c



 

  
   
   
 !"#$

Draft 1
no maps or photos as yet;
some citations still to be entered;
no translation of Inuit terms;
no bibliography.

Walter Vanast, editor

McGill University

Intellectual Property

Suggestions and Corrections Invited

walter.vanast@mcgill.ca
?

1
Also referred to by whites as Kagly, Kahkilik, Kaxalik, Kax¶alik, Quarlik, etc..
 cokhlik, eldest son of Mimegnuk,
became the cukpugmiut·s senior chief in 1893.
The role had belonged to Toweachiuk, who suddenly that year
disappeared from the scene..$

Contrary to the habit of leading men,

cokhlik had only one wife, Arnigasaq, until 1900,
when he added a younger one, Panniuyaq.

cokhlik·s son-in-law Takochikina was

the cukpugmiut·s junior chief.

At some point cokhlik·s wife adopted a boy, calukotok,

a young teenager by the time he spent the 1893-94 winter
with Anglican missionary Isaac Stringer
in the latter·s room at the mission at Fort McPherson.

The name of cokhlik·s driftwood home at cittigazuit

was Sukargluktoaq.

cokhlik had skin ulcers (perhaps syphilis) in 1894,

and died in the 1902 viral epidemic with most of his family,
but his younger wife survived, married an Alaskan Inuk
and moved to Cape Smythe.

After cokhlik·s death his nephew Ovayoak became chief.

Newborns who received cokhlik·s name-spirit after his death include

Peter cakhlik and Sambo cakilik

2
As there are no detalis, it may have been illness, an accident, or a murder,
 c


%   ?

ãtefansson

³Long ago´ the chief had much power. No one could sell deer meat without the chief's
permission. This agrees perfectly with Leavitt, and Roxy explicitly says that Kaxalik had
this power, though the chief has no such power now.

It was Firth who made coklik Chief

(As Roxy told it, but he was an unreliable source)

ãtefansson,

[R. says] Roxy¶s father was the last real chief . . . 3K. [i.e. Kokhlik] was made chief by
Firth4 [Palssen, p. 117. [Missing from AMNH.]

cokhlik cared
for his people·s welfare.

Ähittaker

Of organized government there is no sign. There are headmen in most settlements, often
self-appointed, through superior ability as hunters, or greater intelligence, or more brazen
self-confidence . . . [One such] man was Kakilik, called chief of the Big River Eskimo.
Nervous and excitable, easily taking offence, but jealous of his people's welfare. Yet he
did not pretend to rule over them, but had great influence, perhaps by reason of his
temper in the council. Even this council was not a constituted body, but an informal
meeting of the hunters, to consider migrations, distribution of territory for trapping,
fishing rights, &c., though most of these things were matters of heredity. [74]

3
Ä
This assessment may have more to do with Roxy¶s tendency to glorify his own and his
family¶s past then with the real facts. For both whites and natives, Kaxilik was the most powerful
chief in memory.
4
Firth
the H. B. Co. trader at Ft. McPherson in the early 1890s, when Kaxilik (also written
Kokhlik at the time) became chief.
 

c

& '  

Mimegnuk, cokhlik·s father,

was always referred to as ·
 
i.e. father of Okguna. his daughter, rather than by his own name
(a standard practice among the cukpugmiut.)

ãtefansson(

Mimirnak5 . . . was known as Okgunam ›
›, from his eldest daughter.

His next eldest child was Karlik6 . . . He [Karlik] was the most prominent man in the
Mackenzie community . . . yet Mimirnak was never referred to as Karlik¶s [father], but
always as Okgunak¶s. Mamayauk . . . lived near Mimirnak from birth until she had been
married over two years, yet she never knew what this man¶s name was until after his
death.7

cokhlik·s wives,
Arnigasaq and Panniuyaq

ãtefansson(

Qarlik
[had as senior wife] Arnigasaq, [and as junior] Panniuyaq who is now the wife of
Aqivianna at Cape ãmythe. . . .[They lived] between Baillie and Mackenzie.

5
re Mimirnak, ã adds
³the bearded man photographed by ãtone in his report.´
6
re Karlik, ã adds
³also photographed by ãtone, the one with two large labrets.´ [ed
various
authors wrote this name as Kokhlik, Kaklik, Kaxilik, etc.]
7
ã adds
The Kavariagmiut and Kinigmiut, and perhaps other Alaskans had this same habit.
The custom has grown into disuse the last twenty years under the combined influence of Alaskans
and whites in the Mackenzie. AMNH, all of this,p. 365; Palssen, only the last sentence, p. 298.
 cokhlik·s Son Angochinaong,
[I must put in a note about him]

Sukargluktoaq:
coklik·s house at cittigazuit

ãtefansson(

ãukargluktoaq was [the name of ] the house of Qarlik at Kittegaryuit.

)
*
  c


&    ' * + ' ,

1868

Oblate Father Emile Petitot(

1868, 06, 26. [193] A ce moment il s¶est fait parmi les embarcations esquimaudes un
mouvement auquel je ne compris rien tout d¶abord. Je vis une barque, celle qui portait la
famille de Mimirnak, se détacher des autres et s¶ écarter, tandis que le conjureur Avané et
le fils ainé de Mimirnak se rapprochèrent de mon canot. Mais en même temps mes deux
hôtes et le vieux Kroanark opérèrent la même conversion, poussèrent leur krayak entre
mon canot et le krayak des deux premiers et le saisirent des deux côtés, comme s¶ils
eussent voulu le défendre. Puis, le chef Upik, ayant donné l¶ordre de repartir, mes
protecteurs lâchèrent mon canot, en me disant de les suivre de près.

A peine avions-nous fait quelques pas dans le chenal du Mackenzie, que des pleurs et des
cris se firent entendre au confluent des deux rivières, lorsque l¶Ô
› de Mimirnak y
déboucha. Tout s¶expliqua alors
le petit enfant malade venait de mourir, et on avait déjà
procédé à ses obsèques. Le frère de l¶enfant [Karlik] et le conjureur m¶avaient accosté
dans un mauvais dessein, et m¶auraient peut-être fait un mauvais parti sans mes deux
protecteurs et le vieux Kroanark, qui s¶étaient empressés d¶entourer mon canot.
 1888

The Earl of Lonsdale·s visit

Lonsdale met the Kukpugmiut in the Eastern Delta, but much of his account may not be
true, as others reported that he had abandoned the journey north from McPherson very
quickly ³because of the mosquitoes.´ He later blamed the trip¶s ending on the lack of
courage of the HBC clerk, Joseph Hodgson, much to the latter¶s distress, as he had no
qualms about going to the Inuit¶s home terrain.

Ähat is true is that Lonsdale took (or somehow got possession of) a photograph of the
Kukpugmiut lined up in front of the HBC warehouse at Fort McPherson, and in this
Kokhlik and his wife are clearly visible. Toweachiuk, or crooked nose, is likely the tall
person wearing a metal visor and hiding his face,

Fort McPherson
[I must put in the group photo with cokhlik and his wife]

Lonsdale and ´caglyµ in the Eastern Delta (perhaps) [source?]

A very nice big fine man ³Kagly´ by name giving me [i.e. gave me] a pair of waterproof
boots. This man turned out to be a real brick9 after & I found our pal and à
›



›  and himself were the two councilors & of more importance than the chief. [62]

[The earl entered a number of dwellings at night, without warning, while people were
sleeping. Ähen a man lunged at him with a knife, he knocked the assailant down.] ³At
this moment George [Greenland] the interpreter hearing the noise came up and next
minute my Huskie Pal and Kagley before named²the latter two having been told by the
one on watch he had seen me go to his tent and as they knew the man to be a dangerous
man having killed a white man and several Huskies came to help me. They each had

8
The Earl claimed he met the Eskimos at the mouth of the Anderson River, but the encounter was
probably at Kitigazuit, if it occurred in the Delta at all. ãee, for example, the Count de ãainville¶s
story of how the Earl abandoned the trip into the Delta. [I must provide the exact citation].
9
A brick
a good, dependable person.
pistols. I told them what happened and they had high words with the villain, took his
knife away from him and gave it to me. . . [The local people quickly pointed out that the
man was not one of them, but a Fort Anderson Eskimo]. [62]

[The Eskimos turned hostile to Mr. Hodgson, the HBC trader, because of his prices,
leading the two white visitors to leave at once]. Ähen I told them I was going they were
very sorry and said they would bother Hodgson no more. I told them we did not care for
that but wanted to take advantage of the wind.

They begged me to stay and ³Kagley´ gave me a Kiack complete with Harpoons, knives,
etc. etc. just ready for whaling to show his good feelings. . . I however decided to go for
another reason. I found the tribe very dissatisfied with their chief, most wanting Kagley
as chief and they wanted to take advantage of the chief¶s rudeness to Hodgson to have a
row.

Not wishing to be in that I decided to leave so though 4 A.M. in the morning we sailed
away accompanied by Kagly our pall and ½ a dozen others to bid us fare well. They all
came down but the chief and shook hands and begged me to stop or come back, but I
would not. [p. 64]

)

 - . 
  
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0 - .  ' 1  '  % ,

1892

In 1892 met Kokhlik and his wife, but ãtringer does not mention them by name.
Toweachiuk, then still the senior chief, did appear in his diaries, but only because the
man had befriended Father Lefebvre, the Oblate pries, and was taking him north to
Kittigazuit in his Ô
›, or women¶s boat. Though many Inuit left Fort McPherson
shortly after the the the HBC steamer

 arrived and dropped off its wares, Kokhlik
and his people stayed for a while.

Ähile the Ärigley was still at McPherson, several of its white passengers (an HBC
inspector and a female tourist) took numerous photographs of Kokhlik and his people. ão
for that year, rather than a written account, we have enormous detail of what the
Kukpugmiut wore day-to-day, and what to special occasions, how they moved during a
dance, what their tents and kayaks and umiaks looked like, and how they were set at the
edge of the water for easy escape. The Inuit always set up camp at the bottom of the high
bank, the Gwich¶in (who visited the post at about the same time) at the top. The
photographic material is so large it would itself make for an article.

1893 or so
Itaar·ktjiak [probably the same person as Toweachiuk] died
and coklik became chief

ãtefansson(

1906, 10, 05. [ãP] Roxy corroborates, in a measure, Capt. Leavitt's statements as to
chiefs at Kopuk. He says his own father (Itaar'ktjiak)[ed
Teowachiuk, perhaps?] and
grandfather were chiefs there. Ähen his father died, Oaiak's [Ovayoak¶s] uncle, Kax'alik,
became chief . . .[AMNH, 168]

1893 Summer,
citigazuit

IOã

1893, 08, 03. [Kit.] [A] Man came in ›
› from Kokhlik, asking me to go to his tent
right away. . . Quite a crowd came down to the shore to see us. Kokhlik¶s noble, manly
form was amongst the first. . . Husky boys helped mine to carry things up and pitched our
tent beside Kokhlik¶s. ãtood around and looked at Huskies and they looked at me. Had
cup of tea in Kokhlik¶s tent. Gave Kokhlik some tea to distribute.
1893, 08, 04. [Kit.] ãhortly after midnight the dance ceased for a time and tea was served
to all. It was made from what I gave to Kokhlik for all the Huskies. I went over to the
council house . . . [a male dancer became increasingly frenetic] I thought at times it was
time I was getting out, especially when he began to get close to me and the eyes of many
were turned to me. ãometimes also he brandished a knife. . . The assuring glances of
Kokhlik . . . made me feel more at ease.

1893, 08, 06. [Kit.] ãun. Had talk with Kokhlik.

1893, 08, 08. Had supper (Kokhlik with us).

Afterwards Kokhlik made up his drum. Big dance and medicine-making tonight. All who
can dress up in their fine clothes and sally forth to ›

in their best.

1893, 08, 10. Big dance going on. Boys came in later and described how Kokhlik and
Toweachiuk went through performances as loons.

1893, 08, 22. I had Kokhlik the chief in to dinner, and asked him if he would let his boy
[Kalukotok] come with me to the fort for the winter. He said he would speak to his wife,
as she had adopted him [from her daughter, the wife of young chief Takochikina]. After
dinner his wife said she was willing.

1893, 08, 23. After breakfast the chiefs called me into Kokhlik's tent to take account of
those who received tea and tobacco in debt. After that I had cup of tea with them.

1893, 08, 24. I had a talk with Kokhlik about the boy I am taking with me, and then we
left.

IOã2

Then a man came from the main village saying that the chief, Kokhlik, was waiting for
me and wished me to go on there. ão we went on to the village and were met by a great
crowd of men and women and children. Then I had to go through a great handshaking
process. ãome were shy and held back. They have hardly got into the way of shaking
hands yet.Äell we got through that and then we pitched our tent next the chief's, right in
the centre of the village and here we have been ever since.

IOã2
Äe reached the village on Aug. 3rd. Äe were welcomed by the chief Kokhlik and a
crowd of Huskies at the beach. As we approached I heard them singing swatches of a
hymn I had taught some of them at the Fort.

ãome of the ones I passed on the way to the centre of the village, where the chief was,
insisted on my going to shore to see them. But the chief sent a man in a ›
› to hurry
me up lest I should decide to camp with them. As we went into the little bay or channel
on which the village is situated it was quite windy and the Huskies said they expected to
see us go down. Äe took a lot of water in the canoe but got safely in. I pitched my tent
right beside Kokhlik's in the centre of the village and there I stayed for three weeks.

I am taking a boy up to the Fort with me. His name is Kalukotok and [he] is an adopted
son of the chief (Kokhlik) and a real son of another chief, Takochikina. I hope through
him to learn something more of the language.

IOã2

Let me assure you that there are some fine people amongst them. The chief, Kokhlik, is a
gentleman after his manner. There are many kind-hearted people and in fact I think there
is some redeeming feature about almost all these natives if you can only find it. I admit
that it is sometimes hard to find. But they are good material to work on.

IOã10

Reached Kittigagzyooit (the Husky illage) on the 3rd of August. As we approached I

could hear them singing one of the hymns they learned here in the summer. It was
blowing hard but their singing could be heard above the storm. Then they cheered and the
first party we came to insisted on our going ashore to see them.

Then a message was bought from the chief-Kokhlik-across the channel that he was
waiting for me. Ähen we reached there we received a hearty reception and a general
hand-shaking took place. I pitched my tent beside the chief¶s (Kokhlik) right in the centre
of the village ..

10
IOã to Bishop Reeve, Letter of 1894, 01, [nd], from McP.
The chief, Kokhlik, was very kind to me, and sometimes when it was cold in my tent I
would sit in his camp by the fire and I got to feel quite at home there. ãeveral spoke to
me about building a house and said they would help me. I had a talk with the three chiefs
about it and next summer if all goes well I shall build some sort of a den. Of course it will
be after the fashion of the Huskies¶ homes and nothing very elaborate. It would be much
better to have some sort of a house (in which I could have a fire) to live in while there. A
tent is all right in warm weather, but it is miserable in cold.

On August 24th all prepared to leave for the different hunting grounds. Our party came up
the river about fifty miles to hunt deer and I came with them. I took with me a boy
belonging to the chief. They did not care to let him go and I did not urge it. But they said
I could have him for this winter. ão Kalukotok came with me. He is about fifteen years
old and a good all round specimen of an Eskimo.

IOã2

One of the things that encourages me the most is that I have a real live Husky boy living
with me and that his friends were willing that he should come with me. It seems hard for
the Huskies to part with a boy. I felt that it would be hard to get one.

The priest tried to get different ones this last summer and the summer before, but failed.

I asked the chief Kokhlik (who adopted the boy) if he would let him come with me for
this winter. He said his wife (who is the boy¶s aunt) was master of the boy, but he would
speak to her. The next day she told me with tears in her eyes that I might have the boy for
this winter. It would be hard to part with him, she said, but she knew it was for the best
and she could not refuse this, the first request I had made of them. ão it was decided that
Kalukotok should come with me. [27]

1894 spring
Stringer went north in the Delta, taking calukotok along,
and found the cukpugmiut at Iglogzyooit in the Easter Channel,
between Tununiak and cittigazuit.

IOã letter2.
[Letter sent from McPherson in early May]. I hope to stay with the Huskies till the river
breaks up and then to go with the chief wherever he goes, and come up with him [to
McPherson] in his boat in June. He has invited me to visit them and I am restless to be
amongst them again. My boy, Kalukotok, goes with me.

IOã letter2(

Äe started [from Fort McPherson] on May 14, and took just a week to reach the
Eskimos. They were encamped on the river, about a day up from their winter village,
which is also their summer village (Kittigagzyooit).

It did one good to see how hearty they were in their welcome. As soon as they saw who it
was one chief [Takochikina] and the wife of the other [Kokhlik] (who was off hunting)
came running out at full speed to meet us.

This time I think it was no mere curiosity or love of gain that prompted them in their
welcome, but a real hospitable feeling of pleasure.

The chief, Kokhlik, had sent me in the winter a hearty invitation to visit them this spring,
so of course I went to his tent and have been with him ever since . . .

I am very glad that I made this trip, and I think it won¶t be lost time.

The chief, Kokhlik, is a fine man and had done much to make the visit pleasant²
providing me with the best of everything that could be obtained.

By living with him I have not been bothered as much as usual with requests for all sorts
of things. The requests would have been mostly useless anyway and I suppose they knew
it, for I took very little with me.

ãtringer moved into Kokhlik¶s tent, where the chief and his wife paid him much
attrention, but it was not because they wanted to learn Christian ways. Rather, they hoped
ãtringer would function as a trader and live as such in their midst. The missionary had
several times visited the whalers at Herschel Island and the two hundred Nunatagmiut
(Alaskan Inuit) who had since 1890 come to work for them. ão that raised concern for the
Kukpugmiut, as he might settle among the Nunatagmiut rather than themselves.
 IOã diary

1894, 05, 20. [As we arrived at Iglogzyooit] Takochikina and Kokhlik¶s


› [wives]
came out to meet us, running as fast as they could as soon as they saw who we were.
ãhook hands all around and it was a real pleasure to meet all the old faces. They seemed
pleased to see me. I went into Kokhlik¶s (the chief¶s) tent and soon many crowded in and
asked questions and chatted away at a fearful rate. I had . . . fresh meat and tea. . . .
Kokhlik is off hunting deer. . . . [He] came home while I slept.

1894, 05, 24. Kokhlik is very attentive to me. . . . I find living with the Huskies much
better than if I were in a tent of my own. I am not much bothered by requests. I have
more time to myself; no hangers-on to kill the time uselessly, and I learn more of the
language and the customs of the people. It is not unpleasant living with them and I
haven¶t been troubled with vermin yet.

Kokhlik told me I was just like a 

Ô


. He says that George Greenland does not
understand the 

Ô


 language. As I write he and his wife are watching me
attentively.

He tells me in answer to my wish to learn their language and to teach them, that some
were saying that if I were to bring tea, sugar, and tobacco that they would do all they
could to help and learn.I tried to tell him that I was not a big [trading] master and did not
come for that purpose. I hope they saw it [i.e. understood it]. I asked where I would get
all these and he said he didn¶t know. It was only what others said, not he.

Alcohol

At Iglogzyooit ãtringer observed the effect of liquor brought by Nuntagmiut from the
whalers at Herschel Island. The liquor was used in trade or to obtain permission to hunt
in the area.

1894, 05, 25. Three sleds came . . . they brought whiskey. I saw three bottles in our tent.
As I write they are beginning to drink and feel a little lively. Kokhlik gave me his rifle to
keep, apparently feeling his irresponsibility. . . [He told me,] just before beginning to
drink, that the Kookpugmioots would never drink too much. The Noonatagmioots might,
but they would never. Dear me! . . . Kokhlik behaved with dignity even though he drank
some. Tonight he says he is never going to drink anymore. I hope he will keep his
resolution.

1894, 05, 26. ãun. Most of the men seem to be working some. I told them it was ãunday,
but Kokhlik says that they are in such a hurry to get away from here that they want to
work at their boats and canoes.

1894, 05, 28. Had a good deal of singing and reading with some men who were in. Ate
flour soup with them. They seemed much interested²Kokhlik especially. Ähen I read
the 10 Commandments he asked me if the captains at Herschel Island knew them and if
so, why they did not keep them. . .

Ähile eating, I heard that Kokhlik was going to leave [for Tununiak] . . . ãtarted out 8
p.m. Äe had twelve sleds including mine, which brought up the rear. Two

›, three
›
›, half a dozen front quarters of deer meat, whale blubber and meat, tents, and all
the accoutrements of two families and myself were packed on. My four dogs were put
ahead.

Kokhlik¶s wife went ahead and called the dogs. The other wife [belonging to another
man] took the leading line. I was not given a line, but was told to drive my dogs only. Äe
had a sail on the front sled, and as we had a fair strong breeze it helped us greatly.

The men and boys were harnessed to lines, and ten dogs were hitched along the sides.
ãtill, the load was heavy and we went slowly.

1894, 05, 31. Kokhlik decided to start for Toononiak . . . Kalukotok and I took the sleds
with the dogs on the ice, and the others went in the oomeak.

1894, 06, 01. [Tun] Kokhlik killed about 40 geese, the others not so many. . . Had prayers
with several men in evening, and told them tomorrow was ãunday. They could not give
up the hunting tomorrow, though, and said that if I did not work it was good and right,
but they thought they would have to work. They would not work on ãunday at the Fort
[McP], but here they seemed to think it was all right. Kokhlik said they did not
understand yet, but after a while they would keep ãunday.

1894, 06, 02. ãun. [Tun] Kokhlik came home . . . and reported killing many geese.
1894, 06, 05. [Eastern Delta, two days s. of Tununiak] Came to the first pines. Just before
this is a place where Kokhlik told me a tribe, now extinct, lived long ago. . . [Äe camped
further upriver] Äe have a good bare spot, and have Kokhlik¶s new tent up.

1894, 06, 09. ãun.. Kokhlik and I went up on the hills and had a good view of the river.
Opposite us the ice in the center of the two large rivers which we can see is still intact,
but further up it is broken, and still further up there is open water.

1894, 06, 12. Kokhlik got a good deal of ›à Ô roots today, and I relished them.

1894, 06, 16. ãun. ãaw a beaver. . . . Kokhlik . . . speared him.

1894, 06, 17. Two boats²Mimegnuk¶s and Kokhlik¶s²kept on in Central Channel.

1894, 06, 20. Found a goose nest with four eggs (grey goose). These Huskies do not eat
eggs on account of some superstition. They think they would be sick if they did.
However, Angochinaong, after asking his father¶s [i.e. Kokhlik¶s] permission, ate some
[ed.
after ãtringer had fried them].

1894, 06, 21. [Upper Delta] Kokhlik and Angochinaong shot several grey geese and
killed several rats. Came to Central Channel again.

1894, 06, 23. ãun. [Lower Peel River] Camped at Nelson Fishery . . . Kokhlik got one
tremendous fish, more than a yard long.

1894 summer at McPherson:

cokhlik and his people rejected the Catholic priest

IOã diary

1894, 06, 27. [McP] Down to Kokhlik¶s tent.

1894, 07, 02. [McP] He [Kokhlik] and some others came into the archdeacon¶s room and
told us that they had determined not to go to the Roman Catholic mission any more [as
the priest had lost his temper with them]. . .

1894, 07, 03. [McP] Had chat with Kokhlik.

1894, 07, 06. [McP] Before Eskimo prayers I was down to Kokhlik¶s camp and had flour
and beans with him.
 IOã letter 2(

This spring a number of Eskimos came here as usual. The archdeacon and I have been
doing what we can to teach them.

George Greenland has not been as satisfactory as one would wish. A week ago ãunday he
got them to attend the priest¶s service.

The priest told them when he would the bell the next day, those who wished to be saved
were to come.

Äell, next day when he rang the bell none came and when a few stragglers happened in
after a while he became angry, tore an Eskimo book in pieces and threw it into the fire,
saying that was the way the Eskimos would be burned if they went on as they were going
(meaning, I suppose, coming to our mission).

The Eskimos were frightened.

But while this [p. 9] was going on the chief (Kokhlik) and several others came over and
told the archdeacon and me that they had decided not to be on the fence any more and
would have nothing more to do with the priests.

Then the frightened Eskimos came in and described the scene with the priest. [8]

Ähittaker2(

Ed.
This is hearsay²Ähittaker did not arrive at McPherson until July 1895

Ähen the Eskimos came to Peel River they encamped, as usual, along the shore, below
the high bank. Père Lefebvre went among them, inviting them to a service at their
mission, saying the bell would ring [and] then everyone must come. Ähen the bell rang,
no one responded. After a reasonable time, the chief Kakalik and his wife went up to see
what the priest would say. He [i.e. Father Lefebvre] flew into a rage, and taking some
paper he crushed it and threw it in the fire, saying ³If the Eskimos do not come to my
service to learn about God, they will all be put in the fire and burn up like that paper.´

This exhibition of temper did not impress the chief, except to make him hostile. He left
the priest, and going to Mr. ãtringer, related what had occurred, and said his people
would henceforth listen to his (Mr. ãtringer¶s) teaching. He also told the priest not to visit
the Eskimo settlement again, as he could not be responsible for his safety. The warning
was heeded, and shortly after the Roman mission at McPherson was removed to Arctic
Red River, and devoted exclusively to the Indians of that region. No serious attempt was
again made by them to reach the Eskimos for many years. [p. 4]

Ähile in this case [i.e. the confrontation with Father Lefebvre] the chief spoke for his
people, he had in reality no authority over them²rather, an influence as a man of
substance and of judgment, also as being a subtrader of the Hudson¶s Bay Company. [p.
4b]

During all the early years of our work, the Eskimos regarded us with scant confidence.
The incident of Chief Kakilik¶s preference for Mr. ãtringer¶s presence and teaching over
that of the priest, about 1894, was the first expression of confidence. [p. B70 or aa]

)
 - .   
3"/!"#

At the very time that victory for the Anglican side seemed in hand, Kokhlik was deeply
offended by a social slight at Fort McPherson. He had let his son Kalukotok live at the
mission an entire winter, but when he approached the mission one evening, he was told
by one of its native assistants that he could not go in because the mission people were
eating. From then on, he stayed cool toward the Christian faith, though he always
remained courteous toward ãtringer.

cokhlik offended

1894, 07, 14. [McP] Had Eskimos up to church. All present but Kokhlik, who seemed to
be buffed because Äm. ãmith told him not to come over to the mission because we were
eating. . . . I spoke on the liquor subject.
 That summer at cittigazuit:
cokhlik made Stringer adhere to Inuit rules.

IOã

1894, 08, 07. Kokhlik¶s son Angochinaong was very ill.

1894, 08, 09. Called to see Kokhlik.

1894, 08, 12. ãun. The Huskies spent a good part of the time drinking tea. Kokhlik
treated them to it.

1894, 08, 13. Peter [i.e. Peter Tsul, ãtringer¶s Gwich¶in employee] started to make net for
Kokhlik. I spoke about starting to build a small house for myself, as they had mentioned
it yesterday. Kokhlik said they never cut logs while whaling as they were afraid of being
sick, and besides they would not catch whales. . . I suppose it appears a matter of
importance to them and it seems wise not to offend their consciences.

1894, 08, 15. Kokhlik and several others in my tent talking.

1894, 08, 17. As Kokhlik was ready to go out after whales today, I was about to walk
between his kaiyak and the water when he stopped me, saying that the Huskies did not do
that, as it would be bad luck.

1894, 08, 18. The two chiefs, Kokhlik and Takochikina, were in my tent and were asking
about my house. I said I wished to begin it soon, only they objected.[Eventually] They
said I might go on with it, so long as I did not put the clay on. ão after dinner I began
digging holes for the posts . . . ãome [Eskimos] objected . . . The whales would not come
or be killed, they said. I quoted Kokhlik and they at once quieted down.

1894, 08, 20. It seems that Tegekchina was working at some iron work²-a spear or
something²and was told not to, as they object to it while they are whaling. Kokhlik
(chief) also told him not to, but he still persisted in it, and Kokhlik became very much
excited and ran out with his knife and ripped up Tegekchina¶s canoe cover. Takochikina
told us that Kokhlik was loading up his rifle when the women called him and he took the
rifle from Kokhlik. I did not see any of the performance.

1894, 08, 22. Gave out a good deal of medicine. Following is a partial list.
Two cases of 

(syphilis)²-four blue pills to be taken two at a time several days
apart. Lotion of sulphate of copper to be applied to ulcers (Kokhlik and Owinachiuk¶s
wife). Three cases of 



› (itch) . . . (Taligoak¶s wife; Kaloomina, and Nunoona).

1895 spring.
cokhlik had been living in a house at Herschel Island
and left for Tununiak and the annual spring journey south through the Delta.

1895, 04, 19. [HI] Had service with Eskimos in house where Kokhlik lives.

1895, 04, 23. [HI] Kokhlik and 4 or 5 other Kookpugmioot started for Toonooniak. 5 or 6
sleds from the ships also started for the same place to get meat.

1895, 05, 30. [Tun] Reached the village and were led up to Kokhlik¶s tent.

[Are citations re cokhlik from the spring journey missing here? Check!]

Stringer did not mention cokhlik in the 1895 summer at McPherson, and it seems
the chief stayed away. [check!]

1895 summer at citigazuit

ãtringer had put up a mission hut the prior year, and left logs inside for further building²
and these were missing when he returned.

1895, 08, 09. Chats with both chiefs [Kokhlik and Takochikina].

1895, 08, 13. Paid Kokhlik off for trousers etc. Kokhlik said the people took the wood
from the [mission] house last winter when he was away. He and others promised that no
wood would be taken again. Eight logs are left inside the house.

The 1896 summer at McPherson

Ähittaker2(
Kŏkilikh, the chief, and one or two more families came today, not having been to Red
River [where the Oblate priests run a mission and trading post]

The 1896 Summer at citigazuit

ãAã

1896, 08, 03. Äent up to council house where the chief and many men were working
away making instruments of all kinds which they use. All were dressed in fur suits turned
inside out. All seemed pleased to see me. The chief and his brother did not partake in the
feast but kept on at their work.

His wife soon brought a fish on a stick (the way in which it had been roasted). He held
out a small smooth log and it was then placed on that. He went at it with all his fingers
and in a dextrous manner partook of as much as he needed then passed on the log with
rem[ainder] to his brother. He ate what he needed and then passed the rest to one of the
men. He finished it without the slightest trouble and gave the bones to a dog and her pups
who were in the corner of the council house.

IOã

1896, 08, 03. Äe three [Isaac and ãadie ãtringer and Charles Ähittaker] went to council
house and shook hands with all there. About 20 men in council house. Kokhlik the chief
and Kooatook in center.

1896, 08, 05. Kokhlik asked if we would allow our boat to bring in some whales and
Ähittaker took it out accompanied by three boys.

1896, 08, 06. Kokhlik¶s wife gave me another fin off the whale brought in.

cokhlik·s drunken rage

IOã

1896, 08, 14. A Noonatagmioot, Amegnuk . . . arrived with liquor . . . ãoon the chief,
Kokhlik, came up to our house with a whiskey bottle in his hand. He was under the
influence of liquor and sat down beside me and asked for a pipe from me. He made a
great harangue, telling us that he had taken liquor, but was not drunk. In the meantime he
had handed the bottle to Ähittaker. In it there was still about a spoonful of liquor, which
Ähittaker emptied on the ground.

The chief, seeing this, became very much enraged, seized the bottle, and broke it with
two crashes over the fire poles, asked why we did that, and showed his rage in an
unmistakable manner. It was in vain to explain that the chief had apparently given the
bottle to Ähittaker. He stormed away ferociously, ordered us away from this place, never
to return again. His wife came in then and tried to quiet him, but this seemed to make him
worse.

Before this his maledictions were rather general, but now he applied himself more
particularly to Ähittaker²came up close to him, said he was not afraid, and Ähittaker
said coolly neither was he afraid. Kokhlik spoke of using knives to settle the matter and
looked around for a knife. Ähittaker said no. The chief said ³guns, then,´ and rushed for
Ähittaker¶s tent to get his rifle. Ähittaker stood in front of his tent and then a struggle
ensued. The tent fell down. Ähit got the chief over against the post and got his arms
around the chief and the post and held him. The chief gave his labret to his wife and then
struggled to get free.

I then called for some men who were standing outside the council house looking towards
our house. They were about 75 or 100 yards away, but in less than a minute they were
with us and half a dozen of them seized the chief and held him. He struggled and raged
and called out
Ô › Ô
etc. several times. They took down some of the house poles
and bore him out on their shoulders, he pounding them with his fists and struggling to get
free.

After about five minutes he and the young chief, his son-in-law Takochikina, returned
alone. He was subdued then, and assured Mrs. ã. and me that he had only the kindest
feelings towards us. After a while he enquired for Ähittaker, who had retired down the
hill, as both the Huskies and I thought it was well for him to be out of sight till the chief¶s
crazy fit should assuage a little.
The women showed great sympathy for Mrs. ãtringer and told her not be afraid. I had
told her to go into the tent and when the chief heard she was frightened (which certainly
she did not show) he became a little subdued.

Then the chief went to her tent and seemed very sympathetic and he then went out and he
and Ähittaker met. They made up friends²shook hands²the chief shook hands with me
and then he said it was settled and he returned to his tent . . .

The chief¶s wife and daughter sent us over presents of fish and whale fin during
afternoon.

ãAã

1896, 08, 14. ãome Huskies of another tribe [Nunatagmiut] arrived with liquor and gave
to the chief, Koklik, which he partook of freely and on finishing the bottle he came up to
our igloo with an empty whiskey bottle in his hand and staggering some. He handed the
bottle to Mr. Ähittaker as we were all sitting around the fire and sat down beside Mr. ã.
and asked for a pipe. Ähile this was transpiring Mr. Ä. emptied the bottle which
contained the remains of perhaps a spoon-full on the ground. This enraged the chief and
he grabbed the bottle and dashed it into a thousand with two vicious strokes on our fire
pole and asked why he did that. It was in vain we tried to explain that Mr. Ä. thought he
gave him the bottle and as he did not want the whiskey he emptied it. He [Koklik]
stormed away and told us all to leave the place, never to return. It was a most exciting
time. He then wanted Mr. Ä.. to fight with knives and I think if he had had one in his
hand at that moment he would not have though twice about using it. Ähen a Husky is
under the influence of liquor their wives usually take their large knives etc. away from
them and they had done so in this case, for the chief always carries a knife. Ähen Mr. Ä.
told him he would not fight him with knives he started up to Mr. Ä.¶s tent to get his rifle
and wanted to fight with rifles then. The uppermost thought in a Husky mind when he is
angry is to kill the opponent and if at that time he had [had] a knife or a rifle he would
have taken life. Mr. Ä. caught him to pull him away from the tent to prevent his getting
the rifle, and then Mr. ã. called for the Huskies who where standing near the council
house. ãeveral ran immediately and they caught him and took him away. Then Mr. Ä.
was advised by Mr. ã. and some Huskies to get out of his sight for a while which he did.
The chief came back soon after and wanted to see him again. The Husky wives were very
sympathetic with me and told the chief I was afraid. Ähen he heard this he calmed down
some and told me that he would not kill me nor Mr. ã., as Mr. ã. was a good friend of
his.11 ãoon after he asked for Mr. Ä. and said he would like to make up friends. Mr. Ä.
then came to him and he [Koklik] said he did not want to kill him and shook hands with
him. [Then he] came to our igloo again and said it was all right and went home. The
Huskies in most of day and we sat around fire with them. Retired but did not know what
might develop next.

Ähittaker2(r

1896. An Eskimo of the Alaskan tribe desired to hunt in this territory, and as an offering,
brought to the chief Kakilik a bottle a whiskey, than which was no more acceptable gift.
The chief and a crony lay off work to enjoy it. In the afternoon his majesty came up to the
mission camp, with the empty bottle in his hand, and delivered it to the doctor, as the
junior missionary was called, as he carried the medicine chest, and undertook medical
cases. The latter, receiving the bottle as a future medicine container, decanted the few
drops remaining in the ashes of the camp fire.

The fat was in the fire. The chief suddenly became a murderous maniac, offering to fight
with knives, axes, guns, or whatnot, that he might kill his offender. He had to be seized
and led away, until his friends came and led him away. His passion soon subsided,
however, and he returned shortly to make reconciliation. But his temper was short and
outrageous.

Ordinarily he was a wise and reasonable and friendly man. He was the husband of one
wife, where polygamy was common, fond of his children, loyal to and careful for his
people. His temper caused us anxious moments in after years.

ãAã

1896, 08, 17. Chief Koklik came to our tent and told us he would be glad to see us come
again and said the liquor made him angry, but he was not angry since and did not wish to
kill any of us.
11
The day¶s diary continues in ³Memorandum´ section, page 1.
 IOã

1896, 08, 17. Kokhlik the chief came over to have a talk with us in our tent. He spoke
about things in general. I referred to Ähittaker visiting them in the winter, and he said
that he would be glad to have him come²that only the other day he was angry because
he had liquor, etc. This visit was apparently quite satisfactory all around.

Spring 1897 at Tununiak

(Stringer·s seventh visit with the cukpugmiut)

1897, 05, 16. ãun. Kokhlik the chief and his party arrived about 11 a.m.

1897, 05, 17. Kokhlik called, and seemed quite friendly. [He] invited us to move camp
close to his camp, as he had plenty of meat. . . in evening [we] moved our tent across
river to other side near Kokhlik's.

1897, 05, 18. Kokhlik in all morning²talking etc.

1897, 05, 27. Thought of going hunting, but I gave Kokhlik my gun and he went off.

1897, 05, 28. Äord came in that Kokhlik wanted a sled to bring home geese. ão Äill
Young and I drove the dogs to where Kokhlik was. He had killed 31 geese and 1 swan.
This was near Ko—vik on large central channel about 6 or 8 miles from Toononiak.

1897, 05, 29. ãat. Kokhlik wanted me to give him my shotgun for tomorrow, but I
refused and told him he could have it after ãunday was over.

Spring 1897
The journey south from Tununiak to McPherson

1897, 06, 02. Two boats went together
Kokhlik's with his family and Munoona¶s wife
and child, in all eleven persons including myself; Tayagwachiuk's boat was the other . . .
Most of the men went in their canoes.

1897, 06, 05. Our tent is pitched on spot where a Husky died some time ago. His tent
poles and other apparatus are here and Kokhlik said not to burn them. . .
1897, 06, 18. Chief's wife was pretty ill and the chief [Kokhlik] came on board to make
medicine, [which included] giving some medicine I gave him before.

Fort McPherson
Summer 1897

IOã

1897, 06, 30. Kokhlik the chief [called].

1897, 07, 07. Kokhlik . . . was in several times.

The 1898 fall

Ceremonies were performed to remove a 
 , a spirit responsible for illness,
from cokhlik·s mother and his wife.

That fall, a ceremony had been performed to rid Kokhlik¶s wife of a Ô
›, a spirit that
was thought responsible for their illness. His mother, too, was subjected to the procedure,
though its timing is not as clear.

coklik·s motherhÑ
Ñ

ãtefansson

There was at Kittegaryuit a performance to free Karlik¶s mother, who was sick, of a
Ô
›. This was during the dark days of winter.

cokhlik·s wife
(as told by Guninana)xx

ãtefansson
The wife of Karlik was sick. ãeveral shamans had been consulted and all agreed she had
a Ô
›12 and would not get well while she had it.13

A man¶s complete suit of clothes . . . was sewn. Ähen this was ready, a young man (not a
shaman) was selected to wear the suit, then given the name ³Ô
›´ and was so
addressed by everybody. This was done when all the grown people . . . and some of the
children had gathered in the house of the sick woman.

The ceremony began after dark. This was during the sunless days. ãome ceremony was
performed . . . to induce the Ô
› to leave the sick woman and enter the clothes, but not
the person, of the one called Ô
›. At daylight the young man stripped off the Ô
›
suit and it was burned. In this burning the Ô
› was burned to death.

The woman improved but was not quite cured. ãhe lived several years . . . she would
probably have died soon but for the removing of the Ô
› that possessed her.

In November 1898 Isaac ãtringer, in need of food at Herschel Island, headed east for
Tuktoyuktok and the Eskimo Lakes so as to buy meat from Kokhlik..

IOã22

1898, 11, 18. I expect to see Kokhlik in a few days. His wife is better, I hear.

IOã diary

1898, 11, 21. [Tuk] At this place there are two wooden houses and a ›

. . . I decided
to dip inland here to where Kokhlik lived.

1898, 11, 23. [ãoutheast corner of Amagzyook, one of the Eskimo Lakes] Came to where
Angochinaong and Munoona's boy were cutting dog meat off an old deer carcass. Äe
went on with them three or four miles and met Kokhlik grousing and reached his house . .
. where we met the women. They have a sod house supported by poles. The trees grow

12
Four months earlier, people had been very vague when ã aked about Ô
›s
³The word
Ô
› seems to have been introduced by missionaries in the Mackenzie District and our Eskimo
do not know just what it means.´ [AMNH, 1911, 12, 06, p. 333] [Missing from P.]
13
Despite this detailed description of means whereby a Ô
› was killed, ã elsewhere reports
that ³The word Ô
› seems to have been introduced by missionaries in the Mackenzie District
and our Eskimo do not know just what it means.´ AMNH, 1911, 12, 06, p. 333. Missing from P.
within 10 or 15 miles of here. This is on a small river emptying the salt-water lakes and
the flow and ebb of the sea is so great and swift that the ice here is only a few inches
thick. They have some meat and we had four meals in as many hours. They seemed very
glad to see me and we had a pleasant time together. They complain of the Indians hunting
on their ground. Last summer they [the Indians] went right to Tooktooyaktook and
slaughtered the deer for the sake of the skins. Cold house²you can see your breath all
the time²but it is comfortable after one gets accustomed to it.

1898, 11, 24. [From Eskimo lakes en route north to Tuktoyuktok] Äe crossed 6 lakes and
stopped on the seventh and I returned to help Kokhlik along, but I found he had camped
in Avaootuk's snowhouse. ão I went back and Kooblooalook and I pitched our tent on the
ice.

1898, 11, 25. [Tuk] Kokhlik arrived . . . There was a dance on at night. I slept in
Kokhlik's snowhouse, which I helped to build, there being about a dozen working at it. . .
Kokhlik and his wife returned from the dance about 1 a.m..

1898, 11, 28. [Tuk] ãtopped in Kokhlik's snowhouse.

1899
Summer at McPherson

IOã

1899, 06, 21. Kokhlik and party arrived.

1899, 07, 01. Kokhlik and other Huskies in to dinner.

1899, 07, 04. Kokhlik and his wife were in for a long time.

A murder sanctioned by the chiefs/

Ähittaker22

14
Ähittaker says it occurred ³about 1900´; it is also mentioned by George Mitchell, a would-be
Klondike miner,
who came through McPherson in 1898 and 1899.
About 1900 a young man named Ilena got drunk on every possible occasion, and in his
cups showed signs of violence. The people were afraid of him. The head men conferred,
and decided he was a potential murderer. Two men were appointed for the execution.
Ilena was away hunting. The two men went to meet him on his return; walking with him,
they suddenly plunged their hunting knives in his back, covered his body with sticks and
stones, and returned. ãome wifeless man immediately took his widow. Possibly the
entire camp observed the four days cessation of labour customary at a death. It was a
judicial act, for the safety of the community.

1900
Summer at McPherson

IOã

1900, 07, 10-11 More Huskies left and now only Kokhlik and son and Keachookchook
and [their] families are left to meet the steamer.

1900, 07, 16. Takochikina, wife, and two children come with us [to Kit] instead of
waiting for Kokhlik.

1900, 07, 17. [At Mudlook] Kokhlik's boat had passed us while we slept. They had left
Peel River . . . and came here without camping. . . . There were four boats here already
and eight tents besides ours²Kokhlik and Angochinaong in their big clinkerhead boat,
Tayagwachiuk and Akouyuk, Tokotok [check], and Kooatok and Mukalook . . . In all
there were forty persons including ourselves.

1900, 07, 21. [At Kiktokalook] Here are camped Kokhlik and Angochinaong, Mimegnuk,
and Tegekchina, Tayagwachiuk, Niodlaguna, Akouyuk, Kooatook, Naipuktoona,
Mukalook, and their families. They left Kittigagzyooit because the smell was so bad and
many were sick last summer.Took . . . photos . . . of Kokhlik at work.

1900, 07, 23. [Kiktokalook] I feel that the Huskies are no nearer to accepting our religion
than they ever were. Kooatook and Kokhlik it seems a second wife each and they do not
regard ãunday apparently much more than they did years ago. I feel completely
discouraged.
 )

 .  ' 0     ' 

 c

'    '
0'  ',

Ähittaker22

[HI] During the first winter [1901-1902], besides the natives resident on the Island, a
considerable band came in from the Mackenzie, being short on supplies and spent several
months. The sealing was very poor, and soon the food supply became very meagre. Our
stores were limited, and bought largely on credit. The Eskimos traded their furs until
none were left. Äe fed them on all abandoned ships¶ stores, to eke out their hunting.

Toward spring the temper of the visiting band was very uncertain. Hunger was making
them desperate. Äe were three [adults], with two children; they were forty or more men,
beside women and children. They were minded to take by force what we could not spare,
as we had no source of supply before next August.

One evening some twenty men were sitting in the schoolroom, adjoining our living room.
The old chief Kakilik was among them. Presently he called Mr. Young out, and took him
by the throat, to enforce the demand for goods and food. Any show of resistance might
have been fatal.

Mr. Young managed to separate the chief from his band, and retreat with him to our
living room. Here, with much persuasion, we pacified him, and shortly afterward, he and
his band, furnished with actual necessities, left for their boats somewhere in the Delta.

Their departure was a great relief, not only to the mission, but to the resident Eskimos.
Äith these latter, we never had any trouble during all the years from the beginning.

Äill Young22(
(ãadie ãtringer¶s uncle)15

15
Äill, a bachelor, came north in 1896 with ãadie after her Ontario marriage toIsaac ãtringer,
lived with them at Fort McPherson until the next summer, when all three, along with the
1902, 01, 02. Oowaywookwyak [Ovayoak, Kokhlik¶s nephew, and a prominent
Kukpugmiuk] came to the island.

1902, 01, 09. The chief [Kokhlik} and his family came in . . . . . . and the chief¶s son and
the son¶s wife all got here early in the morning.

1902, 01, 13. The chief¶s brother was in wanting a sack of flour on time [i.e. on credit,
promising go pay for it later] but did not get it[,] was not pleased.

1902, 01, 22. Mr. Ä. and I took some back fat and some deer meat to the ice house. I
drew two loads of ice. Ähile we were at supper the chief was in the school room and
upset one of the forms twice and then called for me to go out.

Ähen I got through with supper I went out to see what he wanted. He walked up to me
and tried to catch me by the throat but I shoved his hand back. Then he got a hold of me
and shoved me back and then Mr. and Mrs. Ähittaker persuaded him to stop. ão he let
me go and went home.

He was angry we with me because I wouldn¶t give him some backfat.

1902, 02, 20. Ockpollick and the chief were in in the morning. Ockpollock wanted some
of Capt. McKenna¶s flour.

1902, 02, 25. One of the Kogmollocks came from ãhingle Point. He had his wife with
him.

1902, 03, 04. The chief¶s son went up the river for some meat. He took up the end parts
of the boat frame with him.

1902, 03, 20. The chief¶s son got back with his meat.

1902, 03, 22. The chief¶s son wanted a kayak. Äe would not let them have one and they
were not pleased.

ãtringer¶s new baby Rowena moved to the whaling station at Herschel Island, where they set up
the Anglican mission in the Pacific ãteam Ähaling Company¶s main building, and looked after
its supply depot for whalers and its fur-trade post for native. Ähen the ãtringers went south in
1901, Young stayed behind to assist the Rev. Charles Ähittaker, who with his wife and child
moved in at that point. He left the next year. His diary is an endless listing of daily chores carried
out, but in between there is occasional valuable information about the Inuit..
1902, 03, 28. Otoyook and Monixchook came in with some meat. The natives wanted to
get into the sled to see what he had on his sled but Mr. Ä. strongly objected.

1902, 04, 02. The chief[,] his brother and their families went away today.

Four years later the story was slightly distorted

when Roxy, a cukpugmiuk, told it to V. Stefansson.

ãtefansson22(

Attempt to kill Ähittaker
A Husky whom Roxy names went into Ä.¶s store house to see
what stores he had. Ä. ordered him out roughly.]

)
c

 

1902
cokhlik·s death, and that of seven of his household of eleven,
during a ´black measlesµ epidemic

Ähittaker22(

This summer of 1902 is notable for the disastrous epidemic of measles which scourged
our region. The Eskimos contracted the infection at McPherson in June, brought it to
Herschel in July, thence it spread it along the coast eastward. [In] ãpite of every care we
could give them, over thirty cases developed pneumonia, and died at Herschel or nearby,
and a larger number in the Delta, and along the coast, including many of those who had
been troublesome last winter.

ãome of the Inland natives [Nunatagmiut] gave vent to their feelings, saying ³The bad
old Eskimos are all dead now.´ And indeed a different spirit seemed henceforth to
animate those who escaped. They were much more interested in and attentive to

16
It may be that ãtefannson understood the trade lingo incompletely (he had only just arrived in
the North) or that his dislike of missionaries made him report it this way.
The Kukpugmiut try to Kill Ähittaker
at Herschel Island
teaching, more tractable in relationships, and more reasonable in their dealings with the
mission.

Mr. Jones was very helpful during this epidemic, in assisting the natives to make rough
coffins to dispose of their dead. Our baby had by this time become so ill, I had little time
to spare to the natives for other than medical attendance, Mrs. Ähittaker being also ill at
the same time. Cecil died Aug. 24th, and Äinnie was born ãept. 2nd.

Arctic Red River Codex 22(

1902, 10, 05. Des sauvages en revenant d¶Herschel Island nous apportent la grippe et
nous y passons tous.

ãtefansson22(

Roxy [tells that] . . .Kax'alik, became chief and remained so until six years (?) ago, when
he and seven other members of his household of eleven died of the black measles, among
others his two wives17 and his eldest son. A young son lived who was too young to be
made chief; besides, he did not want the post. [AMNH, 168]

Arctic Red River Codex

1903, 07, 08. Arrivée du dernier bateau Esq. On confirme la nouvelle de la mort de la
majorité des Esquimaux par la rougeole.

17
Note that a decade later, when ãtefannsson fluently spoke the Inuit language and had as
informants young women who had visited events, he said that one of the wives survived. It may
also be that Roxy was not as reliable a source as he thought.
 %% '2
4   'c



cokhlik 2, who was sick in 1892 at coowachuk, (immediately adjacent to

cittigazuit, across a small changed) probably died of tuberculosis the next year.

IOã

1893, 08, 19. [Koowachuk] ãick man (Kokhlik) improved. Gave him some oatmeal.

1893, 08, 22. Kokhlik very weak. Ähile I was outside they cut his side. . . I had Kokhlik
the chief in to dinner.

1893, 08, 30. [ãingig] Kokhlik (sick man) arrived with others and camped up the shore a
little way.

1893, 08, 31. [ãingig] Äent up to visit sick man (Kokhlik).

1893, 09, 01. [ãingig] Over to visit sick man [Kokhlik]. I could do nothing for him but
repeat a few sentences of Gospel stories.

1893, 09, 02. [ãingig] Up to visit Kokhlik, who is very low. ãpitting blood.

cokhlik 3.

Lewis cakilik, born 1894, probably acquired the name of cokhlik 2 after the
latter·s death the prior year.

cokhlik 4 and 5.

Sambo Sambo cakilik and Peter cahklik, born in 1903,

were given the name of coklik the chief,
who died the prior fall.


ãtefansson, AMNH, 1906, 10, 11, 168

ãtefansson, AMNH, 1906, 10, 05, at ãhingle Point.

Ähittaker, Ë

, 74.
(
ãtefansson, AMNH, 1912, 03, 07. [Mamayauk tells] The AMNH version of ãtef¶s carries all of
this ( p. 365), while Palssen¶s gives only the last sentence ( p. 298).]
(
ãtefannon, 1916, 02, 29, typed diary transcript, DCL ãtef Mãã 98 (5)
-9.
(
ãtefansson, 1916, 02, 27, typed diary transcript, (Guninana tells), DCL ãtef Mãã 98 (5)
-9.
(
Petitot to Fabre, „


›, 1870, t. 9, 190-195.
(
ãtefansson, AMNH, 168.
2
IOã to ³Dear Home Friends,´ part I, 1893, 08, 20.
2
IOã to ãadie from ãingigizyooak 1893, 08, 31.
2
to ãadie, from ãingigizyooak, 1893, 09, 03.
2
IOã to ³My Dear Friends´, from McPherson, 1893, 10, 17.
2
IOã to ³My Dear Friends´ from McPherson, 1894, 05, 06, p.4.
2(
IOã to Bishop Reeve, from ³Husky Camp on way to Peel River,´1894, 06, 24
2(
IOã to Reeve from McPherson. 1894, 07, 11.
2(
Ähittaker Memoranda, 4, 4b, and B70 or aa
2(
Ähittaker to Reeve from McPherson, 1896, 07, 11.
2(
Ähittaker, Memoranda, 17. j
22
ã, 1912, 03, 10 (Guninana tells) AMNH, p. 371-3; missing from Palssen.
22
ã, 1912, 03, 10 (Guninana tells) AMNH, p. 371-3; missing from Palssen. As recorded by
ãtefannson , there seem to be two different versions of this story, one for Kokhlik¶s mother and
another for his his wife (see item below and I have not sorted out why).
22
IOã to ãAã from Napoutilik, 1898, 11, 18.
22
Ähittaker, Memoranda, 5.
22
Ähittaker Memoranda, 31-32
22(
ACC GãA, M74-3 ãFF, series 3-B, Ä. D. Young Journals, 1896-1914
22(
ãtefansson, 1906, 10, 11 in Palssen, 116; missing from AMNH.
22(
³Memoranda of the Mission to the Mackenzie River Eskimo,´typewritten manuscript with
handwritten additions, n.d., AAT, M71-4, series 5-3-1, #2, Box 15, p. 33.
22(
. Codex Historicus of the Mission du ãt. Nom de Marie, (Arctic Red River Catholic mission
daily journal) 1900-1905. PAA, 97.109, Box 1, item 1
22(
ãtefansson, , AMNH, 1906, 10, 05,p. 168 at ãhingle Point.