REVIEWER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 3

HISTORY OF DANCE
Pre-Historic Era
- gesture of communication to ask for power and wealth
- to please Gods

Pre-Christian Era
- medium of religious expression

Ancient Greeks
- aid of military education among boys in Sparta and Athens
- a form of entertainment and display
-
Plato, Aristotle and Socrates
- ‘’Dance is an art of integration of body and soul’’
- Dance and music has two kinds; first for noble (fine and honourable); second for ignoble (imitating what is
mean and ugly)

Ancient Rome
- gave more attention to their power and wealth rather than entertainment
- brutal and sensationalized as their entertainers were slaves and captives from many nationalities
- dance as an integral part of corruption

Fall of Rome
- dance was back to its original purpose
- religious purposes, church services

Dark and Early middle Ages

- start of social dancing
- peasant performed 2 basic types of dancing; round dance and couple dance

Renaissance Period
- dance, and art in general, was accepted and acknowledged

15th and 16th centuries

- new court dances in Europe performed by the nobility came about at about the same time as the rise of the
art of ballet in Italy and France

ELEMENTS OF DANCE

Space
- area that performers occupy
- place where they move
- SPATIAL ELEMENTS; direction, size, level, focus

Timing
- Synchronization of music and movements

Dance Energy/Quality
- effort or force or emphasis in a movement
- DANCE ENERGIES/QUALITIES; 1. SUSTAINED- smooth, continuous with flow and control; 2. PERCUSSIVE-
explosive or sharp in contrast with sustained movements; 3. VIBRATORY- consist of trembling or shaking—
faster version of percussive movements that produces a jittery effect; 4. SWINGING- trace a curved line or
 an arc in space; 5. SUSPENDED- perched in space or hanging on air and; 6. COLLAPSING-breaking down after
releasing tension
Bodily Shape
- how the entire body is molded in space or the configuration of body parts

SYMMETRICAL BODY SHAPE

ASYMMETRICAL BODY SHAPE

Group Shape
- a group of dancers performs movements in different group
shapes

DANCE APPRECIATION AND COMPOSITION

DANCE COMPOSITION

Section of Dance
1. Beginning ‒ may come in a form of shape, a pose, or an entrance;
2. Middle ‒ consists of a development or the exploration of the main idea; and
3. End/Conclusion ‒ should be clear and may be in a form of a shape, a pose, or an exit.

Form
- sequence of dance/choreography
- formation
- arrangement of movements in a choreography

Phrases
- “the smallest unit of form in the whole dance”.
- single phrase consists of eight counts

Motif
 - theme/style/intention
- main idea of the choreography/message of the story they want to portray
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DANCE

Unity
- synchronization of the phrases or the dance steps and performers to the music
- fairness of the level of the movements and expressions

Continuity and Development

- portraying clear stories through natural movements

Variety and Contrast

- creativity/innovation of movements according to story

Transition
- changes of scene through movements
- shows how to change/transfer clearly from movement or position to another

Repetition
- emphasizes movements and phrases that are important to the dance and gives a feeling of closure to a work

Climax
- peak of the dance is reach

Choreographic Forms in Dance

1. Sequential Form - contain themes/motifs which progress in a specific order

a. a. AB (two-part) Form - binary form with two contrasting sections consisting of a beginning section (A)
followed by a second section (B)
b. ABA (three-part) Form - composed of an introductory theme (A), a contrasting theme (B), and a restatement
of the original theme (A)
c. Rondo Form (ABACA) - the unifying theme (A) returns after each contrasting theme and appears after every
contrasting section
d. Theme and Variations Form - series of movements to which variations are added throughout the
development of the entire choreography

2. Contrapuntal Form - several themes are woven together in choreography to form a complex structure

a. Ground Bass
b. Round or Canon
c. Fugue or Accumulation
d. Suite

3. Episodic Form - tell a story through connected and progressive sections called episodes

4. Other Compositional Forms

a. Natural Structures
b. Collage
c. Tableau
d. Chance