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In The Name of
ALLAH
The Most Beneficent
The Most Merciful
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Introduction of
Resource
Person
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Dr. SADAQAT ALI

24/01/2020 Office: 210H, SMME building

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Brief Intro of Class

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 EVALUATIONS (Tentative)
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Evaluation Scheme % age

2 x OHT 30

Final Exam 50

Quizzes 10

Group Presentation 10

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 EVALUATIONS
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 QUIZZES
 Absentees in Quizzes will be marked ZERO.
 OHT
 As per SMME, NUST policy.
 FINAL Exam
 As per SMME, NUST policy.

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 EVALUATIONS
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 Presentation

 To encourage students to be more professional in

the subject, it has been made mandatory.

 The presentation will be incorporated into the

course as group presentations to be presented on
the date announced before the final term
examination.
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 CLASS PARTICIPATION
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 Class participation is highly recommended as this

would be an interactive class.

 Add on whenever you like.

 Askquestion as soon as it comes to mind, keeping

in mind the flow of lecture.

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
24/01/2020 ME-221 Engineering Materials
 Course Introduction
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 Scope: Provide an introduction to the science and engineering of

materials (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors).

 Objective: Develop an awareness of materials and their properties

that, as an engineer, you must rely in the future.
• To introduce basic concepts, nomenclature, and testing of materials.
• To reveal the relationships between
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance
• To develop ideas behind materials selection and design.

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 Recommended Books
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 Text and Reference Books:

 J. T. Black , Ronald A. Kohser, DeGarmo's Materials and

Processes in Manufacturing, Wiley.

 Roy A. Lindberg, Processes And Materials of Manufacturing

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How do I intend to deliver Lectures
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 Lecture notes will be on Power Point Slides.

 Placed on portal or emailed to students after the

class or given to Class Representative.

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 Course Contents
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1. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

2. Atomic Bonding
3. Structure of Crystalline Solids
4. Imperfections in Solids
5. Phase Diagrams
6. Phase Transformation and Development of
Microstructures
7. Applications and Processing of Metallic Materials
8. Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymer
Materials
9. Composite Materials
10. Corrosion and degradation of Materials
 Motivation: Materials & Failure
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Without the right material, a good engineering design is wasted.

Need the right material for the right job!

• Materials properties then are responsible for helping achieve

engineering advances.

• Failures advance understanding and material’s design.

• Some examples to introduce topics we will learn.

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The COMET: first jet passenger
plane - 1954
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• In 1949, the COMET aircraft was a newly designed, modern jet aircraft for
passenger travel. It had bright cabins due to large, square windows at most seats. It
was composed of light-weight aluminum.
• In early 1950's, the planes began falling out of the sky.

These tragedies changed the way aircraft were designed and the materials that were
used.

• The square windows were a "stress concentrator" and the aluminum alloys used
were not "strong" enough to withstand the stresses.
• Until then, material selection for mechanical design was not really considered in
designs.

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Concorde Jetliner - July 2000
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 A Concorde aircraft, one of the most reliable aircraft of our time, was taking off from
Paris Airport when it burst into flames and crashed killing all on board.

 Amazingly, the pilot knowingly steered the plane toward a less populated point to
avoid increased loss of life. Only three people on the ground were killed.

 Investigations determined that a jet that took-off ahead of Concorde had a fatigue-
induced loss of a metallic component of the aircraft, which was left on runway. During
take-off, the Concorde struck the component and catapulted it into the wing
containing filled fuel tanks. From video, the tragedy was caused from the spewing
fuel catching fire from nearby engine exhaust flames and damaging flight control.

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World Trade Center Collapse
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 Tubular constructed building.

 Well designed and strong.
 Strong but not from buckling.
 Supports lost at crash site, and the
floor supported inner and outer
tubular structures.
 Heat from burning fuel adds to loss
of structural support from softening of
steel.
 Building “pancakes” due to enormous
buckling loads.
Historical Perspective
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 Beginning of the Material Science –

 People began to make tools from stone – Start of the Stone
Age about two million years ago.
 Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
 The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction
of Bronze in the Far East.
 Bronze is an alloy (copper + tin + other elements). Bronze:
can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be
made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface
oxide film forms.
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Historical Perspective
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 The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues
today.
 Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed
drastically daily life of a common person.
 Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many
new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic,
semiconductors, polymers, composites…).
 Understanding of the relationship among structure,
properties, processing, and performance of materials.
Intelligent design of new materials.

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Historical Perspective
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 A better understanding of
structure-composition
properties relations has lead to
a remarkable progress in
properties of materials.
 Example is the dramatic
progress in the strength to
density ratio of materials, that
resulted in a wide variety of
new products, from dental
materials to tennis racquets.
Engineering Materials-
An Introduction
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 Commonly encountered materials are wood (timber), concrete,

bricks, steel. plastic, glass, rubber, aluminum, copper and
paper etc.

 If we look around, we can easily realize that there are many

more kinds of materials.

 These new types of materials are being frequently developed

as a result of constant research and development.

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The world of materials
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Metals, Polymers,
alloys elastomers

Hybrids,
Ceramics, composites
glasses
The world of materials
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Metals, Polymers,
alloys elastomers

Ceramics,
glasses Hybrids,
composites
Engineering Materials
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 The term engineering materials is specifically used to

refer materials to produce technical products

 However there is no limiting line between the terms

Materials and Engineering materials,

 they can be used interchangeably

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Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell
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Performance
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure to achieve
specific properties of materials.

Structure Processing
• Processing

• Structure
Properties
• Properties
Materials Science
Investigating the relationship between • Performance
structure and properties of materials.
Materials Science & Engineering
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• Casting • Extrusion
• Forging
Processing • Calcinating
• Stamping Texturing, Temperature, • Sintering
• Layer-by-layer growth Time, Transformations
(nanotechnology)

Properties
characterization MatSE Physical behavior
Crystal structure Response to environment
Defects
Microstructure
• Mechanical (e.g., stress-strain)
• Thermal
• Microscopy: Optical, transmission • Electrical
electron, scanning tunneling • Magnetic
• X-ray, neutron, e- diffraction • Optical
• Spectroscopy • Corrosive
• Deteriorative characteristics
Engineering Materials
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Engineers design
 most of the products and

 their processing systems to produce these products.

 Products require materials &

 Engineers should have the knowledge of engineering

materials i.e.
 an engineer should be knowledgeable about the structure and
properties of the materials so that
 he can select the most suitable ones for each application, and he is
able to develop best processing methods.

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Relationship b/w Structural level &
Engineering properties
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Relationship b/w Structural level &
Engineering properties
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Subatomic level
Electronic structure of individual
atoms that defines interaction
among atoms (interatomic bonding).

Atomic level
Arrangement of atoms in materials
(for the same atoms can have
different properties, e.g. two forms
of carbon: graphite and diamond)
Relationship b/w Structural level &
Engineering properties
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Microscopic structure
Arrangement of small grains of
material that can be identified by
microscopy.

Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be
viewed with the naked eye.
Structure-Property-Processing-Performance
Relationship
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 Engineering activities depend upon the

selection of engineering materials whose
properties match the requirements of the
application.

 Primitive cultures were often limited to the

naturally occurring materials (stone wood,
clay) in their environment.

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Structure-Property-Processing-Performance
Relationship
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 As civilization developed, the spectrum of

engineering materials expanded.

 Materials could be processed, and their

properties altered and possibly enhanced.

 The alloying and heat treatment of metals

can change the properties of a material.

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Structure-Property-Processing-Performance
Relationship
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 While earlier successes in altering materials

were largely the result of trial and error,
But now

 we recognize that the properties and

performance of a material are the direct result of
its structure and processing

 If we want to change the properties, we will have

to induce changes in the material structure
Classification of Engineering materials
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Most of the Engineering materials can be classified

into these main categories as under:
 Metallic materials
 Polymeric materials
 Ceramic materials
 Composite materials
 Electronic materials
 Advanced materials 24/01/2020
Classification of Engineering materials
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 Metals  Polymers
 Steel, Cast Iron,  Plastics, Wood,
Aluminum, Copper, Cotton (rayon,
Titanium, many others nylon), “glue”
 Ceramics  Composites
 Glass, Concrete,  Glass Fiber-
Brick, Alumina, reinforced polymers,
Zirconia, SiN, SiC  Carbon Fiber-
reinforced polymers,
 Metal Matrix
Composites, etc.
Periodic Table of Elements
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From http://64.224.111.143/handbook/periodic/

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Metallic materials
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These are inorganic substances which are

composed of one or more metallic elements.
Examples of metallic elements are Iron, Copper,
Aluminum.

Non-metallic elements such as Carbon, Nitrogen

and Oxygen may also be contained in the metallic
materials.
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Metallic materials
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Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms and

spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.

Crystalline structure

Strong, ductile

high thermal & electrical conductivity

opaque, reflective. shiny if polished

Can be plastically deformed on the application of load

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Metallic materials
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Metallic materials are further classified into ferrous, and non-

ferrous materials.

Ferrous materials contain large percentage of iron such as

steels and cast irons and

Non-ferrous materials that do not contain iron or only

relatively small amount of iron. Example of non-ferrous metals
are Al, Cu, Zn, Ti, & Ni.

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Metals
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Elemental metals are in yellow

• we need to recall and use knowledge from the periodic table
Metallic materials
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Several uses of steel and pressed

aluminum.
Polymeric materials
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The word polymer is taken from two Greek words,

Poly = many and

mer = repeating units or parts.

Polymeric materials are usually long organic molecular chains

i. e., compounds of C & H.

So the polymeric materials are organic compounds having

many repeated units, e.g., Teflon, Nylon 6,6, Polythene etc.
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Polymeric materials
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Polymers/plastics:
Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.
cheap

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Polymeric materials
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Elements that compose polymers: limited

Polymeric materials
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Polymers include “Plastics” and rubber materials

Ceramic materials
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The word ceramics is taken from the Greek word

“ Keramos” = burnt stuff / Clay.
Ceramics are inorganic materials consisting of
metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides,
nitrides, sulfides) chemically bonded together unlike
metallic materials.
They may be crystalline, non-crystalline or mixtures,
e.g., glass, refractories.
Hard, Brittle, glassy, elastic
non-conducting (insulators)
Difficult to process, low fracture toughness
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Ceramic materials
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Elemental occurring in ceramics are in blue

Ceramic materials
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Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance

combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.
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Composite materials
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Composite materials are mixtures of two or more

materials with significantly different physical or
chemical properties that, when combined, produce a
material with characteristics different from the
individual components, e.g., Fiber glass, concrete,
plywood etc.
The useful properties which can be produced in such
materials are strength, stiffness, hardness,
temperature resistance, corrosion resistance,
conductivity etc.
High cost
Delamination, etc. 24/01/2020
Composite materials
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Electronic materials
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Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are

shared between atoms).
Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute
proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs
Electronic materials are used in electronics, especially
microelectronics, e.g., Silicon, Germanium & Gallium Arsenide
etc.

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Electronic materials
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Elements occurring in semiconductors

Electronic materials
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Micro-Electrical-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS)

Si wafer for computer chip

devices.
Advanced Materials
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Materials used in "High-Tec" applications, usually

designed for maximum performance, and normally
expensive. Examples are:
 titanium alloys for supersonic airplanes,
magnetic alloys for computer disks,
special ceramics for the heat shield of the space shuttle,
etc.

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Advanced Materials
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Modern Material's Needs

Engine efficiency increases at high temperatures, therefore, requires
high temperature structural materials
Use of nuclear energy requires solving problem with residues, or
advances in nuclear waste processing.
Hypersonic flight requires materials that are light, strong and resist high
temperatures.
Optical communications require optical fibers that absorb light negligibly.
Civil construction – materials for unbreakable windows.
Structures: materials that are strong like metals and resist corrosion like
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plastics.
The Materials Selection Process
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1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, machining, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
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Properties
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Properties are the way the material responds to the environment

and external forces.
Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces,
strength, etc.
Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and
magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.
Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat
capacity.
Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and
scattering of light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion
resistance.
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Properties
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Properties depend on Structure (strength or hardness)

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 mm
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4 mm
300
30 mm
200 30 mm

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

And:
Processing can change structure! (see
above structure vs Cooling Rate)
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Future of materials science
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Design of materials having specific desired characteristics

directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with
microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual properties.
•Electronic components, materials for quantum computing.
• Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the air flow
conditions, buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…

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Future of materials science
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•Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or

photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing,
etc.
• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be
as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics,
• Materials
• for lightweight batteries with high storage densities,
• for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C,
• room-temperature superconductors?
• chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high
sensitivity,
• cotton shirts that never require ironing…
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 THANK YOU FOR YOUR
INTEREST
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