Libraty Acquthitions: Practice & Theory, Vol. 14, pp. 61-71, 1990 0364-6408&O $3.00 + .

OO
Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. Copyright 0 1990 Pergamon Press plc

BOOK PUBLISHING IN INDONESIA:

ISSUES AFFECTING ACQUISITIONS AND
COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT*

GEORGE MILLER

Library
Australian National University
GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601
Australia

Abstract - The acquisition of Indonesian publications by overseas libraries is not

easy for various reasons. One is the nature of the Indonesian book publishing
industry, which has little political or economic significance in the country. This
article focuses on five areas of interest: (I) publishing output, particularly the
decline in recent years and possible reasons for this; (2) publishers and their prod-
uct, including distribution, marketing, the role of government in the book trade
(including measures which appear to have disadvantaged the trade and suggestions
for more positive steps); (3) copyright, including problems of widespread pirating;
(4) reading habit, in particular the general low level of interest in reading among
the population; and (5) magazine publishing, including the flourishing trade in
popular magazines as well as increases in newspaper sales. The article concludes
that, given the static state of Indonesia’s publishing industry, overseas libraries will
continue to face problems of acquisitions.

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the fifth most populous nation on earth. It has a rich and varied culture and
is the most influential country in the regional block ASEAN-the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations. Southeast Asia is one of the most rapidly developing economic regions in the
world as well as being of vital strategic interest. Reliable published information from In-
donesia is of interest therefore to many research libraries.

*This is a revised and updated version on an article first published in SEARMG Newsletter, 37 (1989).

61
62 G. MILLER

Though Indonesia has numerous regional languages reflecting the many ethnic groups
which go to make up the nation state of the republic, the national, unifying language is
Indonesia (or Bahasa Indonesia) and the major part of book publishing is in this language.
The acquisition of Indonesian publications by overseas libraries has never been easy. Since
the winning of independence in 1945, for a variety of historical, cultural and economic rea-
sons purchasing of books on a regular basis has usually entailed the use of unorthodox
arrangements to guarantee supply. Book publishers and distributors are geared for the local
market. Commercial books are cheap relative to European and American books, and even
to those of other Asian countries such as Japan, but the marketing of them is poor. As a con-
sequence, since the 1950s the Library of Congress has had its own acquisitions office in
Jakarta, buying material for itself and on behalf of other US research libraries. The Nether-
lands, which has a continuing cultural and commercial interest in its former colony (the Dutch
East Indies), also has an acquisitions office in the capital. The National Library of Austra-
lia has a presence there. Other research libraries including ones from Japan, Singapore, the
UK and Australia set up blanket-orders or approval plans with varying degrees of success.
They often have to send their librarians on regular acquisitions trips to gather fugitive material
and to reinforce established connections.
The difficult acquisitions situation is partly the consequence of the nature of the Indonesian
book publishing industry itself. Publishing, and the book trade in general, has little political
or economic significance in contemporary Indonesia. Nevertheless, its well-being is consid-
ered of some importance by a thinking and writing minority, for articles relating to its activ-
ities and state are regularly featured in the daily press. Discussion is particularly heightened
about the time of the annual IKAPI (Indonesian Publishers’ Association) book exhibition.
The particular issues which have dominated the public debate during the past two years and
which this article attempts to summarize have been:

l the low quantity of books published;

l the state and standard of publishing;
l copyright;
l the interest in reading in the general public;
l the flourishing trade in popular magazines.

PUBLISHING OUTPUT

Most commentators accept that publishers are facing considerable difficulties in Indone-
sia at present, especially in comparison with the situation several years ago. Small publishers
are leaving book publishing and are turning to other ventures. Many other firms are suffer-
ing numerous difficulties and are very weak [l]. Over the past two decades there has been an
overall decline in the number of publishers. According to the Chairman of IKAPI, there were
400 publishers in 1%6. Only a dozen of these firms remain. New ones have arisen, but there
are not as many as in 1966 [2]. At IKAPI’S own book exhibition in 1988, there were 250 pub-
lishers occupying stands, while there were 300 in 1987 [3]. Membership of IKAPI had actu-
ally risen between 1987 and 1988, but it was said that of all publishers in the country only
about 20% were active [4]. Of the 141 that were located in Jakarta in 1987, only 80 or 90 were
still active in 1988 [5].
Precise statistics for the number of titles published are not available, but the figures which
are quoted also indicate a decline in the industry. IKAPI says that there were up to 6000 titles
 Book Publishing in Indonesia 63

published in 1984 and 1986, but this figure declined to 4000 titles in 1987 [6]. The Education
Department released the following figures: 1984/85: 4oo0, 1985/86; 3000; 1986/87: 4000;
1987/88: 4000 [7]. This would suggest a state of at least no growth. The total of 4000, indica-
tive only, does coincide with the same figure in the National Bibliography [8]. The Indone-
sian Education Minister compared this figure, for a country of 170 million people, with the
45,000 new titles published in 1985 in Japan, a country with a population of 122 million.
There were more books at the 1987 than the 1988 IKAPI exhibition: 50,000 compared with
40,000 [9]. The total number sold during the 1988 exhibition was down about 10% on the
1987 figure [lo].
Publishers readily describe the difficulties they face, and elaborate on the reasons for the
decline. One was linked to the sluggishness of the market: the general economic downturn
in Indonesia had meant that bookprices were relatively high compared to the low purchas-
ing power of the people. Coupled with this was the perennial problem for Indonesian pub-
lishers of low print runs and slow turnover of stock resulting in higher unit prices. Most titles
have a print run of between 3000 and 5000 copies, and even then may take two years to sell
t111.

PUBLISHERS AND THEIR PRODUCT

The poor distribution network, a longstanding complaint of publishers, was just one dif-
ficulty facing publishers. One figure gave 190 of a total of 533 bookshops as being located
in Jakarta, with the capital accounting for 50% of all books sold. Other major cities on Java
absorbed another 3OVoof the market [12].
It would not be correct to say that publishers had not made imaginative attempts to mar-
ket their product in an effort to overcome the basically poor distribution system. The annual
IKAPI book exhibition was perhaps the most important promotional event of the industry
as a whole. In 1988 it ran for ten days in July-August, displaying about 40,008 books. Admis-
sion was free, and the main exhibition was accompanied by numerous related activities. Along
with quizzes and door prizes, there were children’s drawing competitions, seminars, discus-
sions, various popular entertainments and the opportunity to meet best-selling authors.
While the main IKAPI exhibition reflected the concentration on Jakarta, book exhibitions
were held as promotional ventures in other areas as well. The West Java Branch of IKAPI
held a “read-in” in Bandung’s Taman Merdeka in June 1988, sponsored by bookshops, pub-
lishers and libraries. Two thousand titles of mainly juvenile and children’s literature were
freely available for reading under the trees [13]. In January 1988 there was an exhibition of
730 Sundanese books in Bogor [14], and in December 1987 the Jakarta Branch of IKAPI had
staged an exhibition of 10,000 books in Palembang, perhaps at the initiative of the Minister
of Education who had suggested the IKAPI exhibition go to the provinces [15]. A similar
exhibition was held in Semarang in January 1988 [16]. Not all observers were convinced of
the effectiveness of exhibitions in the provinces as a stimulus to book buying [17].
Individual publishers were also demonstrating initiative in devising original marketing tech-
niques. One scheme involved cooperation between an insurance company and bookshops in
which books would be discounted for policy holders, and premiums could be paid at the
bookshop itself [18]. The publisher Erlangga had its own book club which offered consid-
erable discounts, free give-aways, and free postage for a payment-in-advance of Rp. 25,080
and a promise to buy three titles during a year. Grafiti Pers offered a special package of eight
religious books at the time of Idul Fitri for the price of four with the chance of a lucky prize
64 G. MILLER

as well [19]. Trade catalogs, though they have been part of book promotion in Indonesia since
Independence, have improved, becoming more attractive in recent years.
The role that government should play in the book trade has long been a topic of debate.
Twenty years ago the Chairman of IKAPI called for government support to the industry,
complaining that it was difficult to obtain even private capital from banks for publishing [20].
No special interest rates existed. This situation still prevails.
IKAPI continued to believe that government support is justified to an industry that is moti-
vated as much by altruism as it is by the profit motive and which by its service, “raises the
intellectual level of the people.” This element of idealism which is prevalent in writings on
publishing in Indonesia can be traced to the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution in which this
expression (“mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa”) is to be found [21]. The same ideal is
expressed in general terms in the 1983 Broad Guidelines of State Policy (GBHN) of the Peo-
ple’s Consultative Assembly in which it is stated that publishing, writing and translating will
increasingly be promoted, both in quantity and quality [22]. The dilemma between idealism
and business was heightened in 1988 by the inclusion in the current GBHN of a statement that
books should be made available at a price which is within reach of the ordinary person [23].
The Chairman of IKAPI requested that if provision of cheap books were the aim of the gov-
ernment, then government regulations which resulted in books being expensive should be re-
examined, critically commenting that the government still could not distinguish between a
“book industry” and the “book trade.” The director of publishing at Gramedia chose a neutral
position between the two extremes of idealism and profit (or one that had a foot in both
camps) when he referred to a quotation of Ignas Kleden: “to develop morality capital was nec-
essary” (“untuk membangun moral diperlukan modal”) [24].
The Minister, Fuad Hassan, has given no satisfaction to publishers in response to their pleas
during the past two years that government support was justified because publishing raised the
intellectual standing of the people. He told them at the IKAPI congress in June 1988 that al-
though he had no wish to upset people, the members of the Association had to emulate their
more successful colleagues and work harder [25], and gave no offers of direct government
support. He went so far as to admonish them for much of their product. Research carried
out by his Department indicated that the quality of books produced by private publishers was
declining. Only about 40% of those books examined by the Department achieved a satisfac-
tory standard. Furthermore, the quantity of the publications coming off the private presses
was also unsatisfactory [26].
Several macroeconomic policy decisions of the government appear to have disadvantaged
the book trade. Until 1986 there had been no sales tax on books. The imposition of a value
added tax for books in that year raised the price of domestic books by 15 or 20% [27]. By
early 1988, according to one analyst, newsprint, in which Indonesia was now self-sufficient,
had gone up by 15% in three years, and HVS paper as much as 50%. The government
increased the price of newspaper by a further 23% on 17 October 1988 largely to protect the
paper manufacturing industry, without an eye on the impact on the book trade generally. As
a result of lobbying by IKAPI, a parliamentary committee on education and culture recom-
mended to the government in September 1988 that it reconsider the value added taxes paid
by the publishing industry. It was estimated this tax netted Rp. 2.4 billion for the government
[28]. IKAPI had also approached the government to assist by decreasing postage charges for
books to the outer islands, but this had not borne fruit.
One government action which had a drastic impact on the quantity of publishing was the
withdrawal of the “Inpres” support for children’s literature and textbooks. Between 1973 and
1984 the government injected Rp. 604.6 billion to publish 200 million books for the primary
 Book Publishing in Indonesia 65

school children of Indonesia [29]. Though the “Inpres” financial support has been criticized
for allowing too many low quality books to be published and did not assist in building a better
publishing industry, the policy nevertheless resulted in far greater access to reading material
for children and led to, if not a better, then at last an expanded, publishing industry. Print
runs of a minimum of 10,080 were the norm. Writers were particularly overjoyed, because
money was paid in a lump sum, not in installments as is usual. To some extent the publish-
ing industry is returning to the “pre-1npres” situation where publishing houses truly committed
to the industry are the only ones left as the speculators look to more profitable areas to invest
their money [30]. Nevertheless, observers mostly suggest that some form of government sup-
port for textbook and children’s publishing is still desirable and necessary.
There are several indirect ways the government is encouraging quality publishing. The
Department of Education during 1988 conducted a textbook writing competition for school
teachers and former school teachers. Books were to be for grades 3 to 6 in primary school
and grades 1 to 3 in secondary school and were in a number of fields. There were to be prize
whmers at provincial and national levels. The national winners could receive up to Rp. 1 mil-
lion and a week’s vacation in Jakarta [31].
other steps which the government had taken to assist the book trade were considered rather
peripheral and of little real consequence. In 1987 the government had instituted “Book Buying
Projects” (Proyek-proyek Pembelian Buku) but these were considered by the publishers’
association to be of a temporary nature and of no influence on the wider publishing scene
[32]. There was also a plan mentioned in 1987 to form a National Book Centre (Pusat Per-
bukuan Nasional), and it was conceded that the government’s amendment to the law on copy-
right in 1982 had been of some benefit. But IKAPI members felt the government could do
more regarding the establishment of libraries and could provide more encouragement for both
the importation of foreign books and the export of Indonesian ones [33].
What was needed by the government was a definitive book development program which
was able to influence ah areas of the local book industry. This could be done through a
National Book Development Council. The existing structure, the Badan Pertimbangan Pen-
gembangan Buku Nasional (BPPBN), was advisory only and was limited to putting up pro-
posals to the Minister of Education and Culture. It had also served a useful purpose in
conducting surveys and promoting seminars, but a far more powerful Council which could
initiate policy across the board was urgently needed.

COPYRIGHT

Most observers and publishers saw pirating as the main short-term problem confronting
the industry during 1988. Even though the Copyright Act had been strengthened, first in 1982
and then in 1987, probably chiefly by pressure from foreign recording studios, at the time of
the IKAPI exhibition in July 1988 pirating was said to be still so widespread that several pub-
lishers were on the point of giving up because of it [34]. While the application to the cassette
industry of the new Copyright Law of 1987, which came into force in 1988, had received con-
siderable publicity, its application for book publishing seemed to be largely overlooked by
the mass media. Special agreements to ban pirating of sound recordings had been signed with
both the European Community and the United States, and in the drive by Indonesia to protect
the rights of foreign musical artists, the legal rights of local book publishers may have been
neglected. Many police and prosecutors still did not understand the new law and IKAPI mem-
bers said the new law served no purpose for them as publishers [35]. Understandably they felt
66 G. MILLER

a little disgruntled that they had been attempting to abide by the Stockholm Convention on
copyright since 1980 but still did not receive the legal protection of government law enforce-
ment agencies as was now provided to the cassette industry [36]. The newly elected Chairman
of IKAPI, RozaIie Usman, said that piracy would be given top priority by the Association.
True to its word, in an attempt to ensure stronger enforcement of the Copyright Law relat-
ing to publishing, IKAPI sent a delegation to the Attorney-General in September 1988. The
Attorney-General promised to instruct all attorneys to apply for the highest penalties possi-
ble for acts involving the infringement of copyright. Such penalties could be as much as seven
years imprisonment with a fine of Rp. 100 million, and this did not include the repayment
for loss to the holder of the copyright [37].
During 1989 government bodies did appear to make some attempts to suppress copyright
infringements. A number of seminars were conducted designed to publicize the issue of copy-
right. These seminars were held in major cities such as Surabaya, Medan and Den Pasar.
Industry organizations such as IKAPI and ASIRI (the Indonesian Recording Industry Associ-
ation) were encouraged to establish teams to flush out and report on those who practised
infringements of copyright [38]. This latter move has had at least one spectacular success: in
a joint raid with police on a warehouse on the outskirts of Jakarta, the IKAPI team exposed
a haul of over 20,000 pirated books. The case has now gone to the courts [39].
There was a reluctance on the part of publishers themselves to take copyright offenders to
court because of the costs involved and small settlement payment. Several consider the punish-
ments imposed on those found guilty were too lenient and unequal to the losses involved. The
West Java Branch of IKAPI said that in the past ten years at least 100 of its members’ titles
had been pirated, but only five convictions had been made [40]. P.T. Bina Cipta, for exam-
ple, had had seven titles pirated in ten years. The Director (Ny Remelia C.A. Bardin) is
quoted as saying that one of the convicted “pirates” had not been given a prison sentence and
had only been required to report to police on a daily basis. Publishers became aware that a
book had been pirated when the sale of set texts fell sharply or did not achieve usual sales
levels, particularly at the beginning of an academic year. One title pirated was Fhgantar
Hukum International (Introduction to International Law) by former Foreign Affairs Min-
ister, Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. To take the case of this book to the courts in Solo and
Jogyakarta cost the publishers about Rp. 5 million (A$3800). It was perhaps a little mischie-
vous of the Minister to suggest at the Conference of Publishers that it was the inadequacy
of supply of books that led to the rise in pirating, in effect throwing the blame back on the
publishers and distributors themselves 1411.
Textbooks appear to be the chief target of illegal copying, and schools are among the chief
market places. Here copies on which no writer’s fee, tax, illustrator’s honorarium, printing
costs or marketing costs have been paid can be sold at a discount of up to 40% [42]. IKAPI,
naturally, did not agree with the philosophy that the availability of cheap, pirated editions
benefited poor students; such a theory merely condoned a criminal activity. Nevertheless,
members of IKAPI did concede that it would be wrong to blame all the problems of the book
trade on pirated editions: the market as a whole was sluggish [43].
While school books and other texts may have been the prime target of pirating, they cer-
tainly were not the only titles to suffer this fate. Fiction, especially such best selling works
as Lupus, the tales of the rascally Jakarta school boy, had been illegally copied 1441.

READING HABIT

Any discussion of the poor state of the book trade in Indonesia returns to one of the basic
underlying social factors: the level of interest in reading among the population generally.
 Book Publishing in Indonesia 67

There is probably no scientific method of measuring such an intangible thing as a population’s

“reading habit,” but a number of signs are often used to indicate trends.
The fact that bookshops are invariably crowded with people reading, if not buying, is often
given as empirical evidence that there is a thirst for reading books in Indonesia [45]. The
popularity of the annual Jakarta book exhibition is also often given as proof of the grow-
ing reading habit. At the time of the 1987 exhibition a rather optimistic note was sounded
because of the then increasing production and display of books at the fair [46]. The fact that
public school and children’s libraries are well patronized is also given as an indication of an
increasing demand for reading material in book form. The demand is said to be particularly
strong among primary school children [47].
Several writers have cautioned against feelings of optimism regarding an increased use of
books or that Indonesia could be described in Toffler’s term as an “information society” [48].
The number of books published in relation to population in Indonesia compared to many
other countries is low. As has been pointed out, Indonesia published 4000-5000 new titles per
year for a population of 170 million. (These books probably had print runs of only about
4000 copies each.) By comparison Japan, with a population of 122 million, it was stated by
the Minister of Education at the Publishers’ Conference in June 1988, published 45,000 new
titles a year, Britain about 41,008 new titles and South Korea 30,000 [49].
Illiteracy statistics may give some indication of interest in reading among a people, but fig-
ures often vary depending on exactly what is being measured, and by whom. Indonesia was
declared a country totally free of illiteracy in 1964 but this was a “political” figure. The illiter-
acy rate of the population over 10 years of age in Indonesia is now quoted by UNESCO as
between 15 and 19% [50]. This is a vast improvement on the figure of 42.3% illiteracy of the
population over 6 years of age which was quoted in 1978 [51]. Official government figures
give a population of 5.6 million still literate, down from a figure of 21.4 million in 1982. It
is UNESCO’s hope to have Indonesia free of illiteracy by 1995. Other indications point to a
general decline in illiteracy, but whether this is indicative of a growth in interest in reading
is not known.
Figures indicate a faster rate of growth of interest in forms of media other than books. For
example, in the two years between 1976 and 1978 the increase in the number of households
which had access to radio and to television was 113.9% and %.OVo respectively. The increase
in those having access to newspapers was only 7.0% [52]. Other statistics show that the per-
centage of population having access to reading matter is far less than those with access to
radio and television, though the numbers in all areas have increased. Between 1978 and 1984
the percentage of the population who read newspapers and magazines rose from 17070to
19.8%. The figures for those who listened to radio in the same years (1978-1984) rose from
19.9% to 57.5% and for those who watched television from 49.6% to 63.8% [53].
A comment in the “Editorial” of Tempo (the widely read and respected weekly news maga-
zine) at the end of 1987 is possibly a fair indication of attitudes towards books and literature.
Having done a survey among its readers of its regular feature articles and columns, Tempo
found that the one on “Books” was one of the least popular. Readers generally felt that it
lacked interest, but that it was “useful,” this among a survey group of which 56% had had
some form of tertiary education. Despite lack of popularity, Tempo decided to retain the
“Books” feature on a regular basis because of “a determination to respect the difficult task
of attempting to raise the intellectual level of the people” [54]. In short, it was worthwhile
even if of little interest.
Tempo also conducted a survey to see how much people spent on books. The largest per-
centage of respondents (44Vo) spent less than Rp. 10,000 (or A $8.00) per month on books,
while the next largest component (31 Vo) spent only between Rp. 10,000 and Rp. 25,080 1551.
68 G. MILLER

(Respondents to the survey were Indonesian professionals who received incomes of Rp.
100,000 or more per month). One commentator believed the low priority given to books was
not a matter of low purchasing power, as had frequently been considered the case previously,
but was due to different priority of needs.
Considering the fact that “Inpres” books had begun to be introduced to primary school
children between 6 and 12 years of age in 1973 and 1974, this would mean that these children
would now be adults. Has the “Inpres” campaign produced from among these children, adults
who have a continuing interest in reading books? The stable production levels of publishing
in Indonesia and unvarying size of the print runs suggest that the increased availability of pri-
mary school reading books has not led appreciably to a higher demand for adult reading,
though the demand for books by children themselves has developed. The injection of funds
at primary school level only may have meant there was no similar literature available for sec-
ondary and tertiary level students to progress to.

MAGAZINE PUBLISHING

The large range of magazines available in Indonesia, at least in the cities, is obvious to the
most casual observer. This is a development from about the early 1970s. There are at least
twenty popular “family” weeklies and monthlies on display on newsstands. These can be
divided into the women’s magazines such as Femina and Kartini (weekly and fortnightly re-
spectively) with circulations of 100,000 and 180,000 [56]; those aimed at the family as a whole,
such as Jakarta Jakarta, Famiii and Matra; the youth, Nona; and those aimed at readers seek-
ing some degree of specialization as in Monitor (an entertainment guide), ASRI (home and
garden) and Ayahbunda (family care).
In addition to these essentially popular magazines, there are those which are still aimed at
popular appeal, but with some claim to specialization such as the business magazines Ekseku-
tif and SWA, the children’s magazines such as Bobo and those with a religious element such
as Amanah, Kiblat and Harmonis. There are also the weekly news magazines and the more
serious periodicals which contain lengthy articles and are directed at a specific academic, reli-
gious or professional readership, as well as those in regional languages. One popular maga-
zine, Nova, which has a heavy emphasis on sex and scandal, felt it could increase its efficiency
by converting from a monthly magazine to a weekly tabloid and dropping its price (from Rp.
2000 to Rp. 400). Its circulation rose to about 300,000. Other women’s magazines such as
Feminia and Kartini did not consider this a threat to their sales but rather that it would “stim-
ulate the reading habit” even further [57].
Newspaper publishing too, like that for magazines, is active in Indonesia and is increasing.
Kompas is said to be the most widely circulated newspaper in Southeast Asia with a daily sales
of up to 600,000 [58].
Total daily newspaper and magazine sales continue to rise. Figures released in June 1989
showed that the number of government licenses granted to publishers consisted of 133 for
newspapers (dailies and weeklies) and 130 for magazines. These serials together had a total
circulation of over 10 million copies [59]. In 1986/87 the equivalent figure had been about
8 million [60], while twenty years ago, in 1969, it had been only 1,028,OOO[61]. Despite this
gross increase of newspapers and magazines, because of the growth in the size of Indonesia’s
population, the ratio of newspapers to potential readers is actually declining. In 1984 over
three and a half million copies of newspapers were distributed among 164 million people, a
 Book Publishing in Indonesia 69

ratio of 1:46. By 1989, 3.7 million copies were distributed among 175 million, a ratio of 1:47
[62]. The government is aiming for the figure recommended by UNESCO of 1:lO.
Because of the absolute increase in the number of newspaper and magazine titles published,
together with the dramatic increase in circulation figures, one commentator could conclude
that book publishers were lagging far behind in the competition with newspapers, magazines,
radio, television and bulletins. These periodicals were publishing folk stories, serials, biog-
raphies, poetry and literary works which could have been capitalized on by publishers [63].

CONCLUSION

The Indonesian publishing industry, at least insofar as books are concerned, is static and
facing serious obstacles. Several of these difficulties are not new. It may be that there will
develop an environment conducive to growth in interest in reading and a shift in those reading
patterns which do exist to commercially published books if suggestions made by people in the
publishing industry are followed. One such suggestion has been the establishment of a
National Book Development Council to devise a national policy and program for book and
reading promotion.
The relevant Section of the Department of Education (Pusat Perbukuan) is concerned about
the state of the Indonesian book trade but appears limited in what it can achieve to redress
the situation, largely restricting itself to exhorting the industry to lift its game. Other aspects
of government policy, such as price rises for paper designed to promote the local paper indus-
try and value added taxes on the raw materials of publishing, together with a lenient official
approach to copyright infringements, appear actually to inhibit book activity.
The compilation and analysis of detailed statistics on the book trade would enable a more
complete picture to be obtained. Statistics could be collected on such categories as person-
nel in the various branches of the industry, the number of books borrowed by library users
and book sales. Indicators such as declining illiteracy levels, use by children of libraries and
the growth of newspaper and magazine circulations suggest that an interest in reading is
expanding and that it has occurred since the “Inpres” campaign was launched, but this expan-
sion does not appear to be reflected in the statistics of the number of books published. While
such a static state continues to exist, overseas libraries in particular will face problems of
acquisitions including underdeveloped marketing methods, small print runs and a relatively
early depletion of book stock.

REFERENCES

1. “Ketua Umum IKAPI, H. Rozali Usman,” Merdeka, 24 June 1988.

2. “Minat baca meningkat,” Kompas. 3 August 1987.
3. “Sambutan ketua panitia,” Buku panduan pameran buku IKAPI 1988. Jakarta: IKAPI, 1988, and Menuju
masyarakat membaca: buku panduan pameran buku IKAPI 1987. Jakarta: Panitia Pameran Buku Nasional
IKAPI, 1987.
4. “Ketua Umum IKAPI: belum mungkin harga buku mu&,” Kompas, 28 July 1988.
5. “Prospek perbukuan 1988 dikhawatirkan suram,” Kompas, 17 February 1988.
6. Quote of Mr. Dody Yudhista, Chairman of Jakarta Branch of IKAPI. Kompas, 17 February 1988.
7. “Peningkatan mutu pendidikan tidak diimbangi peningkatan mutu buku,” Kompas, 23 June 1988.
8. Quoted in “Lesu darah masih hinggapi kalangan penerbit,” Merdeka, 24 June 1988.
9. “Ketua Umum IKAPI: belum mungkin harga buku murah,” Kompas, 28 July 1988.
70 G. MILLER

10. “Jumlah pembeli buku menurun,” Kompus, 13 August 1988.

11. Manuel Kaisiepo, “Liku-liku penerbitan buku,” Kompas, 20, 8 January 1988.
12. Op.cit.
13. “Gelar baca buku santai di Bandung,” Kompas, 8 June 1988.
14. “Pameran buju Bahasa Sunda.” Kompas, 19 January 1988.
15. “Elarutiga desa di Sumsel miliki perpustakaan.” Kompns, 30 December 1987. u 10 ribu judul akan diikutkan dalam
pameran buku Nasional I.” Suara Merdeka (Semarang), 26 December 1987, 12.
16. “Sekolah. salah satu sumber suburnya pembajakan buku,” Kompas, 21 January 1988.
17. Dwianto, Setyawan, “Bulan buku membutuhkan tindakan nyata,” Kompas, 25 May 1987, 4-5.
18. “Koperasi penerbit buku bertekad bantu konsumen,” Merdeka, 21 June 1988.
19. Tempo, 16 April 1988:107.
20. M. Hoetaoeroek, “Dengan ketekunan bekerdja terdorong oleh idealisme . . . ,” Buku Kongres ke_VZZKAPZOPS
Penerbitan, Tretes, tanggal 13-17 Mei 1968. Djakarta: IKAPI OPS Penerbitan, 1%8.
21. Undang-undang dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 Pembukaan (Preambule), quoted in Konstitusi
Indonesia, editors S. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo et al. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1987, p. 9.
22. Garis-garis besar haluan negara, GBHN (Tap no. ZZ/MPR/1983) dan tap-tap MPR No. Z, ZZZ,IV. V, VZ, VZZ,
VZZZ/MPR/Z983. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, 1983?: p. 104.
23. “Sulit diperoleh, buku yang bermutu dan mu&,” Kompas, 30 July 1988.
24. “Liku-1iku penerbitan buku,” Kompas. 20 January 1988, 8.
25. “Lesu darah’ masih hinggapi kalangan penerbit,” Merdeka, 24 June 1988.
26. “Peningkatan mutu pendidikan tidak diimbangi peningkatan mutu buku,” Kompas, 23 June 1988.
27. “Kebanyakan penerbit tidak miliki tradisi intelektual,” Kompus, 16 June 1988, 1, 12; “Liku-liku penerbitan buku,”
Kompas, 20 January 1988; Alfons Taryadi, “Arus buku antar bangsa: suatu keseimbangan masih harus di usa-
hakan.” Buku panduan pameran buku ZZCAPZ1988. Jakarta: IKAPI (1988), 46.
28. “Pemerintah agar tinjau kembali PPN atas buku,” Kompas, 15 September 1988, 6, and “Produksi buku di
Indonesia 6,000 di Amerika Serikat 44,000,” Kompur, 16 September 1988.
29. Dwianto Setyawan, “Inpres hapus, pengarang, hengkang,” Kompas, 20 July 1988: 9.
30. “Kebanyakan penerbit tidak miliki tradisi intelektual,” Kompas, 16 June 1988. E.J.J.M. Kimman, Indonesian
publkshing: Economic Organizations in a Langganan Society. Baarn: Hollandia, 1981: pp. 56-57.
31. Sayembara penulisan naskah buku,” Kompas, 23 November 1987. 6.
32. “Sambutan Ketua Umum Pengurus Pusat IKAPI.” Menuju Masyarakat Membaca: pameran buku ZKAPZ 1987.
Jakarta: Panitia Pameran Buku Nasional IKAPI, 1987: p. 2.
33. Alfons Taryadi, “Arus buku antar bangsa: suatu keseimbangan masih harm diusahakan.” Pameran buku ZKAPZ
1988. Jakarta: Panitia Pameran Buku IKAPI 1988, 1988: p. 44.
34. “Pembajakan buku tak dapat ditoleransi lagi,” Merdeka, 13 July 1988. The new law is Undang Undang Hak
Cipta, UU No.7/1987.
35. “Bukan hanya gerutu Cieldorf,” Tempo, 4 June 1988, 88.
36. “Pembajakan buku tak dapat ditoleransi lagi,” Merdeka. 13 July 1988.
37. “IKAPI minta agar pelanggar Hak Cipta dihukum berat,” Kompas, 8 September 1988.
38. “Membajakan kaset dan buku masih banyak dijumpai,” Kompas, 15 March 1989, 11.
39. “IKAPI menggebrak pembajak,” Tempo, 27 August 1988, 99; “Dibongkar, pembajakan buku terbesar sehuna
ini,” Berita Buku, 3 (July/August 1988), 11.
40. “Kendati bukunya dibajak, sejumlah penerbit IKAPI enggan mengadu,” Kompas, 10 May 1988.
41. “Peningkatan mutu pendidikan tidak diimbangi peningkatan mutu buku,” Kompas, 23 June 1988.
42. “Sekolah, salah satu sumber suburnya pembajakan buku,” Kompas, 21 January 1988.
43. “IKAPI harus mawas diri,” Kompas. 23 January 1988.
44. “Kebanyakan penerbit tidak miliki tradisi intelektual,” Kompas, 16 June 1988: 1, 2.
45. Pringgoadisurjo, Luwarsih. “Persiapan mencetak tenaga mandiri,” Komw, 26 May 1988: 4.
46. “Minat baca meningkat,” Kompas, 3 August 1987.
47. Musa, Mursidi. “Banjir bacaan untung siapa?” Prisma, 5 May 1987:82.
48. Kaisiepo, Manuel. “Liku-liku penerbitan buku,” Kompas, 20 January 1988, 8.
49. “Lesu darah’ masih hinggapi kalangan penerbit,” Merdeka, 24 June 1988; “Mengejar Ketinggahm di Asia Pasific,”
Kompas, 11 September 1988: 5; and “Sekitar 5.6 juta penduduk Indonesia behun melek huruf.” Kompas, 6 Seq-
tember 1988.
50. Kompas, 30 April 1988:6 and Kompas, 11 (September 1988), 4.
51. Zndikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat/Welfoe Indicators. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, 1981: 69. Indonesia proba-
bly has had traditionally an exceptionally high literacy rate in the indigenous languages. A. Reid, Southwt Asia
 Book Publishing in Indonesia 71

in the Age of Commerce 14X7-1680. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988, p. 216.
52. Indikutor Kesejahteraan Rukyut/ Werfre Zndicutors, 1981: 83. The actual percentages of household were:

1976 1978
Radio 28.8% 32.8%
Television 2.5% 4.9%
Newspapers 4.3% 4.6%

53. Kompas, 30 April 1988, 6, quoting Analisa Statistik Sosial (Indikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat INKFSRA).
54. Tempo. 3 October 1987, 13.
55. “Mendorong buku untuk dibaca.” Tempo 8 August 1987, 76.
56. “Dari wanita untuk wan&a,” Tempo, 3 October 1987, 29.
57. “Berita cerita wanita ” Tempo, 19 March 1988, 98.
58. Tempo, 2 April 1988: 95.
59. “Diperlukan surat kabar yang tangguh dan mandii,” Kompas, 6 June 1989, 1, 8.
60. Frans M. Parera, “Kata Pengantar” in Pamerun Buku ZZUPZ 1987. Jakarta: IKAPI, 1987: p. 10. These figures
were based on official statistics of the Department of Information. See, for example, “Inventarisasi Deppen ten-
tang penerbitan pers tahun 1986/87.” Kompus, 14 July 1988.
61. “Diperlukan surat kabar yang tangguh dan mandiri,” Kompas, 6 June 1989, 1, 8.
62. “Menpen berharap peningkatan oplah menjadi program SPS.” Kompus, 7 June 1989, 12.
63. Frans Parera in “Kata pengantar,” Pameran Buku IKAPI 1987; 10.