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The Effect of Different Soil Amendments on Growth of Mung bean (Vigna

Radiata L.) in Coal Mine Overburden Dumps

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
The Effect of Different Soil Amendments on Growth of Mung
bean (Vigna Radiata L.) in Coal Mine Overburden Dumps
Shrabani Sen1, Vipin Kumar2
1 2
JRF, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
Abstract-- The surface mining activities in the past and in
recent times has resulted into existence of number of
overburden dumps through excavation and depositing
removed soil and rock debris. These dumps require
environmental stabilization/restoration, through proper re-
vegetation. To achieve this aim, a study was conducted to find
the efficacy of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), an economically
important leguminous crop plant, for re-vegetation. The
objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of
different soil amendments such as chemical fertilizer, bio-
compost, vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and fly-ash in
appropriate combination to support vegetation. The physico-
chemical parameters of the overburden soil sample at the time
of experiment and after the harvesting have been analyzed.
Plant growth in terms of different parameters was measured.
The experimental results indicated that all the combinations
were significantly increase plant growth and soil fertility. No
significant differences were observed among the
combinations. The appropriate combinations would be
conducive for greater nutrient uptake by the crop and also
would improve the soil health and soil fertility status.
According to the finding of this research and regarding
economic matters and environmental anxieties, it may be
recommended that the appropriate proportion of chemical
fertilizer, organic fertilizer, vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and
fly ash can be used as a soil amendment and Mung bean
(Vigna radiata L.) can be used in revegetation of coal mine
dumps.
Key Words-- bio-efficacy, bio-fertilizer, overburden dumps,
re-vegetation, vermicompost, Vigna radiata
I. INTRODUCTION
Mining of mineral resources results in extensive soil
damage, altering microbial communities and affecting
vegetation leading to destruction of vast amounts of land.
The surface mining activities in the Jharia Coal Field (JCF)
in the past and in recent times has resulted into existence of
number of overburden dumps through excavation and
depositing removed soil and rock debris. These dumps
require environmental stabilization/ restoration, after their
mechanical stabilization, through proper re-vegetation
programme.
264
Re-vegetation is necessary not only to control soil
erosion but to improve air quality and visual impact
(landscape) apart from dump stabilization (Singh et al.,
1996; Dobson et al., 1997) and removal of threats to
surrounding population (Wong, 2003).
The top soil gets seriously damaged during mineral
extraction. The consequences of physical disturbance to the
top soil during stripping, stockpiling, and reinstatement
cause unusually large N transformations and movements
with eventually substantial loss. Management of top soil is
important for reclamation plan to reduce the N losses and
to increase soil nutrients and microbes. Revegetation
constitutes the most widely accepted and useful way to
reduce erosion and protect soils against degradation during
reclamation. Mine restoration efforts have focused on N-
fixing species of legumes, grasses, herbs, and trees.
Productivity of soil can be increased by adding various
natural amendments, as these amendments stimulate the
microbial activity which provides the nutrients (N, P) and
organic carbon to the soil (Sheoran et al, 2010). Use of bio-
fertilizers may be helpful in the development of a low cost
technology not only to rehabilitate the mined out areas but
also to increase their productivity (Dubey et al, 2006).
Reclamation is the process by which derelict or highly
degraded lands are returned to productivity, and by which
some measures of biotic function and productivity is
restored. Long term mine spoil reclamation requires the
establishment of stable nutrient cycles from plant growth
and microbial processes (Lone et al., 2008; Kavamura and
Esposito, 2010). Soil provides the foundation for this
process, so its composition and density directly affect the
future stability of the restored plant community.
Restoration of vegetation cover on overburden dumps can
fulfill the objectives of stabilization, pollution control,
visual improvement and removal of threats to human
beings (Wong, 2003). Recently the application of fly ash in
reclamation of mine spoil has been reviewed and discussed
in detail by Ram and Masto (2010). In a number of field
investigations, enhancement in the biological activities of
waste/degraded land, alkaline soil, and mine spoil on
amendment with fly ash and pond ash alone and in
combination with inorganic and organic amendments has
been observed (Ram et al., 2006).
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
The coal mine overburden dumps are generally devoid
of sufficient nutrient and organic matter content and are not
capable of retaining required moisture that are essential to
support the natural vegetation and plant growth. Opencast
excavation of coal deposits involves the removal of
overlying soil and rock debris and their storage in
overburden dumps. These overburden dumps change the
natural land topography, affect the drainage system and
prevent natural succession of plant growth resulting in
acute problems of soil erosion and environmental pollution.
Therefore, self-sustainability and the regenerative
capacities of abandoned mining areas should be developed
for the proper functioning of the ecosystems through
revegetation (Singh et al. 1996).
In respect to this, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash is of
paramount importance, nitrogen stimulates vegetative
growth, and phosphorus helps in early establishment of
crop and formation of fibrous and strong root system and
thereby helping absorption of nutrients from the soil and
finally contributing towards rapid growth in seedling.
Potash helps in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates. It also
helps in moisture regulation within plant system there by
reducing the ill effects of moisture stress at the time of
water deficiency (Hari et al, 2006).
Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops of
India. It has the potential to enrich soil through atmospheric
nitrogen fixation. It can also minimize the scarcity of
fodder because the whole plant or its by-products can be
used as good animal feed. Besides being used as food and
feed, mung bean is also used as green manuring crop to
improve soil fertility. An important feature of the mung
bean crop is its ability to establish a symbiotic partnership
with specific bacteria, setting up the biological N2-fixation
in root nodules that supply the plant's needs for N2
(Mahmood and Athar, 2008; Mandal et al., 2009).
Considering the above facts, the study has been
undertaken to find out the effect of different soil
amendment on the growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.),
an economically important leguminous crop plant, for re-
vegetation of overburden dumps. The main objective of the
present study was to evaluate the effect of different soil
amendment such as chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer,
vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and fly ash in appropriate
combination on growth and development of economically
important crops in coal mining area.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area of selected over burden dumps were
chosen at Jharia coal field (JCF) area Dhanbad, India.
265
Mining is done by shovel dumper method and all the
waste materials of mine are disposed of in the form of over
burden dumps. Jharia coal field (JCF) is spread over
Dhanbad and Bokaro districts of Jharkhand considered coal
capital of India, and is one of the most important coal fields
of India containing only remaining reserve of prime coking
coal of our country.
Sample Collection:
Coal mine waste soil samples were collected from
different overburden of the study area. From each site 5
samples were collected by using split tube coring tools
manually. The collected samples were taken to laboratory
and were divided into two parts for pot experiment and
laboratory studies.
Physico-chemical Characterization of the samples:
The methods followed for determination of different soil
parameters are summarized in Table-1.
Experiment Design:
The experiments were carried out with four replicates in
randomized block design pots with nine treatments
consisting of combinations of chemical fertilizer, bio-
compost, vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and fly ash in
appropriate combination with four replications. Each pot
was filled with 7.0 kg of soil. The soil was mixed with
different combinations. Untreated soil was considered as
control. Vigna radiata Seeds, Chemical fertilizer (Urea,
DAP and Murate of potash) and Bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium,
PSB and PMB) were purchased from Local market Fly ash
was collected from Chandrapura Thermal Power Plant.
Bio-compost and vermicompost were prepared in-house.
To increase the nutrient value of overburden soil and make
it suitable for plantation different manures were used in
different proportion for different combinations (Table-2).
Chemical fertilizers, bio-compost, vermicompost and fly
ash were added to the soil during preparation of the pot
material. However, the bio-fertilizer treatment was given to
the seed (seed treatment) on the day of plantation. The
sampling was done first one on 30th day and the next on
60th day after sowing (DAS). Percentage of germination
and plant growth parameters - shoot length, root length,
leaf number, plant biomass and numbers of root nodules
were determined.
III. RESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
Effect of Plantation on physico-chemical characteristic of
over burden soil
The result of soil analyses before plantation for the
collected dump material samples is presented in Table 3.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
The average value of over burden soil sample was high
in bulk density, more sand and silt was present. Due to lack
of vegetation, value of moisture content and water holding
capacity was low. The carbon content was high due to
presence of coal dust. N, P and K concentrations were
found to be low. Whereas the pH of the soil was slightly
high. In the present study it was observed that the soil
parameters in comparison to those of the original
overburden material samples had improved significantly
after plantation. This was also true in case of the control.
Physical characteristic as moisture content, water holding
capacity were increased. Bulk density and soil texture were
also improved. Soil analysis after plantation showed
increase in nutrient of soil. Available nitrogen increased a
lot after adding different type of manures in overburden
soil (Table – 3 and 4).
Effect of different soil amendment on Growth of Vigna
radiata
The results on bio-efficacy studies included in Table – 5
showed that, seed treatment with bio-fertilizers and soil
treated with other soil amendments significantly enhanced
the seed germination, plant height and plant biomass,
Number of leaves and root nodulation compared to control.
Bio-fertilizer treated Vigna radiata plants observed more
effective bio-efficacy than chemical fertilizers.
The effect of soil amendments on all measured traits on
Vigna radiata had significant differences at 0.5%
probability level. The results showed that, in all the soil
amendment combinations, the best performance was
observed in combination C5 (OF, BF and VC) followed by
C3, C8 and C1 respectively with little variation. However,
the lowest seed germination was noticed in control. It may
be observed that the combinations that were prepared with
bio-fertilizers along with all or some of the organic
fertilizer, vermicompost and fly ash induced better growth
in most of the cases. This is most likely because of the fact
that microorganisms that are used as bio-fertilizers
stimulate plant growth by providing necessary nutrients as
a result of their colonization at their rhizosphere or by
symbiotic association. Similar effects have been reported
by earlier workers (Thenmozhi et.al, 2010; Juwarkar and
Jambhulkar, 2008; Varma and Shuepp, 1995).
In the present study we used fly-ash as one of the soil
amendment. Huge amount of fly-ash is being generated
from coal based thermal power plants in our country. Many
Scientist have carried the study of different aspects of fly-
ash and its utilization. Only little of it is being utilized in
different ways.
266
Although fly-ash contains traces of toxic elements and
heavy metals but due to having some macro and micro
nutrients in it and its physical characteristics it can be used
as soil amendments and soil conditioner and enhance plant
growth. Toxic effect of coal ash is found to be insignificant
and concentration of toxic elements is found to be within
permissible limit on utilization in some plantation work, the
similar results were also observed by (Kumar and Chauhan,
2008).
Reclamation of overburden dumps can be managed
effectively once the chemical, physical and biological
properties of soil have been correctly determined.
Reclamation of overburden dumps is not an operation,
which should be considered only at, or just before mine
closure. Rather, it should be a part of an integrated program
of an effective environmental management through all
phases of resource development - from exploration to
construction, operation, and closure. Mining organizations
are developing the expertise to reassemble the species that
have chance to grow, develop, and rebuild the local
biodiversity
IV. CONCLUSION
The results of the present study indicate that it is
advantageous to apply various soil amendments.
Productivity of soil can be increased by adding various
amendments such as chemical fertilizer, bio-compost,
vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and fly ash in appropriate
combination as they stimulate the microbial activity, which
provides the nutrients (NPK) and organic carbon to soil and
maintains a healthy positive nutrient balance. Top soil is an
essential component for land reclamation in mining areas.
Stockpiling should systematically handle and store the top
soil so that its physical and biological characteristics can be
protected. Productive topsoil substitutes can be generated
from hard rock overburden of fresh soil, but care must be
taken in selection and placement. From the field
experiment results, it can be concluded that the successful
growth of Vigna radiata accelerated the rate of natural
plant succession at these barren recalcitrant overburden
dumps. The findings of this study can be utilized by the
mine managements in the large scale revegetation of
several adjacent coal mining overburden dumps for eco-
friendly mining.
REFERENCES
[1 ] Dobson, A.P., Bradshaw, A.D. and Baker, A.G.M. 1997. Hopes for
the future: restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science
277, 515-522.
[2 ] Dubey, K. Singh,V.K. and Mishra C.M. 2006. Use of bio-fertilizer
for reclamation of silica mining area. Barnhisel (ed.) 3134
Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
[3 ] Hari, G.S., Rao, P.V., Reddy, Y.N. and Reddy, M.S. 2006. Effect of
organic manures in combination with nitrogenous fertilizer on yield
and nutrient uptake in paprika (Capsium annum L.) under irrigated
conditions of northern Telangana zone of Andhra Pradesh. Crop Res.
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[4 ] Juwarkar, A.A. and Jambhulkar, H.P. 2008. Restoration of fly ash
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[5 ] Kavamura, V.N., and Esposito, E. 2010. Biotechnological strategies
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[9 ] Mandal, S., Mandal, M. and Das, A. 2009. Stimulation of indole
acetic acid production in a rhizobium isolate of Vigna mungo by root
nodule phenolic acids. Arch Microbiol 191:389-393.
[10 ] Ram, L.C. and Masto, R.E. 2010. Review: An appraisal of the
potential use of fly ash for reclaiming coal mine spoil. J. of
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[13 ] Singh, R.S., Chaulya, S.K, Tewary, B.K. and Dhar, B.B. 1996.
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Table 1
Methods Adopted for Characterization of Dump Material Samples
Sl.No Parameters Methods

Physical
1. MC Gravimetric Method
2. WHC Gravimetric Method
3. BD Measurement of weight and volume
4. Porosity Measurement of weight and volume
5. Texture Analysis International Pipette Method
Chemical
6. pH Electrometric
7. EC Conductivity meter
8. Organic Carbon Rapid Dichromate Oxidation Technique
9. Organic Matter Rapid Dichromate Oxidation Technique
10. Available N Alkaline Permanganate Method
11. Available P Olsen’s Method
12. Available K Flame Ionizations
13. Heavy metals Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

267
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
Table 2
Combination of soil amendment mixtures:

Combinations Composition
Combination-0
OB
(Control)
Combination-1 OB + BC (100g/pot) + BF (10g/kg seed) + VC (125g/pot) + FA (100g/pot)
OB + BC (100g/pot) + VC (125 g/pot) + CF (urea 15 g/pot, DAP 15 g/pot, Potash 3g/pot) +
Combination-2
FA (100g/pot)
Combination-3 OB + BC (100g/pot) + BF (10g/kg seed) + FA (100g/pot)
Combination-4 OB + BC (100g/pot) + VC (125 g/pot) + FA (100g/pot)
Combination-5 OB + BC (100g/pot) + BF (10g/kg seed) + VC (125 g/pot)
Combination-6 OB + BC (100g/pot) + VC ( 125 g/pot) + CF (urea 15 g/pot, DAP 15 g/pot, Potash 3g/pot)
Combination-7 OB + BC (100g/pot) + CF (urea 15 g/pot, DAP 15 g/pot, Potash 3g/pot) + FA (100g/pot)
Combination-8 OB + BF (10g/kg seed) + VC (125 g/pot) + FA (100g/pot)
Combination-9 OB + VC ( 125 g/pot) + CF (urea 15 g/pot, DAP 15 g/pot, Potash 3g/pot) + FA (100g/pot)

OB - Over burden soil, BC – Bio-compost, BF - Bio-fertilizer CF - Chemical fertilizer, VC – Vermicompost, FA - Fly ash
Table 3
Physico-chemical Characteristic of OB Soil before Plantation.

parameters MC WHC BD Porosity Sand Silt Clay pH EC OC OM Av. N Av. P Av. K

unit % % g/cc % % % % -- mho/cm % % kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha

4.15±0. 32.59± 1.46 ± 42.3± 81.5± 13± 8.34± 0.298± 4.14± 7.14± 27.17± 3.59± 192.9±
value 5 7± 0.5 34
4.55 0.06 5.2 0.95 0.51 0.06 0.063 1.78 5.32 6.18 0.89

268
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
Table 4
Physical Characteristic of Soil after Plantation of V.radiata

paramete
MC BD Porosity Sand Silt Clay pH EC OC OM Av. N Av. P Av. K
rs WHC

unit % % g/cc % % % % -- mho/cm % % kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha

3.88±0.2 47.1±0. 19.5±1. 8.25±1. 3.97±0.1 60.36±3.0

C0 1.4±0.02 72±1.41 7.08±0.1 0.05±0 2.31±0.06 3.97±0.36 122.3±6.27
4 31.8±0.2 8 2 8 1 1

1.31±0.0 50.4±0. 20.3±1. 6.57±0.0 0.06±0.0 1.731±0.0 2.98±0.0 170.9±4.0 221.31±5.5

C1 4.97±0.1 69.7±1.27 9.8±1.6 6.5±0.34
52.4±0.2 2 9 4 9 1 4 7 5 7

1.36±0.0 48.7±0. 17.7±0. 19±0.8 6.54±0.0 2.43.±0.1 2.87±0.0

C2 4.81±0.1 63.2±1.5 0.1±0 160±2.56 9.96±0.49 215.5±2.26
52.8±0.5 1 3 9 2 6 0 7

4.88±0.1 1.36±0.0 48.8±0. 19.2±1. 16.3±1. 6.88±0.1 2.08±0.2 167.7±4.0

C3 64.38±1,6 0.05±0 1.21±0.13 9.67±0.44 187.2±5.57
3 42.4±0.4 1 2 1 6 4 2 5

4.53±0.4 1.31±0.0 50.5±1. 19.9±2. 10.3±2. 6.85±0.2 1.92±0.1 114.4±22.

C4 69.7±1.44 0.05±0 1.11±0.07 6.51±0.67 213.69
1 42.6±0.38 3 1 0 0 4 2 1

48.6±0. 17.5±2. 13.6±3.

C5 5.4±0.31 1.4±0.01 68.6±1.38 6.8±0.23 0.1±0 2.3±0.04 4±0.08 174±4.17 5.7±0.24 223.2±4.95
51.8±1.03 3 0 4

5.13±0.3 52.85±0.4 1.34±0.0 49.5±1. 19.6±1. 10.2±1. 2.25±0.1 163.8±5.3

C6 70.1±0.63 6.6±0.02 0.09±0 1.3±0.09 8.7±0.05 226.7±1.03
3 7 3 0 5 5 5 5

43.37±1.6 50.9±0. 18.7±0. 16.1±2. 6.89±0.0 0.05±0.4 3.97±0.0

C7 4.6±0.37 1.3±0.02 65.9±0.85 2.31±0.03 159.1±3 8.73±0.05 214.1±2.32
2 8 9 7 3 8 3

51.±0.8 19.3±1. 15.38± 6.73±0.0 3.93±0.1 164.6±4.0

C8 4.9±5.98 1.3±0.02 65.2±0.65 0.05±0 2.28±0.07 5.64±0.34 155±2.31
52.7±0.28 9 3 1 5 2 5

4.58±0.2 1.35±0.0 49.7±0. 67.13±1.0 19.2±0. 13.1±0. 6.46±0.0 2.31±0.1 161.5±4.0 10.14±0.1
C9 0.05±0 1.34±0.08 122.3±6.27
9 46.8±1.12 1 9 3 9 8 7 4 5 1

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
Table 5
Effect of different soil amendment on Growth of Vigna radiata

% seed Shoot Length (cm) Root length (cm) Plant Biomass (g) No of leaves No of root nodules
Combinat
Germinati
ions 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS
on

C0 68.9±3.81 11.1±0.89 14.1±0.74 4.1±0.13 4.7±0.12 0.2±0.01 0.4±0.01 5±0.71 8±0.83 0 1.5±0.5

5.24±0.0
C1 97.8±3.85 14±0.41 21.63±1.1 7.75±0.42 0.58±0.02 1.19±0.01 10.5±1.29 14±0.82 5±0.96 25±0.96
5

5.53±0.1
C2 82.2±3.85 15.38±1.1 22.53±0.4 6.75±0.21 0.41±0.04 0.85±0.03 6.75±0.5 10.75±0.5 1±0.82 14±1.41
7

C3 93.33±0 13±0.33 19.5±0.45 4.9±0.27 7.2±0.14 0.66±0.01 1.22±0.02 10.5±0.58 16±0.82 7±1.41 34±2.16

C4 76.7±3.34 12.75±0.5 16.5±0.96 4.5±0.41 5.4±0.29 0.37±0.01 0.63±0.02 6.5±0.58 11±0.82 2±0.82 15±1.63

C5 100±0 14.5±0.41 22.8±0.65 5.4±0.17 7.8±0.22 0.6±0.01 1.19±0.02 10±0.82 14.8±0.96 6±0.82 31±2.16

C6 78.9±1.93 16.9±1.31 23.4±0.63 7±0.82 8.2±0.17 0.5±0.04 1±0.06 8.3±0.96 14±2.16 1.3±0.5 11.8±0.96

C7 78.9±1.93 15.4±0.26 22.3±0.65 6.4±0.26 7.6±0.08 0.5±0.04 0.95±0.03 7.3±0.96 13±0.82 0 8.8±2.5

6.22±0.1
C8 91.1±1.92 14±0.41 20.6±0.22 8.52±0.13 0.53±0.02 1.14±0.04 8±1,83 15.5±1 5±0.82 26.5±1.29
7

C9 78.9±1.93 16.1±0.63 21.3±0.96 6±0.82 7.5±0.41 0.5±0.01 1.1±0.04 8±0.82 12.3±0.96 1±0.82 12±1.63

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