ ¯®«ã祭­®© á¨á⥬ë ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権 å®-

à®è® ¨§¢¥áâ­ë ¨§ ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®£®  ­ «¨§  2-£® ªãàá : á¨á-

⥬  {cos kx}, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ¨ ¯®«­  ¢ L2 [0; π].

Žâ¢¥â. {cos kx}, k ∈ N ∪ {0}. ◭
ˆâ ª, ­ ©¤¥­ë ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 Xk (x) ¨ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥
T ′ (t)
§­ ç¥­¨ï λ2k . Tk (t): Tk (t) + α = µk = −λ2k ⇐⇒
’¥¯¥àì ­ å®¤¨¬
k
⇐⇒ Tk′ (t) + (α + λ2k )Tk (t) = 0 ¨ ¯®«ãç ¥¬ ¬­®¦¥á⢮ à¥è¥-
­¨© ãà ¢­¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨ uk (x, t) = Tk (t)Xk (x), 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîé¨å

ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬. Žáâ «®áì 㤮¢«¥â¢®à¨âì ­ ç «ì­ë¬ ãá«®-

¢¨ï¬.

II. ’¥¯¥àì 㦥 ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢á¥© § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ä®à¬ «ì-

­®£® à鸞

∞
X
u(x, t) = Tk (t)Xk (x).
k
®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï:

∞
X
u(x, t)|t=0 = Tk (0)Xk (x) = u0 (x).
k
‚®§­¨ª«  ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®áâì à §«®¦¨âì u0 (x) ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥ ¯®
∞
P
ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ § ¤ ç¨: u0 (x) = ak Xk (x). ‚®â
k
§¤¥áì-â® ¨ ¯®âॡ®¢ «¨áì ᢮©á⢠ u0 (x) ¨ ᮡá⢥­­ëå äã­ª-

権. ’ ª ª ª ­ è  á¨á⥬  ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ¨ ¯®«­  ¢ L2 [a; b],

â® ¢áïªãî u0 (x) ∈ L2 [a; b] ¬®¦­® à §«®¦¨âì ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥, £¤¥
Rb
a
u0 (x)Xn (x) dx
an = Rb 2 .
a
Xn (x) dx
∞
P ∞
P
’®£¤  Tk (0)Xk (x) = u0 (x) = ak Xk (x) ⇐⇒ Tk (0) = ak .
k k
®«ã稫¨ ¤«ï Tk (t) § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:
½ ′
Tk (t) + αTk (t) = −λ2k Tk (t),
Tk (0) = ak ,
ª®â®àë¥, ª ª ¨§¢¥áâ­®, ¨¬¥îâ ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥.

32
 ∞
P
”®à¬ «ì­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ u(x, t) = Tk (t)Xk (x) ­ ©¤¥­®, â. ª.
k
­ ©¤¥­ë ¢á¥ Xk (x), Tk (t).
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥ 1. Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ­  â®, çâ® § -
¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã¥â ®¯¥à â®àã L1 ¨ ­¥ § ¢¨-
á¨â ®â ⮣®, çâ® á⮨â á«¥¢  ¢ ­ è¨å ãà ¢­¥­¨ïå § ¤ ç 8*, 9*.

4.2. Š ª ¡ëâì, ¥á«¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ­¥®¤­®à®¤­®¥

¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ­¥®¤­®à®¤­ë¥?

 áᬮâਬ ⥯¥àì § ¤ ç¨ 8 ¨ 9.

’¥¯¥àì à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç á®á⮨⠨§ âàñå íâ ¯®¢.

I.  å®¤¨¬ äã­ªæ¨î w0 (x, t), ª®â®à ï 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â § ¤ ­-

­ë¬ ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.
Ž¡é¨å ¯à ¢¨« ¤«ï ­ å®¦¤¥­¨ï w0 (x, t) ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â. ®-
í⮬ã à áᬮâਬ ­¥áª®«ìª® ¯à¨¬¥à®¢.  ¯à¨¬¥à,
 ) u|x=a = ϕ1 (t), ux |x=b = ϕ2 (t). ’®£¤  ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ w0 (x, t)
¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì äã­ªæ¨î w0 (x, t) = ϕ1 (t)+(x−a)ϕ2 (t),   ¬®¦­®
¨ «î¡ãî ¤àã£ãî | «¨èì ¡ë ®­  㤮¢«¥â¢®àï«  § ¤ ­­ë¬
ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.
(x − b)2
¡) ux |x=a = ϕ1 (t), ux |x=b = ϕ2 (t) ⇒ w0 (x, t) = 2(a − b) ϕ1 (t) +
(x − a)2
+ 2(b − a) ϕ2 (t).
¢) u|x=a = ϕ1 (t), u|x=b = ϕ2 (t). ’®£¤  ¢ ஫¨ w0 (x, t) ¬®¦­®
¢§ïâì äã­ªæ¨î
(x − b) (x − a)
w0 (x, t) = ϕ1 (t) + ϕ2 (t)
a−b b−a
¨ â. ¤.
’¥¯¥àì ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ᤥ« âì ᤢ¨£, ç⮡ë ᢥá⨠ª § ¤ ç¥ á
®¤­®à®¤­ë¬¨ ªà ¥¢ë¬¨ ãá«®¢¨ï¬¨:

v(x, t) = u(x, t) − w0 (x, t) ⇐⇒ u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w0 (x, t) ⇒



 vtt + αvt + βv = L1 v + g(x, t), t > 0, a < x < b,
v|t=0 = u0 (x) − w0 (x, t)|t=0 , vt |t=0 = u1 (x) − w0t (x, t)|t=0 ,

⇒

 a 6 x 6 b;
(c1 v + d1 vx )|x=a = 0, (c2 v + d2 vx )|x=b = 0, t > 0.


33
 ‚¨¤­®, çâ® ¨§¬¥­¨«áï, ¢®®¡é¥ £®¢®àï, ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­
g(x, t) ≡ −w0tt − αw0t − βw0 + L1 w0 + f (x, t) ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®-
¢¨ï. ¥à¥®¡®§­ ç¨¬ ¨å ¤«ï 㤮¡á⢠ ¨ ¯®«ã稬 § ¤ çã

 vtt + αvt + βv = L1 v(x, t) + g(x, t), t > 0, a < x < b,
v|t=0 = v0 (x), vt |t=0 = v1 (x), a 6 x 6 b;
(c1 v + d1 vx )|x=a = 0, (c2 v + d2 vx )|x=b = 0, t > 0.


II. ’¥¯¥àì ­ ©¤ñ¬ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 § ¤ ç¨.

ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬 ®¤-
„«ï í⮣® à §¤¥«¨¬ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢
­®à®¤­®¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨ïå. ãáâì
v = T (t)X(x). ®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饥 ®¤­®à®¤­®¥
ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ë¥ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï:

T ′′ (t)X(x) + αT ′ (t)X(x) + βT (t)X(x) = T (t)L∗1 X(x) ⇐⇒

T ′′ (t) + αT ′ (t) L∗ X(x)
⇐⇒ +β = 1 = const = µ,
T (t) X(x)
c1 T (t)X(a) + d1 T (t)X ′ (a) = 0 ⇐⇒ c1 X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
c2 T (t)X(b) + d2 T (t)X ′ (b) = 0 ⇐⇒ c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
…᫨ −L∗1 ≡ L | ®¯¥à â®à ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï, â® ¯®«ã-
ç ¥¬ § ¤ ç㠘âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:

 LX(x) = λ2 X(x),


c X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
 1
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
(’¥¯¥àì, ¢ ®â«¨ç¨¥ ®â § ¤ ç 8* ¨ 9*, ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¤«ï T à¥-
è âì ­¥ ¡ã¤¥¬, â. ª. ¤¥«¨«¨ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢ ýç㦮¬þ ®¤­®à®¤-
­®¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨.)
Ž¡é¥£®  ­ «¨â¨ç¥áª®£® à¥è¥­¨ï â ª®© § ¤ ç¨ ­¥ áãé¥áâ-
¢ã¥â. ®í⮬㠢 ­ è¨å § ¤ ­¨ïå ç é¥ ¢á¥£® ¢áâà¥ç ¥âáï ýà¥-
2
è ¡¥«ì­ë©þ ¢ à¨ ­â, £¤¥ L ≡ − d 2, â. ¥. § ¤ ç  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤
dx
 −X ′′ (x) = λ2 X(x),


c X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,
 1
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
¥è ¥¬ § ¤ çã ¤«ï λ=0 ¨ λ2 > 0, ­ å®¤¨¬ Xn (x).

34
III. ’¥¯¥àì ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ à鸞 ¯® ¢á¥¬ ᮡáâ-

¢¥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ á ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨, § ¢¨áï騬¨ ®â t:

∞
X
v(x, t) = Tk (t)Xk (x).
k
®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
Tk′′ (t)Xk (x) + α Tk′ (t)Xk (x) + β Tk (t)Xk (x) =
k k k
∞
X
=− Tk (t)λ2k Xk (x) + g(x, t).
k
à¨¤ñâáï à §«®¦¨âì g(x, t) ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥ ¯® ᮡá⢥­­ë¬
∞
Rb
P a
g(x, t)Xn (x) dx
äã­ªæ¨ï¬: g(x, t) = ak (t)Xk (x), an (t) = Rb 2 .
k a
Xn (x)dx
®¤áâ ¢¨¬ àï¤ ¢¬¥áâ® g(x, t) ¨ ¯à¨à ¢­ï¥¬ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë

¯à¨ «¨­¥©­® ­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬ëå Xk :

Tk′′ (t) + αTk′ (t) + (β + λ2k )Tk (t) = ak (t).
‚ë室¨¬ ­  ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï, ª®â®àë¥ â®¦¥ ¯à¨å®¤¨âáï

à §« £ âì ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥ ¯® ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ § ¤ ç¨:

∞
X ∞
X
Tk (0)Xk (x) = v0 (x) = bk Xk (x) ⇐⇒ Tk (0) = bk ,
k k
∞
X ∞
X
Tk′ (0)Xk (x) = v1 (x) = ck Xk (x) ⇐⇒ Tk′ (0) = ck .
k k
¥è ¥¬ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:
 ′′
 Tk (t) + αTk′ (t) + (β + λ2k )Tk (t) = ak (t),
T (0) = bk ,
 k′
Tk (0) = ck
¨ § ¯¨á뢠¥¬ ®â¢¥â.

à¨¬¥à 12.

t(3x2 + 2)

 utt = uxx + 3u −

 π + x cos t, t > 0, 0 < x < π2 ,
2
 u|t=0 = cos 2x, ut |t=0 = xπ , 0 6 x 6 π2 ,

ux |x=0 = 0, ux |x= π2 = t, t > 0.


35
◮ I. ‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ä㭪樨 w0 (x, t) ¢®§ì¬ñ¬, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, äã­ª-
2
æ¨î w0 (x, t) = xπ t , 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîéãî ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬. ’¥-

¯¥àì ¤¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£

x2 t x2 t
v =u− ⇐⇒ u = v + ⇒
π π
v − 3v = vxx + x cos t, t > 0, 0 < x < π2 ,

 tt
 h i
⇒ v|t=0 = cos 2x, vt |t=0 = 0, x ∈ 0; π2 ,

vx |x=0 = 0, vx |x= π2 = 0, t > 0.


¨ ¯¥à¥å®¤¨¬ ª® ¢â®à®¬ã ¯ã­ªâã.

II. „¥«¨¬ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬 ®¤­®à®¤­®¬

ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨ïå:

vtt − 3v = vxx , vx |x=0 = 0, vx |x=π = 0 ⇒

T ′′ X ′′
⇒ XT ′′ − 3XT = X ′′ T ⇐⇒ −3= = −λ2 ,
³π ´ T ³π ´ X
X ′ (0)T (t) = X ′ T (t) = 0 ⇐⇒ X ′ (0) = X ′ =0⇒
2  2 ′′ 2
 −X (x) = λ X(x),

′
⇒ X (0) ³ ´= 0,
′ π
2 = 0.
X


¥è ¥¬ ¢®§­¨ªèãî ª« áá¨ç¥áªãî § ¤ ç㠘âãଠ{‹¨ã-

¢¨««ï:

λ = 0 : X(x) = Ax + B ⇒ X ′ (0) = 0 ⇒
³π ´
⇒ A = 0 ⇒ X′ = 0 ⇒ X0 = 1,
2
λ2 > 0 : X(x) = A cos λx + B sin λx ⇒
³π ´
⇒ X ′ (0) = 0 ⇒ B = 0, X ′ =0⇒
2
π π
⇒ −λA sin λ = 0 ⇐⇒ λ = kπ, k ∈ Z ⇒
2 2
Xk (x) = cos 2kx, k ∈ N.
‘¨á⥬  ­ ©¤¥­­ëå ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権
h i {cos 2kx}, k ∈
∈ N ∪ {0} ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ¨ ¯®«­  ¢ L2 0; π2 .

36
III. ’¥¯¥àì ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ à鸞 ¯® ¢á¥¬ ᮡáâ-
¢¥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ á ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨, § ¢¨áï騬¨ ®â t:
∞
X
v(x, t) = Tk (t) cos 2kx.
k=0

®¬­¨¬, ç⮠᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï (¢ ¤ ­-

­®¬ á«ãç ¥ u0 (x) = X1 (x)) ­ ¤® à §«®¦¨âì ¢ àï¤ë ”ãàì¥ ¯®
ᮡá⢥­­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ § ¤ ç¨:
∞
X
x= ak cos 2kx ⇒
k=0
π R π2
((−1)m − 1)
R 2
0 x dx
π x cos 2mx dx
⇒ a0 = R π = , am = R0 π = ,
2
dx 4 2
cos 2 2mx dx πm2
0 0
∞
X ∞
X
Tk′′ (t) cos 2kx − 3 Tk (t) cos 2kx =
k=0 k=0
∞
X ∞
X
2
=− 4Tk (t)k cos 2kx + cos t ak cos 2kx ⇐⇒
k=0 k=0
⇐⇒ Tk′′ (t) + (4k 2 − 3)Tk (t) = ak cos t,
v|t=0 = cos 2x ⇒ T1 (0) = 1, Tk (0) = 0, k = 0, 2, 3, . . .
vt |t=0 = 0 ⇒ Tk′ (0) = 0, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
®«ã稫¨áì § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:
 ′′
 Tk (t) + (4k 2 − 3)Tk (t) = ak cos t,
T (0) = 1, Tk (0) = 0, k = 0, 2, 3, . . .
 1′
Tk (0) = 0, k = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
—â® ®á®¡¥­­®¥ ¦¤ñâ ­ á ¯à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç Š®è¨?
1.  ¤® ®¡à â¨âì ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ­  ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¯à¨ Tk . Œ®¦¥â
®ª § âìáï, çâ® ¯à¨ ­¥ª®â®àëå §­ ç¥­¨ïå k ®­ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì
¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë¬, ¯à¨ ¤àã£¨å ®âà¨æ â¥«ì­ë¬ ¨«¨ ­ã«¥¢ë¬, ¨
à¥è¥­¨ï ¯à¨ í⮬ ¡ã¤ãâ ¢ëà ¦ âìáï à §­ë¬¨ ä®à¬ã« ¬¨.
2. à¨ ­¥ª®â®àëå §­ ç¥­¨ïå १®­ ­á.
k ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì
3.  ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì à §­ë¬¨ ¤«ï à §­ëå Tk .

37
 ‚ ­ è¥¬ á«ãç ¥
 ′′
 T0 (t) − 3T0 (t) = a0 cos t,
k=0: T (0) = 0, ⇐⇒
 0′
T0 (0) = 0,
 √ √ a
 T0 (t) = A0 ch 3t + B0 sh 3t − 40 cos t,
⇐⇒ T0 (0) = 0, ⇐⇒
 ′
T0 (0) = 0,
a0 √
⇐⇒ T0 (t) = (ch 3t − cos t).
 ′′ 4
 T1 (t) + T1 (t) = a1 cos t,
k=1: T (0) = 1, ⇐⇒
 1′
T1 (0) = 0,
 a
 T1 (t) = A1 cos t + B1 sin t + 21 t sin t,
⇐⇒ T1 (0) = 1, ⇐⇒
 ′
T1 (0) = 0,
a1
⇐⇒ T1 (t) = cos t + t sin t
2
| §¤¥áì १®­ ­á (ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨é¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤¥ t(a cos t +
+ b sin t)).
 ′′
 Tk (t) + (4k 2 − 3)Tk (t) = ak cos t,
k>2: T (t) = 0, ⇐⇒
 k′
Tk (t) = 0,
 √ √
 Tk (t) = Ak cos t 4k 2 − 3 + Bk sin t 4k 2 − 3+
+ a2k cos t ,



⇐⇒ (4k − 3) − 1 ⇐⇒


 Tk (t) = 0,
Tk′ (t) = 0,

ak p
⇐⇒ Tk (t) = (cos t − cos 4k 2 − 3t).
(4k 2 − 3) − 1
‡ ¯¨á뢠¥¬ Žâ¢¥â.
x2 t √
µ ¶
π t sin t
u(x, t) = + (ch 3t − cos t) + 3 cos t − cos 2x+
π 16 π
∞
X (−1)k − 1 ³ p ´
2 − 3 cos 2kx.
+ cos t − cos t 4k
π ((4k 2 − 3) − 1) k 2
k=2

38
  à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ¥è¥­¨¥ ¨áª «®áì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ä®à-

¬ «ì­®£® à鸞, ¢®¯à®á ® ¯®ç«¥­­®¬ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ ­¨¨ ª®-

â®à®£® ®áâ ¢ «áï ®âªàëâë¬. ’¥¯¥àì, ª®£¤  ¯®«ã祭 ª®­ªà¥â-

­ë© àï¤, ¬®¦­® ¢ëïá­¨âì, ï¥âáï «¨ ®­ ¤¢ ¦¤ë ¯®ç«¥­­®

¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬ë¬,   §­ ç¨â, ª« áá¨ç¥áª¨¬ à¥è¥­¨¥¬, ¨«¨ ­¥

ï¥âáï,   §­ ç¨â, ¡ã¤¥â ®¡®¡éñ­­ë¬ à¥è¥­¨¥¬.

Š ª ¢¨¤­® ¢ ­ è¥¬ á«ãç ¥, à¥è¥­¨¥ ï¥âáï ª« áá¨ç¥á-

ª¨¬, â. ª. àï¤ ¬®¦­® ¯®ç«¥­­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ âì ¤¢  à § . ◭

à¨¬¥à 13.

 ut = uxx , t > 0, 0 < x < l,
u|t=0 = u0 (x), 0 6 x 6 l;
(ux − hu)|x=0 = 0, (ux + hu)|x=l = 0, t > 0, h > 0.


à¨¬¥à ®â«¨ç ¥âáï ®â ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饣® ⥬, çâ® ¢ ªà ¥¢ëå

ãá«®¢¨ïå ®¡  ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â  ®â«¨ç­ë ®â 0,   ¯®â®¬ã ᮡá⢥­-

­ë¥ §­ ç¥­¨ï ® ­¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«ïîâáï,   § ¤ îâáï âà ­á業¤¥­â-

­ë¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥¬,   ®à⮣®­ «ì­®áâì ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権 ­¥

â ª ®ç¥¢¨¤­  | ¯à¨å®¤¨âáï ®¡à â¨âìáï ª ⥮ਨ.

◮ II. ’ ª ª ª ¢ § ¤ ç¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï | ®¤-

­®à®¤­ë¥, â® ¬®¦­® ¯à¨áâ㯠âì áࠧ㠪® ¢â®à®¬ã ¯ã­ªâã |

¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¢ ¢¨¤¥ T (t)X(x) ⇒

T ′ (t) X ′′ (x)
⇒ = = −λ2 ,
T (t) X(x)
T (t)X ′ (0) − hT (t)X(0) = 0 ⇐⇒ X ′ (0) − hX(0) = 0,
T (t)X ′ (l) + hT (t)X(l) = 0 ⇐⇒ X ′ (l) + hX(l) = 0, ⇒
T ′ (t)
½ ′′
X (x) = −λ2 X(x),
⇒ ′ ′ ¨ = −λ2 .
X (0) − hX(0) = 0, X (l) + hX(l) = 0 T (t)
¥è ¥¬ ª« áá¨ç¥áªãî § ¤ ç㠘âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:
½
A − hB = 0,
λ = 0, X = Ax + B ⇒ ⇐⇒ X(x) ≡ 0,
A + h(Al + B) = 0
λ2 > 0, X(x) = A cos λx + B sin λx ⇒
½
Bλ − hA = 0,
⇒ ⇐⇒
−Aλ sin λl + Bλ cos λl + Ah cos λl + Bh sin λl = 0

39
 
 Bλ − hA = 0,

⇐⇒ (Bλ + Ah) cos λl + (Bh − Aλ) sin λl = 02 ⇐⇒2

 ⇐⇒ ctg λl = λ 2hλ −h .

Ž¡®§­ ç¨¬, ¤«ï 㤮¡á⢠, λn l = µn ⇐⇒ λn = µln , ⮣¤  µn

³ ´
| ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë¥ ª®à­¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ctg µn =
1 µn − hl , n ∈
2 hl µn
∈ N (â. ª. «¥¢ ï ¨ ¯à ¢ ï ç á⨠ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ­¥çñâ­ë¥ ä㭪樨),
2
µ x µ x − µn t
¨ X (x) = µ cos n + hl sin n ⇒ T = C e ( l ) .
n n n n
l l
‚ § ¤ ç¥ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ç¨á«  㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîâ ¤®¢®«ì­® á«®¦-
­®¬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨î. ®í⮬㠢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï á«¥¤ãî騬¨ ¨§ ⥮-
ਨ ᢮©á⢠¬¨ ᮡá⢥­­ëå §­ ç¥­¨© (¨å áçñâ­®¥ ¬­®¦¥á⢮)
¨ ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権 (á¨á⥬  ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ¨ ¯®«­ ) § -
¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï. ®í⮬ã
∞
X ³ µn x µn x ´
u0 (x) = an µn cos + hl sin ⇐⇒
l l
1
³ ´
Rl µk x µk x
0 u 0 (x) µ k cos l + hl sin l dx
⇐⇒ ak = R ³ ´2 =
l µk x µk x
0 µk cos l + hl sin l dx
³ ´
2 R l µ kx µk x
l 0 u 0 (x) µ k cos l + hl sin l dx
= .
((µk )2 + (hl)2 + 2hl)
®¤áâ ¢¨¬ àï¤ ¢ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï:
∞
X ³ µn x µn x ´
Cn µn cos + hl sin =
l l
1
∞
X ³ µn x µn x ´
= u0 (x) = an µn cos + hl sin ⇐⇒ Cn = an .
l l
1
µn 2
¥è ¥¬ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨: Tn = Cn e−( l ) t
, Tn (0) = an ⇒
µn 2
−( ) ⇒t
⇒ Tn (t) = an e l

2 R l u (x) µ cos µk x + hl sin µk x dx

³ ´
∞ 0 k
P l0 l ¢ l
Žâ¢¥â. ¡ 2 2 ×
1 (µk ) + (hl) + 2hl
µn 2
³ ´
× e−( l ) t µn cos µnl x + hl sin µnl x . ◭

40
4.3. —â® ¤¥« âì, ¥á«¨ ®¯¥à â®à −L∗1 ­¥ ï¥âáï
®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï?

…᫨ −L∗1 ­¥ ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï, â®

㬭®¦¥­¨¥¬ ®¡¥¨å ç á⥩ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ­  ­¥ª®â®àãî äã­ªæ¨î

g(x), g(x) > 0 ¢á¥£¤  ¬®¦­® ¯à¨¢¥á⨠«¥¢ãî ç áâì ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

ª ¢¨¤ã

 g(x)L∗1 X(x) ≡ LX(x) = λ2 g(x)X(x),



LX(x) : c X(a) + d1 X ′ (a) = 0,

 1
c2 X(b) + d2 X ′ (b) = 0.
‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¯à¨ í⮬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ®áâ ­¥âáï ¯à¥¦-

­¨¬ (¯®â®¬ã çâ® ¢áñ ¡ë«® ®¤­®à®¤­ë¬). ®! ˆ§¬¥­¨« áì ¯à -

¢ ï ç áâì ãà ¢­¥­¨ï. —â® íâ® ¤ ñâ? Žª §ë¢ ¥âáï, ¨§¬¥­¨-

«¨áì ᢮©á⢠ ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権. ‘®¡á⢥­­ëå §­ ç¥­¨©

¯®-¯à¥¦­¥¬ã áçñâ­®¥ ¬­®¦¥á⢮, á¨á⥬  ᮡá⢥­­ëå äã­ª-

権 ®áâ ñâáï ¯®«­®©, ­® ⥯¥àì ®­¨ ­¥ ¯à®áâ® ®à⮣®­ «ì­ë,  

Rb
®à⮣®­ «ì­ë 㦥 ýá ¢¥á®¬þ g(x), â. ¥. a g(x)Xk (x)Xn (x) dx =
= 0, k 6= n.
à¨¬¥à 14.

 utt − 7ut = uxx + 2ux − 2t − 7x + f (x, t), t > 0, 0 < x < π;
u| = 0, ut |t=0 = x, 0 < x < π;
 t=0
u|x=0 = 0, u|x=π = πt, t > 0.
‚ í⮬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ ®¯¥à â®à ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ ­  ᮡá⢥­­ë¥

ä㭪樨 ­¥ ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï!

¥è ¥¬ § ¤ çã ¯® ¯ã­ªâ ¬.

◮ I. ®¤¡¨à ¥¬ äã­ªæ¨î, 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîéãî ªà ¥¢ë¬

ãá«®¢¨ï¬: w0 = xt. „¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£: v = u − xt ⇐⇒ u = v +

+ xt ⇒

 vtt − 7vt = vxx + 2vx + f (x, t), t > 0, 0 < x < π;
⇒ v|t=0 = 0, vt |t=0 = 0, 0 < x < π;
v|x=0 = 0, v|x=π = 0, t > 0.


II.  ©¤ñ¬ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 § ¤ ç¨. „¥«¨¬, ª ª ¢á¥£¤ ,

¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬 ®¤­®à®¤­®¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨:

T ′′ (t)X(x) − 7T ′ (t)X(x) = X ′′ (x)T + 2T (t)X ′ (x) ⇐⇒

41
 T ′′ (t) − 7T ′ (t) X ′′ (x) + 2X ′ (x)
⇐⇒ = = const,
T (t) X(x)
T (t)X(0) = T (t)X(π) = 0 ⇐⇒ X(0) = X(π) = 0.
®«ã稫 áì § ¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï á ­¥§­ ª®¬ë¬ ®¯¥-

à â®à®¬, ¯®í⮬ã à¥è ¥¬ § ¤ çã

−X ′′ (x) − 2X ′ (x) = λX(x),

½

X(0) = X(π) = 0
¤«ï ¢á¥å λ.
λ = 0 : X0′′ (x) + 2X0′ (x) = 0 ⇐⇒
½
−2x C1 + C2 = 0,
⇐⇒ X0 (x) = C1 + C2 e ⇒ ⇒ X0 (x) = 0,
C1 + C2 e−2π = 0
λ = −µ2 < 0 : Xµ′′ (x) + 2Xµ′ (x) − µ2 Xµ (x) = 0 ⇐⇒
³ √ √ ´
2 2
⇐⇒ Xµ (x) = e−x Aµ ex 1+µ + Bµ e−x 1+µ ⇒
Aµ +√ Bµ = 0,
½
⇒ √ ⇒ Xµ (x) = 0,
2 2
Aµ eπ 1+µ + Bµ e−π 1+µ = 0
λ = µ2 > 0 : Xµ′′ (x) + 2Xµ′ (x) + µ2 Xµ (x) = 0 ⇒ Xµ (x) = eνx ⇒
p
⇒ ν = −1 ± 1 − µ2 ⇒
³ √ √ ´
2 2
1) 1 − µ2 > 0 : Xµ (x) = e−x Aµ ex 1−µ + Bµ e−x 1−µ ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ Xµ (x) = 0.
2 −x
2) 1 − µ = 0 : X±1 (x) = e (A + Bx) ⇐⇒ Xµ (x) = 0.
2
3) 1 − µ < 0 : Xµ (x) =
³ ³ p ´ ³ p ´´
= e−x Aµ sin x µ2 − 1 + Bµ cos x µ2 − 1 ⇒

 Xµ (0) = 0 ⇐⇒ Bµ = 0,³ p
 ´
⇒ Xµ (π) = 0 ⇐⇒ Aµ sin π µ2 − 1 = 0 ⇒
 p
⇒ π µ2 − 1 = πk ⇐⇒ µ2k = 1 + k 2 , k ∈ N.


ˆâ ª, Xk (x) = e−x sin kx. „«ï ­ á íâ® ­¥§­ ª®¬ ï á¨á⥬ .

Š ª®¢ë ¥ñ ᢮©á⢠?

‚®â §¤¥áì 㦥 ¯à¨¤ñâáï ᢥá⨠­ èã § ¤ çã ª ª« áá¨ç¥áª®©

§ ¤ ç¥ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï, ã ª®â®à®© ᢮©á⢠ ¨§¢¥áâ­ë.

42
 “¬­®¦¨¬ ®¡¥ ç á⨠ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ­  g(x) = e2x :
−e2x X ′′ (x) − 2e2x X ′ (x) = λe2x X(x) ⇐⇒
¢′
⇐⇒ − e2x X ′ (x) = λe2x X(x).
¡

‘«¥¢  á⮨⠮¯¥à â®à ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï, á¯à ¢  ¯®ï¢¨«áï

¬­®¦¨â¥«ì g(x) = e2x ,   íâ® ®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® á¨á⥬  ᮡáâ-

¢¥­­ëå
Rπ ä㭪権 í⮩ § ¤ ç¨ ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ýá ¢¥á®¬þ e2x ,
e2x Xm (x)Xn (x) dx = 0,
Râ.π¥. 2x 0 −x n 6=
R πm, ¨«¨ ¢ ­ è¥¬ á«ãç ¥,
0 e (e sin kx) (e−x sin mx) dx = 0 sin kx sin mx dx = π2 δkm ,
¨ ¯®«­  ¢ L2 [0; π].
III. „ «ìè¥ § ¤ çã à¥è âì ¬®¦­® ¯® ®¡ëç­®© á奬¥, à §«®-

¦¨¢ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥:

∞
X
f (x, t) = ak (t)e−x sin kx ⇒
1
Rπ
e2x f (x, t)e−x sin nx dx 2 π
Z
0
⇒ an (t) = Rπ = f (x, t)ex sin nx dx. ◭
0 e2x (e−x sin nx)2 dx π 0

à¨¬¥à 15. ¥è¨âì ¯à¨¬¥à 14, ¥á«¨ f (x, t) ≡ e−x sin 3x.
 vtt − 7vt = vxx + 2vx − e−x sin 3x, t > 0, 0 < x < π;


v| = 0, vt |t=0 = 0, 0 < x < π;

 t=0
v|x=0 = 0, v|x=π = 0, t > 0.
◮ ’ ª ª ª e−x sin 3x | ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï, â® à¥è¥­¨¥ § -

¤ ç¨ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

v = f (t)e−x sin 3x, f (0) = 0, f ′ (0) = 0.

Šà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¢ë¯®«­¥­ë | ®áâ «®áì 㤮¢«¥â¢®à¨âì

ãà ¢­¥­¨î ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬.

®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥:

f (t)e−x sin 3x − 7f ′ (t)e−x sin 3x =

′′

= f (t) −6e−x cos 3x − 8e−x sin 3x +

¡ ¢

+2 −e−x sin 3x + 3e−x cos 3x f (t) − e−x sin 3x ⇐⇒

¡ ¢

⇐⇒ f ′′ (t) − 7f ′ (t) + 10f (t) = −1 ⇒

1
⇒ f (t) = C1 e5t + C2 e2t − ⇒
10

43
 µ ¶
1 2t 1 5t 1
⇒ v(t, x) = e − e − e−x sin 3x.
6 15 10
³ ´
Žâ¢¥â.
1 e5t − 1 e−x sin 3x.
v(x, t) = 61 e2t − 15 10 ◭

§ 5. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ ­  ªà㣥. ”㭪樨 ¥áᥫï

‚ í⮬ ¯ à £à ä¥ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 § ¤ ç | í⮠ᮡáâ-

¢¥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 ®¯¥à â®à  ‹ ¯« á  ¢ ªà㣥 ¯à¨ ãá«®¢¨¨, çâ®
u|r=r0 = 0. Ž­¨ ¨¬¥îâ ¢¨¤

(n)
à !
µk
νnk = Jn r (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ),
r0
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , k = 1, 2, . . . ,
£¤¥ ¢ á¢®î ®ç¥à¥¤ì An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ | ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ äã­ª-
樨 § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:

−Φ′′ (ϕ) = λΦ(ϕ),

½

Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π), λn = n2 , n ∈ N ∪ {0},

(n)
µ ¶
µk
Jn r0 r | ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨«-
«ï:
( 2
à (n)
!2
−(rRn (r))′ + nr Rn (r) = λ2 rRn (r), λ2k =
µk
,
Rn (r0 ) = 0, |Rn (0)| < ∞, r0
(n)
µk | ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë¥ ª®à­¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¥áá¥«ï ¯®à浪  n:
Jn (µk ) = 0, k ∈ N.
’ ª ª ª á¯à ¢  ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï á⮨⠭¥
λ2 Rn (r), λ2 rRn (r), ⮠ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨, ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã-
 
î騥 à §­ë¬ k (¯à¨ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ n), ­¥ ¯à®áâ® ®à⮣®-
R r0 k Rn dr = 0, k 6= m.
­ «ì­ë,   ®à⮣®­ «ì­ë á ¢¥á®¬ r : 0 rRn n
¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥
∞ X
X ∞
u(t, r, ϕ) = Tnk (t)vnk (r, ϕ).
n=0 k=1

44
 ‘®¡á⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 § ¤ ç 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîâ ãà ¢­¥­¨î
µ (n)
¶2
µk
∆vnk = − r0 vnk .
‘ä®à¬ã«¨à㥬 § ¤ çã ® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ªà㣫®© ¬¥¬¡à ­ë, § -
ªà¥¯«ñ­­®© ¯® ªà î.
‡ ¤ ç  11*.
 p
2
 utt + but + cu = a ∆u + f (t, x, y), px2 + y 2 < r0 , t > 0,

u|t=0 = u0 (x, y), ut |t=0 = u1 (x, y), x2 + y 2 6 r0 ,
 u|√ 2 2
 = 0.
x +y =r 0

’ ª ª ª § ¤ ç  ¯®áâ ¢«¥­  ¢ ªà㣥, ¯¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬

ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬: x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ. ’ ª ª ª â®çª  (r, ϕ) ¨
(r, ϕ+2πk) | ®¤­  ¨ â  ¦¥ â®çª  ­ è¥© ¬¥¬¡à ­ë, â® à¥è¥­¨¥
¤®«¦­® 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïâì ãá«®¢¨î u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π). Š ª
¨§¢¥áâ­®, â ª ï § ¬¥­  ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ¤ ¦¥ «®ª «ì­® ­¥ ¢áî¤ã
ï¥âáï ¢§ ¨¬­® ®¤­®§­ ç­®© | 类¡¨ ­ ¢ â®çª¥ r = 0 à -
¢¥­ 0.
Ž¯¥à â®à ‹ ¯« á  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤

1 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂2
µ ¶
1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂
∆= r + 2 ≡ + + ,
r ∂r ∂r r ∂ϕ2 ∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂ϕ2
ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨¬¥¥â ®á®¡¥­­®áâì ¢ â®çª¥ r = 0. ®í⮬㠬®¦­®
®¦¨¤ âì ­¥ª®â®àëå ®á®¡¥­­®á⥩ à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨ ¢ í⮩ â®çª¥.
‚ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ 9 ¬ë 㦥 á⮫ª­ã«¨áì á ⥬, çâ® ¯¥à¥å®¤ ®â
¤¥ª à⮢ëå ª®®à¤¨­ â ª ªà¨¢®«¨­¥©­ë¬ (áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨¬) ¨§¬¥-
­¨« § ¤ çã | ¯¥à¥¢¥« § ¤ ç㠊®è¨ ¢ R3 ¢ ®¤­®¬¥à­ãî § ¤ çã
® ª®«¥¡ ­¨¨ ¯®«ã¡¥áª®­¥ç­®© áâàã­ë.
ˆâ ª, ᤥ« ¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå.
‡ ¤ ç  11**.
utt + but + cu = a2 ∆u + f (t, r, ϕ),


2
∂ + 1 ∂2 ,

r < r0 , t > 0, ∆ = ∂ 2 + 1r ∂r


r2 ∂ϕ2

 ∂r
 u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π),
u| = u0 (r, ϕ), ut |t=0 = u1 (r, ϕ), r 6 r0 ,

 t=0



u|r=r0 = 0.

45
◮ I. ¥à¢ë© ¯ã­ªâ á奬ë à¥è¥­¨ï ¯® ¬¥â®¤ã ”ãàì¥ ¢ë-

¯®«­¥­ | ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ®¤­®à®¤­ë¥. à¨áâ㯠¥¬ áࠧ㠪®

¢â®à®¬ã.

II. „¥«¨¬ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬 ®¤­®à®¤­®¬ ãà ¢-

­¥­¨¨ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨ïå.

Žâ¤¥«¨¬ ¯à®áâà ­á⢥­­ë¥ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ®â ¢à¥¬¥­¨:

u(r, ϕ, t) = T (t)v(r, ϕ) ⇒
⇒ T ′′ (t)v(r, ϕ) + bT ′ (t)v(r, ϕ) + cT (t)v(r, ϕ) = a2 T (t)∆v(r, ϕ) ⇔
T ′′ (t) T ′ (t) c ∆v(r, ϕ)
⇐⇒ 2 +b 2 + 2 = = const = µ,
a T (t) a T (t) a v(r, ϕ)
u|r=r0 = 0 ⇐⇒ T (t)v(r0 , ϕ) = 0 ⇐⇒ v(r0 , ϕ) = 0,
T (t)v(r, ϕ + 2π) = T (t)v(r, ϕ) ⇐⇒ v(r, ϕ + 2π) = v(r, ϕ).
„«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ∆v(r, ϕ) = µv(r, ϕ) ¯®«ã稫 áì ªà ¥¢ ï § -

¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.

‡¤¥áì ¬ë ¤®«¦­ë ¯®¢¥à¨âì, çâ® § ¤ ç 

½
−∆v = µv, x ∈ D,
v|∂D = 0
¨¬¥¥â ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë¥ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ §­ ç¥­¨ï µ = λ2 > 0.
à®¤®«¦¨¬ ¤¥«¥­¨¥ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå

v(r, ϕ) = R(r)Φ(ϕ),
â. ª. ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¯®-¯à¥¦­¥¬ã ®¤­®à®¤­ë.
µ ¶
1 ′′ 1 ′ 1 1 ′′
R (r) + R (r) + Φ (ϕ) = −λ2 ⇐⇒
R(r) r Φ(ϕ) r2
1 Φ′′ (ϕ)
⇐⇒ (r2 R′′ (r) + rR′ (r)) + λ2 r2 = − = ν,
R(r) Φ(ϕ)
R(r0 )Φ(ϕ) = 0 ⇐⇒ R(r0 ) = 0,
R(r)Φ(ϕ) = R(r)Φ(ϕ + 2π) ⇐⇒ Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π).
®«ã稫¨áì ¤¢¥ § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï.

−Φ′′ (ϕ) = νΦ(ϕ),

½
¥à¢ ï § ¤ ç , á ­¥§­ ª®¬ë¬ ­ ¬
Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π),
ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬ ¯¥à¨®¤¨ç­®á⨠à¥è¥­¨ï, ¨ ¢â®à ï, ¤«ï R(r),

46
¡®«¥¥ á«®¦­ ï ¨ ­¥§­ ª®¬ ï:

r2 R′′ (r) + rR′ (r) + (λ2 r2 − ν)R(r) = 0, r < r0 ,

½

R(r0 ) = 0.
¥à¢ãî á¨á⥬㠫¥£ª® à¥è¨âì:

ν = 0 : Φ(ϕ) = C1 ϕ + C2 ⇒ Φ0 (ϕ) = 1,
ν > 0 ⇐⇒ ν = µ2 > 0 : Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π) ⇐⇒
A cos µϕ + B sin µϕ = A cos µ(ϕ + 2π) + B sin µ(ϕ + 2π) ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ (−A sin µ(ϕ + π) + B cos µ(ϕ + π)) sin µπ = 0 ⇒ µ = n,
n = ±1, ±2, . . .
2
ν < 0 ⇐⇒ ν = −µ < 0 : Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π) ⇐⇒
A ch µϕ + B sh µϕ = A ch µ(ϕ + 2π) + B sh µ(ϕ + 2π) ⇐⇒ ∅.
Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â, ç⮠ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ §­ ç¥­¨ï ν = n2 ­¥®âà¨-

æ â¥«ì­ë, ¯à¨çñ¬ n = 0 ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã¥â ®¤­  ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ª-

æ¨ï Φ0 (ϕ) = 1,   «î¡®¬ã n > 1 ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîâ ¤¢¥ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥

ä㭪樨: cos nϕ, sin nϕ, µ = n, n ∈ N. ˆ­®£¤  ¯¨èãâ â ª:

½
Φn (ϕ) = cos nϕ, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .;
Φm (ϕ) = sin |m|ϕ, m = −1, −2, . . .
ˆâ ª,

−Φ′′ (ϕ) = n2 Φ(ϕ),

½
⇐⇒
Φ(ϕ) = Φ(ϕ + 2π)
⇔ Φ0 (ϕ) = 1, Φn (ϕ) = An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ, µ = n, n ∈ N ⇐⇒
⇐⇒ {1, cos nϕ, sin nϕ}, n ∈ N.
’¥¯¥àì § ©¬ñ¬áï ¢â®à®© § ¤ ç¥©. ¥à¥¯¨è¥¬ ¥ñ ¯®-

¤à㣮¬ã:

−r2 Rn′′ (r) − rRn′ (r) + n2 Rn (r) = λ2 r2 Rn (r), r < r0 ,

½

Rn (r0 ) = 0.
®«ã稫¨áì ªà ¥¢ë¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¤«ï n ∈ N ∪ {0} ¨ ­¥¨§¢¥áâ-

­ëå λ.
‘â®ï騩 á«¥¢  ®¯¥à â®à ­¥ ï¥âáï ®¯¥à â®à®¬ ˜âãଠ{

‹¨ã¢¨««ï. ‘¤¥« ¥¬ ¥£® â ª®¢ë¬, à §¤¥«¨¢ ®¡¥ ç á⨠­  r:

Rn (r)
−rRn′′ (r) − Rn′ (r) + n2 = λ2 rRn (r) ⇐⇒
r

47
 n2
⇐⇒ − (rRn′ (r))′ + Rn (r) = λ2 rRn (r).
r
â® ­®¢ ï ¤«ï ­ á § ¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï (¯à®¨§¢®¤-
­ë¥ ýᢥà­ã«¨áìþ ¢ ®¤­®ç«¥­) ­  ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨, ­®
⮫쪮 á ®¤­¨¬ ®¤­®à®¤­ë¬ ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬ Rn (r0 ) = 0:
( 2
−(rRn′ (r))′ + nr Rn (r) = λ2 rRn (r), r < r0 ,
Rn (r0 ) = 0.
Ž¤­ ª® § ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ®¯¥à â®à ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï ­¥ ï¢-
«ï¥âáï ª« áá¨ç¥áª¨¬ | ãá«®¢¨¥ p(r) > p0 > 0 ­¥ ¢ë¯®«­¥­®,
¯®â®¬ã çâ® p(r) = 0 ¯à¨ r = 0.
Žâáâ㯫¥­¨¥*.  áᬮâਬ ®¤­®à®¤­®¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ˜âãà-
¬ {‹¨ã¢¨««ï:
µ ¶
d dy
− p(x) + q(x)y(x) = λy(x).
dx dx
◮ ‚ ª« áá¨ç¥áª®¬ á«ãç ¥ p(x) > p0 > 0, q(x) > 0, p(x) ∈
∈ C 1 [a; b], q(x) ∈ C[a; b]. ® ­¥ ¢á¥£¤  íâ® ¢ë¯®«­¥­® | ¡ë¢ ¥â,
çâ® p(x) = 0 ¢ ®¤­®¬ ¨«¨ ®¡®¨å ª®­æ å ®â१ª .
Š ª íâ® ¢«¨ï¥â ­  à¥è¥­¨ï?
‚믨襬 ¢à®­áª¨ ­ äã­¤ ¬¥­â «ì­®© á¨á⥬ë à¥è¥­¨©:
¯ ¯ R p′ (x)
¯ y1 (x) y2 (x) ¯¯ − p(x) C∗
¯
¯ y ′ (x) ′ = Ce = Ce− ln |p(x)| = .
1 y2 (x) ¯ p(x)
Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¥á«¨ p(x) ¢ ª ª®©-­¨¡ã¤ì â®çª¥ ®¡à -
é ¥âáï ¢ 0, â® ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ¤¢ãå «¨­¥©­®-­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬ëå à¥è¥-
­¨© y(x) ∈ C 1 [a; b].
®í⮬㠧 ¤ ç , ¥á«¨ ¨¬¥¥â, ⮠⮫쪮 ®¤­® à¥è¥­¨¥, ®£à -
­¨ç¥­­®¥ ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨, ¢ ª®â®à®©
p(x) = 0. ◭
 á ¨­â¥à¥áã¥â à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï 2-£® ¯®à浪  ­  ®â१ª¥
[0; r0 ] | ®­®, ¯® ªà ©­¥© ¬¥à¥, ®£à ­¨ç¥­® ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ¯à®¨§¢®¤-
­®©.
„«ï ­ è¨å § ¤ ç ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¢ë­¥á⨠ãá«®¢¨¥ ®£à ­¨ç¥­-
­®á⨠¯à¨ r=0 ¢ ãá«®¢¨¥ ¨á室­®© § ¤ ç¨ 11**, ¨ ®­® ï-
¥âáï ¢â®à®© ç áâìî ®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãá«®¢¨ï ­  £à ­¨æ¥ ¯à¨ ­ -

48
宦¤¥­¨¨ ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権 § ¤ ç¨. Žª®­ç â¥«ì­® § ¤ ç 
¯à¨¬¥â á«¥¤ãî騩 ¢¨¤.
‡ ¤ ç  10.

utt + but + cu = a2 ∆u + f (t, r, ϕ), r < r0 , t > 0,




 u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π),


 u|t=0 = u0 (r, ϕ),

¯ ut |t=0 = u1 (r, ϕ), r 6 r0 ,

 u|r=r = 0, |u|¯¯

< ∞.
0
r=0

 è  § ¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï ⥯¥àì ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤

( 2
−(rRn′ (r))′ + nr Rn (r) = λ2 rRn (r), r < r0 ,
Rn (r0 ) = 0, |Rn (0)| < ∞.
ˆâ ª, ᢮©á⢠ Rn (r) ¯à¨ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ n ¨ à §«¨ç­ëå
λm (r) ¨ Rλk (r) ®à⮣®­ «ì­ë á ý¢¥á®¬ r þ:
Rλ ráâ «¨
0 λ
¯®­ïâ­ë: Rn
λ
n
0 rR n
k Rn
m dr = 0, λk =
6 λm ¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïîâ ¯®«­ãî ¢ L2 [0; r0 ]
á¨á⥬ã.
Žáâ «®áì à¥è¨âì íâã § ¤ çã.
‘¤¥« ¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå (ã ­ á
d =
λ2 > 0): λr = x ⇒ dr
d , R (r) = R̃ (x)
= λ dx ¨ ¯¥à¥¯¨è¥¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯®-¤à㣮¬ã.
n n
’®£¤  ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¥áá¥«ï ¯®à浪  n:
x2 R̃′′n (x) + xR̃′n (x) + (x2 − n2 )R̃n (x) = 0.
’ ª ª ª p(0) = 0, â®, ¢ ᨫ㠮âáâ㯫¥­¨ï*, ¬®¦¥â áãé¥á⢮-
¢ âì ⮫쪮 ®¤­® ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®¥ ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ¢ ®ªà¥áâ-
­®á⨠0 à¥è¥­¨¥. ’ ª®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, ¨ ®­® ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï
ä㭪樥© ¥áá¥«ï ¯®à浪  n:
Rn (r) = R̃n (λr) = Jn (λr).
®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ªà ¥¢®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥:

Rn (r0 ) = R̃n (λr0 ) = 0 ⇐⇒ Jn (λr0 ) = 0 ⇐⇒

(n)
⇐⇒ λr0 = µk , k = 1, 2, . . . ⇐⇒
(n)
(n) µk
⇐⇒ λk = , k = 1, 2, . . . ⇒
r0

49
 (n)
à !
µk
⇒ Rnk (r) = Jn r , k = 1, 2, . . . , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
r0
(n)
‡¤¥áì µk | ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë© ª®à¥­ì ä㭪樨 ¥áᥫï
(n) (n)
Jn (x): Jn (µk ) = 0, µk > 0, k ∈ N.
à¨ í⮬ ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ n á¨á⥬  ᮡá⢥­-
(n)
µ ¶
µk
­ëå ä㭪権 Jn r0 r ¯®«­  ¢ L2 [0; r0 ] ¨ ®à⮣®­ «ì­  á

(n) (n)
µ ¶ µ ¶
R r0 µk µl
ý¢¥á®¬þ r: 0 rJn r0 r Jn r0 r dr = 0, k 6= l.
Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â: ¤«ï à¥è¥­¨ï ¢á¥© § ¤ ç¨ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® § -

¯®¬­¨âì, çâ®
à (n)
!2
µk
∆vnk = − vnk =
r0
(n)
à Ã
! !
µk
= ∆ In r (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ) =
r0
à (n) !2 à à (n) ! !
µk µk
=− In r (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ) ,
r0 r0
n ∈ N ∪ {0}, k ∈ N.

III.  å®¤¨¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ à鸞 ¯® ¢á¥¬ ᮡá⢥­-

­ë¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ á ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨, § ¢¨áï騬¨ ®â t:

∞ X
X ∞
u(t, r, ϕ) = Tnk (t)vnk (r, ϕ).
n=0 k=1
…᫨ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ­¥®¤­®à®¤­®¥, â® ¯à¨ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ t à §-
« £ ¥¬ f (t, r, ϕ) ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥ ¯® á¨á⥬¥ ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権
∞ P
P ∞
f (t, r, ϕ) = fnk (t)vnk (r, ϕ). ’® ¦¥ ¯à¨¤ñâáï ᤥ« âì ¨ á
n=0 k=1
­ ç «ì­ë¬¨ ãá«®¢¨ï¬¨:

X ∞
∞ X ∞ X
X ∞
u0 (r, ϕ) = gnk vnk (r, ϕ), u1 (r, ϕ) = hnk vnk (r, ϕ),
k=1 n=0 k=1 n=0
â® ¬®¦­® ᤥ« âì ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®.

50
 ‘­ ç «  ¬®¦­® à §«®¦¨âì ¯à¨ ä¨ªá¨à®¢ ­­ëå §­ ç¥­¨ïå

t ¨ r äã­ªæ¨î f (t, r, ϕ) ¢ §­ ª®¬ë© àï¤ ¯® âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®©

á¨á⥬¥:
∞
X ∞
X
f (t, r, ϕ) = an (t, r) cos nϕ + bn (t, r) sin nϕ,
0=0 1
  § â¥¬ ª ¦¤ë© ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¯® á¨á⥬¥ ä㭪権 ¥áᥫï.

 ¯à¨¬¥à,

∞ (n)
à !
X µk
an (t, r) = cnk (t)In r ⇐⇒ R µ (n)
µk
¶
r0 r0
ran (t, r)In
k=1 0 r0 r
dr
⇐⇒ cnk (t) = µ (n) ¶ .
R r0
2 µk
0 rIn r0 r dr

Š ᮦ «¥­¨î, ªà®¬¥ ­ ¯¨á ­¨ï ä®à¬ã«, ¬ë ­¨ç¥£® ¢ëç¨á-

«¨âì ­¥ ¬®¦¥¬ | â ª ¨å ¨ ®áâ ¢«ï¥¬.

®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¯®«ã祭­ë¥ àï¤ë ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥

ãá«®¢¨ï:
 ∞ ∞ ∞ P ∞
P P ′′ P ′ (t)v (r, ϕ)+


 Tnk (t)vnk (r, ϕ) + b Tnk nk
n=0 k=1 n=0 k=1


∞ ∞


 P P


 +c Tnk (t)vnk (r, ϕ) =
n=0 k=1



 µ (n) ¶2

 ∞ P ∞ µ
2
P
 = −a Tnk (t) rk0 vnk (r, ϕ)+


n=0 k=1 ⇐⇒
∞ P
P ∞
+ (t)v (r,



 fnk nk ϕ),
n=0 k=1


∞ P ∞ ∞ P ∞


 P P


 Tnk (0)vnk (r, ϕ) = gnk vnk (r, ϕ),
n=0 k=1 n=0 k=1



 ∞ P ∞ ∞ P ∞
′ (0)v (r, ϕ) =
 P P
Tnk hnk vnk (r, ϕ).

nk


n=0 k=1 n=0 k=1
 µ (n) ¶2
 ′′ ′ 2 µk
⇔ Tnk (t) + bTnk (t) + cTnk (t) = −a r0 Tnk (t) + fnk (t),
 ′
Tnk (0) = gnk , Tnk (0) = hnk .
®«ã稫¨ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨ ¤«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨© ®â­®á¨â¥«ì­®

Tnk (t), ª®â®àë¥ ¨¬¥îâ ¥¤¨­á⢥­­ë¥ à¥è¥­¨ï.

51
 ‚몫 ¤ª¨ §¤¥áì £à®¬®§¤ª¨¥ | ¯®í⮬㠢 ­ è¨å § ¤ ç å
ç é¥ ¢á¥£® ¯®¯ ¤ îâáï â ª¨¥ ᢮¡®¤­ë¥ ç«¥­ë ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥
ãá«®¢¨ï, £¤¥ ¬®¦­® ®£à ­¨ç¨âìáï ®¤­®¬¥à­ë¬¨ à鸞¬¨ ¯®
äã­ªæ¨ï¬ ¥áᥫï.
à¨¬¥à 16.
 ³ ´
u = 5∆u − 3u + J 1 µ(3) r cos 3ϕ + f (r) sin 2ϕ,
t 3



 4 2
r < 4, t > 0, u = u(r, ϕ, t),


 u| t=0 = f (r) cos 3ϕ,
 u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π),



u|r=4 = 0, |u(0)| < ∞,


(3)
£¤¥ f (r) | £« ¤ª ï ­  [0; 4] äã­ªæ¨ï, µ2 | ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë©
­ã«ì ä㭪樨 ¥áᥫï J3 , ∆u = uxx + uyy , x = r cos ϕ, y =
= r sin ϕ.
◮ ’ ª ª ª ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ­ ç «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¢å®¤ïâ ⮫쪮
sin 2ϕ, cos 3ϕ, â® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¬®¦­® áࠧ㠨᪠âì
µ (3) ¶ ¢ ¢¨¤¥
∞ µk
áã¬¬ë ¤¢ãå à冷¢ u(t, r, ϕ) =
P
Tk (t)J3 4 r cos 3ϕ +
µ (2) ¶ 1
∞ µk
4 r sin 2ϕ,   ¬®¦­® ®â¤¥«ì­® à¥è¨âì ¤¢¥ § -
P
+ Qk (t)J2
1
¤ ç¨.
à¨¬¥à 16*.
 µ (3) ¶
µ2
ut = 5∆u − 3u + J3 4 r cos 3ϕ,






r < 4, t > 0, u = u(t, r, ϕ),


 u|t=0 = f (r) cos 3ϕ,
u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π),




u|r=4 = 0, |u(0)| < ∞.


à¨¬¥à 16**.


 ut = 5∆u − 3u + f (r) sin 2ϕ, r < 4, t > 0, u = u(t, r, ϕ),
u|t=0 = 0,


 u(t, r, ϕ) = u(t, r, ϕ + 2π),
u|r=4 = 0, |u(0)| < ∞.


¥è¥­¨¥ ¯¥à¢®© § ¤ ç¨ | à¨¬¥à 16*.

52
 ∞ (3)
µ ¶
µk
ˆé¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u(t, r, ϕ) = cos 3ϕ.
P
Tk (t)J3 4 r
1
®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ¯à¨à ¢­¨¢ ¥¬ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ¯à¨
«¨­¥©­®-­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬ëå ¬­®¦¨â¥«ïå:
(3) 2
 Ã µ ¶ !
 ′ µk
 Tk (t) = −Tk (t) 5 + 3 , k 6= 2,

4


(3) 2
à µ ¶ !

′ µ2
 T2 (t) = −T2 (t) 5 + 3 + 1.


 4

’¥¯¥àì ¯®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ t = 0: Tk (0) = ak , £¤¥

µ (3) ¶
R4 µk
∞
à (3)
!
0 rf (r)J3 4 r dr
X µk
f (r) = ak J3 r ⇒ ak = .
4 R 4 2 µ(3)
µ ¶
k=1 k
0 rJ3 4 r dr

¥è ¥¬ § ¤ ç¨ Š®è¨:

 !2 
(3)
µ
−5 k +3t
4
Tk (t) = ak e , k 6= 2,
   
(3) 2 (3) 2
 ! !
µ2 µ2
−5 +3t − 5 +3t
1  4  4
T2 (t) = 1 − e
µ (3)¶2  + a2 e
 .
µ2
5 4 +3

¥è¥­¨¥ ¢â®à®© § ¤ ç¨ | à¨¬¥à 16**.

 §«®¦¨¬ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­ ¢ àï¤ ”ãàì¥:
! Ã
(2)
µk R4
∞ µ ¶ 0
rf (r)J2 4 r dr
X 1 (2)
f (r) = bk J2 µ r , £¤¥ bk = .
4 k
à !
R 4 2 µ(2)
1 rJ2 k
0 4 r dr

®«ã稬 à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ à鸞

∞
à (2) !
X µk
u(t, r, ϕ) = Qk (t)J2 r sin 2ϕ.
4
1

53
 ®á«¥ ¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª¨ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ­ ç «ì­®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ ¯®«ã-
稬
 Ã 
(2) 2
!
µk
Q′k (t) = −Qk (t) 5 + 3 + bk , Qk (0) = 0 ⇐⇒
4
  !2  
(2)
µ
−5 k +3t
bk  4 
⇐⇒ Qk (t) = Ã µ 2 1 − e
! .
(2)
¶ 
µk
5 4 +3

∞ (3)
µ ¶
P µk
u(r, ϕ, t) = Tk (t)J3
Žâ¢¥â. cos 3ϕ + 4 r
1
∞ (2)
µ ¶
P µk
+ Qk (t)J2 4 r sin 2ϕ, £¤¥ ¢á¥ ¢å®¤ï騥 á ¢ëà ¦¥­¨ï
1
®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ë ¢ëè¥. ◭

§ 6. ««¨¯â¨ç¥áª¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

‚ ®â«¨ç¨¥ ®â ᬥ蠭­ëå § ¤ ç, à áᬮâ७­ëå ¢ ¯à¥¤ë-

¤ãé¨å ¯ à £à ä å, ¤«ï í««¨¯â¨ç¥áª¨å ãà ¢­¥­¨© áâ ¢¨âáï
⮫쪮 ªà ¥¢ ï § ¤ ç :
(
∆u
³ = f (x), ´¯
x ∈ D,
∂u
αu + β ∂n ¯
¯
= u0 (x),
x∈∂D

£¤¥ n | ¢­¥è­ïï ­®à¬ «ì ª £à ­¨æ¥ ®¡« á⨠D.

à¨ í⮬, ¥á«¨ β = 0, § ¤ ç  ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï § ¤ ç¥© „¨à¨å«¥,
¥á«¨ α = 0, § ¤ ç  ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï § ¤ ç¥© ¥©¬ ­ , ¥á«¨ αβ 6= 0,
§ ¤ ç  ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ᬥ蠭­®© § ¤ ç¥©.
‡ ¤ ç¨ ¡ã¤ãâ à¥è âìáï ¢ ¯®«ïà­ëå ¨«¨ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å ª®-
®à¤¨­ â å. ‡ ¤ ­­ë¥ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¯à®¨§¢®«ì­ë¥, ­¥®¤­®-
த­ë¥. Ž¤­®à®¤­ë¥ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ¤«ï ­ å®¦¤¥­¨ï ᮡáâ-
¢¥­­ëå ä㭪権 ¢®§­¨ª îâ ¨§-§  ⮣®, çâ® ®¡« á⨠¨¬¥îâ ᯥ-
樠«ì­ë© ¢¨¤,   ¯®â®¬ã à¥è¥­¨¥ ¤®«¦­® ¨¬¥âì ¯¥à¨®¤ 2π ,  
¢ á«ãç ¥ R3 ¯à¨¡ ¢«ïîâáï ãá«®¢¨ï θ = 0, θ = π (ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
‹ ¯« á  ¢ ­®¢ëå ª®®à¤¨­ â å ¯à¨ í⮬ ¨¬¥¥â ®á®¡¥­­®áâì).

54
6.1. “à ¢­¥­¨¥ ‹ ¯« á  ¢ R2

‡ ¤ ç¨ ¡ã¤¥¬ à¥è âì ¢­ãâਠªà㣠, ¢­¥ ªà㣠 ¨«¨ ¢­ãâà¨

ª®«ìæ . ‚ ®â«¨ç¨¥ ®â § ¤ ç £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® ¨ ¯ à ¡®«¨ç¥á-

ª®£® ⨯ , à áᬮâ७­ëå ¢ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饬 ¯ à £à ä¥, ªà ¥¢ë¥

ãá«®¢¨ï ­¥®¤­®à®¤­ë¥.
¥è¥­¨¥ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì ¢ ¯®«ïà­ëå ª®®à¤¨­ â å.

€ ⮣¤ , ª ª ¨ ¢ ¯à¥¤ë¤ãé¨å § ¤ ç å ­  ªà㣫®© ¬¥¬¡à ­¥,

®¯ïâì ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®, ç⮡ë u(r, ϕ) = u(r, ϕ + 2π).

ã¤¥¬ à¥è âì á«¥¤ãî騥 § ¤ ç¨.

 ∆u = f (r, ϕ), r < R0
‡ ¤ ç  11. (αu + βur )|r=R0 = u0 (ϕ),
 u(r, ϕ + 2π) = u(r, ϕ).


 ∆u = f (r, ϕ), R1 < r < R2 ,
(α1 u + β1 ur )|r=R1 = u0 (ϕ),

‡ ¤ ç  12.
(α u + β2 ur )|r=R1 = u1 (ϕ),
 2


 u(r, ϕ + 2π) = u(r, ϕ).
 ∆u = f (r, ϕ), r > R0 ,
‡ ¤ ç  13. (αu + βur )|r=R0 = u0 (ϕ),
u(r, ϕ + 2π) = u(r, ϕ).


I. à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ ­¥®¤­®à®¤­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ã áá®­  ¯à¥¦¤¥

¢á¥£® ­ å®¤¨¬ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ w0 (r, ϕ), w0 (r, ϕ + 2π) =

= w0 (r, ϕ), § â¥¬ ¤¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£ v = u−w0 (r, ϕ), ᢮¤ï ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
ã áá®­  ª ãà ¢­¥­¨î ‹ ¯« á . à¨ í⮬ ¬®£ãâ ¨§¬¥­¨âìáï

­¥®¤­®à®¤­ë¥ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï.  ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢ § ¤ ç¥ 11:

v = u − w0 ⇐⇒ u = v + w0 ⇒

 ∆v = 0, r < R0 ;
⇒ (αv + βvr )|r=R0 = u0 (ϕ) − (αw0 + βw0r )|r=R0 = v0 (ϕ),
v(r, ϕ + 2π) = v(r, ϕ).


II. ’¥¯¥àì ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ®¤­®à®¤­®¥, ®áâ «ì­ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï, ªà®¬¥

ªà ¥¢®£®, ⮦¥ ®¤­®à®¤­ë¥ | ¯à¨áâ㯠¥¬ ª® ¢â®à®¬ã ¯ã­ªâã

¬¥â®¤  ”ãàì¥ | ¬®¦¥¬ ¤¥«¨âì ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥.

ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

∂ r ∂u + 1 ∂ 2 u =
∆v ≡ 1r ∂r ∂r r2 ∂ϕ2
= 0 ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u = R(r)Φ(ϕ). ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ¨ ®¤­®à®¤­®¥

55
ãá«®¢¨¥

Φ(ϕ)r(rR′ (r))′ + R(r)Φ′′ (ϕ) = 0 ⇐⇒

r(rR′ (r))′ Φ′′ (ϕ)
⇐⇒ =− = const = µ2 ,
R(r) Φ(ϕ)
R(r)Φ(ϕ + 2πk) = R(r)Φ(ϕ) ⇐⇒ Φ(ϕ + 2π) = Φ(ϕ).
Œë áࠧ㠭 ¯¨á «¨, çâ® const = µ2 , â. ª. −Φ′′ (ϕ) | ®¤­®-
¬¥à­ë© ®¯¥à â®à ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï. ®«ã稫 áì §­ ª®¬ ï
§ ¤ ç  (á¬. á. 47):

Φ′′ (ϕ) + µ2 Φ(ϕ) = 0,

½
⇐⇒
Φ(ϕ + 2π) = Φ(ϕ)
⇐⇒ Φ0 (ϕ) = 1, Φn (ϕ) = An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ, n ∈ N.
‘ Φ(ϕ) ®¯à¥¤¥«¨«¨áì. ’ ª ª ª ¬ë ¤¥«¨«¨ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥ ¢
ýத­®¬þ ãà ¢­¥­¨¨,   ­¥ ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬, â® à¥è¨¬ ãà ¢-
­¥­¨¥ ¨ ¤«ï R:
r(rR′ (r))′
= n2 ⇐⇒ r2 R′′ (r) + rR′ (r) − n2 R(r) = 0 ⇒
R(r)
⇒ (â. ª. íâ® ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ©«¥à ) ⇒
D n
⇒ R0 (r) = C0 + D0 ln r, Rn (r) = Cn rn + n , n = 1, 2, . . .
r
Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¬ë ¯®«ã稫¨ à¥è¥­¨ï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ‹ ¯-
« á  ¢ ¢¨¤¥

v0 (r, ϕ) = R0 (r) = C0 + D0 ln r, n = 0,
µ ¶
Dn
vn (r, ϕ) = Rn (r)Φn (ϕ) = Cn rn + n (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ),
r
n = 1, 2, . . .

III. ’¥¯¥àì, ¢ § ¢¨á¨¬®á⨠®â ⮣®, ª ªãî ¨§ âàñå § ¤ ç à¥-

è ¥¬, ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ä®à¬ «ì­®£® à鸞, 㤮¢-
«¥â¢®àïî饣® ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騬 ãá«®¢¨ï¬ ¯à¨ r=0 ¨«¨ r=
= ∞.
1) …᫨ § ¤ ç  ¢­ãâਠªà㣠, â®
∞
X
u(r, ϕ) = C0 + rn (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ).
1

56
 2) …᫨ § ¤ ç  ¢­¥ ªà㣠, â®
∞
X 1
u(r, ϕ) = (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ) + C0 .
rn
1
3) …᫨ § ¤ ç  ¢ ª®«ìæ¥, â®
∞ µ ¶
X Dn
u(r, ϕ) = C0 + D0 ln r + Cn rn + n cos nϕ+
r
1
∞ µ ¶
X
n Bn
+ An r + n sin nϕ.
r
1

6.2. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥, ¥á«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­

f (r, ϕ) = ar n cos mϕ ¨«¨ f (r, ϕ) = ar n sin mϕ,
(n + 2)2 6= m2 ?

◮ ‚ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ uç áâ­ =

= brn+2 cos mϕ, â. ¥. 㢥«¨ç¨¢ á⥯¥­ì r ­  2. ®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬
1 1
¢ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ urr + r ur + 2 uϕϕ = ar n cos mϕ:
r
b(n + 2)(n + 1)r cos mϕ + b(n + 2)rn cos mϕ − bm2 rn cos mϕ =
n
a
= arn cos mϕ ⇐⇒ b = .
(n + 2)2 − m2
‚¨¤­®, çâ® â ª ¬®¦­® ¤¥« âì, ¥á«¨ (n + 2)2 6= m2 . ◭

6.3. Š ª ­ ©â¨ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥, ¥á«¨ ᢮¡®¤­ë© ç«¥­

f (r, ϕ) = ar n cos mϕ ¨«¨ f (r, ϕ) = ar n sin mϕ,
(n + 2)2 = m2 ?

◮ ‚ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ rn+2 cos(n + 2)ϕ ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ãà ¢­¥-

­¨ï ‹ ¯« á . ¥è¥­¨¥ ¨é¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤¥ uç áâ­ = ϕ(r) cos mϕ (á¬.
¯à¨¬¥à 18). ◭
∆u = y2,r < 2,
½
à¨¬¥à 17.
u|r=2 = sin ϕ + 34 cos ϕ − 23 cos 2ϕ.
◮ ˆé¥¬ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥

uç áâ­ = ar4 + br4 cos 2ϕ ⇒

⇒ 12ar2 + 4ar2 + 12br2 cos 2ϕ + 4br2 cos 2ϕ − 4br4 cos 2ϕ =

57
 r2 r2 cos 2ϕ r4 r4
= − ⇒ uç áâ­ = − cos 2ϕ
2 2 32 24
„¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£:

r4 r4 ∆v = 0, r < 2,
½
v =u− + cos 2ϕ ⇒ v|r=2 = − 21 + sin ϕ + 43 cos ϕ.
32 24
’ ª ª ª íâ® § ¤ ç  „¨à¨å«¥ ­  ªà㣥, â® à¥è¥­¨¥ ­ å®¤¨âáï

ýãáâ­®þ:

1 ³r´ 4 ³r´
v=− + sin ϕ + cos ϕ.
2 2 3 2

Žâ¢¥â.
r4 − r4 cos 2ϕ − 1 + r sin ϕ + 2r cos ϕ.
u = 32 ◭
( 24 2 2 3
cos 3ϕ
∆u = 5 , r > 2,
à¨¬¥à 18. r
u|r=2 = sin 2ϕ + cos ϕ.
cos 3ϕ
◮ ‚ í⮬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥, ¥á«¨ 㢥«¨ç¨âì á⥯¥­ì ­  2, â® ï¢-
r3
«ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ‹ ¯« á . ®í⮬ã ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥-

­¨¥ ­ ¤® ¨áª âì ¢ ®¡é¥¬ ¢¨¤¥:

uç áâ­ = f (r) cos 3ϕ ⇒ r2 f ′′ (r) + rf ′ (r) − 9f (r) = r−3 ,

B
f®¤­®à (r) = Ar3 + 3 .
r
‚¨¤­®, çâ® ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥á⮠१®­ ­á :
fç áâ­ = br−3 ln r ⇒
⇒ 12br−3 ln r − 7br−3 − 3br−3 ln r + br−3 − 9br−3 ln r = r−3 ⇐⇒
1 ln r
⇐⇒ b = − ⇒ fç áâ­ = − 3 .
6 6r
‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ç áâ­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï ¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì − ln r3 cos 3ϕ.
6r
„¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£:

ln r ln r
v =u+ 3
cos 3ϕ ⇐⇒ u = v − 3 cos 3ϕ ⇒
6r ½ 6r
∆v = 0, r > 2,
⇒ v| ln 2
r=2 = sin 2ϕ + cos ϕ + 48 cos 3ϕ.

58
 ®«ã祭­ ï § ¤ ç  „¨à¨å«¥ à¥è ¥âáï ãáâ­®:
µ ¶ µ ¶2 µ ¶3
2 2 2 ln 2
v= cos ϕ + sin 2ϕ + cos 3ϕ.
r r r 48
(ln 2 − ln r) cos 3ϕ
u = 2 cos
Žâ¢¥â.
r
ϕ
+ 4 sin2 2ϕ + . ◭
r 6r3
2 2
 ∆u = 12(x − y ), 1 < r < 2,


à¨¬¥à 19. ur |r=1 = −6 cos 2ϕ + 16 sin 4ϕ,

u | 1
r r=2 = 28 cos 2ϕ + 2 sin 4ϕ.
◮ ‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® 12(x2 −y 2 ) = 12r2 cos 2ϕ. ®í⮬㠨饬 ç áâ-

­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨ ¤¥« ¥¬ ᤢ¨£:

uç áâ­ = r4 cos 2ϕ ⇒ v = u − r4 cos 2ϕ ⇒

 ∆v = 0,


⇒ vr |r=1 = −10 cos 2ϕ + 16 sin 4ϕ,

v | 1
r r=2 = −4 cos 2ϕ + 2 sin 4ϕ.

’¥¯¥àì ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨:

µ ¶ µ ¶
2 b 4 d
v = cos 2ϕ ar + 2 + sin 4ϕ cr + 4 + C.
r r
®¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï:

−10 cos 2ϕ + 16 sin 4ϕ =



= cos 2ϕ(2a − 2b) + sin 4ϕ(4c − 4d),



−4 cos 2ϕ + 12 sin 4ϕ = ⇐⇒
 ³ ´ ³ ´
= cos 2ϕ 4a − 2b 4d

8 + sin 4ϕ 32c − 32 .



a = − 11 64
½
⇐⇒ 15 , b = 4 15 ,
c = 0, d = −4.
cos 2ϕ
³ ´
4
Žâ¢¥â. u(r, ϕ) = r cos 2ϕ+ −11r 2 + 64 − 4 sin 4ϕ+
15 2 4
r r
+ C.
 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ­  â®, çâ® ¯à¨

à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç¨ ¥©¬ ­  ¬ë ­¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«¨«¨ ç¨á«® C. â® ¯à -

¢¨«ì­®, ¯®â®¬ã çâ® à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¥©¬ ­  ¤«ï ãà ¢­¥­¨ï

‹ ¯« á  ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­® á â®ç­®áâìî ¤® ¯à®¨§¢®«ì­®© ¯®áâ®ï­­®©.

59
 § 7. Œ¥â®¤ ”ãàì¥ á ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥¬ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å
ä㭪権

7.1. ‘奬  à¥è¥­¨ï

’¥¯¥àì ¡ã¤¥¬ à¥è âì ªà ¥¢ë¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¤«ï ¢­ãâ७­®áâ¨

è à , ¢­¥è­®á⨠è à  ¨ è à®¢®£® á«®ï.


 ∆u = f (r, ϕ, θ), r < R0 ,
‡ ¤ ç  14. (αu + βur )|r=R0 = u0 (ϕ, θ),
 u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ) = u(r, ϕ, θ).

 ∆u = f (r, ϕ, θ), r > R0 ,
‡ ¤ ç  15. (αu + βur )|r=R0 = u0 (ϕ, θ),
 u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ) = u(r, ϕ, θ).


 ∆u = f (r, ϕ, θ), R1 < r < R2 ,
(α1 u + β1 ur )|r=R1 = u0 (ϕ, θ),

‡ ¤ ç  16.
(α u + β2 ur )|r=R2 = u1 (ϕ, θ),
 2


u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ) = u(r, ϕ, θ).
I. Š ª ¢á¥£¤  ¯à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ã áá®­  á­ ç «  ­ -

室¨¬ ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¨ ᢮¤¨¬ á ¯®¬®éìî ᤢ¨£  ª à¥è¥­¨î

ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ‹ ¯« á .

II. ®í⮬ã áࠧ㠭 ç­ñ¬ á® ¢â®à®£® ¯ã­ªâ : ¡ã¤¥¬ à¥-

è âì ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ‹ ¯« á  | ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ u(r, ϕ, θ) =

= R(r)V (ϕ, θ):
µ ¶
d 2 dR(r)
V (ϕ, θ) r +
dr dr
R(r) ∂ 2 V (ϕ, θ)
µ ¶
R(r) ∂ ∂V (ϕ, θ)
+ sin θ + = 0 ⇐⇒
sin θ ∂θ ∂θ sin2 θ ∂ϕ2
µ ¶
1 d 2 dR(r)
⇐⇒ r =
R(r) dr dr
1 ∂ 2 V (ϕ, θ)
µ µ ¶ ¶
1 1 ∂ ∂V (ϕ, θ)
=− sin θ + = λ.
V (ϕ, θ) sin θ ∂θ ∂θ sin2 θ ∂ϕ2
µ ¶
∂2
³ ´
Ž¯¥à â®à −
1 ∂ sin θ ∂ + 1 ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï
sin θ ∂θ ∂θ 2 2
sin θ ∂ϕ
®¯¥à â®à®¬ ¥«ìâà ¬¨.  ©¤ñ¬ ᮡá⢥­­ë¥ ä㭪樨 ¨ ᮡáâ-

60
¢¥­­ë¥ §­ ç¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨
 µ ¶
∂V (ϕ, θ) ∂ 2 V (ϕ, θ)
³ ´
− 1 ∂ + 12
sin θ ∂θ sin θ = λV (ϕ, θ),

∂θ sin θ ∂ϕ2
V (ϕ + 2π, θ) = V (ϕ, θ).


Ž¯ïâì à §¤¥«¨¬ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ë¥: V (ϕ, θ) = Φ(ϕ)Θ(θ) ⇒

′′
sin θ (sin θ · Θ′ (θ))′ − λ sin2 θ = Φ (ϕ) = −µ2 .
⇒ − Θ(θ) Φ(ϕ)
®ï¢¨« áì §­ ª®¬ ï § ¤ ç  ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:

Φ′′ (ϕ) + µ2 Φ(ϕ) = 0,

½
⇐⇒
Φ(ϕ + 2π) = Φ(ϕ)
⇔ µ2 = k 2 ⇒ Φ0 (ϕ) = 1, Φk (ϕ) = Ak cos kϕ + Bk sin kϕ, k ∈ N,
¨ ­¥§­ ª®¬®¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥
µ ¶
1 d dΘ(θ) Θ(θ)
− sin θ + k2 = λΘ(θ).
sin θ dθ dθ sin2 θ
‘¤¥« ¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå: ξ = cos θ, ξ ∈ [−1; 1]. “à ¢­¥-

­¨¥ ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:

k2
µ ¶
d 2 dΘ(ξ)
− (1 − ξ ) + Θ(ξ) = λΘ(ξ),
dξ dξ 1 − ξ2
ã ª®â®à®£®, ­  ¯¥à¢ë© ¢§£«ï¤, ­¥â ­¨ª ª¨å ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨©.

‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¯à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ ­ è¨å § ¤ ç θ ∈ [0; π], â. ¥. ¥áâì

θ=0 ¨ θ = π, ¨«¨ ¢ ­®¢ëå ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ξ = 1 ¨ ξ = −1. à¨

í⮬ ¢ íâ¨å â®çª å p(ξ) = 0. â®, ¢ ᨫ㠮âáâ㯫¥­¨ï ­  á. 48

®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® ¬®¦¥â áãé¥á⢮¢ âì ­¥ ¡®«¥¥ ®¤­®£® à¥è¥­¨ï,

®£à ­¨ç¥­­®£® ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ­  ®â१ª¥ [−1; 1].

“á«®¢¨¥ ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®á⨠­  ®â१ª¥ [−1; 1] ¨£à ¥â à®«ì ®¤-

­®à®¤­ëå ªà ¥¢ëå ãá«®¢¨© ¤«ï § ¤ ç¨ ˜âãଠ{‹¨ã¢¨««ï:

k02
(
d (1 − ξ 2 ) dΘ(ξ) +
³ ´
− dξ Θ(ξ) = λΘ(ξ), ξ ∈ [−1; 1],
dξ 1 − ξ2
|Θ(ξ)| < ∞, ξ ∈ [−1; 1].
 áᬮâਬ á­ ç «  § ¤ ç㠯ਠk = 0:
(
d (1 − ξ 2 ) dΘ(ξ) = λΘ(ξ),
³ ´
− dξ dξ
|Θ(ξ)| < ∞, ξ ∈ [−1; 1].

61
 ®«ã祭­®¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨¥ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ãà ¢­¥­¨¥¬ ‹¥¦ ­¤à ,
ª®â®àë© ¤®ª § «, çâ® ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®¥ ­  ®â१ª¥ ξ ∈ [−1; 1] à¥-
襭¨¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, ¥á«¨ λ = n(n + 1), n ∈ N ∪ {0}, ¨ ®­® ¢ëà -
¦ ¥âáï ä®à¬ã«®©
1 dn 2
Θn (ξ) = Pn (ξ) = (ξ − 1)n , n ∈ N ∪ {0},
2n n! dξ n
£¤¥ Pn (ξ) ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¯®«¨­®¬®¬ ‹¥¦ ­¤à  (¤à㣮£®, «¨­¥©­®
­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬®£® á í⨬ ¨ ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®£® ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ¯¥à¢®© ¯à®¨§-
¢®¤­®© à¥è¥­¨ï ­  ®â१ª¥ ­¥â). ®«¨­®¬ë ‹¥¦ ­¤à  ®àâ®-
R1
£®­ «ì­ë ­  ®â१ª¥ [−1; 1]: −1 Θn (ξ)Θm (ξ) dξ = 0, n 6= m, ¨
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïîâ ¯®«­ãî ¢ L2 [−1; 1] á¨á⥬ã.
ˆâ ª,
(
d (1 − ξ 2 ) dΘ(ξ) = n(n + 1)Θ(ξ),
³ ´
− dξ dξ ⇐⇒
|Θ(ξ)| < ∞, ξ ∈ [−1; 1],
1 dn 2
⇐⇒ Θn (ξ) = Pn (ξ) = n (ξ − 1)n , n ∈ N ∪ {0}.
2 n! dξ n
’®£¤  à¥è¥­¨¥¬ § ¤ ç¨

k02
(
d (1 − ξ 2 ) dΘ(ξ) +
³ ´
− dξ Θ(ξ) = n(n + 1)Θ(ξ),
dξ 1 − ξ2
|Θ(ξ)| < ∞, ξ ∈ [−1; 1]
¯à¨ ª ¦¤®¬ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ §­ ç¥­¨¨ k0 ïîâáï â ª ­ §ë-
¢ ¥¬ë¥ ¯à¨á®¥¤¨­ñ­­ë¥ ¯®«¨­®¬ë ‹¥¦ ­¤à :

k0 d k0
Θkn0 (θ) = Pnk0 (ξ) = (1 − ξ 2 ) 2 Pn (ξ) ⇐⇒
dξ k
⇐⇒ Pnk0 (ξ) = sink0 θ · Pn(k0 ) (cos θ), n ∈ N ∪ {0}, k0 6 n.
‘¨á⥬  {Pnk0 (θ)}, n > k0 , nR = k0 , k0 + 1, k0 + 2, . . . ®à-
1
⮣®­ «ì­  ­  ®â१ª¥ [−1; 1]: −1 Pnk0 (ξ)Pm k0 (ξ) dξ = 0, n 6= m

(¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥ ®¤­®£® ¯®à浪  ã ¯®«¨­®¬®¢ à §­ëå á⥯¥­¥©) ¨

ï¥âáï ¯®«­®© ¢ L2 [−1; 1].
‚¨¤­®, çâ® ª ¦¤®¬ã 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ã n ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ã¥â 2k +
+1 ᮡá⢥­­ëå ä㭪権 ®¯¥à â®à  ¥«ìâà ¬¨:

Yn0 (ϕ, θ) = Pn(0) (cos θ) ≡ Pn (cos θ),

62
 sink θPn(k) (cos θ) cos kϕ, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n;
"
Ynk (ϕ, θ) =
sin|k| θPn(|k|) (cos θ) sin |k|ϕ, k = −1, −2, . . . , −n,
ª ¦¤ ï ¨§ ª®â®àëå ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï áä¥à¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樥©. ˆå  «-
n
ank Ynk (ϕ, θ)
P
£¥¡à ¨ç¥áª ï á㬬  ⮦¥ ï¥âáï áä¥à¨ç¥á-
k=−n
ª®© ä㭪樥©. Ž­  ®¡®§­ ç ¥âáï Yn , ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï áä¥à¨ç¥áª®©
ä㭪樥© ¯®à浪  n, ¨, ª ª ᮡá⢥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ®¯¥à â®à 
¥«ìâà ¬¨, 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â ãà ¢­¥­¨î

1 ∂ 2 Yn (ϕ, θ)
µ µ ¶ ¶
1 ∂ ∂Yn (ϕ, θ)
− sin θ + =
sin θ ∂θ ∂θ sin2 θ ∂ϕ2
= n(n + 1)Yn (ϕ, θ), n ∈ N ∪ {0},
n
X
Yn (ϕ, θ) = ank Ynk (ϕ, θ).
k=−n
‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¯®à冷ª ä㭪樨 ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï á⥯¥­ìî ¯®-
«¨­®¬  ‹¥¦ ­¤à  (­¥§ ¢¨á¨¬® ®â ¯®à浪  ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ¢ ¯à¨-
ᮥ¤¨­ñ­­®¬ ¯®«¨­®¬¥).
‘¨á⥬  {Ynk (ϕ, θ)} ®à⮣®­ «ì­  ­  ¯®¢¥àå­®á⨠¥¤¨­¨ç-
­®© áä¥àë ¨ ¯®«­  ­  ­¥© ¢ L2 (S1 ).
’ ª ª ª ¤¥«¥­¨¥ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ¯à®¨á室¨«® ¢ ®¤­®à®¤­®¬
ãà ¢­¥­¨¨, â® ¯à¨¤ñâáï ­ ©â¨ ¨ R(r):
µ ¶
1 d dR(r)
r2 = λ = n(n + 1) ⇐⇒
R(r) dr dr
Dn
⇔ r2 R′′ (r) + 2rR′ (r) − n(n + 1)R(r) = 0 ⇒ Rn (r) = Cn rn + .
rn+1
”ã­ªæ¨ï
µ ¶
bn
an r + n+1 sink θPn(k) (cos θ)(ck cos kϕ+dk sin kϕ), n ∈ N∪{0},
n
r
k6n
㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â ãà ¢­¥­¨î ‹ ¯« á  ¨ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï è à®¢®©
ä㭪樥©.

III. ’¥¯¥àì ¨é¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ä®à¬ «ì­ëå à冷¢,

£¤¥ ª ¦¤®¥ á« £ ¥¬®¥ ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ‹ ¯« á :

63
 ) ¢­ãâਠè à  ¢ ¢¨¤¥ à鸞
∞
X ∞
X n
X
u(r, ϕ, θ) = αn rn Yn (ϕ, θ) = rn ank Ynk (ϕ, θ), r < R,
n=0 n=0 k=−n

¡) ¢­¥ è à  ¢ ¢¨¤¥

∞ ∞ n
X αn X 1 X
u(r, ϕ, θ) = Yn (ϕ, θ) = ank Ynk (ϕ, θ), r > R
rn+1 rn+1
n=0 n=0 k=−n
¨
¢) ¢­ãâਠè à®¢®£® á«®ï ¢ ¢¨¤¥

u(r, ϕ, θ) =
∞ µ ¶ n
X Bn X k
= n
An r + n+1 sin θPn(k) (cos θ)(Ck cos kϕ+Dk sin kϕ),
r
n=0 k=0
R1 < r < R2 .
Žáâ «®áì 㤮¢«¥â¢®à¨âì ªà ¥¢ë¬ ãá«®¢¨ï¬. „«ï í⮣®
¯à¨¤ñâáï à §«®¦¨âì ¨å ¢ àï¤ë ”ãàì¥ ¯® áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨¬ äã­ª-
æ¨ï¬.
à¨¬¥à 20. ‡ ¤ ç  „¨à¨å«¥ ¢ è à¥:

 ∆u = 0, r < r0 ,
u|r=r0 = u0 (ϕ, θ),
u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ) = u(r, ϕ, θ).


◮ ãáâì ªà ¥¢®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ à §«®¦¥­® ¢ àï¤ ¯® áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨¬

∞
P
äã­ªæ¨ï¬: u0 (ϕ, θ) = βn Yn (ϕ, θ).
n=0
’®£¤ 
∞
X ∞
X
αn r0n Yn (ϕ, θ) = βn Yn (ϕ, θ) ⇐⇒
n=0 n=0
∞ µ ¶n
βn X r
⇔ αn r0n = βn ⇔ αn = n ⇒ u(r, ϕ, θ) = βn Yn (ϕ, θ).
r0 r0
n=0
∞ ³ ´n
βn rr0
P
Žâ¢¥â. Yn (ϕ, θ). ◭
n=0

64
 ‚ ®¬ ¢¨¤¥ ¬ë ­¨ç¥£® ­¥ ¯®«ã稬, ªà®¬¥ ä®à¬ã« (ª ª ¨
¤«ï ä㭪権 ¥áᥫï), â ª ª ª ¯à¨ à §«®¦¥­¨¨ ¯® áä¥à¨ç¥á-
ª¨¬ äã­ªæ¨ï¬ ¯à¨å®¤¨âáï à áª« ¤ë¢ âì ¯® ¯à¨á®¥¤¨­ñ­­ë¬
¯®«¨­®¬ ¬.
‚ ¯à¨­æ¨¯¥ íâ® ¬®¦­® ᤥ« âì â ª.
‘­ ç «  ¬®¦­® à §«®¦¨âì, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, u0 (ϕ, θ) ¢ àï¤ ¯®
a0 (θ)
®¡ëç­®© âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®© á¨á⥬¥: u0 (ϕ, θ) = 2 +
∞
P
+ (ak (θ) cos kϕ+bk (θ) sin kϕ),   § â¥¬ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ¯® á¨á-
k=1
⥬¥ ¯à¨á®¥¤¨­¥­­ëå ¯®«¨­®¬®¢:
∞
X ∞
X
ak (θ) = ckn Pnk (θ) = ckn sink θPn(k) (cos θ),
n=k n=k
£¤¥
Rπ (k)
ak (θ) sink θPm (cos θ)dθ
ckm = R0 ³ ´2 ,
π k (k)
0 sin θP m (cos θ) dθ
€­ «®£¨ç­®,
∞
X ∞
X
bk (r, θ) = dkn Pnk (θ) = dkn P sink θPn(k) (cos θ).
n=k n=k
®í⮬ã, çâ®¡ë ¨§¡¥¦ âì í⮩ £à®¬®§¤ª®áâ¨, ¢ ­ è¨å § -
¤ ç å ªà ¥¢ë¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ïîâáï ª®­¥ç­ë¬¨ á㬬 ¬¨ áä¥à¨-
ç¥áª¨å ä㭪権.

7.2. Š ª ã ª®­ªà¥â­®© áä¥à¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨

®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì ¥ñ ¯®à冷ª?

à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç ç áâ® ¯® áä¥à¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨, ¯à¨-

áãâáâ¢ãî饩 ¢ ªà ¥¢®¬ ãá«®¢¨¨, ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì á®®â-
¢¥âáâ¢ãîéãî è à®¢ãî. Š ª?
∆u = 0, r > R,

 ³ ´
u0 (ϕ, θ) = sin ϕ + π3 cos2 θ sin θ,



à¨¬¥à 21.

 u(r, ϕ, θ) = u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ),
 lim u = 0.

r→∞

65
 ³ ´
◮ ’. ª. ¢ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¨ u0 (ϕ, θ) = sin ϕ + π3 cos2 θ sin θ ¯à¨-
³ ´
áãâáâ¢ã¥â sin ϕ + π3 , â® k = 1, ¨ à¥çì ¯®©¤ñâ ® ä㭪樨 Y?1 ,
¤«ï ª®â®à®© 㦥 ¯à¨áãâáâ¢ã¥â ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬ë© ¬­®¦¨â¥«ì sin θ.
Žáâ «®áì ¢ëïá­¨âì, ¯¥à¢ ï ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï ª ª®£® ¯®«¨­®¬  ‹¥-

¦ ­¤à  à ¢­  cos2 θ. Ÿá­®, íâ® á¢ï§ ­® á ¬­®£®ç«¥­®¬ 3-© áâ¥-

¯¥­¨:

15 cos2 θ 3
µ ¶
1 3
P3 (cos θ) = 5 cos3 θ − cos θ ⇒ P3′ (cos θ) = − ⇔
2 2 2 4
′ ′
2P3 (cos θ) P1 (cos θ)
⇐⇒ cos2 θ = + .
15 10
‚¨¤­®, çâ® ¯¥à¢ ï ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï ᮤ¥à¦¨â ­¥ ⮫쪮 cos θ ,
2

­® ¨ ª®­áâ ­âã. ®í⮬㠯à¨è«®áì ¯®¨áª âì ¥éñ ¯®«¨­®¬ ‹¥-

¦ ­¤à , ¯¥à¢ ï ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï ª®â®à®£® à ¢­  ª®­áâ ­â¥, íâ® ¯®-

«¨­®¬ ¯¥à¢®© á⥯¥­¨. ®í⮬ã

à !
(1)
³ π ´ 2P3 1
u0 (ϕ, θ) = sin ϕ + + sin θ =
3 15 10
à !
(1)
³ π ´ 2P3 1 ³ π´ (1)
= sin ϕ + sin θ + sin ϕ + sin θP1 ⇒
3 15 10 3
2 R 4
µ ¶ ³ π´ (1)
⇒u= sin ϕ + sin θP3 (cos θ)+
15 r 3
1 R 2
µ ¶ ³ π´ (1)
+ sin ϕ + sin θP1 (cos θ).
10 r 3
³ ´4 ³ ´
Žâ¢¥â. u =
2 R sin ϕ + π sin θP (1) (cos θ) +
15 r 3 3
³ ´2 ³ ´
1 R π
+ 10 r sin ϕ + 3 sin θP1 (cos θ).
(1)
◭
 √
 ∆u = 20, r < 3, √
à¨¬¥à 22. u|r=√3 = 15 + 15 cos 2θ − 3 sin θ sin ϕ,
u(r, ϕ, θ) = u(r, ϕ + 2π, θ).

◮  ©¤ñ¬ á­ ç «  ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨ ᤥ« ¥¬
ᤢ¨£:

uç áâ­. = ar2 ⇒ 2a + 4a = 20 ⇐⇒

66
 10 10r2 10r2
⇐⇒ a = ⇒ uç áâ­. = ⇒v =u− .
3 3 3
¥à¥¯¨è¥¬ § ¤ çã ¢ ­®¢ëå ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå:
½ √
∆v = 0, r < 3, √
v|r=√3 = 15 + 15 cos 2θ − 3 sin θ sin ϕ − 10.
’¥¯¥àì ¯à¥®¡à §ã¥¬ ªà ¥¢®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ ª á㬬¥ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å

ä㭪権:
√
15 + 15 cos 2θ − 3 sin θ sin ϕ − 10 =
√
= 5 + 15(2 cos2 θ − 1) − 3 sin θ sin ϕ =
√
µ ¶
2 3 2 1 1
= −10 + 30 cos θ − + − 3P11 sin ϕ =
3 2 2 2
√
= 20P2 − 3P11 sin ϕ.
’¥¯¥àì § ¯¨è¥¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ è à®¢ëå äã­ªæ¨ïå:

10r2 r 2 √
µ ¶ µ ¶
r
u(r, ϕ, θ) = + 20P2 √ − 3 √ P11 sin ϕ =
3 3 3
µ µ ¶¶
10 20 3 1
= r2 + cos2 θ − − r sin θ sin ϕ =
3 3 2 2
= 10r2 cos2 θ − r sin θ sin ϕ.
Žâ¢¥â. u = 10r2 cos2 θ − r sin θ sin ϕ. ◭
à¨¬¥à 23.

 ∆u = 14 , r > 2,

r ³ ´
 (u − ur )|r=2 = sin θ · cos2 θ · sin π − ϕ , u(∞) = 0.
2 6
◮  ©¤ñ¬ á­ ç «  ç áâ­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ãà ¢­¥­¨ï:

2 1
urr + ur = 4 ,
r r
a 1 1
uç áâ­ = 2 ⇒ a(6 − 4) = 1 ⇐⇒ a = ⇒ v = u − 2 ⇒
( r 2 2r
∆v = 0, r > 2,
⇒ (v − v )|
³ ´
= sin θ · cos 2 θ · sin π − ϕ − 1 , v(∞) = 0.
r r=2 2 6 4

67
 ’¥¯¥àì ¯à¥®¡à §ã¥¬ ªà ¥¢®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ ª á㬬¥ áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨å

ä㭪権:

θ ³π ´ 1 1 ³π ´ 1
sin θ·cos2 ·sin − ϕ − = sin θ· (1+cos θ)·sin −ϕ − =
2 6 4 2 6 4
1 ³π ´ 1 ³π ´ 1
= sin θ · sin − ϕ + sin θ · cos θ sin −ϕ − =
2 6 2 6 4
1 ³π ´
(1) 1 ³π ´ 2
(1) 1
= sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ)+ sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ)− P0 ⇒
2 6 2 6 3 4
a ³π ´
(1)
⇒ v(r, ϕ, θ) = 2 sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ)+
r 6
b ³π ´
(1) d
+ 3 sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ) + ⇒
r 6 r
1 ³π ´
(1) 1 ³π ´ 1
(1) 1
⇒ sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ)+ sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ)− P0 =
2 6 2 6 3 4
a ³π ´
(1) b ³π ´
(1) d
= sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ) + sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ) + −
4 6 8 6 2
µ
2a ³ π ´
(1)
− − sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ)−
8 6
¶
3b ³π ´
(1) d
− sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ) − ⇔
16 6 4
1 = a,

a = 1,

2 2

8 ,
 

⇐⇒ 1 = 5b , ⇐⇒ b = 15 ⇒
6 16
 3d = − 1

 d = − 1

4 4 3
1 1 ³π ´
(1)
⇒ u(r, ϕ, θ) = + sin − ϕ P1 (cos θ)+
2r2 r2 6
8 ³π ´
(1) 1
+ 3
sin − ϕ · P2 (cos θ) − =
15r 6 3r
1 1 1 ³π ´ 8 ³π ´
= 2− + 2 sin − ϕ sin θ + 3 sin − ϕ · sin θ cos θ.
2r 3r r 6 5r 6
³ ´
Žâ¢¥â. u =
1 − 1 + 1 sin θ sin π − ϕ +
2r2³ 3r ´ r2 6
8 π
+ 3 sin θ cos θ sin 6 − ϕ . ◭
5r

68
 § 8. ®â¥­æ¨ «ë

Ž¡ëç­® ¯®â¥­æ¨ «ë ­ å®¤ïâ, ¢ëç¨á«ïï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥

¨­â¥£à «ë. â®â ¬¥â®¤ ¬ë ®¯ã᪠¥¬. ‚ ¤ ­­®¬ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¯®-
⥭樠«ë ¤«ï è à , áä¥àë, áä¥à¨ç¥áª®£® á«®ï ­ å®¤ïâáï á ¯®-
¬®éìî ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¨ ᢮©áâ¢, ª®â®àë¬ ®­¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîâ. â®
¤ ñâ ¢®§¬®¦­®áâì «ãçè¥ ã᢮¨âì ¨ § ¯®¬­¨âì ᢮©á⢠ ¯®â¥­-
樠«®¢.

8.1. Ž¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢ R3

ãáâì ρ | ®¡®¡éñ­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï.

‘¢ñà⪠
1 ∗ρ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ­ìîâ®­®¢ë¬
V3 = |x| ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¬.
‘¢®©á⢠ ¯®â¥­æ¨ «  V3
1. …᫨ ρ(x) | 䨭¨â­ ï ®¡®¡éñ­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï, â® ¯®â¥­æ¨ «
V3 áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ¢ D′ ¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â ãà ¢­¥­¨î ã áá®­ 
∆V3 = −4πρ.
2. …᫨ ρ | 䨭¨â­ ï,  ¡á®«îâ­® ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬 ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¢
R3 , ⮠ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騩 ­ìîâ®­®¢ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « V3 ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï
®¡êñ¬­ë¬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¬. à¨ í⮬ ®¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « V3

ï¥âáï «®ª «ì­®  ¡á®«îâ­® ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬®© ä㭪樥© ¢ R3

R ρ(y) dy
¨ ¢ëà ¦ ¥âáï ä®à¬ã« ¬¨ V3 = R3 .
|x − y|
3. …᫨ ρ ∈ C(G) ¨ G | ®£à ­¨ç¥­­ ï ®¡« áâì, ρ = 0, x ∈
∈ R3
\ Q, â® ®¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « V3
 ) ¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦¨â C 1 (R3 ), ³ ´
¡) £ à¬®­¨ç¥­ ¢ G1 ¨ V (x) = O
1 , |x| → ∞.
|x|
4. …᫨ ρ ∈ C 1 (G) ∩ C(G), â® V ∈ C 2 (G).
à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç ¯à¨å®¤¨âáï ®â¤¥«ì­® ­ å®¤¨âì ¯®â¥­-
樠«ë ¤«ï â®ç¥ª, ¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦ é¨å ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®© ®¡« á⨠G.
â®â ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¡ã¤¥¬ ®¡®§­ ç âì Vi ,   ¤«ï â®ç¥ª, «¥¦ é¨å
¢­¥ ¥ñ, íâ®â ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¡ã¤¥¬ ®¡®§­ ç âì Ve .
’®£¤ , ¥á«¨ ρ∈ 1
C (G) ∩ C(G), ¨§ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饣® á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ®
³ ´
1)
1 , |x| → ∞.
∆Vi (x) = −4πρ(x), ∆Ve (x) = 0, Ve (x) = O |x|
2) Ve (x)|∂G = Vi (x)|∂G .
∂ ∂
3)
∂n Vi |∂G = ∂n Ve |∂G , £¤¥ n | ¢­¥è­ïï ­®à¬ «ì.

69
 Ž¡ëç­® ¯®â¥­æ¨ «ë ­ å®¤ïâ, ¢ëç¨á«ïï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥
¨­â¥£à «ë.
’ ª ª ª ¢ ­ è¨å § ¤ ç å ¢ ஫¨ ®¡« á⨠¢ëáâ㯠îâ «¨¡®
è à, «¨¡® áä¥à¨ç¥áª¨© á«®©, â® ¡ã¤¥¬ ­ å®¤¨âì ¯®â¥­æ¨ «ë á
¯®¬®éìî ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¨ ᢮©áâ¢, ª®â®àë¬ ®­¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àïîâ.
‚ ᨫã ᯥæ¨ä¨ª¨ à áᬠâਢ ¥¬ëå ®¡« á⥩ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì
V3 , § ¢¨áï騩 ⮫쪮 ®â à ááâ®ï­¨ï, â. ¥. V3 = V3 (r).
à¨¬¥à 24. ‚ëç¨á«¨â¥
p ®¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤«ï è à 
|x| < R á ¯«®â­®áâìî ρ = |x|.
◮ ®¯à®¡ã¥¬ ¨áª âì à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ V = V (r). ‚®á-
¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ᢮©á⢠¬¨ ®¡êñ¬­®£® ¯®â¥­æ¨ « :
√ √
1) ∆Vi (r) = −4π r ⇐⇒ 12 (r2 Vi′ (r))′ = −4π r ⇐⇒ Vi (r) =
r
5
= − 16 C
35 πr − r + D .
2

Vi = V3 (r), r 6 R,   ρ ∈
’ ª ª ª C(G), â® V3 (r) ¯à¨­ ¤«¥-
1 3
¦¨â C (R ). ®í⮬ã C = 0 ⇒ Vi (r)
16 πr 25 + D, ∆V (r) =
= − 35 e

= 0 ⇐⇒ Ve (r) = A
r + B. ³ ´
’ ª ª ª Ve = V3 (r), r > R,   V3 (r) = O 1r , r → ∞, â®

B = 0 ⇒ Ve (r) = A
r.
’¥¯¥àì ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ᢮©á⢠¬¨ 2) { 3):
 5

 2) − 16 πR 2 + D = A ,  A = 8 πR 27 ,
35 R 7
3 7 ⇐⇒ 5 ⇒
 3) − 8 πR 2 = − A2 ⇐⇒ A = 8 πR 2  D = 56 πR 2
7 R 7 35
8π 7 8π ³ 5 5
´
⇒ Ve (r) = R 2 , Vi (r) = 7R 2 − 2r 2 .
7r 35
³ 5 5
´ 7
Žâ¢¥â.
8π 7R 2 − 2r 2 , r 6 R; 8π R 2 , r > R. ◭
35 7r
Œ®¦­® à¥è¨âì ¡®«¥¥ ®¡éãî § ¤ çã.
à¨¬¥à 25. ‚ëç¨á«¨âì ®¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤«ï è à 
|x| < R á ¯«®â­®áâìî ρ = ρ(|x|) ∈ C .
◮ ®¯à®¡ã¥¬ ¨áª âì à¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ V = V (r).
 ©¤ñ¬ á­ ç «  ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢­ãâਠè à :

(r2 Vi′ (r))′ = −4πr2 ρ(r) ⇐⇒

70
 r
4π
Z
C1
⇐⇒ Vi′ (r) = − ξ 2 ρ(ξ)dξ + .
r2 0 r2
’ ª ª ª Vi = V3 (r), r 6 R,   ρ ∈ C(G), â® V3 (r) ¯à¨­ ¤«¥-
¦¨â C 1 (R3 ). ®í⮬ã C1 = 0 ¨
Z rµ Z η ¶
1 2
Vi (r) = −4π ξ ρ(ξ)dξ dη + C2 =
0 η2
µZ r0 µZ r ¶ ¶
2 1
= −4π ξ ρ(ξ) 2
dη dξ + C2 =
0 ξ η
4π r 2
Z Z r
= ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ + C2 .
r 0 0
’¥¯¥àì ­ ©¤ñ¬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢­¥ è à :
¢′
∆Ve (r) = 0 ⇐⇒ r2 Vt′ (r) = 0 ⇐⇒
¡

C3
⇐⇒ r2 Vt′ (r) = C3 ⇐⇒ Ve (r) = − + C4 .
r
³ ´
’ ª ª ª Ve = V3 (r), r > R,   V3 (r) = O 1r , r → ∞, â® C4 =
= 0 ⇒ Ve (r) = − Cr3 .
’¥¯¥àì ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ᢮©á⢠¬¨ 2) { 3):
R R
4π
Z Z
C3 2
2) − = ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ + C2 ;
R R 0 0
R R
4π
Z Z
C3
3) 2
=− 2 ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ ⇐⇒ C3 = −4π ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ ⇒
R R 0 0
R
4π
Z
a) Ve (r) = ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ,
r 0
ZR ZR ZR
4π 2 4π 2
b) ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ = C2 ⇔
R R
0 0 0
Z R
⇒ 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ = C2 ⇒
0
4π r 2
Z Z r Z R
⇒ Vi = ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ =
r 0 0 0

71
 4π r 2
Z Z R
= ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ.
r 0 r

Žâ¢¥â.
4π R r ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ + 4π R R ξρ(ξ) dξ , r 6 R;
r 0 r
4π R R ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ , r > R. ◭
r 0
à¨¬¥à 26. „«ï áä¥à¨ç¥áª®£® á«®ï R1 < |x| < R2 ¢ëç¨á-
«¨âì ®¡êñ¬­ë© ¯®â¥­æ¨ « á ¯«®â­®áâìî ρ = ρ(|x|) ∈ C .
◮  ©¤ñ¬ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ V = V (r):
1)  ) R1 < r < R2 :
1 2 ′
(r Vi (r))′ = −4πρ(r) ⇐⇒ (r2 Vi′ (r))′ = −4πr2 ρ(r) ⇐⇒
r2
4π r 2
Z
′ C1
⇐⇒ Vi (r) = − 2 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 2 ⇐⇒
r r
Z r µ Z0 η ¶
1 C1
⇐⇒ Vi (r) = −4π 2
ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ dη − + C2 =
0 η r
Z r µZ0 r ¶
1 C1
= −4π ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ 2
dη − + C2 =
0 ξ η r
Z r µ ¶
2 1 1 C1
= 4π ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − − + C2 =
0 r ξ r
4π r 2
Z Z r
C1
= ξ ρ(ξ) dξ − 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ − + C2 = Vi (r);
r 0 0 r
1 ¡ ¢′ C
b) r > R2 : 2 r 2 Ve′1 (r) = 0 ⇐⇒ Ve1 (r) = − r3 + C4 ⇒
r
⇒ C4 = 0 ⇒ Ve1 (r) = − Cr3 ;
c) r 6 R1 : 12 (r2 Ve′2 (r))′ = 0 ⇐⇒ Ve2 (r) = − Cr5 + C6 ⇒
r
⇒ C5 = 0 ⇒ Ve2 (r) = C6 .
‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ᢮©á⢠¬¨ 2) { 3) ­  áä¥à å r = R1 : ¨ r =
= R2 .
  r = R1 :
2)
4π R R1 ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ − 4π R R1 ξρ(ξ) dξ − C1 + C = C ;
R1 0 0 R1 2 6

3)
4π R R1 2 C R R
− 2 0 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 12 = 0 ⇐⇒ C1 = 4π 0 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ ⇒ 1 2
R1 R1
4π Rr 2 Rr 4π R R1
a) Vi (r) = r 0 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ−4π 0 ξρ(ξ) dξ− r 0 ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ+

+ C2 = −4π 0 ξρ(ξ) dξ − 4π
Rr R R1 2
r r ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + C2 ;

72
 R
R1
R
R1 R
R1 4π ξ 2 ρ (ξ) dξ
b)
4π ξ 2 ρ (ξ) dξ − 4π ξρ (ξ) dξ − 0
+ C2 =
R1 R1
0 0
R
R1
= C6 ⇐⇒ − 4π ξρ (ξ) dξ + C2 = C6 .
0
  r = R2 :
2)
RR
−4π 0 2 ξρ(ξ) dξ − R 4π R R1 ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ + C = − C3 ;
2 R2
2 R2
3)
4π R R2 2 4π R R 1 2
− 2 0 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 2 0 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ = 2 ⇐⇒ C 3
R2 R2 R2
R R2 2
⇐⇒ −4π R1 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ = C3 .
4π R R2
‘ࠧ㠭 å®¤¨¬ Ve1 = r R ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ .
1
‡ â¥¬ ­ ©¤ñ¬ C2 ¨ Vi :
Z R2
4π R1 2
Z
−4π ξρ(ξ) dξ − ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + C2 =
0 R2 R2

4π R2 2
Z Z R2
= ξ ρ(ξ) dξ ⇐⇒ C2 = 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ ⇒
R2 R1 0
Zr ZR1 ZR2
4π
⇒ Vi (r) = −4π ξρ(ξ) dξ − ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ +4π ξρ(ξ) dξ =
r
0 r 0
4π r 2
Z Z R2
= ξ ρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ.
r R1 r

’¥¯¥àì ¬®¦­® ­ ©â¨ C6 ¨ Ve2 :

Z R1
−4π ξρ(ξ) dξ + C2 = C6 ⇐⇒
0
Z R1 Z R2
⇐⇒ − 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ = C6 ⇐⇒
0 0
Z R2
⇐⇒ Ve2 = 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ,
R1
r R2
4π
Z Z
ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ + 4π ξρ(ξ) dξ = Vi (r).
r R1 r

73
 6 R1 ; 4π
R R2 Rr 2
Žâ¢¥â. 4π R1 ξρ(ξ) dξ , r r R1 ξ ρ(ξ) dξ +
+ 4π
R R2
ξρ(ξ) dξ , R1 6 r 6 R2 ; 4π R R2 ξ 2 ρ(ξ) dξ , r > R . ◭
r r R1 2

8.2. ®â¥­æ¨ « ¯à®á⮣® á«®ï ¢ R3

ãáâì S | ®£à ­¨ç¥­­ ï ªãá®ç­®-£« ¤ª ï, ¤¢ãáâ®à®­­ïï

¯®¢¥àå­®áâì á ¢ë¡à ­­ë¬ ­ ¯à ¢«¥­¨¥¬ ­®à¬ «¨ n ª ­¥©,  
µ | ­¥¯à¥à뢭 ï äã­ªæ¨ï ­  S . ìîâ®­®¢ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « V 0 =
1 ∗µδ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¬ ¯à®á⮣® á«®ï, ¢ëà ¦ ¥âáï
= |x| S
¨­â¥£à «®¬
Z
0 µ(ξ) ds
V (x) =
S |x − ξ|
¨ ï¥âáï «®ª «ì­®  ¡á®«îâ­® ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬®© ä㭪樥© ¢ R3 .
à¨ í⮬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¯à®á⮣® á«®ï
1) 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â ãà ¢­¥­¨î ã áá®­  ∆V 0 = −4πµδS , ï¢-
«ï¥âáï £ à¬®­¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樥© ¢­¥ ¯®¢¥àå­®á⨠S , â. ¥.
µ ¶
0 0 0 1
∆Vi (x) = 0, ∆Ve (x) = 0, Ve (x) = O , |x| → ∞;
|x|
2) ï¥âáï ­¥¯à¥à뢭®© ä㭪樥© ¢® ¢áñ¬ ¯à®áâà ­á⢥,
â. ¥. V 0 (x) ∈ C(R3 );
3) ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï ¯® ¢­¥è­¥© ­®à¬ «¨ â¥à¯¨â à §àë¢, ¥á«¨ S
| ¯®¢¥àå­®áâì ‹ï¯ã­®¢ :
¯ ¯
∂ 0 ¯¯ ∂ 0 ¯¯
V − V = −4πµ(x).
∂n e ¯S ∂n i ¯S
à¨¬¥à 27. „«ï áä¥àë à ¤¨ãá  R ¢ëç¨á«¨âì ¯®â¥­æ¨ «
¯à®á⮣® á«®ï á ¯«®â­®áâìî µ = const.
◮ ¥è¥­¨¥ ¡ã¤¥¬ ¨áª âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥ V 0 = V 0 (r).
 ©¤ñ¬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢­ãâਠáä¥àë:

1 ¡ 2 0 ¢′
∆Vi0 (r) = 0 ⇐⇒ 2
r (Vi (r))′ = 0 ⇒
r
C1
⇒ (Vi0 (r))′ = 2 ⇒ C1 = 0, Vi0 (r) = C2 .
r

74
 ’¥¯¥àì ­ ©¤ñ¬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¢­¥ áä¥àë:
1 ¡ 2 0 ¢′ C1
2
r (Ve (r))′ = 0 ⇐⇒ (Ve0 (r))′ = 2 ⇐⇒
r r
C 1 C1
⇐⇒ Ve0 (r) = − + C2 ⇒ C2 = 0 ⇒ Ve0 (r) = − .
r r
‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ᢮©á⢠¬¨ 2) { 3):
2) C2 = − CR1 ,
3)
C1 − 0 = −4πµ ⇐⇒ C = −4πµR2 ⇒
1
R2
2
4πµR
 ) Ve0 (r) = r ;
¡) C2 = 4πµR ⇒ Vi0 (r) = 4πµR.
2
Žâ¢¥â. 4πµR, r 6 R; 4πµR
r , r > R. ◭

8.3. ®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï ¢ R3

ãáâì S | ®£à ­¨ç¥­­ ï ªãá®ç­®-£« ¤ª ï, ¤¢ãáâ®à®­­ïï

¯®¢¥àå­®áâì á ¢ë¡à ­­ë¬ ­ ¯à ¢«¥­¨¥¬ ­®à¬ «¨ n ª ­¥©,  
ν | ­¥¯à¥à뢭 ï äã­ªæ¨ï ­  S . ìîâ®­®¢ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « V 1 =
1 ∗ ∂ µδ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¬ ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï, ¢ë-
= − |x| ∂n S
à ¦ ¥âáï ¨­â¥£à «®¬
1
Z
1 ∂
V (x) = ν(ξ) ds
S ∂n |x − ξ|
¨ ï¥âáï «®ª «ì­®  ¡á®«îâ­® ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬®© ä㭪樥© ¢ R3 .
à¨ í⮬ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï
1) 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â ãà ¢­¥­¨î ∆V 1 = −4π ∂n ∂ µδ , ï¥âáï
S
£ à¬®­¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樥© ¢­¥ ¯®¢¥àå­®á⨠S :
µ ¶
1 1 1 1 2
∆Vi (x) = 0, ∆Ve (x) = 0, V (x) = O , |x| → ∞;
|x|
2) ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥å®¤¥ ç¥à¥§ ¯®¢¥àå­®áâì ‹ï¯ã­®¢  â¥à-
¯¨â à §àë¢ Ve1 (x)|S − Vi1 (x)|S = 4πν(x), ¯à¨ í⮬
1
Z
1 ∂
Ve (x)|S = 2πν(x) + ν(ξ) ds,
∂n |x − ξ|
ZS
∂ 1
Vi1 (x)|S = −2πν(x) + ν(ξ) ds,
S ∂n |x − ξ|

75
 £¤¥ Vi1 (x)|S | ¯à¥¤¥«ì­®¥ §­ ç¥­¨¥ Vi1 (x), ª®£¤  x áâà¥-

¬¨âáï ª £à ­¨æ¥ ¨§­ãâà¨, Ve1 (x)|S | ¯à¥¤¥«ì­®¥ §­ ç¥­¨¥

Ve1 (x), ª®£¤  x áâ६¨âáï ª £à ­¨æ¥ ¨§¢­¥.

à¥®¡à §ã¥¬ ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­®¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ®

µ ¶
∂ 1 1
= ∇ ,n =
∂n |x − ξ| |x − ξ|
à !
1
= ∇p ,n =
(x1 − ξ1 )2 + (x2 − ξ2 )2 + (x3 − ξ2 )2
µ ¶
x−ξ cos(x − ξ, n) cos ϕxξ
= 3
,n = 2
= .
|x − ξ| |x − ξ| |x − ξ|2
’¥¯¥àì ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï ¬®¦­® § ¯¨á âì ¢ ¢¨¤¥

cos ϕxξ ds
Z
V 1 (x) = ν(ξ) ,
S |x − ξ|2
£¤¥ cos ϕxξ | ª®á¨­ãá 㣫  ¬¥¦¤ã ¢¥ªâ®à®¬ x−ξ ¨ ¢­¥è­¥©

­®à¬ «ìî.

‡ ¬¥ç â¥«ì­® â®, çâ® ­  á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥

E C ¬®¦­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£®
D
á«®ï ¥éñ ¢ ®¤­®¬ ¢¨¤¥, ª®â®àë© ¤ áâ

A x B ¢®§¬®¦­®áâì à¥è¨âì á«¥¤ãîéãî § -

ξ
¤ çã ãáâ­®.
G −−−
Vi1 (x). ãáâì BC |
 áᬮâਬ
F ¢­¥è­ïï ­®à¬ «ì, DG | ª á â¥«ì­ ï,

O EF ⊥ AB , ∠DBE = π − ϕxξ . ®í⮬ã

¨á. 5 ds cos(π − ϕxξ ) ds cos ϕxξ
= dω = − , £¤¥
|x − ξ|2 |x − ξ|2
dω | í«¥¬¥­â ⥫¥á­®£® 㣫 , ¯®¤ ª®â®àë¬ ¨§ â®çª¨ x ¢¨¤¥­

í«¥¬¥­â ¯®¢¥àå­®áâ¨.

Žâá á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ®

cos ϕxξ ds
Z Z
Vi1 (x) = ν(ξ) =− ν(ξ) dω.
S |x − ξ|2 S
à¨¬¥à 28.  ©¤¨â¥ ¯®â¥­æ¨ « ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï á ¯®áâ®ï­-
­®© ¯«®â­®áâìî ν0 ­  áä¥à¥ |x| = R.
◮ ‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ¯®á«¥¤­¥© ä®à¬ã«®© ¯®â¥­æ¨ «  ¤¢®©­®£®

Vi1 (x) = −ν0 V 1 (x)||x|<R =

R
á«®ï.
S dω .   à¨á. 6{8 ¢¨¤­®, çâ®

76
= −4πν0 , V 1 (x)||x|>R = 0 | ®¤­  áâ®à®­  ¯®¢¥àå­®á⨠¢¨¤­ 

¯®¤ ®¤­¨¬ 㣫®¬, § ª«îçñ­­ë¬ ¢ ª á â¥«ì­®¬ ª®­ãá¥,   ¤à㣠ï

| ¯®¤ ⥬ ¦¥ 㣫®¬, ­® ¢¨¤­  ¤à㣠ï áâ®à®­  ¯®¢¥àå­®áâ¨,

V 1 (x)||x|=R = −2πν0 .

x
x x

¨á. 6 ¨á. 7 ¨á. 8

 à ¨ ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. Ž¯ëâ ¯®ª §ë¢ ¥â, çâ® ­¥ª®â®àë¬

ãç é¨¬áï §­ ç¥­¨¥ V 1 (x)||x|=R = −2πν0 ª ¦¥âáï ­¥®ç¥¢¨¤-

­ë¬. ’®£¤  ¥£® ¬®¦­® ­ ©â¨ ¨§ ᮮ⭮襭¨ï

1
Z
∂
Vi1 (x)|S = −2πν(x) + ν(ξ) ds ⇒
S ∂n |x − ξ|
1
Z
∂
⇒ ν(ξ) ds = −4πν0 + 2πν0 = −2πν0 .
S ∂n |x − ξ|
Žâ¢¥â. V 1 (x)||x|<R = −4πν0 , V 1 (x)||x|>R = 0, V 1 (x)||x|=R =
= −2πν0 . ◭
à¨¬¥à 29. ¥è¨â¥ § ¤ ç㠄¨à¨å«¥
½
∆u = 0, |x| < R,
u||x|=R = u0 (x), u0 (x) ∈ C(x, |x| = R)
á ¯®¬®éìî áã¬¬ë ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¢ ¯à®á⮣® ¨ ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ñ¢.
R µ(ξ) ds cos ϕxξ ds
u(x) = Vi0 (x)+Vi1 (x) =
R
◮ ãáâì + ν(ξ) ,
|x − ξ| |x − ξ|2
|ξ|=R |ξ|=R
|x| < R, £¤¥ µ(ξ), ν(ξ) | ¨áª®¬ë¥ ä㭪樨. ’ ª ª ª ¢­ãâà¨
0 1
è à  ∆V (x) = 0, ∆V (x) = 0, â® ∆u = 0, |x| < R. Žáâ «®áì
i i
㤮¢«¥â¢®à¨âì ªà ¥¢®¬ã ãá«®¢¨î.

®â¥­æ¨ « ¯à®á⮣® á«®ï ­¥¯à¥à뢥­ ¢® ¢áñ¬ ¯à®áâà ­á⢥

µ(ξ) ds
R3 , Vi0 (x)||x|=R = 0
R
¯®í⮬ã , |x| = R, £¤¥ V (x)||x|=R
|ξ|=R |x − ξ| i
| ¯à¥¤¥«ì­®¥ §­ ç¥­¨¥
0
Vi (x), ª®£¤  x áâ६¨âáï ª £à ­¨æ¥

¨§­ãâਠè à .

77
 ‘ ¯®â¥­æ¨ «®¬ ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï á«®¦­¥¥ | ¯à¥¤¥«ì­ë¥ §­ -
祭¨ï ¨§­ãâਠ¨ ¨§¢­¥ à §­ë¥, ¯à¨â®¬ §­ ç¥­¨¥ ­  á ¬®© ¯®-
¢¥àå­®á⨠¨¬¥¥â âà¥âì¥ §­ ç¥­¨¥:
cos ϕxξ ds
Z
Vi1 (x)||x|=R = −2πν(x) + ν(ξ) , |x| = R,
|ξ|=R |x − ξ|2
£¤¥ Vi1 (x)||x|=R | ¯à¥¤¥«ì­®¥ §­ ç¥­¨¥ Vi1 (x), ª®£¤  x áâà¥-
cos ϕxξ ds
R
¬¨âáï ª £à ­¨æ¥ ¨§­ãâਠè à ,   |ξ|=R ν(ξ) | §­ ç¥-
|x − ξ|2
­¨¥ ¯®â¥­æ¨ «  ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ï ­  á ¬®© ¯®¢¥àå­®áâ¨.
ˆâ ª,
à !
cos ϕxξ ds
Z Z
µ(ξ) ds
u0 (x) = + −2πν(x) + ν(ξ) ,
|ξ|=R |x − ξ| |ξ|=R |x − ξ|2
|x| = R.
‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® x2
= + |x − ξ|2 + R2
ϕxξ + 2R|x − ξ| cos ϕxξ ⇐⇒ cos ϕxξ =
ξ x2 − R2 − |x − ξ|2
= 2R|x − ξ|
(á¬. à¨á. 9), ®âªã¤ 
x á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¥á«¨ x ­  ®ªà㦭®áâ¨, â®
|x − ξ|
0 cos ϕxξ = − 2R . ®¤áâ ¢¨¬ íâ® §­ -
祭¨¥:
cos ϕxξ ds
Z Z
ν(ξ) ds
ν(ξ) =− .
¨á. 9 |x − ξ|2 2R|x − ξ|
|ξ|=R |ξ|=R

’®£¤ 
Z Ã Z !
µ(ξ) ds ν(ξ) ds
u0 (x) = +
−2πν(x) − 2
⇐⇒
|ξ|=R |x − ξ| |ξ|=R 2R|x − ξ|
ν(ξ)
³ ´
Z µ(ξ) − 2R ds
⇐⇒ u0 (x) + 2πν(x) = , |x| = R.
|ξ|=R |x − ξ|
‚롥६ µ(ξ), ν(ξ) â ª, çâ®¡ë ªà ¥¢®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ ¢ë¯®«­¨-
«®áì:
(
u0 (x) + 2πν(x) = 0, u0 (x) u0 (x)
ν(ξ) ⇐⇒ ν(x) = − , µ(x) = − .
µ(ξ) − 2R = 0 2π 4πR

78
®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¯®«ã祭­ë¥ ¯«®â­®á⨠¯à®á⮣® ¨ ¤¢®©­®£® á«®ñ¢:

u0 (ξ) ds u0 (ξ) cos ϕxξ ds

Z Z
u(x) = − − , |x| < R.
|ξ|=R 4πR|x − ξ| |ξ|=R 2π|x − ξ|2
’¥¯¥àì ¯®¤áâ ¢¨¬ ­ ©¤¥­­®¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ¤«ï cos ϕxξ :
x2 − R2 − |x − ξ|2
cos ϕxξ = ⇒
2R|x − ξ|
u0 (ξ) ds u0 (ξ)(x2 − R2 − |x − ξ|2 ) ds
Z Z
⇒ u(x) = − − =
4πR|x − ξ| 4πR|x − ξ|3
|ξ|=R |ξ|=R

u0 (ξ)(R2 − x2 ) ds
Z
= , |x| < R.
|ξ|=R 4πR|x − ξ|3
‚ ᨫ㠥¤¨­á⢥­­®á⨠à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç¨ „¨à¨å«¥, ¤à㣨å

à¥è¥­¨© ­¥â.

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥, çâ® ®â¢¥â ¯®ª §ë¢ ¥â, çâ® á ä®à-

¬ã« ¬¨ ¯®â¥­æ¨ «  ­ ¤® à ¡®â âì ý®áâ®à®¦­®þ: å®âï ¬ë ¨

¨¬¥¥¬, çâ®

u0 (ξ)
Z
2 2
u(x) = (R − x ) ,
|ξ|=R 4πR|x − ξ|3 ds
­® u(x)|R2 −x2 6= 0,   u(x)|R2 −x2 = u0 .
2 u0 (ξ) ds
x2 )
R
Žâ¢¥â. (R − , |x| < R. ◭
|ξ|=R 4πR|x − ξ|3

‹¨â¥à âãà 
1. ‚« ¤¨¬¨à®¢ ‚.‘. “à ¢­¥­¨ï ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨. { Œ.:

 ãª , 1988.

2. “஥¢ ‚.Œ. “à ¢­¥­¨ï ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨. { Œ.: ˆ”

Ÿã§ , 1998.

3. ‚« ¤¨¬¨à®¢ ‚.‘., ‚ è à¨­ €.€., Š à¨¬®¢  •.•., Œ¨å ©-

«®¢ ‚.., ‘¨¤®à®¢ ž.‚., ˜ ¡ã­¨­ Œ.ˆ. ‘¡®à­¨ª § ¤ ç

¯® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï¬ ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨. { Œ.: ”¨§¬ â«¨â,

2004.

79
 “祡­®¥ ¨§¤ ­¨¥

Œ¥â®¤ë à¥è¥­¨ï ®á­®¢­ëå § ¤ ç

ãà ¢­¥­¨© ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®© 䨧¨ª¨
“祡­®¥ ¯®á®¡¨¥
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‘®áâ ¢¨â¥«ì Š®«¥á­¨ª®¢  ‘®äìï ˆ«ì¨­¨ç­ 

¥¤ ªâ®à Ž.. Š®â®¢ . Š®à४â®à ‹.‚. ‘¥¡®¢ 

®¤¯¨á ­® ¢ ¯¥ç âì ??.??.2015. ”®à¬ â 60 × 84 1/16. “á«. ¯¥ç. «. 2,5.

“ç.-¨§¤. «. 2,3. ’¨à ¦ 500 íª§. ‡ ª § ü ??.

”¥¤¥à «ì­®¥ £®á㤠àá⢥­­®¥  ¢â®­®¬­®¥ ®¡à §®¢ â¥«ì­®¥ ãç०¤¥­¨¥

¢ëá襣® ¯à®ä¥áᨮ­ «ì­®£® ®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï
ýŒ®áª®¢áª¨© 䨧¨ª®-â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨© ¨­áâ¨âãâ (£®á㤠àá⢥­­ë© ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â)þ
141700, Œ®áª®¢áª ï ®¡«., £. „®«£®¯à㤭ë©, ˆ­áâ¨âãâ᪨© ¯¥à., 9
’¥«. (495) 408{58{22, e-mail: rio@mail.mipt.ru

Žâ¤¥« ®¯¥à â¨¢­®© ¯®«¨£à ä¨¨ ý”¨§â¥å-¯®«¨£à äþ

141700, Œ®áª®¢áª ï ®¡«., £. „®«£®¯à㤭ë©, ˆ­áâ¨âãâ᪨© ¯¥à., 9
’¥«. (495) 408{84{30, e-mail: polygraph@mipt.ru