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‫ﷲ نور السماوات و اﻷرض‬

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Economics

Why perform a good quality site

investigation program?

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Transcosna Grain Elevator

Canada (Oct. 18, 1913)

West side of foundation sank 8m

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Cost of Failure - Too High!

Typical Geotechnical
Engineering Problems
• Can the soils and rocks properly
support the construction project?

(from La Torre di Pisa, 2001)

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Foundation Systems
• Designing of Shallow Foundation Systems –
Differential Settlements

(from Sharma 2003)

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Geotechnique Engineer

• should be capable to:

1) Make decisions about boring and testing,
and
2) Understand a boring report and site
investigation

Purpose of site investigation

give information about:
1)Foundation selection
2) G.W.T [and aggressive chemicals,
3) Bearing capacity of foundation
4) Earth pressure
5) Settlement of structure
6) Construction methods

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Geotechnical Project Sequence

Observation of Surface
• (Published Information)
• Site Research
Conditions
• Development Plans
• Field Reconnaissance • Construction Plans
Accessibility
• Field Exploration • Site Location Maps
Traffic Control
• Topographic Maps
• Laboratory
•Surface Drainage
Aerial Photographs
Investigations
•Geologic Features
Geologic Maps
• Geotechnical •Vegetation
Soil Survey Maps
Interpretations, Analysis
Slopes
• Report of Exploration
Water

Program of site investigation

include five steps:
i) Preliminary information
ii) Boring or test pit
iii) Sampling
iv) Testing
v) Analysis

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Preliminary information
• The purpose
• to plan for the program of site investigation.
• That is
• to choose type and number of boring,
sampling, and even testing.
• It also guides in the analysis.

Preliminary information
• Preliminary information can be obtained
from
• a) General topography of the soil
• b) Adjacent structures [type of foundation,
number of stores, condition of the basement,
etc.]
• c) Highway cuts and quarries
• d) Geological and survey maps
• e) G.W.T

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Field Reconnaissance
Example: Non-Intrusive Exploration

Field Reconnaissance
Example: Non-Intrusive Exploration

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Boring
• most popular method
• It is a hole in the soil
• to inspect type of soil and
• to take samples.
•
• The program of boring:
• the type, number, location, and
depth.
• This program is decided from
• preliminary information.

Number of boriNg

• Usually one boring should be

chosen each 300-500 m2.
• At least two borings are required,
• except for buildings with area less
than 100m2.
• Each 250-500m for highways

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‫‪Depth of boriNg, D‬‬

‫‪Ds1‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪Ds2 ≈ 0.1 Ds1‬‬

‫‪Ds2‬‬

‫‪Depth of Boreholes‬‬
‫تحديد أعماق الجسات‬

‫ينتهى تأثير إجهادات اﻷساسات‬

‫عند عمق يتراوح بين مرتين‬
‫وثﻼثة مرات عرض القاعدة‬
‫المنفصلة أو اللبشة‬

‫‪22‬‬
‫‪5 November 2018‬‬ ‫‪Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb‬‬

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Depth of boriNg, D
• not less than 10m.
• For deep foundation, the depth
should exceed the expected pile tip
by 5m,
• Boring should extend to reach
strong stratum

Depth of boriNg, D

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types of boriNg
• Auger Boring
• Hand auger for depth of 3-
5m only.
• Soil above G.W.T can be
inspected.
• Very disturbed samples can
be obtained through the
helical screw.
• It is not recommended for
submerged sandy soil.

types of boriNg
• Auger Boring

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Manual Auger Boring Rig

Tripod
Wire Rope Sand Bags or Weights

Wooden Platform with

Handle to be Operated
Winch Manually

Drilling Rod

Casing Pipes, f 10 to 15
cm of 1.50 to 2.0 m length

Solid Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling System: (a) In use on drill rig, (b) Finger and fishtail
bits, (c) Sizes of solid stem auger flights, (d) Different assemblies of bits and auger flights.

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Hollow Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling Systems: (a) Comparison with solid stem auger;
(b) Typical drilling configuration; (c) Sizes of hollow stem auger flights; (d) Stepwise center bit.

Drilling: Continuous Flight Auger

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Drilling & Sampling

Hollow Stem Auger

Drilling & Sampling

Hollow Stem Auger
– Casing with outer spiral
– Inner rod with plug/or pilot
assembly
– For sampling, remove pilot
assembly and insert sampler
– Typically 1.5m sections, keyed,
box & pin connections
– Maximum depth 20-50m

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Wash boriNg

• •
quite rapid for
advancing holes in
all
• but the very hard
soil strata.
• A hole is started by
driving casing to
prevent soil
caving.

Wash boriNg
•
• Water is pumped
through the drill
rod to break soil
particles.
• Slurry is pushed
upward to a tub.
Soil particles
settle and water is
reused.

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rotary DrilliNg
Truck mounted
rotary drill rig
with hydraulic
drive system

rotary DrilliNg

• Rotation of the
drilling bit and
applied
pressure
advances the
hole.

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rotary DrilliNg
Bit at the end of drill rod
rotated and advanced
Soil/rock cuttings removed
by circulating drilling fluid
Common drilling fluid;
bentonite in water with
slurry density 11-12kN/m3
Air may be used as drilling
fluid

Drilling & Sampling

Rock Coring
– Double-tube core
barrel is typical
– Diamond or tungsten-
carbide tooth bit

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percussioN DrilliNg
• for hard soil or rock.
• The drill is lifted,
• rotated slightly, and
• dropped into the bottom of the hole.
• Water is used to extract chopped
soil.

test pit
• The pit is a large square or circular
hole with 90-120 cm dimension and
depth of about 3m.
• Its purpose is to inspect the soil,
G.W.T, and
• taking undisturbed or disturbed
sampling of the soil.

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E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

‫ الحفر المفتوحة‬-‫ طرق تنفيذ الجسات‬-‫هـ‬

5 November 2018 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 41

E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

‫ الحفر المفتوحة‬-‫ طرق تنفيذ الجسات‬-‫هـ‬

5 November 2018 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 42

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Soil Sampling

specimens should be taken each 1-2m,

or
when strata changes.

Samples can be disturbed

or
undisturbed.

Disturbed Samples
contain all Purpose
minerals in the • 1) Grain size
soil.
analysis
soil may lose its
consistency • 2) Tests for soil
during classification
the process of [Atterberg limit]
sampling. • 3) Tests for soil
index [unit weight]

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Methods for Disturbed Sampling

Standard spoon
coupling to attach the
spoon to the drill rod

tube split longwise

cutting driving shoe

Methods for Disturbed

Sampling
Helical and Standard spoon
wash boring

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uNDisturbeD samples

for testing soil shearing stresses,

consolidation,
permeability, and
other mechanical properties.
Samples should be representative
for soil composite and structures

Shelby Tube Sampler

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miD term exam

‫ الساعة العاشرة لزمن ساعة واحدة فقط‬2014/ 4 /19 ‫السبت‬

3 Q… one is multiple choice

Answer in the giving exam sheet
Bring stapler to fix yr answer papers w the exam
sheet
After exam, there will be a site inv. lecture
Dr. Tarek will begin deep fn next Tuesday
floor right left
4 Students in the row
1st floor Sec 1-2 Sec. 3-4
2nd floor Sec 5-6 Sec 7-8
3rd floor Sec.9-10 Sec. 11-12 Include every thing until
4th floor Sec 13-14 Sec. 15-16 Sunday 13/4/2014

uNDisturbeD samples

•sampling tube has to be thin enough.

AR (%) = Do  Di 100
2 2
•Area ratio (1.1)
Di2
•AR = area ratio,
•Do = outside diameter of the sampling tube,
•Di = inside diameter of the sampling
•AR to be of 10-15%

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uNDisturbeD samples

•the recovered length of the sample

should be reasonable.
Lundisturbed sample
•Recovery ratio = 100
penetration depth of the sampler

•recovery ratio not less than 95%

shelby tube sampler

connected to the
•sampling tube thin drilling rod
enough.
•Do = 5-13 cm.
• The wall thickness is
from 0.1 to 0.3 cm.
• It has a sharp end.

• The drilling rod is

pushed statically

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fielD test aND aNalysis

to specify the actual soil properties,

where
it is difficult to obtain undisturbed
samples

staNDarD peNetratioN test, spt,1

•standardized internationally.
• easy and its rig is simple.
• The test consists of:
•i) Driving the standard split barrel sampler
• a distance of 460mm into the soil at the
bottom of the boring,
•ii) Using a 63.5kg-driving hammer falling
free from a height of 760mm

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Standard Penetration Test

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•Standard Penetration Test, SPT,3

•) Counting the number of blows to

drive the sampler the last 305mm to
obtain the N number.
•N indicates the penetration resistance.
•N can be correlated empirically to the
soil properties such as qult, consistency,
relative density

staNDarD peNetratioN test, spt,5

•The results are affected by:

•1) mistakes in counting
•2) mistakes in the processing
• [hammer weight,
•distance of free fall,]
•3) G.W.T,
•effective overburden pressure,
• the boring diameter, and
•the effective impact energy.

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static coNe peNetratioN test,

•CPT is a simple test.

• The cone has a standard dimension
Its technique is to bush a standard cone
statically against soil layers.
• The cone is pushed down by a
hydraulic jack at a low speed of
20mm/s
• to avoid built up of pore water
pressure.

static coNe peNetratioN test,

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static coNe peNetratioN test,

• not applicable for very dense sand,

hard clay, or rocks.
•Data collected is:
• the tip resistance qc, and
•sleeve friction resistance, fs.
•Piezocone can monitor PWP

static coNe peNetratioN test

a+b

a & b are
b about 10cm

b
a
a sleeve friction
resistance, fs.
a
a a
the tip resistance qc, & sleeve
friction resistance, fs.

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Correlation between Soil Properties

and N-SPT, and CPT data
SPT and CPT Correlation for Sandy Soils
N-SPT/30cm qc (MN/m2) Soil consistency Dr % f`

o-4 0.0-2.5 Very loose 0-15 27-30

4-10 2.5-5.0 Loose 15-35 30-32
10-30 5-15 Medium 35-65 32-36
30-50 15-25 Dense 65-85 36-40
>50 >25 Very dense >85 >40

Correlation between Soil Properties

and N-SPT
SPT Correlation for Clay Soils

N-SPT/30cm Soil consistency qu* kN/m2

<2 Very soft <25
2-4 Soft 25-50
4-10 Medium 50-100
10-15 Stiff 100-200
15-30 Very stiff 200-400
>30 Hard >400

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Correlation between Soil Properties

and CPT data

•Undrained shear strength for

cohesive clay, Su, can be estimated
such as:
•Su = (qc-sv)/kn
•Where:
sv = overburden pressure,
•kn = index ranges from 15-20

The Pressuremeter Test

• This test is carried out in a
borehole.
• The borehole should stand open
until the probe is inserted.
• The test is suitable for fine soils.
• Soils tend to expand into the cavity.
• This disturbs the test results.

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Pressuremeter Test

The idea is to
[top, expand a rigid
bottom cylinder against an
guarding infinity thick
cells, and cylinder of soil.
measuring
cells

The top and bottom cells reduce

end-condition effect on the middle-
measuring cell during expanding

The Pressuremeter Test

Vo from V A
expanding the B
cell in a heavy Vo
steel container, P
curve B.
curve A represents pressure
calibration curve.
• The curve is obtained by expanding
the probe in air.

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SITE INVESTIGATION

The Pressuremeter Test

V

DV
Vo

po DP P
The purpose:
obtain volume versus cell
pressure relationship

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Estimated Ep, and G

V
` Dp
E p  2(1   )V o DV DV
Vo
Ep Dp
G 2 (1 )
 Vo` DV
po DP
P

• h = the depth of the measuring cell,

 = Poisson’s ratio,
• V`o = volume of pressure cell at average pressure of Dp
• = Vo + DV/2,
Dp = increase of pressure corresponding to DV.

Example 1.1
For soft clay g is 19kN/m3.
The following data are obtained from a
pressuremeter test at depth =4m.
Vo = 85cm3,
ph =38kPa, DV =40cm3, and
Dp =140kPa.
Compute ko, Ep, and G for this soil.

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Example 1.1
Solution s3
ok  s1
po
gh  38
419   0.5
• The soil is saturated, so u is 0.5.
• V`o = volume of pressure cell at average pressure
of Dp
• = Vo + DV/2, =85+40/2=125 cm3
E p  2(1   )Vo` DV  2(1.5)  125140
40   1312.5kPa
Dp

Ep
G 2 (1 )
 1312.5
2 (1 0.5 )
 437.5kPa

Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)

Flat Plate Dilatometer Equipment

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Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)

P1 P2

The Flat Dilatometer Test, DMT

2 D ( p2  p1 ) 1
Dd   ED
• For Δd=1.1mm, D=60mm :
• ED= 34.7(p2-p1)
• The lateral stress index, kD, is defined as:
.
• kD p1   p1
= 
s '
v sv

The material index, ID, is defined as:

p2  p1
ID 
p2  

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Soil Classification for Different ID

Soil Peat, organic, clay Silt Sand

type or sensitive clay silty clay silt silt sandy Clay sand
clay clay silt sand
ID <0.1 .1-.35 .35-.6 0.6-0.9 .9-1.2 1.2-1.8 1.8-3.3 >3.3

OCR =(0.5KD)1.56
cu = 0.22σvo (0.5KD)1.25
ko = (KD/1.5)0.47 -0.6

Example 1.2

•In a DMT test for clay soil at depth 3m,

•p1 =0.3MPa, p2 = 1.5MPa, u = 0.03MPa.
g =18kN/m3.
•Classify this soil, and find OCR, and cu.

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Ex.2
For soft clay g is 18kN/m3.
The following data are obtained from a
pressuremeter test at depth =3m.
Vo = 84cm3,
ph =34kPa, DV =32cm3, and
Dp =100kPa.
Compute ko, Ep, and G for this soil.

Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)

Flat Plate Dilatometer Equipment

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Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)

P1 P2

The Flat Dilatometer Test, DMT

2 D ( p2  p1 ) 1
Dd   ED
• For Δd=1.1mm, D=60mm :
• ED= 34.7(p2-p1)
• The lateral stress index, kD, is defined as:
.
• kD p1   p1
= 
s '
v sv

The material index, ID, is defined as:

p2  p1
ID 
p2  

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Soil Classification for Different ID

Soil Peat, organic, clay Silt Sand

type or sensitive clay silty clay silt silt sandy Clay sand
clay clay silt sand
ID <0.1 .1-.35 .35-.6 0.6-0.9 .9-1.2 1.2-1.8 1.8-3.3 >3.3

OCR =(0.5KD)1.56
cu = 0.22σvo (0.5KD)1.25
ko = (KD/1.5)0.47 -0.6

Example 1.2

•In a DMT test for clay soil at depth 3m,

•p1 =0.3MPa, p2 = 1.5MPa, u = 0.03MPa.
g =18kN/m3.
•Classify this soil, and find OCR, and cu.

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Example 1.2

• Solution
• Dilatometer indices:
p  p1 1.5  0.3 1.2
ID  2    0.816
p2   1.5  0.03 1.47
• from Table 1.3, this soil is clay silt.
• KD =p1 /gh = 0.3×1000/3×18 = 5.555
•  OCR =(0.5KD)1.56 = 4.92 and
• cu = 0.22σvo (0.5KD)1.25
• = 0.22×3×18(0.5×5.555)1.25 =42.597 kPa

Van Shear Test,1

Manual advance of the van

for soil stratum near the surface

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Vane Shear Test (VST)

• Drill test hole

• Insert vane
• Rotate head
• Measure
torque
• Relate
resistance to
soil shear
strength

Van Shear Test,3

T
h

D
Torque T is applied to the rod
to rotate the vane, against the soil shear strength.
This test is deisgned to obtain the undrained shear
strength, cu,
for very soft, sensitive, fine-grained soil deposit.

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Van Shear Test,4

T
h

D
H D T
T   D cu   
2 cu 
 D2  H  D  
2 6  
 2 6 



0.2728T
If h=2D cu 
 D3

III) SPT can be correlated to:

a) Soil consistency
b) Effective grain size
c) Soil permeability
d) All the above.

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I) Samples from split spoon can be used for:

a. Consolidation test b. Atterberg limit
b. Permeability test d. a & b)

Plate Load Test,1

most reliable test to obtain, qult, at a site
Reaction Beam
sandy or fissured clay,
{difficult to offer
Hyd. undisturbed samples}
Dial Jack
Gage
Reference
Beam

4B
Test Plate {t=2.5cm} Anchor Pile
Foundation B=15-70cm
Level

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Plate Load Test,2

Pressure is applied in increments
Settlement is recorded, after applying the pressure,
Loading should continue until failure, or
excessive settlement is reached, or
until 3 times the estimated bearing capacity.
Data of the test: is presented in a semi log chart
ultimate bearing capacity, qult, plate load test, can be
obtained. q Stress ult

Settl.

qult (b) qult (a) Stress

S = 20% B

(a) Dense sand or

stiff clay
Settlement

(b) Loose sand or

soft to medium clay

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 94

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Plate Load Test,3

• qult would be the actual one, if the

plate were of exact scale as the
footing.
• Usually, this is not the case for the
cost consideration.

Plate Load Test,4

• qult≠ qult, plate load test for the following reasons:
• 1) Applied pressure on a soil is influencing
the depth of the soil by “stress bulb.”
• the influence depth under a footing is
approximately four times the footing
dimension.
• Any weak soil layer or lenses in the influence
depth have minimal effect on qult,plate load test
but may have major effect on qult.

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Plate Load Test,5

• 2) Soil at greater depths has more overburden

pressure acting to confine the soil.
• it is “stiffer” than the near surface soil.
• This would increase qult.
• Terzaghi’s Equation is applied here to estimate
qult, footing from qult, plate load test

Plate Load Test,6

• For c-soil qult, net = cNc …..

• does not depend on depth footing or breadth,
qult, footing = qult, plate load test

• For f-soil qult, net = g(Nq -1)D +gBNg

• Ignoring the effect of D, then:
• qult,footing = qult, plate load test B footing
( ) (1
B
plate

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• Ex. 3

• A 70cm plate-loading test is carried out in a

sandy soil.
• qult is equal 50kPa.
• Find the ultimate bearing capacity for a 2m
square footing.
• Find the design column load, for a Factor of
Safety =3.

Geophysical Soil Exploration

- Geophysical methods are used to geotechnically

explore large areas.
- The main idea of these tests is that different soils
have different gravitational, electrical, elastic,
and radioactive properties.
- Different soil layers and the presence of ground
water table can be identified through different
wave velocity, reflection, and refraction.

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 100

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Seismic Refraction Method

- The method depends on the fact that stress waves
propagate in different soils at different velocities.
- The method is performed by inducing an impact
wave at the soil surface.
- The arrival times of the waves are recorded at the
different recording stations.
- Two stress wave types are generated and recorded,
P-wave (Pressure wave) and S-wave (Shear wave),
noting that the P-waves are much faster than the S-
wave.
- Therefore, the P-wave arrives first, followed by the
S-Wave.
5 November 2018 Site Investigation 101

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 102

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Seismic Refraction Method

The P-Wave velocity is given by:

E 1 -  
Vp 
g /g 1 - 2   1   
Where:
E = Soil Young’s modulus (kN/m2);
g = Soil unit weight (kN/m3);
g = Acceleration of gravity (m/sec2);
 = Soil Poisson’s ratio (-).
5 November 2018 Site Investigation 103

Seismic Refraction Method

- A graph is plot between the wave arrival times (t1, t2,
and t3) against the distance between the wave source
and recording point (x1, x2, x3).
- The slope of the lines ab, bc, and cd will be the
wave velocities, V1, V2, and V3, in layers I, II, and
III respectively, as follows:
1 1
Slope of ab  Slope of bc  etc.
V1 V2

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 104

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7-1- Seismic Refraction Method

- The thickness of layers can be obtained by:
V2 - V1
Z 1  0.50 xc
V2  V1
 V32 - V12  V3 V2
Z 2  0.50 Ti2 - 2 Z1  2 2
 V V
3 1  V3 - V2

Ti2 is obtained from the time-distance graph.

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 105

Cross Hole Seismic Method

- The method depends on recording the shear wave
velocity within the same soil media.
- The recorded shear wave velocity is a function of
the soil media properties.
- Two holes are made down to a certain depth.
- A shear wave is induced at the bottom of the first
hole, and recorded by a transducer in the second
one.
- The shear wave velocity and the soil shear modulus
are calculated as follows:

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 106

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Cross Hole Seismic Method

L G Vs2 g
Vs  Vs  G
t g g g
Where:
Vs: is the shear wave velocity.
G: is the soil shear modulus, used mostly in soil
dynamics.

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 107

7-2- Cross Hole Seismic Method

5 November 2018 Site Investigation 108

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‫‪5 November 2018‬‬ ‫‪Site Investigation‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬

‫‪Boring Log‬‬

‫ملف رقم‪:‬‬ ‫جسة رقم‪:‬‬ ‫مشروع‪:‬‬

‫تاريخ‪:‬‬ ‫عمق اﳌياه اﻷرضية اﻻبتدائي‪:‬‬ ‫منسوب سطح اﻻرض‪:‬‬
‫تاريخ‪:‬‬ ‫النهائي‪:‬‬
‫اﳊفار‪:‬‬ ‫مهندس اﳌوقع‪:‬‬ ‫مهندس اﳌعمل‪:‬‬
‫لوحة رقم‪:‬‬ ‫اﳌعدات‪:‬‬ ‫تاريخ‪:‬‬
‫مﻼحظات‬ ‫‪ SPT‬الطبقة‬ ‫العمق العينة‬
‫‪qu‬‬ ‫‪gbulk‬‬ ‫‪Water‬‬ ‫)متر( رقم نوع‬
‫‪(kN/m2) (kN/m3) content‬‬
‫السمك‬
‫القطاع‬

‫التصنيف‬

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‫‪Boring Log‬‬

‫المتطلبات التى يلزم تحقيقها فى تقرير دراسة التربة واﻷساسات ﻷعمال‬

‫المنشآت اﻷرضية‬
‫)أ ( مقدمة عن أهداف تقرير دراسة التربة واﻷساسات وأهميته‪.‬‬
‫)ب( اﻷقسام الرئيسية للتقرير ‪:‬‬
‫)ب‪ (١ -‬القسم اﻹدارى ‪ :‬بيانات عن الجهات المشاركة فى المشروع‪.‬‬
‫)ب‪ (٢ -‬القسم التمهيدى ‪ :‬بيانات عن طبيعة المشروع‪.‬‬
‫)ب‪ (٣ -‬القسم الفنى العام ‪ :‬بيانات لها انعكاسات على التقييم الفنى‬
‫للدراسة‪.‬‬
‫)ب‪ (٤ -‬القسم الفنى الجيوتقنى ‪ :‬تفاصيل الدراسة ) وصف اﻷعمال الحقلية‬
‫‪ -‬وصف طبيعة التربة –اﻻختبارات الحقلية – اﻻختبارات المعملية (‪.‬‬
‫)ب‪ (٥ -‬القسم اﻻستشارى ‪ :‬تحليل النتائج وإعطاء التوصيات‪.‬‬
‫)ج ( اشتراطات عامة ‪ :‬ضوابط للشكل العام للتقرير‬

‫‪Boring Log‬‬
‫التصنيف‬

‫‪undisturbed sample‬‬

‫‪disturbed sample‬‬

‫‪SPT sample‬‬

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Visual Soil Classification

‫التصنيف الظاهرى لعينات التربة‬
 Mixture of more than one soil: ‫خليط من أكثر من تربة‬
 Up to 10%, Trace (e.g., sand with a trace of silt).
(‫ تسمى آثار )مثل رمل وآثار طمى‬%10 ‫ حتى‬
 10 up to 20%, Some (e.g., sand and some silt).
(‫ تسمى بعض )مثل رمل وبعض الطمى‬%20 ‫ إلى‬10 ‫ من‬
 20 up to 35%, Adjective (e.g., silty sand): sand% =
65-80 and silt% = 35-20%.
(‫ تعطى صفة )مثل رمل طميى‬%35 ‫ إلى‬20 ‫ من‬
 35 up to 50%, And (e.g., sand and silt).
.(‫ تسمى ”و“ )مثل رمل وطمى‬%50 ‫ إلى‬35 ‫ من‬

Identification of Different Soils

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

Shale Fill Organic Rock

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Data Presentation
Cross Sections
 Source is soil
boring logs
 Yields a 2D or 3D
representation of
the subsurface
– Interpolation
– Extrapolation
– Guesswork
 Helps visualize
the subsurface

Typical Borehole Log

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Typical Borehole Log

59
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‫)أ ( مقدمة عن أهداف تقرير دراسة التربة واﻷساسات وأهميته‪.‬‬

‫)ب( اﻷقسام الرئيسية للتقرير ‪:‬‬
‫يشرح هذا البند البيانات والمعلومات الواجب توافرها فى التقرير مصنﻔة تبعًا‬
‫لﻸقسام اﻵتية ‪:‬‬
‫)ب‪ (١ -‬القسم اﻹدارى ‪ :‬بيانات عن الجهات المشاركة فى المشروع‪.‬‬
‫)ب‪ (٢ -‬القسم التمهيدى ‪ :‬بيانات عن طبيعة المشروع‪.‬‬

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61
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62
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63