Key to

$ebra
Sqaare Roots and Qundratic Equstisns

W
Ana22 nne*12*

By fulie King and PeterRasmussen

Name Class
 TABLEOF CONTENTS
Squares ............1
SquareRoots ...................2
lrrational Numbers ............4
SolvingQuadratic Equations WithoutFactoring. ..............5
The Pythagorean Theorem ..............8
Formulas Involving SquareRoots 10
........,.........
S q u a r eR o o t so f M o n o m i a l s . . . . . , . . . . .................12
The ProductandQuotientRules
Completing the Square
T h eQ u a d r a t F i co r m u l a . . . . . . . . . . ........26
Usingthe Quadratic Formula to SolveProblems ...........30
G r a p ho sfFunctions............ ...........32
Quadratic Functions .......33
Written Work ..................35
Practice Test........ ..........36
EmmyNoether Historicalnoteby
DavidZitarElli
Vastchangesoccurredinalgebraduringthe1gthcentury.Theteenagers fuoA*eaja+
AbelandGaloisshowedthatgeneralequations of degreefiveandhigher lllustrafonby
cannotbe solved. Then Galoisintroducedgroupsto determinewhich Jay Flom
equationscould be solved. He died in 1832. Althoughhis advances
weren'tunderstood for another25 years,withinfiftyyearsgrouptheory
wasbeingusedto defineall kindsof geometries andtransformations on
them.
Aroundtheturnof thecenturyabstraction enteredmathematics, just
as it had in the art world. Not only were groupsstudied-so were
structureswithsuchstrangenamesas ringsandfields.
However,theredidn'tseemto be any drreadto tie thesestrands
together.ThencameEmmyNoether(pronounced netter I 882-1935).
Noetherwasn'tthe first womanto make a vital contributionto
mathemalics.Therehad been Hypatia,the leadingmathematician in
Greecearound400n.o.,andMariaAgnesi,whowroteoneof theearliest
calculusbooks.A curvecalledthe 'witchof Agnesi'gotits namefroma
mis-translationof an ltalianwordin her book.
An importantmathemalician fromthe lastpartof the 19thcentury,
SofiaKovalevsky (1850-1891 ), excelledin highschoolin Russiabutwas
forbiddenfrom attendingclassesin collegebecausewomenwerenot
permitted.So she arrangeda marriagein orderto studyin Germany.
Kovalevskybecame the first woman to be awarded a doctoratein
mathematics, thefirstto holda chairin mathematics at a maioruniversity, Hilbertwasn'tableto winhera desiredprofessorship, buthe solved'
andthe firstto holda positionon the editorialboardof a majorscientific theproblem of keepingherat Gottingenbyannouncing lecturesunderhis
joumal.All of thisin 41 years! namebut havingthemdeliveredby FrAuleinNoether.
Butit wasEmmyNoetherwhorevolutionized algebrain ourcentury. A few yearslat€r Noetherhad to flee Gennanybecauseof Nazi
LikeKovalEvsky, Noetherhadto fightmanybattlesbecauseof hersex. lt persecution.She becamea professorat the prestigiousBryn Mawr
is ironicthatGermany,thecountrywhichpermittedKovalevsky to pursue CollegenearPhiladelphia.
advancedstudies,preventedNoetherfrom teachingin a university Noethermademanyoutstanding to mathemaucs.
contributions Not
becauseshewas a woman. onlydid she becomethe leadingexpertin one areaof abstractalgebra
DavidHilbert,the leadingmathematician in the worldat thattime, (Noettrerianringsarenamedfor her),butsheeffectively tiedtogetherall
pleaon Noether'sbehalf. He told the lacultyat "abstract
madean impassioned the differentstructuresof the subject.Today,coursescalled
GdttingenUniversity,"Gentlemen,I do not see hat he sex ol the algebra'or'modern algebra'dealwithexacflythesametopics,andinthe
'1920's.
candidateis an argumentagainstheradmission as a professor.Afterall, sameorder,thatshedevelopedin the
the facultyclubis nota bathhouse.' On the coverof thisbookis a pofiraitof EmmyNoether.

IMPORTANTNOTICE:This book is sold as a studentworkbookand is notto be used as a duplicating

master. No part of this book may be reproducedin any form without the prior written permission of the
publisher. Copyrightinfringementis a violationof FederalLaw.

Copyright@1992by KeyCurriculumProject,Inc.All rightsreserved.

@Key to Fractions,Key to Decimals,Key to Percents,Key to Algebra,Key to Geometry,Key to Measurement,and
Key to Metic Measurement arc registeredtrademarksof KeyCuriculumPress.
Publishedby KeyCurriculumPress,I 15065thStreet,Emeryville, CA 94608
Printedin the UnitedStatesof America 21 20 19 08 07 06 05 lsBN 1-55953{10-3
 Squares
Squaring
numbers, polynomialsandrationalexpressions youhavedone
is something
manytimesin algebra.Weusetheword "squaring"to meanmultiplying
a numberor
expression
by itself,because
thisis whatwe doto findtheareasof squares.
Findtheareaof eachshadedsquare.

i-i--i-i
i r r l
1
5 ffi-_-i_-l 2
5
1

Writean expression
fortheareaof eachsquare.

6y
*+3 A= z
2x-1 A=

Tofindtheareaof anysquareallwe needto knowis thelengrth of oneside. lt is also

possibleto findthelengrth
of a sideif we knowthearea.Tryto figureoutthelenghsof the
sidesof eachsquarebelow.

A=576
A= 144

Wecalltheareathesquareofthelenghof a side.Wesaythatthelenghof a sideis the

squareroot of thearea.Inthisbookwewillstudysquareroots.Knowing aboutsquare
rootsenablesus to solvesomequadratic
equations
we couldnotsolveby factoring.

@19Qby KsyCurbulumPreos,Inc.
Do not dupllcalewithoutpormlssbn.
SquareRoots
Hereis a definition
of a squarerootof a number.
o is a squarerootof b
if and onlv if a2 = b.
Weusethesymbol{- to showa squarerootof a number.f is calleda squareroot
signor a radlcalsign.
J T = 3 b e c a u s3 e" = 1 ,m = 1.4 because
(l.r+)'
= 1.16
Writeeachsquarerootas an integer,
a fraction
or a decimal.

/BT= n
I - =
Jt6
m-- ln =
IE
/im -l 36 ,tfr
,lT= lw
, - = ,.mmT=
,l I
JA= /im =
lE
I - =
/81
Usea calculator
witha f, neyto helpyoufindthesesquareroots.Enterthe numberfirst.
Thenpressthe{ keyto seethesquareroot.

.lm ,IM=
,tm ,/M=
lw Jm=
JM= JW6 =
,lw6 = ./ffib=
,/mF6= lw6q =
2 O1S2 by KeyGorlcubm Pross,lnc.
Do nol duplbatewithoutpermlsslon,
Everypositivenumberhasa squareroot. Infact,it hastwosquareroots- onepositive
andonenegative.3 and-3 arebothsquarerootsof 9 because
3"=1 a n d ( - 3 ) "= I
Howwillwe knowwhichnumber is meantOVlI]91To avoidconfusionwe usethesymbol
-{- for the negative
squarerootandsave{- torthe positivesquareroot.
fi means"thepositive squarerootof o."
- {o teans "thenegative
squarerootof o."
Findeachsquareroot.

lm=-8 -reom=
JA -lr --
J49
-JE
-tT
-J+oo=
l - =
/81
JT:
-.m -'4e0O
= tT
{ 2500

1m .m= IT
{ 900

Negative numbersdo nothavesquarerootsin ournumbersystem.Youcanseewhyif you

tryto finda squarerootof -9. lt'simpossible! A squarerootof -9 couldn't be positive
because thesquareof a positive numberis positive.lt couldn'tbe negative eitherbecause
thesquareof a negative number it isn't0. {-9 justdoesn't
is alsopositive.Certainly exist.
It hasnomeaning.Sometimes we sayit is undefined.
Crossouttheexpressions
whichareundefined.
- t00 ./g .o025
.m .,m -.mi
-,1T6 -,/m -2.2s

,m ,lw 2.25
@19Cby KeyCurrlculum Pross,lnc.
withoulpormissbn.
Oonotduplicate 3
lrrationalNumbers
Numbers like7 and1000,whicharenotperfectsquares, squareroots.
do nothaverational
Theirsquarerootscanbe locatedona number line,butwecannotfindan integer,
a
or a repeating
fraction or terminating whosesquareis exactly
decimal equalto either
7 or 1000.Wesaytheirsquarerootsareirrational.
Usea calculator eachof these.Thensquarethenumberyouget.
to compute

n=
JEN
As youcansee,thenumber thecalculatorgivesyouis closebutnotexactlyequalto the
squareroot. lt is an approximation.Thedecimal number
foran irrational
expression
goesonforeverwithoutrepeating.
actually Whenwewantto usethe number fora
calculation
or measurement tenth,hundredth,
we roundit offto the nearest thousandth,
etc. Weusethesymbol= instead "is
of = to mean approximately equalto."
cc 2.6 (tothenearest
tenth)
:'l, 2.65 (tothenearest
hundredth)
p 2.6+ 6 (tothenearest
thousandth)
Usea calculator eachsquarerootto the nearestthousandth.
to approximate

Jj n, ,/86 A, Jm?ffi^'
n N ,re3 JmN
m H ,/B o lmx
lfr N, J$x m/fffffff N

m* JMF -{Wp
Conveileachfraction
to a decimal.Thenusea calculator itssquarerootto
to approximate
the nearesthundredth.

tt, N n =
Ji

4
le @1992by Key Curiculum Pross, Inc.
Do not duplicate without p€rmission.
SolvingQuadraticEquationsWithoutFactoring
Doyouremember howto solvean equationlikex2= 16 byfactoring?
16to geta 0 ontheright.
Firstwesubtract x" - 16 = 0
Thenwefactorthepolynomiat
ontheleft. (t - 4) (x * 4 ) = O
FinallyweusetheZeroProductRute. r-4=0 or l+4 = 0
r=4 ort=-4
Thismethod wouldnotworkfortheequation x2= 15 because wecannotfactorx2- 15.
But 12= 15 is veryeasyto solveanywaybecause of squareroottellsusthatr
thedefinition
mustbethesquarerootof 15. Sincetherearetwosquarerootsof 15,we canwrite

x=*E x=-ffi-
solutionswiththe radicalsignexceptwhenwe wanta decimal
We willwriteirrational
approximation.
Solveeachequationwithoutfactoring.

x 2= l O 5 xu=38 nt=5
X=rms-or
t=-@

x2 = 283 x2= t{00 a z= 2 . 6

. . _ + r t ^2+ + ?
x2-q2 =O x " -1 =O x 2 -2 0 = O
r.2=42
x = ,l{7. or r =-tlfi
3x" -- 15 2x" = IOO -5x' = -85

@199by KeyCurr'rculum Prsss,Inc.

withoutp€rmi$bn.
Do notduplicate 5
 Solveeachequation withoutfactoring.Approximate to the nearesthundredth
thesolution
if it is nota rational
number.

3x"= 2l lOx" = 5t+O l2x"= 5

2(2=7
x = {7 or x=-JT
^ * 2.65 or x*'2.65
7x' = 56 2 x ' - 2 0 =0 3x'-?+2=0

3x' = 20 1s 5x' fOx'

7x' = 7.7 5x'-3=O 25 = {x"

320-8x'=O 56-8x'=0 tlx" 7 =O

6 Ol92 by KeyCunlculum Press,lnc.

Do nd dupllcatewilhoutp€rmiseion.
 if it is nota
the solutionto the nearesthundredth
Solveeachequation.Approximate
rationalnumber.

( x - 5 ) " =to (x- lI = 12

? ( - 5 = / i d o r x - 5 =-1m
,\ = 5 + fid of ? (= 5 - . m
x P ' g $ + 3 , 1 bo r ? ( ^ ,5 - 3 . 1 6
X x 8.16 o? t( p l.8t+

k * 3)' = 50 k + 2)'= 36

k - 1 ) ' =? k-qf = ?O

(x+ q'= ?O k + 2)" = 8l

@199by KeyCurriculum Pro6s,Inc.

wilhoutpermlsslon.
Do notduplicate 7
The PythagoreanTheorem
Right triangles(triangles with right
angles)havea veryspecialproperty.
Theareasof squaresbuilton the two
shortersidesadd up to the areaof the
ii i i i ii :i squarebuilton the longestside.
The longestsidein everyrighttriangleis
the onlyonewhichis nota sideof the right
t ; angle. lt is calledthe hypotenuse.
In symbols,we write
ll a, b andc aresidesof a righttriangle
andc is the hypotenuse,then
a2+b2=c2.

Thisis calledthe Pythagorean Pythagoras.You

Theoremafterthe Greekmathematician,
cancheckthatit worksforthe righttriangleabove.(16+ 9 = 25)
The Pythagorean
Theoremenablesus to findthe lengthof the thirdsideof a righttriangle
whenwe knowthe lengthsof the othertwosides.All we haveto do is usethe formula.
Findthe lengthof thethirdsideof eachtriangle.lf the lengthis nota rationalnumber,
roundit off to the nearesthundredth.

o.12 q'o5
- bslz
35
b=s' -a't 5t + l1t = ga
t
25+l$rlr Ct
159 = c1
c e 13or Fsfil
/\./?--- -do.rn't 'rot\o"
613
W
.N
8 @1S2by KeyCurriculum Pross,Inc.
Do notduplbalewithoutp€rmission.
Makea sketchfor eachproblem.Labelthe lengthsthatare known.Thenusethe
Theoremto solvethe problem.
Pythagorean

A baseballdiamondis a square90 feeton The bottomof a 25-footladderis placed

eachside. Howlongis a throwfromhome 7 feetfroma wall. Howfar up thewallwill
plateto secondbase(tothe nearestfoot)? the ladderreach?

I
I

I
cl
I
I
I

home

A pathleadsacrossthe parkfromone Samwantsto bracea bookcase by nailing

cornerto theoppositecorner.Thepark
is 150meterswideand200meterslong.
Howfarwouldyouwalkif youtookthe
pathinstead of walkingaround?
Howmanymeterswouldyousave?
a stripof woodfromthe lowerleftcornerto
theupperrightcorner.Thebookcase is
1 meterwideand2 metershigh.How
longshouldthebracebe (tothe nearest
hundredth of a meter)?

o19e by KeyCurdculum Pr6s. Inc.

Do na dupliate withoutpemissbn.
FormulasInvolvingSquareRoots
Manyusefulformulas squareroots.Theformulat = .25{A givesthenumber
contain of
seconds if therewerenoair
(r)it wouldtakean objectto falld feetafterbeingdropped
lf wewantto knowhowlongit wouldtakeforsomething
resistance. to fall100feetwe
100ford.
couldsubstitute
t = . 2 5 . ' r c 0 = . 2 5 ( l O ) = 2 .2.5
5 se"onJs
Usethisformulato answereachquestion.Approximate
to the nearesttenth.

Howlongdoesit takea wrench,dropped how

lf therewereno air resistance,
froma 3O-footroof,to reachthe ground? longwouldit takean objectto fallone
mile(5280feet)?

TheWashingtonMonument is 555feettall. lf youholdoutyourhandanddropa

In howmanysecondswouldan object penny,abouthowlongdoesit taketo hit
droppedfromthe top reachthe ground? the floor?

Theformulas = 5.45fi can be usedto findthe speedat whichan objectdroppedfroma

heightof d feetwillhitthe ground.Thespeed(s)is in milesperhour.

Howfastwillan objectdroppedfromthe Withno air resistance,

withwhatspeed
top of the Washington
Monument be wouldan objectdroppedfromone mileup
goingwhenit reachesthe ground? hitthe ground?

10 @1992by KeyCurriculum Press,Inc.

Do notduolicatswithoutoermission
Howfaryoucanseeon a cleardaydepends on whereyouare. Ontheoceanor onflat
landthe distance(d)to the horizonin milescanbefoundby usingtheformula
d,=@. Thevariableh standsfortheheightof youreyeabovethe land(infeet).
Usetheformulato answereachquestion.
Measure the heightof your
or estimate Howfarawaywouldthe horizonbe if you
owneyeto the nearesttenthof a foot. werestandingontop of an 80-foottower?
Howfar outcanyouseefroma beach? (Remember to addtheheightof youreye
to thetowe/sheight.)

Howfar is the horizonfromthetop of a Howfar couldyou see froma planeflying

2000-footmountain? threemilesup?

Whentheareaof a circleis known,thediameter(d)canbefoundby usingtheformula

d=2\m
ptzzacovercabout80
A smafl-size Whatwouldbethediameter ol apizza
squareinches.Whatis itsdiameter twiceas large(twiceas muchto eat)?
(tothe nearesttenthof an inch)?

ole bt K.t Crrrlculrrn

PrB.' lrrc.
Dond duCbabrilhoulpflmb.bn.
11
SquareRootsof Monomials
Tofindthesquarerootof a number wecanthinkof thenumber
astheareaof a squareand
thesquarerootasthelengthof a side.

Wt = 26
Whatwouldbe meantby ,lxz c
Thinkof 12as the areaof a square. Thelengthof a sidemustber, so

17 = x
We can findthe squarerootof any expressionthatwe can writeas a square. We will
assumethatall of ourvariablesstandfor positivenumbers.
Findeachsquarerootby writingthe expression
as a square.

J""= =xt

,l'^"=
,lm= ( 5 n =5n ,TT
l00x' Bla+

r"y*

a6b.

12 @1992 by KsyCuniculum Prsss,Inc

Do notduplicalewithoutp€rmisEion.
The Productand QuotientRules
Maybeyou sawthata simplewayto findthe squarerootof a monomiallikex2yatsto find
the squarerootof eachfactorseparately.We can do thiswheneverwe havethe square
rootof a productbecauseof the Product Rule.
{ob = fi./b
Ruleto findeachsquareroot.
UsetheProduct

JxT = 1 4 4n '

vG*b; = 4'""t =
rtO0c'

9m{'3bn"

By writingthe ProductRulethe otherwayaroundwe seethatwe can use it to multiply

squarerootsas wellas to findthem.
..6fi = {ab
or a polynomial
Multiply.Writeyouransweras an integer leaveit as
if youcan. Otherwise
a radicalexpression.

lt/s =.F { T J n = J i f , = 5E.m =

Jr'J^' =
- t-

/3" J3o =

JTvq = Jtvth,= fiJ* =

,tb,[n= J;lq = Jtr,[6=
@199by KsycurrbulumPrsss,Inc.
Do notduplicatswithoutp€rmission.
13
Everyquotient
canbewrittenas a product,
soyoumighthaveguessed
thatthereis alsoa
QuotientRulefor radicals.

^t; {a ,^[a
\a=Gano*=
Usethe QuoJient
Ruleto findeachsquareroot.
@-3;
E nt} + T
I- o--I- t-
lT6"r-T
=
E -
= l o = -
. lz s . . 5
, - I

/Et I Z
@cl
\^-v\/

lr ttr[
lqq
=
ltoo 14
tt6 m
t -
11
= ,
, lz e q
-

ltE
IT =
Jtoo ffi
n
-l tzl
=
lffi
Usethe QuotientRuleto divide.

= -- 1
/E = =lT=3 ,TT 1 7 ' t
_ r
-15 '64 { f r r - J ? 3
@ J6
ln -m
@ ,m
F .tT
hs ,TT
E ,l-qq
14 @192 by Key Curiculum Press, Inc.
Do not duplicats wilhout p€rmission.
Doyouthinktheremightbesimilarrulesforaddingandsubtracting
squareroots?
Whatwouldtheylooklike?Writeyourideashere,andcheckwhether youthinktheserules
aretrueor nottrue.

Addition
Rule: trueI nottrueI

Subtraction
Rule: trueI nottruef,

Substitute
somenumbers youusedin yourrulesto seewhether
forthevariables therules
seemforworkforallnumbers.

Wecaneasilyfindapproximations
forsumsanddifferences of squarerootsby using
tne{ keyon a calculator.
Onsomecalculators youmustusethe memoryto storeone
squarerootwhileyoucompute to findthesecondsquarerootfirst.
theother.lt is easiest
Usea calculator
to findan approximation
to thenearest
hundredth.

lB {6x
.E + {j*
/i6 + Jyz = ,E-mp
lTs*n-* ,166+m
J5+b m * -.fi-n N
J6rez
/63 +m * {m + Is.3 N
O19P by KeyCur&ulumPr6s, Inc.
Do notduplicalowtthoutpemissbn. 15
As you probablydiscovered, ^{o* b is notalwaysequalto rio * {b sn6 {o - 6 may
notequal{o - {b. We can'talwayscombinesquarerootsby additionor subtraction.
Sometimes we cando it by usingthe ProductandQuotientRulesto simplifythe square
roots.
Simplifying
the squarerootof a wholenumbermeansfindingan equivalent expression
with
the smallestpossiblenumberunderthe radicalsign. Thisis calledwritingthe numberin
simplest radical form.
To writea squarerootin simplestradicalformwe firstfindthe largestpossiblesquare
factorof the numberunderthe radicalsign. Thenwe usethe ProductRule.
Lookat thisexample.

Rewriteeachsquarerootin simplestradicalform.

ffi =n,E =38

lf a numberis largeit is sometimes

helpfulto finditsprimefactors.

J@.=
I T

m= JiG =

Jm= lmE=

Jm= JT6=
16 @1992 by KsyCurriculumPress,Inc.
withoulpsndssion.
Do notduplicate
Nowwe havea wglto addsomesquareroots- thosethatcanbeexpressed as like
terms.fi2 and{75 canbecombined becausetheycanbewrittenas 2{3 and5{3.
Property
Theseareliketerms,as2x and5r are. Weusethe Distributive to combine them.
,ln +

2,15+
= 7,13
Simplifyandcombineliketerms.

{8 + ,/tr ,t2 + + JN

ffiJn JN J54 Jn + ,@o

.m - /40 /iq4 ,@ hz+.'&

JN .N ./m + Jtr J@ .m

,// + JE *,/n J5 ,E reO6+ ./To

@19eby KsyCurftulumP€ss, Inc.

Do not duplicatewilhoutpermlssbn. 17
Rewriteeachsquarerootin simplestradicalform. Combineliketermsif possible.
.,e + 3.,6 2"ln + JE q,lfr Jry
,|EJZ + sJqJZ
517 + 3'2,12
5,lZ + 6JZ
nJZ
3,/28* Jm g+Jry+JT zJzoo- .'6--0

sJn + 7Jn 2 A + + J q + 8 { 6 q,/n-31@ +rm

,R,*m JM-JW J* +./G

01902by KsyCurriculum Press,Inc.

withoutpermission.
Do nol duplicate
An expressionthatcontains radicalformif (1)no numberundera
a radicalis in simplest
radicalsignhasa factorthatis a perfectsquare,(2)no fractionis undera radicalsign,
and(3)no radicalis in a denominator.
the numberunderthe radicalsigndoesn't
is in simplestradicalform,because
zG havea perfectsquarefactor,no fractionis underthe radicalsign,andno radical
5
is in thedenominator.
E5 is nofin simplest the numberunderthe radicalhas4 as a
radicalform,because
factor,and4 is a perfectsquare.
IT is nofin simplestradicalform,becausea fractionis underthe radicalsign.
.JEi
2
s?tris nofin simplestradicalform,becausea radicalsignis in thedenominator.
whicharein slmplestradicalform.
Circlethe numbers
3 E & L 2 n E Z J6
to T € Ev' E T{r 3
Usethe QuotientRule. Thensimplifythe numerator Circlethe resultif
anddenominator.
it is in simplestradicalform.

lz
25

3 t
t+ 27

9
5
t:rt

I I
z IL

25 2+
+8 +1

@1992by KsyCurriculum Prsss,Inc.

withoutpsmission.
Do notduplicats 19
Thereis a simpletrickwe can use to changea fractionwitha radicalin the denominator
intoonethat is in simplestradicalform. We multiplyby 1. Lookat this example.

7 7JZ _ i l T 7JZ
-
J7 l7{2 {q 2

Doyouseewhymultiplying./Z by itselfgetsridof the squarerootsign? Rewriteeach

radicalform.
fractionin simplest

3 {=t 3Jr = 3{F

F 7
:
{5{r {2s
---
{z
z

,13
I 4 {r_ qE
{7a- {+
re,
2
= zJiE
I

3
.''r3

I .3
G zfi

I J5€
: =
il2 1f3 €

JZ
m tr
{E

& ?E
.6 {z
20 Ol9 byK€yCunid*nnPrsss,hc,
Do nol d.p{catg wtlhod poflr*rdon.
Usethe QuotientRule. Writethe answerin simplestradicalform.

3l
32

o19e by KeyCurrlculum Pr$s, lnc.

Oo nol duplh.atewlihorrlpermlsslon,
Gompletingthe Square
Eartierwe solvedsomequadraticequationsby findingthe squarerootof eachside.
We cansolveany quadraticequationwhichhasrealnumbersolutionsthe sameway.
equationwhichhasthe squareof a binomial
We just haveto be ableto lind an equivalent
on onesideanda numberon the other.
whenwe squarethe binomialr + 5.
Lookat whathappens
x + 5
(x*5)' = x" + 5x + 5x + 25
x2 5x
+
= ^2*lOx+25
5 5r 25 t
l -
\
r l
2times5 5qucred

of r is always2a andthe constant

Whenwe squareanybinomial,x,+ a,, the coefficient
termis alwayso2. Knowingthis,we can do somedetective workto findout whatto addto a
binomialto makeit a square.
l{ is 2 timcs7.
7t rs {9, so I
oo shouldcdd 49.
oo

xz + ltlt +

to makeit a square.
whatmustbeaddedto eachexpression
Decide

x' + ZOx 6x
Add:

l0x rt" + 4x 12x

Add: Add:

l8x x z- l 6 x Bx
Add: Add:

:72 24x x2-2x 30x

Add: Add:

22 @192by KsyCuniculum Press,Inc.

p€rmission.
rvithout
Do notduplicato
To completethe squaremeansto adda numberwhichmakesan expression intothe
squareof a binomial.Hereis howwe cansolvea quadratic the
bycompleting
equation
square.

Add ? to
, o o o o o ox z + 6 { r = 7*'
complete Xz + 6x + 1 = t6
th" sguare. ( l * 3 ) " = l6
x + r'=4-, o,' x + 3-3= -q-3
x = l o t x =-7
Herearesomeforyouto try.

21 -5
2t 6x

-15
l0x Bx

O19Q by KeyCu?rlcuhrm Pr6s, Inc.

Oo nol dupllcalesrlthoutpermissbn. 23
 the square.Writethe solutionsin simplestradicalform.
Solveby completing

x'-4x=lO
x" 4x = 6
x 2 - 4 1 1+ t l = l O +
(t - 2)'= 14
N - 2*'=/i4t1, I - tL\tfr
r = Z + f l + o rx = 2 - . 1 i 4
; x ' +2 x = 6 xz - lOx

-l
xz+ lTx = ^ z- f 4 x = - 4 7

xt+6x = 3

24 @1s2 by KsyCunbulumPrees,Inc.
withoutpsrmis8bn.
Do notduplicate
 in simplestradicalform.
the square.Writethesolutions
Sotveby completing
r' + 4r - llttt= O+ll N " - 2 x -5 = O
?(t+tlt = Il
7 6 24+r + 4 = l l + 4
(r * 2f = t5
?(+|''=-in! or x*2'2=i/i5
N = - 2 * 1 1 f foi r * = ' 1 - " t r
x"*8x*3=O xz- l0r * 18= O

2 x " + 4 x =2 B 3x'*l8x=48
2 2
^z+ U - lr+

5x'+40x=-55 2 x . - l / x * 1 4= O

@1992 by KeyCuriculumPross,Inc,
wlthoutp€rmissbn.
Do notdupllcate
25
The QuadraticFormula
Bystartingwith as2+ bx + c = 0 (whichcanstandforanyquadratic and
equation)
completingthesquare,we cangetformulas forthesolutions.

-b +.,[b2-4ac -b - .[bL 4a c
x=
2a
x=T

Thetwoformulas thesameexceptforthesignin themiddle.Weusually

areexactly
combinethemintoonebywriting+ ('plusor minus')in frontof thesquarerootsign.

-bt b2- 4ac

2a

forthe last
Thisis calledtheQuadraticFormula.Let'suseit to findthesolutions
equationon page25. +l+ =O
2x"-lZx

Firstwe rewrite in
theequation @^'+ @r * @ = O
standardform (ox2*bx+c=0). t I t
a b c

rhen-:]::T:'iJ[""13hff'r = -:rtz\xrffii
2(2)
Thenwesimplify
theresult. ^ = tZ , Jffi
+
a =12rEd,
+
x =lLt\JZ
t
3 t
^=flrftJZ
'( t(
r l
^ = 3 x.l7

26 olg! by l(6t Or||lculrm Prs!, Inc.

Oo not dtpllcde dthouf perni$bn.
Solveeachequationby writingit in standardformandthenusingthe QuadraticFormula.

x z- 3 x + 2 = 0 N2+2x-3=O 3x.+lQx*5=O
(D"'*@x+@=
O

2 x "- 7 t * 6 = O 2x' + 1x - 5 = 0 5x^+2x-3=0

^^z-5X-2=Q x'* 2x* l=O 6x" 8r*l=0

@19eby KeyCurriculum Press,lnc.

0o notdupli:alowithoutpermi66ion.
27
Writeeachequationin standardformandsolveby usingthe QuadraticFormula.

x z+ 5 x = 0 x z+ 2 x = 0 x"-6r=O
(Dr'*
@n*@=o
c b e

2x"- Bx=0 51" = t{0x -3x" = f5x

? ( 1- l f = O 2x' - 7x = 0
0t'* @**@=O
a b s

28 01SIz by KsyCunbulumPree, Inc.

Do nd dupficdswnhoutpemlsslon.
Solveeachequation youranswers
Formula.Approximate
by usingtheQuadratic to the
nearesthundredth.

, x z+ 8 x + 6 = 0 x2+6x*4=O
(Drtt@t*@=o
c b c
-
lr €trl5'j-t+.f.6
T
r- -8 l,
I con Bse rny
cclculotorhcre,
r=-Etam so f won't
T o simphfy.

t=@"o, l=-8--ffi
z z
t nr -o.Er+ 7r* -7.15

x'-2x'30=0 2 x , - l 0 x + l =l O

o19e by KoyCurrbubmPre6s,Inc,
Do not drJplbal€withoutp€m*ssbn.
29
Usingthe QuadraticFormulato SolveProblems
to the nearesthundredth.
Findthe lengthsof the sidesof eachrectangle

r+3 3x-1

A=80
A= 20

Chcck:
r(x + 3) = 60 A s 7.S7(to.S7)

x 2 + 3 x = 8 0 A:: 8o.ol
q,z+ 3x +-60 = O
1=-3sm
z
r=ffi--3!Jffi
T T
t, * 7.57 or

,'[^=;l
r+10

r-1
x+7

A=500

30 @1s2 by KeyCufriculum Press,Inc.

withoutpsrmission.
oo notduplicate
Findthe lengthsof the sidesof eachrighttriangle.

"ffi
@
x+1

r z + ( r * l ) t = ttj
xt + xt+ 2x * l-2 1i-*e
Z x z + 2 x + - { 8 =o

@19eby KsyGurriculum Pre66,Inc.

wilhoutp€rmissbn.
Oonol duplicale
31
Graphs of Functions
Functions pairupnumbers. Foreverynumber r thatwechoose,thefunctionf gives
usanother numbercalledflr). Graphing is easy.Wejustnamethe horizontal
a function
axisflr) andgraphtheordered
axisr, thevertical pairsof numbers
in thefunction.
Makea tablefor eachfunctionanddrawa graphof thefunction.
The SquaringFunction The AbsoluteValue Function
t
{rxl = Nz f ( * ) = tl*l
frxt f,nt
i i i i i i /
----t---i----i ---t.--.+---.1----t----l--- -.-1.--|. "-t.-.t---f --t--

iji*ii-i-i- -8
j i t :..t....i....i....i....i..:.
-2 i - * i i - i , - : - i - -t+
"r-'r--i'-'i-'i'-l--i-l--
-i-t--i-i-l'--l--i-i-
-2
:L i i i i i i i i
o -t--i--i-'i-i"-t-'i-i'-
- * ii i i t i r : o
I 2
2 4
3 E

A linearfunctionis a functionwhosegraphis a straight linewhichis notvertical.Therule

fora linearfunction
lookslikea linearequation:fl*) = rrlx+ 6. Tographa linearfunctionwe
canjustgraphthelinearequation ! = mx + b.
Grapheachlinearfunctionwithoutmakinga table.(Usetheslopeandthey-intercept.)

0192 by KeyCuniculum Press,Inc.

Do notdupli:atewilhoutp€rmission.
QuadraticFunctions
Therulefora quadraticfunctionlookslikea quadratic fl*) = o*2+ bx + c.
equation:
Thegraphof a quadratic is a curvecalleda parabola.Wecangrapha quadratic
function
by plotting
function points.
function.Thendrawitsgraph.
thetableforeachquadratic
Complete

f ( x )= x " ' 2 x - 3 ftxl= x'-4x

I
I
2
I
I
5

frr) =-2x"+ l0 f { * 1= x " * B x + 7

-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
ts--

@19@by KeyCurriculum Pross,Inc.

Do nol duplicatowhhoulpennisGbn. 33
Didyoufindit hardto pickr-valueswhichgaveyoua goodpictureof thelastgraphon
page33? Thiswouldhavebeeneasierif youhadknownwherethe graphcrossedthe
r-axis- in otherwords,wherefl*\ --0. Wecanfindther-valuesat thesepointsbysolving
theequation x2+ 8r + 7 =0.
ffx)- x"*8x+7
0 = xt+$x+7
0 = k*7)(t+l)
x+7=O or x+l=O
x n-7 or x =-l
ther-axisat (-7,0)and(-1,0).Wewouldgeta goodpicture
Thismeansthegraphcrosses
ofthegraphbychoosing
numbersbetween-7 and-1 astheotherr-values
in ourtable.
Findthepointswherethegraphof eachquadraticfunctioncrosses ther-axis.
ther-valuesif youneedto. Thenfindat leastthreeotherpointsonthecurve
Approximate
anddrawthegraph.

ffxt = ^Az-l6x * 60

f ( x ) =x 2 - 6 x + 4

34 o1$2 by Kdy Cunlculum Pf6q Inc

Do nol duplbale wlthout pemissbn.
 Written Work
Dotheseproblems on somecleanpaper.Labeleachpageof yourworkwith
yourname,yourclass,thedateandthebooknumber.Alsonumbereachproblem.
Keepthiswrittenworkinsideyourbook,andturnit in withyourbookwhenyouarefinished.
doa neatjob.
Please
why1.414285= f .
1. Explain
| whichstandsfor a rationalnumberandtellwhatrational
2. Copyeachexpression
numberit equals.

G ./25 ./20 .80.tr .6.tr

I V I
gV G EG f i
q
-G -fi ./T ./0 .Itoo ./m00 .f0000
fi fi fid
3. Simplifyeachexpressron.
L I '
{50 {5 li 1; \f 21112fi .Et .Ee, '/u *./600
4. Approximate
to the nearesthundredth.

^t4z 3{5 4-fi0 G*€

5. Solveeachequation.lf the solutionsare not rationalnumbers,givethemin simplest
radicalform.

x 2= 2 6 (x-2lz =19 3*2- 1 = 11

x2+2x-8=0 x2+8x-2=0 2x2-5r+3=0

6. Solvethe equationx2- S3= 0 in threedifferentways.

7. Findthe lengthsof the sidesof eachtriangleor rectangleto the nearesthundredth.

2r .r+5
7
252 l 6 0 l
11

8. Tryto solvex2- 4x +7 = 0 by usingtheQuadraticFormula.Whathappens?

-1,
9. Graphthequadratic fli) = 12- 4x+ 7,using 0, 1,2,3,4and5 asthe
function
in yourtable.Whatdoesthe resulthaveto dowiththe resultin Problem
.r-values 8?

O19(Pby KeyCurrbulumPr6s, Inc.

Oo nol dupli:atowithoutp€rmission. 35
 rI
PracticeTest
Findeachsquarerootif possible.lf thesquarerootis nota rational givean
number,
approximation
to thenearesttenth.lf it is undefined,
crossit out.

JB -./a
fi00 'rlt+
fr
ffi {16
Multiply
or divide.Writeyouransweras an integer,
a rational
numberor in simplest
radical
form.

J7J3 = ,rffi
:
J30
,lnJn= -l@
3JTJ5= "/5
Simplify
eachexpression.

Jffi= IT
"l 1

.tf^ = IT =
lE
,tfi, = ffi+Je=
q,= ZJM Jffi =
Usetheformulat = .25{d to answereachquestion.
Howmanyseconds
willit takea rockkicked I Howmanyseconds
willit takea rivetthat
off a 100-footcliffto hitthe waterbelow? fallsfrpma plane5000feetup to reachthe
ground?

36 OlSXlzby K€t Curlculrm Prsss,Inc.

Do nd duplhalswlthoutpemiesbn.
 tenthof a unit.
of thesidesof eachfigureto thenearest
Findthelengths

A=30

Sotveeachequation.lf the solutionis nota rationalnumber,writeit in simplestform.

5x' = 35 k - 3 ) ' =l ? x z+ B r = O

^^,2
- lQx * 18 = Q

Graphthe quadraticfunction.
fr"t = xz-?(- 6

ole by KeyCufrhubm Pr6s, Inc.

0o not duplkatewithoutpermissbn.
 Bmk t: Operotionson Intqgers :
Bosk h Vartobles, Terms and Expressions
Book 3: Eguctions
Book 4: Polynomials
Sook 5: Rotfonal Alurnbers
Book 6: Malttp$tng and Dtvtdtng Rationql Expressions
Sook 7: Addingand Subtrasttng Rotional Expressions
Book 8: Graphs
Book 9: Systemsof F4uatlons
Book rO: $qucre Rmf6 cnd Q$cdratic Equations
Ansurcrssnd N"otesfor Books l-4
Answercand Notes for Books 5-7
fuiswers and Notes for Bmks 8-10

Kry to Fractlonso
Keyto Decimalso
Key to Percentso
Keyto {3€omctqf
KsYto Measrrenrenf;
Kry to Metrtc ll{easuremenf

KEY
^ \ CURRICULUMPRESS w
Education
Inno.tators in Mathematics

rsBN 1-55955-010-3

..€}>",
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