,

CONTi9I

DIRECTOR 106
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

GMXNI SPACECRAFT (U)

i
ASS0 DlR
--
AD-FC
AD 01
AD - G Z
AD 6 3
f06

I 'I'ASST
: sss
A ASST 104
BUDGET 112
RRD 122
LDtT 149
REC 122
AC 0 157

R E P O R T --8616
AMP0
A PD
DLD
::t
242
COPY N
-O
. FMTD 246

SEC 319
FISC 136
- AS0 isi
(NASA-CR-101267) STRUCTURAL DESIGN C R I T ECR. I A PHOTO l?XJ

- GEMINI SPACECRAFT (IlcDonnell Aircraft C O - )

N79-76316
90 P
c clas
115

I z
-
LL
SUBMITTED U N D E R Y

PPROVEO BY
E. T. Akeroyd, S ction r.
Loads

APPROVED BY - APPROVEDBY
H. C. Goran, Chief
S t r e n g t h Engr.
 j
INDEX OF REVISIONS I
I t
I . - - --
1 DATE I P A C E S AFF ECTED
REMARKS REVISED BY

i
REVISED I ADDED REMOVED

VISION " I'

Report c letely revised.

*r
Fu3vISION "S" .

T i t l e REVISION
1 tfiru 1.
2.7,3.5.2
-
3 5.332
I
Regort c leteu revised. Reviaions to
lWeight8, meteoroid
limit and
boost and re-entrg

'F"
,
I

I
1 ;E$: hoisting,
I-

\.finor ckanges arid

'corrections
--
I
i

K l , 2.6
3.2.1
3.2.2
r
2.3.2
3.6.2
396.3
3.0.6
---_...I_
~~.-~-. --
$nd clanged o r d e r
'f4 d l ed y e 5 o r oid
'
I
1
c/
dr.j-9!A/tt
I

2.7.2 , cnvi ronrrent and I

co
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
j t
Tierie t r a t i o n c r i terl
1 GGmn

2.7.6 1
! I

- . - - . i
;?r;i~ede J d c t i o n seat
3.7.i.
" a l l a t e and personn
I _ -
!.aracnuie
I I--I to Mcde 11 abort c r i t e r i a
-,- Iieviseci c o ntrol forb criteria.
j7evised Agena Iaunc$

i . - ----I-
. .-_ . - r. .
 MCDQRiNECL
DATE 4 January 1465 S T . LOUIS. M I S S O U R I

REVISED

REVISED

INDEX OF REVISIONS

REVISED
P A G E S AFFECTED
ADDED I - REMOVED REMARKS -i - I BY
,

__t--

I
APPROVED
I
j
I

1.3
1 .L
REV:
. "Dn
;IoN
1 .lo2
. I I
Sr. Crp. Engr. 1 C h i e f Loads,
Corrected error
plot
i n l bada
1 hginser I
3.1 .1 Revised f a c t o r s of
3.1.2 s a f e t y for hatches
3.1 03

3.6.1.2 Corrected p i l o t
3.6.1.3 chute load for two
chute system.
Changed load and
pull off angle for
pilot chute i n
three chute system
-----
3.10 Added c r i t c r i a f o r
l e v e r s i n general
R. 1 C. ('bran !

3.1 1.1
- (Chief
\ Revised shock and
3.12 acceleration Ztrength 1
@neine er
3.13.1 3.13.3 etiviroment and I
3.13.2 3.13.4 v i b r a t i o n and
a c o u s t i c environ-
ment t o be conais- I

t e n t with t h e
aourcee.

!
I i

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-- i - L A
 8
c
I ,
I
i
1.2 Table ct Coztents ............................................... -
-.L. L
,,

! ...................................................
\ .\ -,
! 1.3 Li65 i i f Fagt3iii 6.3
I
Kt;fc;i-acea ......................................................
. I

I 1, b .L-..T

i
I 1 .i.$ s-y ......................................................... 7
A*;,
-

i < O LiAtroductiorr .................................................... 1,s

i PART nio - 25SPC LLF.Zfi

..........................................
I
i 2 . Spicscrai't Dcscriptioa 2.2.
i
I
l 2.2 Slxi~ecrdiY#Cczicr~lk-*aqez.aat .................................. -.
r, 5 I

.
!
\

f
2.3 bicecraf't h e i g r ? Weights ....................................... L-?+l .
Staijer&Atmaphere .............................................
I

I 2.4 .:.L.l

kind Slicers az5 Volocitiezt ......................................

i .', .
2.5 -..,,i
I

Q a s t 5 ...........................................................
!
! 2.0 2,6 i
I
; 2.7 ;&tea-oid I)iiiixibi;ticn ..........................................
,. ,.
~ . ( * i i
-
!
I
I
! --?:'I= - cy:;7-y.,;
Lir?;iL a t d ST*tl.xta ................................... .j.i.1
C;'G,CiitiC)lli;
I1 2 . 6 1 .

3.2 .....................................................> 2 . 1 ,,

1 j.3 ...................................................
O i * h t s i Fissir? 2.3..!. !

i
: 3>it Iicr;c:czvCi*us~ ~ i i s................................................
e ;

I .'4 i Ae-DAcPJ YLsoe .................................................. 3 , ; .:.

...................................................> . t J - .& * L .
I
I ._ ,- I
3.q
c.

! hIi<i,q ;r;ase I

.I 1
3.7 4Y"c:t ?:;&e
\
..................................................... - * i . +f
J c- ,

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 PAGE
1.2.2 I_

RwonT 8616
REVISED MODEL Ccv.:i;ini -.

3.8 Hoisting and !hximportation ..................................... 3.1;

3.9 ..................................................
k'kfl6UiUtiOn 3.9
3.10 Controls ........................................................

3.11 a d &PtP ............................................... 3.11

wIl€?66

3.U Shock and Acceleratim Euvlro;-ment .............................. 3.11

3.13 Vibmtion an8 Acoustic Env3roslznt .............................. 3.Li

A1.L X-Le L

Al.2 East Y m s e Cotzfi,-gaatlon ...................................... A-1.2

f i a 3 Boost Fase Trajectory ......................................... A-1.3.1
A2.1 Rendezvms Phase ............................................... A-2 1

C
 ,
I
MCDQAINELL
I DATE I T . LOUIS. MISSOURI PACE 1.3

1
i,
REVISED

REVISED
u
..4&-19
a
62,
REPORT 5616
Ce:r.lni

1.2.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

2.302 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

2.6 2.7.1 2.7.2 ' 2.7.3
2.7.6
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
3.2.7 3.208 3.3.1 3.302
3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5
3.508 3.5.9 3.5.10 3.5.; 1

395.14 3.5.15 3.5.16 3.5.17

3.5.20 3.5.21 3.5.22 3.5.23
3.5.26 3.5.27 3.5.28 3.5.29
305.32 3.5.33 3.5.34 3.5.35
3.5.38 3.5.39 3.6.1.1 3.6.1.2
3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6 .6
3 08 3.10 3.1 1.1 3.1 1.2
3.13.2 3.13.3 3.13.4
A-1.3.2 A-2 . 1
I
I
L

1 .& References

1. HAC Report 8611 G d n i Spacecraft Performence

Specificstion

2. NASA TN D-395 A Reference Atmsphere f o r Patrick

AFB, Cape Kennedy, Florida, Annual

3. NASA TN D-610 konthly and Annual !iind Distri-

bution as a Function o f Altitude
for Patrick AFB, Florida

4. NASA -Engineering Criteria Meteoroid lhvironrnent i n Ekzr-Earth,

Bulletin -
No. EC-1 Cislunfir, and Ncar-hnrtr Space,
dated 8 November 1963.

5. NASA Letter GPO 00169

6. Cceneral E n v i r o r ~ ~ i e n t alie
l ,uirc.:r.cnt s
for Eodel 133P

7. MAC Report 8610 G m i n i Sya c c c r a f t - !',iivironri;mt,al

C r i t e r i a Xcquirements, r c v i sion
dated 10 J u l y 196L,

8. h r t i n Letter M E U 9 6 4 D i g i t a l Printout o f T r a j e c t o r y
309, dated l f j Yay 1963

9 . k r t l n I D C Design I l i g i t a l Printout of T r a j e c t o r y
Verification T r a j e c t o r i e s 353
10. Design Launch b &*bit T m j e c t o r y
f o r G w i n i k i s s i o n , d t t e d 29 1S.y
1963
- 11. MAC hport 9998 G e n i n i Ablation S h i e l d C t A u c A , a r d .
Capability and Perf oms, c e 'Lirni ts
( t o be published)

12. bckheed ( IpiSC) I n t e r d e p r t - Preliminary Cemini/Agera D Balance

mbntsl (kmmunicatlon SW/80.571 a d Inertia Data, dated 1 Deccter
1963
 \ - -

1
c r a f t i s applicable f o r all spacecraft 88 the missions are currently
projected. It i s planned that t h i s report W i l l be revised 88 new require-

nenta arise either from ckanged or edded:dssions or from more refiried

analysis of' the currant; mi:islons.

* j
i
 1.6 Introduction

t
p a r t s thereof which are considered to be applicable t o an o r b i t a l vah!cle and j
1
1

or),NASA/McDonnell e x p e r i e n c e In t h e development of the J k r c u r y Spacecraft and 1

the Mercury Spacecraft componqnts. . iI
f
I n3c basic d a t a , including vehicle ELrrangement, design w e i g h t s tlnd e n v i r o n - 1

The c r l w r i a f 3r l a d s , tmperatures, u p r a t i o n a l phases, an& -fariaus t

I

conponpnts a r e p r e s 4 n t e Q i n Part Three.

The T k r p e t 9 o c k i n ~Adap+&r c r i t e r i a are p r e s e n t e d in Appendix A.

I
!
 --_ _I-
- --5

PAZT ;i!'C; - -A, IC LA'! .$

t

2.1 Spacecraft k s c r i p t i o n
I
Th.2 G e m i n i Spacecraft general a r r a n g e m n t i s shown i n Figure 2.2. The i

s p c e c r a f t c o n s i s t s of' t w o basic e c c t i o n s : the Re-entry Module and the Ad~ipter ~

Module * I
1

The Adapter MJdule is made up of t h r e e sections. Adjacent t u t h e launch i

vehicle I s t h e h u n c h Vehicle m t i n g L%ctlon srhich remains w i t h the l a u n c h

vehicle a f t e r separation. Next i s t h e Squipment Section which c a n t t i i n s the

i
~ ; r o p u l s i o n , c o q t r o l and other equipment needed f o r o r b i t and rendezvous. Thi8

s e c t i o n i a retained in o r b i t and is released prior t o retrograde. Adjacent t o

11
t h e Re-entry Module i s the Retrograde Section whlch contains t h e retrograde

rockets requir?d f o r de-orbiting. This section i s released following Hetrograda.

The Re-entry Module has an intrrnal preasurc vessel for the two a s t r o n n u t a .
The pressure v . t s s e l Is nhaptd 80 as to leave space between it end the o u t e r

c o n i c a l shell f a r equipment. In t h e r e - a n t r y attitude, the f0rebod.y c o ? l s i s t s

Jf an ablative type h e a t shield and the afterbody consists of h e a t r e s i s t a n t

I
shlnglea. After re-pntry, the m r l y spacecraft w i l l deploy a parachute an3

the R e - e n t r y # 3 u l c u i l l l a i d ir. v a t e r w i t h the Z axis i n c l i n e d to the v e r t i c a l .

i
On later spacecraft, a paraglider w i l l be deployed and the v e h i c l e m n e u v e r e d ,
I
for landing by rcovlng the center of gravity r e l a t i v e t o the paTaGlidcr. This

I s accomplished by changing the lengths of the c a b l e s between the p a r a a i d e r

and the R e - e n t r y Madulr?. A t r i r y c l e ski type landing geer i s provided for l a n d -

lnt' on 8 preparead d e s i - a t e d landing site.

The k i n i n i S p a c . t c r s f t i s d e s i g n 4 to be hunched on R 'JYtan I1 ICBM

l a u n c h vehl-lp.
.
r-. \ \ I I I
Xi
 WCDONNELL
3ATE
1 July 1063 51. L ( I,, MlSSOtJRI PAG€
2.3.1
* 86 16
R E \ ISEC, REPORT

Gmini
REVISED WNFI UEWIAL Mor) E L

2.3 Spacecraft Desitp Wej.&ts

The weights t o be used for s t r u c t u r a l desi@ loads are presented in t h e

following sections & i c h correspond t o t h e phases for which t h e c r i t e r i a is

established. These weights are f o r s t r u c t u r a l design onlp. A range of weight

o r a maximum weight is shown far each phase, Thra weight within this range pro-

ducing t h e must c r i t i c a l loads shall be used. The weight d i a t r i b u t i o n used

shall be that for a spacecraft meeting the nominal weight rsqufrements. The ex-

trtames of t h e ranges o r t h e mxhum w e i g h t shall be covered by multiplying the

d i s t r i b u t i o n by t h e ratio of the extreme weight t o t h e nominal w e i g h t . The nomi-

nal Design Launch Weight is 7,000 l b s . and t h e incremental Weight8 correspond t o

t h i s value.

2.3,l Design Launch WeiKht (6500 t o 7500 l b 8 . l

Spacecraft weight during boost phase from launch u n t i l just prior to

a e p r a t i o n from t h e launch v e h i c l e ,

2.3.2 J u I Weight
I ~ ~ ~Orbit (64% t o 7450 l b s a
Maxhum s p c e c r a f t weight in o r b i t . It is t h e D e a i s Launch Weight

less t h e launch v e h i c l e mating section and propellant u t i l i z e d during

separation,.

2.j03 Deaifl Hendezvous Weipkt (62% to 7200 ha,)

Spacecraft weight f o r docking laads and manemvex- loads after docking.

It is t h e Design Orbit 1ieigM less one half t h e o r b i t c o r r w t i o n and

rendezvous maneuvering propellant,

2.3.4 Desm Retrograde Weiaht (@OO to 5800 as.)

Spicecraft weight j u s t p r i o r to retrograde flring. It is t h e

Design iienclezvous Weight less the e q u i p n t s e c t i o n of t h e adapter,

 2.3.5 Ucsi.yn Re-entry 'r!ei;$,t, (i,:150 to 5050 l b . 1

Spicecraft wei&kAt upon re-entry ktc0 t h e atmos&ere. It is the

t . Design ttetrogradc Waight l e s s a t t i t u d e p m p l l a n t 4 the retrogrs.de

section of the aaapter.

2.3.6 DosiiZn Daployrrtmt b!cifhta

2.3.6.1 Deai-:n Di-ojpe P a r w h u t e Geploynent K c i g h t (4736 l b . )

S p a c e c r d t weight a t t h e time of deploying the drogue

pcu'achute andlor p i l o t parochute

2.3.6.2 Desim Main P;lrachiit,e Deployment \leight (L@O Ib.)

Spacecraft weighti incluciing parachute a t t h o t i a e of

deploying the loa*, pa.r&cnutc.

2.3.6.3 DesQn P,rar.;Lider Deployment \!ei&t (3650 to 4:,50 ID. 1

Sp6cecraft w e i g h t at t h e tine of i n i t i a t h g the para.gliaer
 2.3.9 b e a i s n k a t e r ilccovory ;!e!.rrht (5500 to 6500 lb. )

This is t h e w e u n t t o be h o i s t e d after a water landing. It is the

Design F l o t a t i o n Weight p l u s 2 2 0 15. of trapped water.

2 3 - 0 Dcsim Abort \lei.qht (4990 t,o 5900 lb.)

The s p x c r a f t weight at tne h i t i a t i o n of separation fr0X t h e

launch vehicle f o r an abort. It i s t h e Deeign hunch Weight l s s s t:ie

b u n c h vehicle mating s e c t i o n and t h e eqGipraent section of the Adapter,

a,U. Design Transportation Wci;-,ht (6030 Lb .)

\
The weiel;ht f o r hoisting, handlinc, and t r s n s p o r t i n g ES a uiidt.

2 4 Standard f,tr.s:?r,cre

dl loads aria t e q e r a t i i r e c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l be based on the" at;,.s.. ..\ A ~ c ,

LS aefined in iieference (2). Density and Awessureare shobn Oa F i g W o .i..4.2

ana Iigure 2.be3 as a f a c t i o n of altitude.

I
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.
: . . .
Date J 1 July 1969 , . . j . i. -.- '

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 MCDONNELL
DATE L JULY1963 S T . L O W . MISSOURI P4GL 2.5.1
I

REVtSED REPORT 8616

REVISED MODEL

2.5 W i n d &ear and Velocity '

-
&town o figr~n2.5.2 all be con~idsradt o exist.

with
r-tel;p
8
to tbore given in Elbferawe ( 3 ) u the
99.865s proability of not bel%
wind shear8 w i t h an
&xc.sbeQ.
These valuer come-

-ip.te

84.1$ probability of wt being ~xccedtdIY a l s o sbovn

sanulr~v a ~ g ~ u

values for

on figure 2.5.2. The68 value0 are cmgwrrablr t o oat r i p values fur

normal dletribwtions.
2.5.3 Daeign wind Velocity

Start- a t the d m l w i n d velocity a t any altitude a positive

wtnd velocity gradient not e x c r e d i ~tb. d 8 . U u b d ahear given in

2 . 5 . 2 8 b 3 l be cmsidered t o axirt until the tpiaa velocit). i r

etteinsd. B e peak wlad veloaity -11 not exceed the derign wIM
veloclty rJhm OQ m e 2.5 - 2 . l!Wra-c approxbmtely t o tho

-
1 BC8-r -1- @VWi b Reference (3) Which h 8 8 99.8655 mw-
bllity of xwt being exteadad. Apprmince nrlaus for pind relocitier

with an 84.15 p r o b . b l l f ~of not exceeded are alro dhcrpn on

pigure 2 . 5 . 2 . These valoki @re caPrp#rcrble t o oiy .igr p.1~61fur
a0-1 diatributioarr .

-, 2 I . ,,., . .
.' ..
I
 2.6 Guste

Strength &dllbe provided for load8 associated with isotropic sharp edged

gusts of 30 i p s , equivalent airspeed, below 40,000 f e e t and 60 fpsJ true airspeed,

above,4O,OOO feet neglecting penetration e f f e a t s and w i t h an a l l e v i a t i o n factor

of 1,O. Gusts shall be considered separately or I n conJunction with tho wind

shears of Section 2.5, When combining the gust velocities with the Wind shear
I

requirements, the bum of tho Wind plus gust velocitiea s h a l l not exceed the
design d n d velocity rhown in Pigum 2.5.2.

e
\

a
2L9, PItteoroid EnVh'Onment
The meteoroid envlronemnt shall c o n s i s t of t h e neay-earth and c i s l u n a r
sporadic meteoroids and t h e major meteoroid streams. The si;ecific envirciment

based on data from Reference (4) is defined in t h e following paragraphs.

&7,l Near Earth and Cislunar, Sporadic Metcroids F l u x , Kass:

LOG N -1.34 log rn - 10.k23

Where N = number of impacts per square foot per day

m-mass in grams
Dentlity: 0.5 d c c , a l l particle sizes

Average Geocentric Velocity: 30 km/sec, a l l p a r t i c l e sizes.

Tho flwr-cnass r e l a t i o n s h i p atated above is shown graphically i n Pigkrr: 2,7J.

Tha f l u r e l a t i o n given above i a an average of t h e monthly variations. ?i,r a

p a r t i c u l a r period, the factore from Figure 2.7.4 are used. Since trie sijGi'adiC

inatemids a r e non-directional, t h e above c r i t e r i a are applied t o t h e sul'oce

area o f t h e vehicle. A l l v e l o c i t i e s a r e assumed t o be d i r e c t e d n o m 1 t o t h e

target aurface.

a 2 Near Earth and C i s l w a r , lleteoroid Streams F l u , lhss:

US N 91 -1.34 log rn - 2.68 log V - 6.465 + log F

Where N = number of impacts per square foot per d a y

m = mass in g r a m
V = geocentric v e l o c i t y of t h e meteoroid stream (rOn/sec)

F = r a t i o of accumulative meteor stream flux to t h e s p o r s d i c

rneieor flu. The value of F, t h e period of a c t i v i t y ,

and the geocentric v e l o c i t y of the major stream are

shown In Table 2.7.5. The Fntegrit' 1 value of F for

any given d a t e during t h e e n t i r e year i s shown i n

Figure 2.7.6.
 Density: 0.5 gm/cc# aU. partide s i z e s

Geocentric Velocity: As shown i n Tabls.2.Z.5. Since t h e meteoroid

streams are d i r e c t i o n a l , t h e above c r i t e r i a

a r e applied t o t h e projected area of t h e

vehicle. The vehicle shall be givan the iriobt

c r i t i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n ' r e l a t i v e t o t h e stream.
That i s , a t any time, t h e Largest projected

&rea of t h e vehicle o r cosponent is t o be

\
used .
2 7.3 S h i e l d i n g Factor

The shielding f a c t o r accounts f o r the f a c t t h a t in t h e v i c i n i t y or' the

earth, meteoroid8 whose velocity vectors lie within a cone with the apex at the

spacecraft ami surface tangent t o the surface of the e a r t h have intercepted

the earth'8 surface. Consequently, the spacecraft is e f f e c t i v e l y shielded from

thew n;r;teoroide. To account for this, a near e a r t h shielding f a c t o r of 0.5

a h a l l be applied to the surface area of the spacecraft.

c
1- .

0 +2

. .
 I

111

I
--
Feb A% oc t Dec
Jan Mar 5ul Se P Nov Jeri

\
 REPOGT
, .' ,'
I

r.>,-.: ..I
MODEL

I Quadrantids Jan 2 4 Jan 3 8.0 L2

I
A p r i l 19-22 A p r i l 21 085 16
:by 7-0 h y 4-6 2.2 tl;
!.hy 14-23 1.h~14-23 2.0 37
ICiy 29-June 1 9 June 6 4.5
June 1-16 ;tine 6 5.0

Jure 2 ' l r J ~ l y5 Gune 26 2.0

JUIJ 2 6 - k ~5 'Ally 26 1.5
July 154- 18 ALL& 10-14 5.0
Oct q-10 Oct 10 20
G C ~15-25 o c t 20-23 1.2
Oct-Rov xov 5 1.1

NOV 10 0.4

.I
IkOV 1.0

c c t 2 6 4 0 ~22 :;ov 5 0.9

:-*Gv I 5-20 ::OV 76-17 0.9

Kov 15-Dec 6 2.5
1:ov 25-3cc 17 12-13
~ C C 1+. G

3ec 20-21; :1cc 22 2.5

 f

E
 MCDONNELL
DATE 15 Februarj 1562 S T . LOUIS. MISSOURI PAGE 3.1
REVISE0 9 June 1962 . REPORT L616
RCVISLD WOOEL Genini
I

Limit loads and heating effects result f r o m onviroMlerntu3 conditions

arising Xron normal mission, 8p1 deacclbed In t t b part, conbined with the

effects of any oingle maUunction. abort or oeat e j e c t i o n ehall not be

conaidered a mlfunction 3 s tti5.s definitiian. In the case of malfunction

of a s w e retrop~derocket, causing only w e out of four to fire,

waneurnring restriction shall be placed on the re-entry flight to preclude

exceeding the structural limitations required f o r the nominal lniseion,
tJltimate loada are 1.36 times lwt loads wit& %he following exceptions:

1. For retrogradb rocket pressures on tbp b l a s t a u l d and water irrpact

pressures on the re-entry mdule, u l t b t e dartign loads m a ~ rbe q u a l to
1Fn;it loads and danage to the structure sbcrll be acocrphbls provided that

astronaut safety and flotation requirements are met.

2. A ninimm margin of safety of 25% s h a U be a n t a i n e d as defined below

for the following elensnts or assenblios

.a. Landing Gear and Support Fittings - All' Joints where structural

integrity could be dependent on a single bolt or pin and the d e s i g n

condition is defined by landing loads.
b. Par@ider - All Joints where structural integrity could be degendent
\
on a single bolt or pin and *e design condltioa is defined by paraglider
deployment or manewering.
c4 Hatch Actuation - Hatch actuator, latching mchanism &d a l l j o i n t s

vhers structural i n t e g r i t y could be dependent on a sinae bolt or pin and

the design condition is defined by latch actuation.
j.1 Wt and Ultimate Conditions

Uudt loads and heating e f f e c t s result from environmental conditions a r i s i n g

Prom mrmal d s s i o n , ab described in this prt, combined w i t h the e f f e c t s of any

single laallunction. Abort or seat edection shall not be considered a malf'unction

In t h i s d e f i n i t i o n . In the cabe of malfunction of a single retrograde rocket,

causing only three out of four tn fire, maneuvering r e s t r i c t i o n shall b e placed

on t h e re-entry f l i g h t t o preclude exceeding t h e s t r u c t u r a l l i m i t a t i o n s required

for t h e nominal mission.

Ultimate loads s h a l l be limit loads multiplied by the Factor of Eafety. The

required f a c t o r of s a f e t y s h a l l be 1.36 w i t h the following exceptions:

(1) For retrograde rocket pressures on t h e blast s h i e l d ami water impact

pressures on the re-entry module, u l t h t e design loads may be equal t o 1 i n d . t

loads and damage to the s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be acceptable p o v i d e d that astronaut

s a f e t y and f l o t a t i o n requirement8 are met. The required f a c t o r of safety shall

be 1 . 0 0 .

(2) For the crew hatch and hatch actuator, t h e required factors of s a f e t y

shall be 1.10 and 1.25 respectively, where t h e design condition i s defined by

hatch actuation with the actuator i n tension, provided t h e load is substantiated

by $est.

(3) For t h e drogue parachute support s t r u c t u r e , the minimum factor of s a f e t y

shall be 1.36 f o r the normal misaion and 1.10 f o r t h e ca8e of a re-entry from t h e

v- '$ abort boundary (Figure 3.5.3) w i t h a failure of t h e a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system

(without r a t e damping). This value is uaed because of t h e improbable combination

of events t h a t would be required t o reach t h l a extreme condition.
 MCDONNELL
DATE ~A-1442. St. LOUIS. MISSOURI PAGE
7.1.2

R €VISE D
1 Pay 1964 I REPORT 8616
REVISED 4 Januam1965 MODEL Cenini

3.1 t and Ultimate Conditions (continued)

&hi

(4) For t h e personnel parachute canopies, the required f a c t o r o f s a f e t y

hallb be 1.10 based on t h e minimum f a i l i n g strength. This value is used because

o f the improbability of all of the necessary circumstances combining t o produce

the design c o r d i t i o n ami the p r o b a b i l i t y that t h e canopy strength does exceed t h e

minirmlm. The minimun failure load of t h e C-9 type canopy, which is being used

by the d i r e c t i o n of NASA, is 5,000 pounds and t h e nominal c a p a b i l i t y i s 6,500

pounde, In order to reach t h e design corrdition for deployment of t h e personnel
parachute, e j e c t i o n must occur a t a p a r t i c u l a r a l t i t u d e during launch and t h e

seat must be oriented i n a unique a t t i t u d e . I n t h i s a t t i t u d e , the b a r o s t a t ,

which i n i t i a t e s parachute deployment, senses ram pressure superimposed on s t a t i c

pressure causing premature parachute deployment.

I n addition qo t h e required f a c t o r s of s a f e t y l i s t e d above a rr;inimurn margin

of s a f e t y of 25% s h a l l be maintained as defined below for t h e following elements

P
or assenbliee.

(a) Ianding Gear and Support F i t t i n g s - All J o i n t s where s t r u c t u r a l

i n t e g r i t y could bo dependent on a single b o l t o r p i n and t h e design condition i s

defined by landing loade.

- (b) h r a g l l d e r and Support F i t t i n g s - All j o i n t s where s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y

could be dependorrt on a s i n g l e bolt o r pin and the design condition is defined

by paraglider deployment or rraneuvering .

(c) Hatch Actuation System - Hatch actuator, latching mechanism and all

J o i n t s h e r o structural. i n t e g r i t y could be dependent on a single b o l t or pin

and t h e design c o n l i t i o n is d e i i n d by hatch actuation.

 ~

5 - I

MCDONNELL
. - -
OAT€ IT. LOUIS. YISSOURI PAGE
3.1.3
REVISED ,ldaxlwru. ‘ REPORT eb16
REVISED GenLni
~~ ~ ~ ~

3.1 Limit A n d Ultimatu Conditions (continued)

Ultimate heating e f f e c t s a r e those obtained by increasing U m i t temperatures

2@F or h e a t i n p u t s by 15% nhichsvsr i s c r i t i c a l for re-entry and increasing
l i m i t t m p e r a t u r e l@F for boost, except for itams Inside the pressure vessel.
Structure h i d e t h e pressure v e s s e l which is not attached t o t h e s k i n and has

no s i g n i f i c a n t thenual mass shall be designed for 250°P ultimate. Ultimate design

cotxiitions are e i t h e r ultimate loada combined with M t heating effects o r u l t i -

mate heating e f f e c t s combined w i t h limit loads.

Deformations r e s u l t i n g f r o m aero-thermal e l a s t i c e f f e c t s at &.it conditions

s h a l l not e f f e c t adversely t h e aerodynamic o r f b n c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

vehicle. Nonsurvlvable f a i l u r e shall not occur under ultimate loads o r under

limit loads for the unique s i t u a t i o n s where ultimate loads equal l i m i t loads.

The design shall be based on a s e r v i c e l i f e of one nominal mission. The

&.-entry Module ehall be re-usable after a minimum amunt of refurbishment and

replacement of c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l itam.

A l l conditions in t h i s report are l i m i t conditions unlese otherwise s p e c i f i e d

e
~2 Eoogt rme
The boost phase is definod as including a l l operat$ons and envirorsaents

eilccmtered from the inatant of launch vehicle engine thrust initiation w t i l

\
aRutdoLnl and separation of the last stage (inJaction into orbit), The calcula-

tioiss for the deeign a t r u c t w a l loads and temperatures Will be based on t h e two
a
b c a t phase trajectoriee presented i n Figure8 and Tables from 3.2.3 t o 3.2.8,

The trrijactories are essentidly vertical f o r t h e first 20 seconds; then a

g r a d t y t u r n is maintained throughout t h e remaining 129 seconds of first stage
burninge The maneuvering required for orbital control i s accomplished during
the a c t i v e second stage f l i g h t , The first trajectorg is a nominal launch

with insertion a t an a l t i t u d e of f l rautiical d l e s . The second tra:i.ctorj; is

off-nonrfnal i n that the first stage thrust was assumed t o be decrecrsed by 3%

crlorg d t h a -42,8"/&, pitch g y r o drift, The second trajectory r e s u l t s in

cri%ical boost phase temperatures, These trajectories are from frefci*er,ces ( 8 )
and (911.

b a d a during t h e b o & phase s h a l l be based upon ( 1 ) the e f f e c t s of winds

arid gu8,ta 6s apscffied in ~arsgrsphs2,5 and 2,6, (2) a momentary g u i d a x e

friilwe that results i n a 10 degree a r i l 0 of attack a t any altitude w i t h r o a t o r i r G

~ - a x n C afrom maimuru thrust vector deilection, or (3) a launch vehicls m;zlfunction

&hich reeulta in divergent anglee cJf attack. The launch vehicle malfcnctfon
c u n d i t i n n e shbll. be investigated end design lotids defined so as to p r e c f w s re&
enLry moduie s t r u c t u r a l failure p r i x t o the completion o f the ejectibn or abort

IAperation, %'he effects of combini~ueither the momentary guidance fallurc condi-

tlan or the lauich vehicle malfunction condition with the 84.1% (representative
of c;m a i g m values) wind rjhear inpute, a8 derived from Reference (3), s h a l l bet
3.,2 Boo.% Phase (Continued)

considered. However, the considersticns for t h e momentary ,gdidnr,ce f a i l w e *

condition shall be l i m i t e d by t h e t h r u s t vector rectorin,S rrcrnefit avnllablc t o

maintain s t a b l e f l i g h t . For t h e a a l f u n c t i o n conditions, t h e bcost $asc &::a11 tc

considered ended when both a s t r o n a u t s have passed c l e a r of t h e 01x3 hatch s%xc-

t u r e during e j e c t i o n o r when t h e connection between t h e ’ s p--c e c r a f t and t h o boclster

h a s been severed during retrograde rocket abort. Booster e n g i m s c3.7 or n ; ~ yc o t

be shut down f o r e j e c t i o n , but t h e y must be shut down for the retrot;racz: r o c k c t

abort.

The a l t i t u d e raqqes t h r o w h which e j e c t i o n abort o r rctro,;rcde rockot &m%

conditions must bo ccnsiciered a r e presented in Section 3.7.

Atcospheric d e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n s h a l l be considered by increGsin2 c ! j ~ . ~ - L c

v e 8 3 i ~ ~in
e t h e nominal t r a j e c t o r y by 5%.
 DATE
15
__ February
- ._
_-_.__ 1962
__ - MCDONNELL
ST. LOUIS 66. MISSOURI
MODEL GemW . . .

'e
W
-J
a,
c
 Flight Dynamic Pressure
path ma. Dynamic (546 Increased
Time Acceleration Velocity Altitude Angle Y&r Pressure msity )
#a v h M 9 9
g‘ 8 ft . / s a c . feet Degrees p.e.?. p.0.f*

1.2:t 0 32 90.0 0 0 ’ 0
1.36 106 543 85.8 .P 1-3 14
1.44 ‘ 236 2,232 89 - ? -21 61 63
1-53 393 5 ,354 86.0 35 153 160
1.64 586 LO, 162 77.7 *53 294 3 10
1.76 825 16,865 69.2 ‘77 475 498
1.85 1,116 25,626 61.5 1.07 649 681
1.r-8 1,457 36,461. 54.4 1.47 759 7?5
.
2 @j 1,657 42,6443 51.1 1.72 777 816
2.21 1,881 49,350 47.7 1-99 7@ 780
2-45 2,412 64,292 41.4 2.53 565 5 53
2.80 3,063 81,183 35.6 3-13 384 403
3.14 3,842 1~7Oy2 31.4 3.82 235 247
3.56 4,759 121,338 28.2 4.53 137 14.4
4.09 3,842 145 165 25.5 5 *37 76 80
4.78 7,133 1n,841 23.3 6.45 41 43
5 -59 8, J& 196,986 21.6 8.0s 25 26
.88 8,535 200,725 21.4 8.23 22 23
.e& 8,540 201,686 21.3 8.25 21 22
1.39 8,568 204,786 21.2 8.35 19 20
1.45 8,880 232,128 19.6 9.34 7 7
1.52 18.0 10.86 2 2
1~60
1.69
g: 22 261,321
289,249
10,110 315 ,889
16.4
14.9
11.42
11.31
0
0
0
0
1.78 10,591 341,219 13.5 11.00 0 0
1.89 11,112 365,210 12.1 9.58 0 0
8.45
2.01
2.15
2.31
11,679
129 293
Q, 961
g:%
428,812
10.6
9.6
8.1,
7.87
7.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.50 13,6SO 4J47,m 7.4 7.46 0 0
2.72 14,489 4453,788 6.3 7-47 0 0
2.97 15 369
9 478,870 5.3 7.57 0 0
3.29 16,345 492,240 4.4 7.76 0 0
3 -68 17,437 5 039 630 3.5 8.03 0 0
4.17 18,672 513,460 2.7 8.40 0 0
4.81 20,088 520,‘961 1.8 8.88 0 0
5 -69 21,749 526,047 1.0 9.50 0 0
6.96 23,747 528,337 0.2 io. 32 0 0
7.35 24 ,2751 528,414 0 10.55 0 0

hrtln-Marietta
I
- Trajectory
. >cy - . . .
MCDONNELL P A Ci E 3.2.6
ST LOUIS 6 6 M I S S O t ? R I
REPORT
3C16
_. - - - __
e
I?<- .

I1
! Acceleration P l i g h t Path Xach. Dynamic
Load Factor Angle limber Prea sure
Na H 9
g's Uegreea p.s.f.
1.26 90 0 0
1.32 89.8 008 10
1. !lo 69.7 .18 !18
1.d 85.2 31 123
1.48
1.05
1.79
75. Ir
67.6
$908
..
48
6Y
9b
245
hi39
596
1.58 9.8 1.32 737
2.07 46.2 1-60 794
2-09 lr5.2 1.05 bOO
2.32 39.6 2.35 69k
2.00 33.5 2-91 518
2.':2 29.4 3.57 363
3.27 26.2 4.3c 226
3.7L 23.L 5.0s 131r
!r. 32 21;o 5.99 77
5.11 18.9 7.19 46
5.41 lb.3 '7 .77 40
1.2l.l
1.112
1. )I6
16.2
lli 0
17.1
. 'i .90
7.98
h.43
36
35
23
1. S3 16.1 4 h7 9
1.62 15.3 13.77 3
i 140 1.70 lb. Ir 11. I8 1
' 200 1. txl 13.6 12.28 3
210 1.Y1 12.7 11.42 0
2 20 2.9l.l 11. ti ll.73 3
230 2.18 19.9 si. tl 0
2!,0 2.35 9.9 6.86 0
2 so 2.54 5 .O 6.35 0
t
263 2.76 6.0 t*l 0
270 3-33 7.1 6.0 0
21io
2'113
3w
3.36
3 77 . 6.1
5.0
t.1
6.2
b. 5
0
0

310
320
.9'7
Ii.
IJ
j.91
26 3.5
2 08
1.U
6.5
5.>
0
0
0
e 330 7.24 03 10.3 3
\ -. 331. '4 7. 4: i) lU.4 3

- -_I-
 ~-

3.3 O r b i t a l Phase

The orbital phase is defined as beginning with t h e . t o m i n a t i o n of t h r u s t

on t h e last launch vehicle stap,e and ending with t h o i n i t i a t i o n <if r e t r o -
t h r u e t t o re-entry t h e atmosphere,

3.3.1 Orbital Phase Maneuver Lods

The loading condition8 encountered during t h i s phase are the r e s d t of t t u

rendezvous maneuver, t h e a c t u a l dock- and coupling with t h e age^ vehicle i n

o r b i t and t h e o r b i t a l maneuvers performed after docking using t h e &en& vehicle

for propulsion. The design loads f o r this phase s h a l l consider mximm t k r u s t

m d c o n t r o l power f o r c o ~ d i t i o n sbefore and after docking, The c r i t e r i a f o r

t h e actual docking maneuver and f o r t h e composite Gemini-Agena v e h i c l z ixe

covered in parq-raph 3.k.

3,3,2 G r b i t a l Phase bleteoroid Hazard Analysis

The meteoroid environment presented in Section 2.7 ski311 be used to

eatablitih the s t r u c t u r a l reliability of t h e o r b i t i n g vehicle i n resistir,;;

lueteoroid penetration, The penetration equation t h a t shall be u6ed f o r flrdte

as follows:
sheet t h i C k n 0 8 8 IS

G
ti = 3.42K {$ - 2}2'3

t i = e f f e c t i v e target s h e e t thickness t h a t will j u s t r e s i s t penetration, c.7;.

-
ii = double-wall I e n e t r a t i o n factor from Figure
K 1.0 f o r single sheet t a r g- e t s )
target sheet thickness, cm Vp =
3.3.2' (Note: ti = tt ar,d

velocity of p a r t i c l e , kr:,/sec
shield sheet thickness, cm speed of sound i n target l a t e r i a ,
--
Ct
density of p a r t i c l e , gm/cc
d e n s i t y of t a r g e t m a t c r i a l , gm/cc
p8 d e n s i t y of s h i e l d material, gmlcc
C8 - h/sec
speed of 60&
lan/sec
i n s h i e l d nrateriaf,
dp = diameter of particle, cm
c
 b MCDONNELL
OAT E 15 S T . LOUIS. u l S S O U R I PAGE -3Lb
I
REVISE0 9 June 1962 REPORT 8616
REVISE0 I Jo MODEL -&-

P
 Structural dc.ign f o r n-mtry tra host phrw abort -11 be l m d l QI

the baogt * r e abort b o w ahown in Flgure 3.5.3. The boaprdag definer

cadbinatiom of f l i g h t path angle .ad velocity at M c h UI abost ba hiti-

ated BO 88 not to exceed the derign re-entry 1-4 factor of 15 g'm and/
or the derign m u r m heat- rate of 70 Irm/ft.*/s~c., ub alu, Qeflmathe
\

velocity rmage in which mmhm l i f t nrst be o

ud 80 a8 aat to exceed the
deai@ pprimua re-antry load factor si 15 g's. A of t h e flve tr4.c-
torles relected as rrgrerentatlve of t h o llvlrt critfcal ccubinmtiw of l a d s
and heating n t e r I 6 ahown i n Table 3.5.4. 'Em vrri.tlm of the rrignlflcuat

lift v l l l be u e d far design. The re-entry module -11 h designed for all
structural Lording std tbPpsrature*condltlommcotmtered dtlring these
entries.

I
 Plots of t o t a l heat which is an i n d i c a t o r for the s t r u c t u r a l temperatures

are shorn on Figure 3.5.20 f o r re-entt-ies Prom the design orbits. A summary of

some desi@ trajectories are shorn in Table 3.5.21. "he variations of the

significant parameters with tine from f,OO,OOO f e e t ore shown on Figares 3.5.22

t h r u 3.S.390

Restrictions i m p s e d by off-design conditions such as re-entries f r o m

perigee with other t h a n zero lift., re-entries f r o m dispersed o r b i t s , amd cases

where only 3 out of 4 retrograde rockets are fired w i l l be defined by an operatiq

baandary o r envelope. Heference 11 discusses the ablation shield perfomnce

limits for off-design conditions..

e
 . .

c
 I
I I 1 I
I 1 1

I 1 L I
I I I I

I I 1 I
;
', . 4
15 February ,962 MCOONNELL 3.5.5
Genini % " \ < . 8616
. 1 - .9
. "
..

15 February 1962 MCDONNELL 3.506

Gemini ., . "<.. . . I
8616

I .r,
.i-:
I. , .

c
c
 MCDONNELL P4GE 3.508 -

S f L O U I S 6 6 . MISSOURI 8610
REPORT - -_ - .- __ ._.

\
 MCDONNELL
ST LOUlS66. MISSOURI

..
._

A
n-

. ! . , '
,

MCDONNELL - I 3.5011
86 16

i ,

4 .
3 '
MCDONNELL 3.5 ;12
> 5c . 8.516
k -.. . . , . .. ... -
 ,- .. .- . . -. . - . -
a

9 .

I
. 3

- I.
, -

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U
I

t .
t
DATE 1 July 1963 MCQONNZZ&& ?AOX 3.5.20
MODEL
Ceninl ST. LOUIS 66. MISSOURI
RCPORT
8616

.I
I

!
. '1

. ..
 REVISED MODEL
Gmini

I I I i

I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I I

J
 DArL 1 July 1%3

U
I
 .r

t'
MCDONNELZ.

<
U
I
.
P

I
c
1
ST L O W I S 6 6 . MISSOURI UGlG
.

I
MCDONNELL PAGE 3.5.33
S T . LOUIS 66. hr SSOURI
REPORT __86 16 . - - . -.- - .
MCDONNELL P40f 9.5034
ST :.OUIS 66 MISSOURI
ALCORT
8616
D
 - ,
d
6 -

I-
 '(O
' 'I
" j ' *
. .
._

-
. I
. ....
. .
.

, . . . I . I

"

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., . . . ..

. I

.. .

. - .' ._.. ,

0 ..i. .. . j
.
' , I ,
a
. . . II. .
' I

. , !
. . ~. .
, !
 MCDOAINELL PAaE 3.5*39
ST L O U l S 6 6 W'SSOURI
llLCORT
86 16

.
 -~

3.6 Landing Phase

The landing phase i s defined as includi!lg all opergtione e t a r t i n f , from t h e

i n i t i a t i o n of t h e recovery system deployment until t h e r e - e n t r y module is safely

. on the ground o r water. I t ' c o v e r s drogue parachute deployment, p i l o t parachute

deployment, main parachute o r paragllder deployment, steady s t a t e o r manewering

descent, and surface impact consideratione. A l l mas8 items shall be designed

fop the shock and a c c e l e r a t i o n requirements of Section 3.12.

2,6,1 Parachute landing Phase

Parechute landing system c r i t e r i a are described h e r e i n f o r both t h e two

parachute system being used on t h e early spacecraft and t h e t h r e e parachute

system being developed for later apacecraft.

The basic two parachute system c o n s i s t s of a ring-sail p i l o t p r a c h u t o

18 feet in diameter and a ring-sail main parachute 84 f e e t in diameter, Tke

three parachute system c o n s i s t s of a conical type drogue parachute 8.3 feet i n

dhneter in addition t o the i d e n t i c a l r i n g - s a i l p i l o t and main parachutes used

the b a s i c system. The deeign lo&& f o r each parachute in t h e eequance &re

based on deployment a t t h e spacecraft terminal f r e e - f a l l dynamic presaiii"2 of

120 psf. This condition i$ consistent with normal fully c o n t r o l l e d r e - e n t r i z s

both from o r b i t and from t h e abort boundaries. For a nornal f u l l y c o n t m l l e d
re-entry, t h e spacecraft re-enter8 heat 6hieLd first w i t h p i t c h arid yaw rat;
damping operative. Designing all parachutes f o r t h i s dynamic pressure i n s u r e s

t h a t in case of failure o r m a l h c t i o n of t h e drogue o r p i l o t chutes, the

remaining systom can e f f e c t a safe recovery. The c r i t e r i a for both systens

are a-insd in Table 3.6.1 .

 Table 3.6.1

Parachute Landing System

Dia.

hm Chuto All

Normal 50,000 Yes 3 560

¶ r/OO
Abort 40,000 yes 3,500 40'

All 10,600 Yes fb,700(5) 20'

All (1 1 Ye8 16,000 90°

Two seconds after pilot parachute deployment

Nominal Unit load8 are based on a dynamic pressure (q) of 120 p s f .

U l t h t e load6 m e 1.36 times limit loads
Parachutes shall be qualFfied at a dynamic p r e s s u ~1.50 tinies

that used for de8ign ( qqull. E l * W X ~ , , i g n= 180 p s f ) .

( 5 1 The hcreased load on the rrtructum for this condition over the
. two-chute uyetem ie due t o t h e fact that the h g u e chute i s s t i l l

attached when the pilot chute i s deployed. Tho d e e m Linit 1-d

for the pUvt parachute 3,000 pounda.

" I * ..... .--._.

 I n the basic tWo parachute system, t h e p i l o t parachute is deployed i n a

..
reefed condition a t an a l t i t u d e of 10,600 + 750 feet. A f t e r a delay of approxi-
.
mtely two seconds, the Rendezvous and Recovery Section i s separated from the
spececraft. The reefed pilot chute pulling the R 80 R Section away stretches t h e

main p r a c h u t e l i n e s deploying the main parachute in a reefed condition. After a

s h o r t delay, the main parachute I s then dlsreefed. T h e . p i l o t chute i s d i s r e e f e d

6 seconds after deployment t o reduce t h e probability of recontact of t h e R & R

Section and t h e main pclrachute canopy and/or t h e spececraft.

I n t h e t n r e t parechute system, the drogue parachute has been added t o

ensure spacecraft s t a b i l i t y below an a l t i t u d e of 50,OOO feet. It I s deployed i n

a reefed condition a t a n a l t i t u d e of 50,oOO feet a f t e r r e - e n t r y from orbit and a t

40,000 feet after re-entry from launch aborts. A t an a l t i t u d e of 10,600 + 750-
f e e t , the p i l o t parachute i s deployed I n a reefed condition With the drome chute

attached i n tandem. A f t e r a delay of approximately two seconds, t h e R & R Section

I s separated from t h e s p a c e c r a f t and the remaining portion of the sequence is

i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t f o r t h e two parachute system. The p r o b a b i l i t y of recontact I s

f u r t h e r reduced because of the added drag of the drogue chute i n tandem with t h e

p i l o t chute. For t h e case where rate damping has been l o s t o r degraded, t h e dyna-

mic .pressure a t t h e drogue parachute deployment a l t i t u d e can reach 145 p s f . Tae

Increased loads f o r t h i s condition W i l l be absorbed with t h e reduced f a c t o r of

c s a f e t y noted I n Section 3.1.

Spacecraft employing parachute6 a r e designed f o r water landings only. To
b
minimize water impact loads, the main p r a c h u t e suspension bridles have a provi-

sion for r o t a t i n g the e p c e c r a f t to a position where t h e s p a c e c r a f t Z axis i s i n -

c l i n e d a t a n angle of 54’ r e l e t i v e to the parechute axis. Water impact loads shal

be those r e s u l t i n g f r o m a v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y of 30 f p s combined w i t h a horizontal

v e l o c i t y from Kinds up to 51 fps plue t h e e f f e c t of parachute s w i n g . The e f f e c t 0

parachute swing shall be coneidered e i t h e r a s a h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y increment of ___I_

 MCDONNELL
13 February ly62 ST. LOWS, MISSOURI PAGE 3.6.2
R C L ISED 1 P ~ 1964
Y REPORT k%16
REVISED M O D EL ~~~~l

ll, f p s with zero swing angle or B zero horizontal velocity increment w i t h 15

degree swing angle. A maximum wave alope of 9 degrees shall be considered. Tile

strength r e q u b m e n t for water landing c a p a b i l i t y is limited t o t h e c a p a b i l i t y

t o remain a f l o a t f o r a t least 36 hours per Reference ( 5 ) in a flrotation a t t i t u d e

in which the hatches a r e on the upper surface.

3.6.2 ParaElider Landing Phase

The paraglider landing syetem c o n s i s t s of a 8.3 foot diameter c o n i c a l type

drogue parachute, the paraglider, and t h e & i d type Landing gear.

The drogue parachute is deployed a t an a l t i t u i e of 60,OOO f e e t following

r e e n t r y f r o n o r b i t ard a t an a l t i t u d e of 35,000 f e e t l o l l o w i n g a retrograde

abort. The design dynamic preseure shall be 125 paf . The drogue paracnute is

attached t o t h e ReKtezvou~and Recovery Section and'iS jettisoned w i t h this

uec t ion.

Paraglider deployment begins a t an a l t i t u d e of 50,000 f e e t followhe,

re-entry from o r b i t . The paraglider asaenhly is uncovered by t h e jettisoning of

the Ibrrdezvous and Recovery Section. It then goes through a sequence of paartis1

deployment, i n f l a t i o n of the s t i f f e n i n g nrembera, and finally release t o the

glide configuration. b a d 3 during t h e dep;Loyment sequence shall be investigated

and strength provided f o r all c t i t i c a l cases.

I n the gUde configuration, t h e spacecraft a h a l l be designed t o maneuver

using t h e a v a i l a b l e r a t e and amount of canter of g r a v i t y travel i n both the

longitudinal and l a t e r a l directions. The mminal range of paraglider angle of

a t t a c k 8ha.U. be 25 t o /+O Vgrees w i t h provision f o r 20 t o 45 degrees.

The spacecraft Lwding gears & a l l be designed for t h e landing p r a m e t e r s

e
defined below u s i n g t h e weight defined i n subsection 2.3.7.2. Wing l i f t s h a l l be
d

considered i n a r a t i o n a l manner. For landkg gear loading conditions, t h e f a c t o r

‘1 .

!
I

S i n k speeds for yaxed arid roiled attittides s h a l l be deterrained f r o & the

I
i
i
i
deslc;nc-:im c o e t f i c l e n t a of f r i . : t f o n cxcept where applicable t e s t data indicates
iI
that, this L S not vaXd: ~GWC?-VW‘~ dcsign features of t h e contact sL-fzce pefier;ra- i
i1
i
c
 REVISED
Gt.:;ini
-~ ~~

3,6,2- P a r a E l i d e r Jandim Phase (Continued)

Paraglidor water l a n d i n g s s h a l l be based on the ?Zie sink specds, ai-si..--cds,
0
and a t t i t u d e s as ground landings. Wave slopes up t o 9 s h a l l be considered, T.:e

strength requirement for water landing capability i s limited t o the c c p b i l i t j .

. to remain a f l o a t for at least 36 houra per Reference ( 5 ) in a f l o t a t i o n s t t i t L z l e
in which the hatches tire on the upper surface.
 = u t PhP S Q
The abort phase is defined as i n c h d i n g a l l operations req-&-ed to r c t t f n t
!
1
Y
t h e astronauts safely to earth subsequent t o a malfunction i n t h e l a u c h veriicle ai
the spacecraft which requires Cenination of t h e rr;iesion,

u 1 ibde I (EAection) Abort Fiiase

li'sde f aborts a r e accomplished w i t h t h e use of the e j e c t i o n s e z t s .

T h i s illode of eacape is used off-the-pad only after reizoval of the erectoi-

i
tower. arid dw* the h o s t phase up t o a n a l t i t u d e fo 70,OOc) feet. The a:ectiOil
1
rients ruay ale0 bet used for escape balow an a l t i t u d a of 60,GOO feet follcwirg re-=

a n t r y from o r b i t and boLow a n a l t i t u d e fo 35,000 feet following r e - e n t q y a f t e r

I,
. .. i
A b o r t !<ode IX. The re-entry module swrounding the astronauts ues'i r,diri=;lin i

stractural. inte;;rity with t h e hatches open until. both astronauts are clcii:ro !

The defti.jp loads for this phase shall ccnsider t h a t the t h e i n t c r v d recjillred to 1
com2lete t h e otuctlon cycle (r'roa the i n i t i a l detection of the faiii,rc; i r . c h i i n ~
'!
i

allow~sncesfor both human and system r e a c t i o n tines, systes o p r z t h q ti::e3 and 1

!

i
progrumed delays) is s h o r t enough t o preclude the vehicle reachir.2 a :;tYLictLZi!.~ 1

cat,astrophic condition,

for :.:&e
Tha hatch operating loads and t h e e;ectirjn s s s t i o : ~ d s

I launch phase aborts shall be based on a t o t a l =@e of a t t a c k i;f 15"

1
!
i
irr p i t c h omijor p w . The overall vehicle l o a d s f o r Rode I aborts shall cc& cxcecd 1

t h e s t r e n g t h c a p a b i l i t i e s reqtdrod by launch phase c r i t e r i a .defined in Secticn T,%j I

I
The &lode I abort sequence rrsy be i r i t i a t e d by e i t h e r asti*omut p * i E i q : k i a i
tD-r-ing't, The hatches w e opened by pyrotechnica1l;r powered sctuators. Tiie seats i
I
are than propPPed along guide rails by separate pyrotechaically pwered catspult;d
I
J u s t prior to lcuvirrg the r a i l s , sustainer rockets ottaehad tc each of the s c a t s i
I

u s f i r e d propelling t h e seats c l e a r of tho spacecraft. The edection s r n t s s h s f l 1

be designed f o r all forces rcsu1.tin.g from t h o s e operations,
I
:
 J.'/,l Mode I @;lectign) Abort Phase (Coritlnued)

Seat-nrari separation is progpadi.ed to occur 1.03 seconds after t h e seat

b
leaves the raile. Five seconds a f t e r the seat leaves t h e rails, k ballute
httachod to each astronaut's backboard i s deployed. The desi;$ load :'or the

ballutce shall De 3#750 p U d b u i t h u t e . The ballute i s j d t i s o n e c i at a pressura

a l t i t u d e of 7,5W ,+ 700 feet.

The barostat c o n t r o l l m g tkc, pcrsoraei parachute deployment 1
:, aIx.ec: A

seat- separation and the parachute is deployed 2.3 seccjruis after the b u o s t a t

:;enstis a pressure a i t i t u d e of 5700 -+ 600 ft. The deeiga load for t h e prsOlz?C?i

Wrachute shall be 5000 poundo u l t i m a t e . Tne ratio of ultimate to U.it load is

defined in S e c t i o n 3.1,

) ! d e I1 (Hetrog,rade LalvoZ hoort Phase

Mode TI Aborts are accomplished by terminating booster t h m s t , scvarkng

t h e hwapbr structure a t 2 Station b801t4, and f i r i n g t h e retrograde r o c k e t s bi

salvo. This mode of abort is used at d t i t u d e s between 70,WO ft, aid 522,aK)

feet. After burn-out of t h e retrograde rockets the retrograde cection i s Jet-

tisoned, the r e - e n t r y nodule is turned to i t s noma1 re-entry attitude, rsnd

?'o&dhg re-entry the landing system is deployed.

The spacecraft shall be desxgned for all loads occurring during clncl a f t e r

s e p m t b n from the h u c h vehicle. ' h a t h e f o r completing "che h d o IT Abcrt

c)rch shall include allowarsos i o r both human and system reaction tir;ies, systax
1

o p a r h t h g times, and prugrtiiaed aellayd. Abort re-entry t r a j e c t o r i e s are shown

in Section 3.5.
u3 Moas 111 (Scw-atmir) A ' r ~ ~ rPhase
t

The Node 111 ADOX% Pibtse covers a o w t requirements aurjng tho zemiaing

po*rtbn of the boost t r a j e c t o r y above 522,CXlO feet. &arts d u r i i g t h i s pericd

plane, t h e rendezvous maneuvering 3 y ~ t e n i: s f i r e d t o provide s c p r a t i G x
_ I

VU-CC::.;',
.

.
. .
t h e retrograde rockets lnay o r r:ay not be f i r e d as required t o ;tisir, t:,c ~L;,:C.--
1

Trans2ortation by a i r c r a f t with t h e acceleriit,ions i n t h e c a r r i e r i k c z ~ f CXL'L'!

t
I
6 . 0 ~V e r t i c a l ( q m a r d )
I
i
2.25g Literal (2) I
i
3.Cg Loiqitudinal (aft)
The spicecraft. Z a x i s s h a l l be p a r a l l e l t o t h e aircraL^c l o ? ~ i t u t i i x u lLXLL
1
I

a.,l t h e o t h e r spacecraft a c s s h a l l be orierited as dcterziimd by tk.0 d c s i ; - n of

II
Lite sk,ipping fixtures. i
3.9 Pressurization

For s t r u c t u r a l design the cabin pressure s h a l l be consiaeroa t o b e 2.0 p o i

i
u l t i m a t e (burst) and 3.0 p s i u l t i i A t c (collapsing).
1
Tho cabin le&age rate s h a L be m a s u r e d at sea level nl'uroz~n
~ ; s i q ; I
tezperature of 7OOF and a c a b h pressure of 5.1 psig, The a l l o d t d e ieLit;.,c rata
1
i
shall be 61.023 cubic inches per

llo. 2 ana
iiiiri~tc (1030 c c / ~ i n . ) for Spacecraft ;<a. 1 ;L?U
3O.'jU cubic i r x h e s per c.ir1ut.e (5W cc/rr,in.) f o r S p a r.... .it, ;.a. 3 and up.
i I
I

i
.,_- .,I.. # .,.. . . , -
 .10 Controls

Limit b s d With Reaction At

c-

hhry Controls Stops Switches o r Vilves --e

. Lttitude Control Grin

Pitch Moment 133 in. lb. I afficient to I

I
I
Side (Roll) 1 0 0 lb. I c r e a t e 1 0 0 lbs.
minimum a t s w i t c h s s

:Pitch and yaw load8 a r e referenced t o Grip Pivot a x i a and Side b a d s are
.referenced- to center of 9.P. 1

Abort Handle

Side Eufficient t o
create 1 0 0 lbs.
Fore/Aft PO lb. min. t o 150 lb. max minimum a t switches
I
( b a d s are r e f e r e n c e t o c e n t e r of knob.)

Maneuvering Handle

Vertical, Side and

Fore/Aft
Euff i c i e n t t o
c r e a t e 100 l b s .
m i n i m u m a t switches
I
( h a d s are referenced t o center of knob i n unstowed po tion.) I
Environmental Controls 3x pilot operF-ting
I
15&c
but not less t h a n
IsV€il-O
+ 1e;er l e n d )lhb. 70 l b . o r l e s s t h a n
that s u f f i c i u n t t o
I 150 lb. min. to 1 0 0 l b . max create 1 0 0 Ibs.
minb.un t valves.

Lever a
Not a p y l i c a b i e

Not a p p l i c a b l e

kt applicable
DATE

REVISED

llEVlSL0

3.1 l
-Seats and Harnesg
MCDONNE'LL
S f . LOUIS. MISSOURI
I
PAGE

REPORT
7.11.1
8616
GerAni

The h u d h g load factors shown on F W s 3.1 1.2 shall apply t o t h e harness

used to r e s t r a i n t h e astronauts, t o the seats, and to t h e attachment of t h e

seats t o t h e prhuq s t r u c t u r e . The magnitude of t h e design ultimate i n e r t i a

load vector is c o n s i s t e n t with an a c c e l e r a t i o n of 40 g's but i s terminated as

a function of d i r e c t i o n such t h a t t h e components do not exceed t h e values

shown i n Figure 3.11.2. The s e a t s , s c a t equipment, and harness s h a l l also be

designed for e j e c t i o n f r e e f l i g h t conditions, s t a b i l i z a t i o n device loads and

personnel parachute load8 as applicable e

3.12 ,Shock and Acceleration Environment_

The shock and a c c e l e r a t i o n environments for design of t h e s p a c e c r a f t

oquipacnt and support s t r u c t u r e as defined i n Reference (6) and (7) a r e

sunnnerized i n Table 3.12. For the special case of parachute water landing with

RCS fuel tanks f u l l , t h e tank supports shall be designed f o r t h e a c t u a l

a c c e l e r a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from water impact. The Uslit values t o be used, as

estimated f o r the spacecraft c.g. Srom model t e s t data, are nz = 12.0, ny = 1.6 D
8 .

8 = 110 radiane/eecord2 for heat a h i e l d first landings, and ne = -4.6, ny 12.0,

e; 110 radians/second2 f o r cone f i r s t landings.

3:13 Vibration and AcouGtic Environment

The v i b r a t i o n and a c o u s t i c environments t o be used f o r t h e design of t h e

epaoecraft equipnsnt end support s t r u c t u r e a s described in Hsferances (6) and (7)

are defined in Table 3.13 and i n Figures 3.13.2 and 3.13.4.

I
DATE 15 February 1962
MCDONNELL
ST. L O U I S . M I S S O U R I
PAGE 3.1;
REVISED 1 JULY 1963 , REPORT
:?O 1 6
REVISED - ! y ' y65 moCEL
Gemini

S tat ion Gberatioml Phases

Sect i o n
Shock
-
Acceleratims
Abort ie-entry
,Chock and
Acceleration
~ z v o u s
& hecoveq Not Applicable
Module

React i o n h-ndirg -
Control 30 g ' s along the
hodule S/C longitudinal
and axis &nd 30 g ' s
Upper along either the
Gabin S/C v e r t i c a l or
Section l a t e r a l axis, 1 1
Dd lliS e COnd
duration

!lain
Cabin
landing
Use ultinlnte
-
:;ec t i o n values shown i n
Figure 3.11 -2

Adapter

-
HetrogMt
Section
Adapter
Equipngnt
N o t Applicable

Not Applicable
Section
NmES: 1. Ultimate load i s 1.36 times l i m i t load.
2. ,Satisfactory prfonnance is required during and/or a f t e r Limit load
a p p l i c a t i o n whichever i s appropriate. T h i s a p p l i e s t o a l l environ-
ments except landing shock. Only rescue equipnent i s required t o give
s a t i s f a c t o r y prforrrtance after being subjected t o the landing shock
environment. No equipnent shall tear l o o s e from i t s Itounts and i n t e r -
nal parts s h a l l be contained under a p p l i c a t i o n of u l t i m a t e loads.
3. Testing t o t h e c r i t i c d l a t e r a l load f a c t o r hall be as s t a t e d i n
Hefercnce (6) or a8 calked o u t i n the SCD.
@ Doe8 not combine with other load f a c t o r s .
5. The load resulting from a positiva l o n g i t u d i n a l load f a c t o r i s
d i r e c t e d aft.
 JUCDONNELA
DATE .a , . 3 .1 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI PAGE
0
--, 1
REVISED 4 Januery 'g65 , REPORT tl616
REVISED MODEL
Gxini

TABLE 3.12
VIBRATION AND ACCXI.S"IC EkPIIRONKENT FCR
I
EQUlPMENT DESXGN

Vibration

Sinueoicia& - Equiprrsnt having major r e e o n ~ n c e 8h i c h can be determined

accurately by conducting sinusoidal sweep t e s t s s h a l l be

designed t o withstand v i b r a t i o n i n accordance with t h e t a b l e

below.

Frequency -
Level

10 - 15 CPS 0.3 inches double anplitude

15 - 100 CPS -+ 3 e
100 - 500 cpe -+ 5 g
500 - xxx) cpa _+et3

Random - E q u i p e n t items such ae hemetically sealed instruments,

mechanically complcx e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p n t and other m e c h a c i c a l l y

complex itme, where accurate determination of resonances cannot

. be achieved by sinusoidal tasting, shall be designed t o with-

s t a r d t h e random v i b r a t i o n e n v i r o m n t as defined by one of t h e

spectrums given i n Figures 3.13.3 and 3.13.4.

Nota : Testing to t h e c r i t i c a l v i b r a t i o n o r a c o u s t i c environment

e h a l l be a8 8tat.d i n Reference (6) or as c a l l e d out in t h e SCD.
REVISED
MODEL Genini

T A B U 3.13 (Cont.)

VIBRATIgN AND ACrXIETIC ENVIROMZNT FOR

Acoustic Noise

Frequency Sound Pressure Level

Octave h m i s (cps) DB RE;: .WO2 Dm 2S/CRl 2

Cabin Equipint lnside

-
Area Bay Adapter External

37.5 to 75 120 122 124 131

75 to 150 1 23 128.5 131 139
150 to 300 127 135 139 148

300 to 600 1 30 140 149 159

600 to 1200 128.5 138.5 152 162

1200 to 2400 125 135 146 157.5

2400 to 4800 121.5 131 05 140 133
L800 to 9600 118 1 28 1 34 1L8.5

Over - All \ ..- 135 145 155 165

Note: Testing to the c r i t i c a l vibration o r acoustic environment s h A l l be

as stated i n Reference ( 6 ) o r as called out i n the SCD.

 PAGE 3.17.7
REPORT

MODEL C-mini

FICCRE 3.13.3
GPnM SPACECRAFT VIBRATION PSD
(REENTRY HODULE REOION)

.2

.l

Z' CURVE. 1: I \I

I LEVEX, IS 8.8 g ' s I

h
0
Y G
l
4
I
I .

@
Q .005 t--
'' L C U R V E : 2:I
CRBIT SPECTRUM -
I I
I
-8 I' O W L L RMS ACCEIERATION
I
I
I
I
E! 1 LEVEL 1s 2.0 g'S I
3 I I 1 I I
1
I___(
I I
I
I I I I
I I I
,001 I I I I I
20 ' 50 100 200 500 lo00 zoo0

'i'
Eu :! ?
 MCQONNELL
DATC .
a m-
> a t . LOUIE, uissouat CAOL 3. 13.L
*
I!CV ISC D RCCORT 8616
RCVISLD MOOKL

.2 1
1
I

.1
d

LAUNCH SPECTRUM -

OVERAIL RMS ACCE-TION

LEVEL IS 2.0 g'e

-
100 200 500 lo00 2000

mmcr CPS
 I

I
I
!

1
!
I
I'
I
i!

i
I
i
1
I
i

t
i

i
!
I
i
i

8
i
1
i
I
I
.- I
:
i
!
e '
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