Buckling Analysis Using Riks Method

Dong Xue

Term project for EM394g

Department of Engineering Mechanics

May,9th 2002
 Outline

• Motivation and objective.

• Problem setup and analysis

• Implementation and results

• Conclusion

• Appendix
 Motivation and objective

Static buckling analysis frequently involve structural

instabilities where the load-displacement response shows a
negative stiffness and the structure must release strain
energy to remain in equilibrium.

In such cases the load can reach a maximum sustainable

value and then can decrease. A typical response curve is
shown above. Zero stiffness (illustrated by the horizontal
tangent) poses a problem for the Newton-Raphson method
used in the regular STATIC analysis procedure because the
technique predicts an unbounded displacement increment,
often preventing further solution.
One approach to analyze static buckling behavior is to use
the Riks method. This method is suitable when the
loading is proportional; that is, where the load
magnitudes are governed by a single scalar parameter.
The method can provide solutions even in cases of
complex, unstable response.

The goal of my project is

• Write a Fortran subroutine using Riks methods

• Build an one beam mode and a two beam model (both

with and without imperfection)

• Compute and plot configurations after deformed

• Compute and plot load as a function of displacement

 Problem setup and analysis

First, I built up a one beam model as following,

y
The Beam model

Wall
1.0
4 7 3 14 11 20 17 26 23 32 29
Pressure
8 9 6 15 13 21 19 27 25 33 31
x
1 5 2 12 10 18 16 24 22 30 28
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

The beam has 33 nodes and 5 elements. The left side of

the beam was fixed on a wall and there is a pressure on the
node 31. The whole beam was made of steel so the

   

Young’s module and Poisson ration


 
, see appendix bm01.model and bmx1.inp.

Then, I built up a two beam model with and without

imperfection, see the following figures.
 Two beam without imperfection
y
4 12
7
13 3

40 0 15
8 120 17
9 16
6

15 11 x
14
2 10
4

Two beam with imperfection

y
4 12
7
13 3 15
17
0 16
120
40 11
8 14
9 10
6

15 x
2
4

The model has 17 nodes and 2 elements. The node 4 and

node 15 are fixed. There is a pressures on node 7. The two
beam are also made of steel.
The Riks method finds static equilibrium at the end of each
increments, see the following graph, so that


 


 
(1)
 
where is load, is equilibrium path and is

 
displacement. We consider only proportional loading
so that

 

 

 (2)

 
with  being Load Proportionality Factor and being

 
the load pattern defined in the current RIKS step and
satisfies the condition
  

 

(3)
 
 

with   and   .

(u , F )
t equilibrium path

(u’ , F ’) S
S

Since both loads and displacements are unknowns, the


concept of arc length  is introduced. It is the distance


 
    
along the equilibrium solution path in load displacement
space. The tangent  satisfies



. We

     
  
got  . The initial guess   to the
next point is,
 
     


  
  (4)

     
  
We can calculate successive iterates  
which satisfying the chasfield constraint,

     
      

(5)

and
 
  
   (6)

With the above formulas we can get

In cases of severe nonlinearity, the Riks method may not

converge or may converge to previously obtained
equilibrium configurations. Often such problems are caused
by the arc length being too large. we try to find the typical
arc lengths used and rerun the analysis with a smaller arc
length.

we require methods to identify when a step is complete. I




 
specify a arc length , a maximum value of path


iteration    , a maximum value of successive

 
iteration    , a minimum value of arc length

 

   and an error tolerance




     at
which the step will complete or the corresponding values
are less than the specifications. If neither of these
conditions is reached, routine will stop.
 Implementation

For one beam model, I output 33 nodes’ coordinates after

deformed and ouput load values with respect to the
corresponding displacements, using the fortran code. Then
I plot the deformed beam and the load as a function of
displacement, using matlab.

The beam without imperfection can be plots as,

Beam without imperfection
1.5

1
y axis

0.5

−0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x axis
 Beam without imperfection
2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
load

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
displacement

Load as a function of displacement

Then I tried to get the 1st mode plots by adding the
imperfection dy = 0.01 to node 18 and node 20. The plots I
got are as followings,
Beam with inperfection dy = 0.01at node 18 and 20
4

3.5

2.5
y axis

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

x axis
 Beam with imperfection dy = 0.01 at node 18 and 20
0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14
load

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

displacement

Load as a function of displacement

I also can get the 1st mode plots by adding the imperfection
dy = -0.01 to node 18 and node 20. The plots I got are as
followings,
Beam with imperfection dy = −0.01 at node 18 and 20
1

0.5

−0.5
y axis

−1

−1.5

−2

−2.5

−3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x axis
 Beam with imperfection dy= 0.01 at node 18 and 20
0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14
load

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

displacement

Load as a function of displacement

The 2nd mode plots can be got by adding the imperfection
dy = 0.001 to node 12 , node 14 and dy = -0.001 to node 30
, node 32. The plots I got are as followings,
Beam with imperfection dy = 0.001 at node 12 ,14
and dy = −0.01 at node 24 ,26
2

1.5

1
y axis

0.5

−0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x axis
 Beam with imperfection dy = 0.001 at node 12, 14
and dy = − 0.001at node 24, 26
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
load

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
displacement

Load as a function of displacement

In the same way, for two beam model I output 17 nodes’
coordinates after deformed and ouput load values with
respect to the corresponding displacements, using the
fortran code. Then I plot the deformed beam and the load
as a function of displacement, using matlab.

The two beams without imperfection can be plots as,

Two beam without imperfection

20

15
y axis

10

0 10 20 34.46 40 50 60 69.28
x axis
 Stress as a function of displacement
in Y direction in point 7
8

2
load

−2

−4

−6

−8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
displace in y direction

Load as a function of displacement

The two beams with imperfection can be plots as,
Two beams with imperfection

20

15

10
y axis

−5

−10
−2 0 10 20 30 34.6 40 51.96 60
x axis
 Stress as a function of displacement
5 in X direction in point 7

1
load

−1

−2

−3

−4

−5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
Displacement in X direciton

Load as a function of displacement in X direction

 Stress as a function of displacement
in Y direction in point 7
5

1
Load

−1

−2

−3

−4

−5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Displacement in Y direction

Load as a function of displacement in Y direction

 Conclusion

In this project, we test one beam mode and two beam

mode(both with and without imperfection). We know the
Riks method is a good way to analyze static buckling
behavior.
 Appendix

• Models

• One beam model without imperfection bm01 model

• Two beams model without imperfection twbb model

• Two beams model with imperfectiontwba model

• Inputs

• For one beam bm01 inp

• For two beams twbb inp

• Codes

• Fortran90 code new solver f90

• Matlab code for one beam pic m

• Matlab code for two beams pic2 m