FSS Reviewer

Multiple: FAMILY, GROUPS AND ORGANIZATION

Herbert Spencer – Social Institution to human organs

George Murdock: FAMILY – Basic unit of society

- A social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and
reproduction.
- It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual
relationship, and one or more children, owned or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting
adults.
- It plays a vital role in the development of one’s personality.
- Adults who are not relatives but who have a commitment to each other

CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY
1. The family as a social group is universal and is a significant element in man’s social life.
2. It is the first social group to which the individual is exposed.
3. Family contact and relationships are repetitive and continuous.
4. The family is a very close and intimate group.
5. The family’s influence on personality and character is significant and pervasive.
6. The family is the source of the individual’s ideals, aspirations, basic motivations in life.
7. The family has the unique position of serving as a link between the individual and the larger
society.
8. The family is the major agent of transmitting culture.

CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY
According to organization, structure, and membership:
1. Nuclear Family
 It is also known as the primary or elementary family. It is composed of a husband,
and his wife, and their children in the union recognized by the society.
 It is also known as conjugal family.
Family of Orientation - is that into which one is born, and where one is reared and socialized.
Family of Procreation - is that established by the person through marriage.
2. Extended Family
 This is also known as the three-generation family. Consisting of grandparents, their
children and their grandchildren.
 It is also known as consanguine family.
According to place of residence:
1. Patrilocal Family - It requires that the newly married couple live with the family of the
bridegroom or near the residence of the parents of the bridegroom.
2. Matrilocal Family - It requires that the newlywed couple live with or near the residence of the
bride’s parents.
3. Bilocal Family - It provides the newlywed couple the freedom to select where to reside, near the
groom’s or the bride’s parents.
4. Neolocal Family - It permits the newlywed couple to reside independently of their parents.
They can decide on their own as far as their residence is concerned.
5. Avunlocal Family - that the newly-wed couple resides with or near the maternal uncle of the
groom.
According to descent:
1. Patrilineal Descent - A person with a group of relatives related to him through father. The child
is also related to his mother’s kin, but in terms of closeness, he turns to his father’s kin.
2. Matrilineal Descent - a person with a group of kinsmen related to him through the mother.
3. Bilateral Descent - It is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and
father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth.
According to authority:
1. Patriarchal Family - authority is vested in the oldest male member, often the father, or
grandfather, or in the absence of parents, on the oldest male member.
2. Matriarchal Family - authority is vested in the elder of the mother’s kin. Many societies have the
mother dominating the household.
3. Equalitarian Family - It is also known as egalitarian family. It is one where the husband and wife
exercise a more or less equal amount of authority.
4. Matricentric Family - absence of the father who may be working gives the mother a dominant
position in the family.
According to terms of marriage:
1. Monogamy - It permits the man to have only one spouse at any time.
2. Polygamy - It is a plural marriage. It assumes any of the following forms: polygyny, polyandry,
and group marriage.
3. Polygyny - one man to two or more women at a time.
4. Polyandry - one woman to two or more men at the same time.
5. Group Marriage - It refers to the marriage of several men and several women at a time.

OTHER TYPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE

1. Single Parent Family – Also known as Lone Parent Family. One parent and children residing in a
one household.
2. Reconstituted family - is when two families join together after one or both partners have
divorced their previous partners. referred to as the blended family or step family.
3. Childless family - which the married couple choose to or cannot have children.
4. Same Sex Family – homosexual couple living together as a family with or without children.
5. Cohabitation - two people who are not married but live together.
6. Symmetrical Family – Which the role of the husband and wife or of co-habiting partners have
become or more alike or equal.
7. Cereal Packet Family – Ideal family type.
8. Empty Nest Family – Children have moved out of the home and parents reside together.
9. Not-so-empty-nest - adults returning home.
10. Empty shell - marriage is a marriage in name only, one where the spouses continue to live
under the same roof but live as separate individuals
11. Sandwich family - "sandwiched" between their children and their parents, trying to
simultaneously raise young children, take care of aging parents and work full time.
12. Truncated family - lays stress on the grandparent-grandchildren relationship.

GROUPS AND ORGANIZATION

SOCIAL GROUP - Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles

- Collection of people where members interact on a regular basis
- by structure and agreements, defined by roles and responsibilities.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals.
- a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor…

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE or MULTIPLE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUP
- Group members interact on a fairly regular basis through communication.
- Members should develop a structure where each member assumes a specific status and
adopts a particular role.
- Certain orderly procedures and values are agreed upon.
- The members of the group feel a sense of identity.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

According to Social Ties:
Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.
• A long-lasting group
• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here
SECONDARY GROUPS
- Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.
- Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and casual relationship.
- Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
- People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex needs.
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION
IN-GROUP
- a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
 OUT-GROUP
- a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social categories and with
which they do not identify.
REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICAL GROUP
- groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life situations and
behavior but to which we do not necessarily belong.
- It serves a comparison function. It has a normative function
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Special Interest Groups
- groups which are organized to meet the special interest of the members.
Task Group
- groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be done by one person.
Influence or Pressure Groups
- groups organized to support or influence social actions.
ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Gemeinschaft
- A social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional.
- It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and familism.
- Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
Gesselschaft
- A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal, contractual or bargain-like. --
Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized
- Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.
ACCORDING TO FORM OF ORGANIZATION
Formal Groups
 Social organization
 Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly defined.
 Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on member’s ability or merit
Bureaucracy
 an administrative structure w/c is aimed to enable members meet their goals.
 A hierarchical arrangement in large scale formal organizations in w/c parts are ordered in the
manner of a pyramid based on a division of function and authority.
 Formal, rationally organized social structure
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
- Positions and offices are clearly defined
- hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights and obligations
- personnel are selected on the basis of technical or professional qualification
Informal Groups
 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.
 It is unplanned
 Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific objectives to attained.
 It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by emotion and sentiments.
Relationship Groups
 Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.

Leadership - The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a group towards the
attainment of group goals in a given situation.
- implies the existence of particular influence relationship between two or more
persons.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER
They have traits such as • Intelligence • Dominance • Charisma • Enthusiasm • Courage •
Determination • Self-confidence • High sense of integrity • Tact • Diplomacy • Involvement
Task Leadership
- the act of directing a group toward its goal.
Socio-Emotional Leadership
- the act of maintaining good spirits.

Identification, MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE or MULTIPLE

SOCIALIZATION
 It is the process that teaches individuals to become functioning human beings who must fit
into a number of groups and be productive members of a society.
  Through socialization, individuals not only learn the values, norms, and skills of their culture,
but also acquire a sense of who they are and where they belong (Schaefer, 2005).
 Socialization is a lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death.
 It is through socialization that we learn our culture, develop our sense of self, and become
functioning members of society.
 We are not “human” until we have been socialized.
 Socialization shows why children reared in isolation cannot seem to understand the
meaning of acceptable human behavior.
 The biological being who emerges from the womb possesses the physiological readiness
to learn, but only through sustained, structured interaction with a culture and a social
environment will an individual be able to demonstrate his or her humanness (Lindsey and
Beach, 2002).
 The process of socialization continues throughout an individual’s lifetime, as there are
always new roles to be learned and new circumstances to which to adjust.
children
 But socialization is different for children and for adults.
 Children must learn how to regulate their biological drives in socially acceptable ways.
 They must learn to develop values that are in accordance with the aims of their society.
 They must develop self-image.
Adults
 Adults, on the other hand, must learn new roles as they enter the labor force or as they
change their marital status and age group.
 The way they experience socialization is also different for the two groups.
 Children tend to be emotionally involved with those who socialize with them, which make
the process very effective.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIALIZATION

Nature versus Nurture

Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior.
Edward O. Wilson, who pioneered sociobiology, genetic inheritance underlies many forms of
social behavior such as war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and
cooperation.
sociologists believe that nurture matters more is shaping human behavior.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know
in order to participate in society

1. Family - Around the world, the first group to have a major impact on humans is the family
2. School - School is a primary agent of socialization in industrial societies, and schooling begins
very early for some children.
- As part of their manifest function, or intended purpose, schools transmit formal knowledge and
skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic.
- Schools also have latent functions (or unintended consequences) that help the social system.
- Sociologists have also identified a hidden curriculum in our schools. This includes all the informal,
unwritten norms that exist both inside and outside the classroom.
- The hidden curriculum aims at training students to be patriotic, to believe in their country’s
cultural values, and to obey its laws.
3. Peer - The term peer group or peers refers to people of approximately the same social position
and age as oneself
- When the child begins to play with other children, he or she experiences her/his first peer contacts
- peer group interactions increase during adolescence and into adulthood
4. Mass Media The mass media are the various forms of communication that reach a large
audience without any personal contact between the senders and the receivers of the messages.
- They include newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, movies, videos, and the Internet.
- It provides children with an “eye on the world” that allows them to learn a great deal
5. Work place - Learning to behave properly within an occupation is a fundamental aspect of
human socialization.
THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION:

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded that there are four stages in the development of cognitive
skills.

1. The sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): Understanding is limited to direct contact with the
environment (touching, listening, seeing).
-Object permanent consistency.
Formed SCHEMATA – ideas to formed concept that something loss.
STRANGER ANXIETY – Would fear unfamiliar faces.
Depends on Trust and Mistrust.
2. The preoperational stage (2-7 years): Children develop the ability to use symbols
(especially language), which allow them to experience things without direct contact.
EGO CENTRISM – the point of view of the children prioritizing than others
LACK OF CONSERVATION – the quantity of thing will still remain even though the size or formed is
change.
3. The concrete operational stage (7-12 years): Reasoning abilities become much more
developed. Children now can understand numbers, size, causation, and speed, but have
difficulty with abstract concepts such as truth.
4. The formal operational stage (12+ years): Children become capable of abstract thinking,
and can use rules to solve abstract problems.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that personality consisted of three elements: ID, Ego, Super
Ego.

1. Id: the id operates entirely at an unconscious level and focuses solely on basic, instinctual drives
and desires. According to Freud, two biological instincts make up the id:

a. Eros, or the instinct to survive that drives us to engage in life-sustaining activities.

b. Thanatos, or the death instinct that drives destructive, aggressive, and violent behavior.

2. Ego: the ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs in
a socially appropriate way. It is the most tied to reality and begins developing in infancy.
3. Superego: the superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles
reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).

George Herbert Mead is an American sociologist

• Best known as a founder of American pragmatism
• A pioneer of symbolic interaction theory
• One of the founders of social psychology
I AND ME
• The “ME” is the part of the self that reflects our perceptions of what other people think of
us. It is the part that allows evaluation and enables us to control our behavior.
• The “I”, on the other hand, is the independent, spontaneous, and unpredictable side of the
self.
Mead’s three stages of development of self
Stage 1: the preparatory stage - by simply imitating other people in their immediate environment.
Stage 2: the play stage - children begin through the play stage by taking the roles of significant
others, people who have close ties to a child and has an explicit strong influence on the child.
Stage 3: the game stage - As they grow older, children come into contact with teachers, doctors,
bus drivers, sales clerks, and so many others. These people outside the family are not as significant
as their parents, but they are representative of society as a whole. Mead called them generalized
others.
- They are people who do not have close ties to a child but who do influence their child’s
internalization of the values of society.
- children pass through the game stage by playing the roles of the generalized others
- children understand not only their social position but also the positions of others around
them
Charles Horton Cooley the looking glass self
the degree of personal insecurity you display in social situations is determined by what you believe
other people think of you.

The looking glass self is a self-concept derived from a three-step process:

1. We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
2. We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present
3. . We develop a self-concept. If we think the evaluation of others is favorable,

CULTURE and IDENTITIES

Culture - It is the way of life of a group of people, social life happens to be structured in a particular
way.
Two basic type of culture:

Non-material Culture
Non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language, communication, and
practices that are shared in common by a group of people.
Material Culture
Is composed of the things that humans make and use. This aspect of culture includes a
wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets, and clothing, to film, music, literature,
and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as cultural
products.
THE SEVEN ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
This is the way that society divides people. In most cultures, there is a ruler who is more
powerful than the average person.
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
Values, and social norms of a society. These help a society define their beliefs about right
and wrong and create social pressure to obey those beliefs.
RELIGION
Is another element, which demonstrates a society's morals and beliefs about humanity's
spirituality and reason for existing.
LANGUAGE
Is a series of spoken, acted, or written symbols for communication. This is another crucial
aspect of how we live our daily lives and connect to people in our society.
ARTS AND LITERATURE
The material expression of beauty, emotions, and beliefs.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
People forms a government to provide their common needs, keep order within society, and
protect their society from outside threat.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
How people use limited resources to satisfy their wants
and needs.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- A system by which a society ranks categorized of people
in a hierarchy, is based on four important principles.
ESTATE SYSTEM - Were found in Europe and Asia from the
middle ages through industrial revolution in a estate system
wealthy class of aristocrats owned large of land and held
power in this societies.
More on politics.
CASTE SYSTEM - Which allow a little change in social position and
it’s a closed system based on ascribed or birth.
CLASS SYSTEM - Permit more social mobility and also called open
system allowing for more social mobility includes potential upward
or downward mobility and it is both birth and individual
achievement.
MERITOCRACY - Social stratification based on personal merit
because industrial societies needs to develop a broad range of
abilities beyond forming stratification not just birth but also on merit
in Latin word means “earned” which include knowledge, abilities,
and effort.

SOCIAL MOBILITY - A change in position within the social hierarchy

it may upward or down ward.
Horizontal mobility- switching from one job to another about the some social level with no
corresponding change in social class.
Vertical mobility- a movement up or down in hierarchy resulting in social class.
Two types of Vertical Mobility in US the:
Intergenerational mobility - change in social status that accurse over two or more generations.
Intragenerational mobility - change in social that occurs during life time of an individual.

Reason why there is social stratification?

it is because of IDEOLOGY, a culture beliefs that justify particular social arrangements
including pattern of inequality.

Closed System of stratification (no individuals movement up or down the class structure), with a
couple of exceptions:
Sub-castes (jatis) can improve their social status in the hierarchy (they can move up or down within
the major caste category).

Theoretical analysis of social stratification

Karl Marx -It is known as MARXIST THEORY. Two primary classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat
Max Weber - Wealth, power, and prestige are key factors in stratification.
Prestige can lead to wealth and power.
Davis and Moore - Functionalist perspective, understanding a society as a system of parts that
work together.
Stratification helps society function as whole.

Marrying tradition pattern of endogamous marriage “endo” greek word for “within” marrying
someone in the same ranking but now it is found only in remote places.
 
SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION It is also known as structured inequalities. It is classification or
categorization of particular differences that fall into the same category.

Theories of Differentiation
Herbert Spencer - was the first to advance a theory of differentiation at the end of the 19th
century. Borrowing the term “differentiation” from biology and proclaiming it a universal law of
evolution of matter from simple to complex.
E. Durkheim - considered differentiation resulting from the division of labor to be a law of nature
and related the differentiation of social functions.
Max Weber - Saw differentiation as a result of the process of the rationalization of values, norms,
and relationships between people.

ENUMERATION AND IDENTIFICATION

CULTURE derived from the latin word “Cultura” or “Cultus” which means “care or civilization”
ETHNOCENTRISM Superiority of the culture
XENOCENTRISM Inferiority of culture
CULTURE SHOCK people feel disoriented when they immersed in a new culture
Variation with in Culture
SUBCULTURE a segment of society which shares a distinctive pattern
COUNTER CULTURE values and norms place it odds with mainstream activity that actively rejects
dominant cultural values and norms
HIGH CULTURE consist of activities patronized by elite audiences composed of the members of
Upper middle and Upper classes
POPULAR CULTURE culture based on the taste of ordinary
IDEAL CULTURE the way people describe the standard of behavior
REAL CULTURE how one behaves in actual situation within the context of what may be regarded as
acceptable by the other members of society.

Elements of Culture
MATERIAL CULTURE the physical objects a society produce, things people create and use
NON MATERIAL CULTURE elements termed norms, values, beliefs, and language
 Language- through language that knowledge are transmitted, expressed and shared
 Beliefs- ideas that people hold about the universe
 Values- person’s ideas about worth or an abstract of what is important
 Norms- rules of conduct specify how people ought to think and act
MORES standard of conduct that are highly respected and valued by the group, fulfilment is felt to
be necessary and vital to group’s welfare
FOLKWAYS norms that are simple, normal and habitual ways a group does
LAWS formal norms, rule that are enforced and sanctioned by the authorities of the government

Characteristic of Culture
Culture is:
Learned
Shared
Cumulative
Dynamic
Diverse

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION pattern of inequality in which social categories are ranked on the basis of
their access to scarce resources
SOCIAL STRUCTURE perceived differentiation of statuses and social roles
SOCIAL PROCESS division of society into social categories that develops into social groups
SOCIAL PROBLEM involves bitter feelings of discontent and strong demands for equality or social
justice

Principles of Social Stratification

 Social Stratification is universal in nature.
 The existence of social stratification system has many consequences for individuals and
groups
 Is not simply a function of individual differences
 Persist through generations
 Supported by beliefs

Theories of Social Stratification

Social Structional Theory- tries to explain the unequal distribution of resources and privileges
Marxist Conflict Theory- theory of Karl Marx states between the economic classes is the central
feature in the development of societies.
Lenskie Theory- believed that people are generally self serving that when an individual must choose
between his own group interest and the interest of the others.

STATUS a synonym of prestige

STATUS SHIFTING one acquires a new and meaningful identity such as coming out as a gay or
lesbian

Types of Social Stratification

UPPER CLASS has two segments: upper-upper class and lower-upper class
MIDDLE CLASS this class can be placed into strata
THE WORKING CLASS those people who have very little education
THE LOWER CLASS characterized by joblessness and poverty.

Pattern of Social Mobility

 Vertical Mobility
 Upward Mobility
 Downward Mobility
 Horizontal Mobility
 Intragenerational Mobility
 Intergenerational Mobility