Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards - Guyton Physiology Chapter 82

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If the ovum becomes fertilized, a new sequence gestation or

of events called <?> takes place.
pregnancy
In the ovary, the ovum is in what

stage? primary oocyte
When does the next division take shortly before

place? ovulation
What type of division does the

primary oocyte undergo? mieosis
What does the primary oocyte

turn into? secondary oocyte
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Quizlet › Printing flashcards of Guyton Physiology Chapter 82 http://quizlet.com/4579281/flashcards/
What is expelled from the nucleus

of the primary oocyte? First polar body
What is the amount of genetic 23 paired

content in a primary oocyte? chromosomes
What is the amount of genetic content in a 23 unpaired

secondary oocyte?
chromosomes
Where does the ovum enter the In the ovary. Expelled shortly
secondary oocyte stage? after.
Secondary oocyte is expelled from

the ovary into? abdominal cavity
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granulosa cells around the ovum

are called corona radiata
The inner surfaces of the fimbriated tentacles of

the fallopian tubes are are lined with ciliated epithelium
cilia of the fallopian tubes are

estrogen from the ovaries
activated by
openning of the fallopian tube

also called ostium
Percentage of ovum that fail to make it into

fallopian tubes 2%
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After male ejaculation, how long does it take for

sperm to reach ampullae? 5-10 min
(1) Prostaglandins in the male seminal fluid and

Transport of the sperm is aided by contractions
(2) Oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary
of the uterus and fallopian tubes stimulated by:
gland of the female during her orgasm"
Fertilization of the ovum

normally takes place where? ampulla
Upon fertilizing the cell, the head of the male

sperm becomes what structure? Male pronucleus
When is the second polar body Once a sperm has entered the ovum and the
expelled? oocyte divides again to form the mature ovum.
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blastocyst # of cells fertilized ovum of about 100 cells
days normally required for transport of the

fertilized ovum through the remainder of the
fallopian tube into the cavity of the uterus 3 to 5
last two cm before the tube enters

define: isthmus the uterus
when is the isthmus is spastically

first 3 days after ovulation
contracted?
the rapidly increasing progesterone secreted by

the ovarian corpus luteum first promotes
Why does the isthmus eventually increasing progesterone receptors on the
relax? fallopian tube smooth muscle cells; then the
progesterone activates the receptors, exerting a
tubular relaxing effect
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Dividing ovum is at what stage

when entering the uterus? blastocyst
How many days is blastocyst in the uterine cavity

before implantation? 1-3 days
blastocyst obtains its nutrition the uterine endometrial secretions, called

from? "uterine milk."
cells that develop over the surface

of the blastocyst trophoblast cells
(1) Promote implantation - Secrete proteolytic

enzymes that digest and liquefy the adjacent cells
function of trophoblast cells of the uterine endometrium
(2) Nutrition transportation
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What determines the sex of the Presence of X or Y chromosome

fetus in sperm
During the latter half of each monthly sexual

cycle, which cells turn into large swollen cells
con- taining extra quantities of glycogen, endometrial stromal cells
proteins, lipids, and even some minerals
necessary for development of the conceptus?
When the conceptus implants in the

endometrium, the endometrial cells turn into decidual cells
Difference between decidual cells decidual cells contain more

and endometrial cells nutrients and are more swollen.
What hormone induces the continued secretion of

development decidual cells? progesterone
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Source of nutrients during first

week Decidua
Source of nutrients switches completely to

placenta after how many days about 16
Blood begins to be pumped by the embyo's heart

how many days after fert.? 16
Projections sent out by the

trophoblast are called placental villi
what grows in placental villi? fetal capillaries
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How many arteries/veins are in 2 fetal umbilical arteries, 1 fetal

the fetal umbilical cord? umbilical vein
What is the name of the structure providing

oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus? Umbilical vein
pockets of blood surrounding villi

in the placenta maternal sinuses
provide oxygenated blood to the

placenta uterine arteries
eliminate deoxygenated blood

from the placenta uterine veins
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Low permeability - due to

In the early months of pregnancy, the placental
membrane has a high/low permeability? underdeveloped and thick
placenta
The dissolved oxygen in the blood of the large

maternal sinuses passes into the fetal blood by:
active transport / facilitated diffusion / simple simple diffusion
diffusion?
fetal blood cells to pass into the mother or, even

Occasionally, "breaks" occur in the placental
less commonly, the mother's cells to pass into the
membrane and cause?
fetus
Near the end of pregnancy, the mean PO2 of the about 50 mm

mother's blood in the placental sinuses is?
Hg
the mean PO2 in the fetal blood after it becomes

oxygenated in the placenta is 30 mm Hg
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the mean pressure gradient for diffusion of

oxygen through the placental membrane is 20 mm Hg
(1) Fetal Hb greater affinity for O2

(2) [Hb] 50% greater in fetus than mother
(3) Double Bohr effect - hemoglobin can carry
How is 20 mm Hg enough for more O2 at a low PCO2 than it can at a high
fetal blood oxygenation? PCO2. Fetal blood dumps large amounts of CO2
into maternal circulation [causing high PCO2 in
mother, low PCO2 in fetus].
Compare PCO2 of fetal blood to PCO2 of the fetal blood is 2 to 3 mm Hg higher

maternal blood than that of the maternal blood
Extreme solubility of carbon dioxide in the

Compare CO2 solubility to O2 placental membrane allows carbon dioxide to
solubility diffuse about 20 times as rapidly as oxygen.
In the later stages of pregnancy, what kind of

transport is employed to meet the fetus's higher
demands for glucose?
Facilitated diffusion
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Substances as ketone bodies and potassium,

What other substances diffuse with relative ease
sodium, and chloride ions diffuse with relative
from maternal blood to fetal blood?
ease from the maternal blood into the fetal blood.
Which of the three high concentration waste

products (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) are creatinine (does not diffuse through the placental
significantly higher in the fetus than in maternal membrane easily)
blood?
(1) human chorionic gonadotropin

Hormones at high levels during a (2) estrogens
pregnancy (3) progesterone
(4) human chorionic somatomammotropin
Menstruation normally occurs in a nonpregnant

woman about how many days after ovulation? 14 days
Menstruation is prevented by the

production of HCG
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Which cells secrete syncytial trophoblast cells

HCG?
8 to 9 days after ovulation, shortly after the

When can HCG be detected? blastocyst implants in the endometrium
Prevents involution of the corpus luteum at the

end of the monthly female sexual cycle. Causes
Function of HCG the corpus luteum to secrete even larger
quantities of its sex hormones—progesterone
and estrogens
If the corpus luteum is removed before

approximately the 7th week of pregnancy, what is
Spontaneous
the result? abortion
When does the corpus luteum The corpus luteum involutes slowly after the 13th
involute during pregnancy? to 17th week of gestation.
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Effect of Human Chorionic interstitial cell-stimulating effect on the testes,

Gonadotropin on the Fetal resulting in the production of testosterone in the
male fetus
Testes.
Placenta secretes what

Estrogen and progesterone
hormones?
Which cells of the placenta

syncytial trophoblast cells
produce hormones?
from dehydroepiandrosterone and 16-

How are hormones produced by hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, which are
the placenta? formed both in the mother's adrenal glands and
in the adrenal glands of the fetus
(1) enlargement of the mother's uterus, (2)

enlargement of the mother's breasts and growth
Fuctions of estrogen during of the breast ductal structure, and (3)
pregnancy enlargement of the mother's female external
genitalia (4) relax the pelvic ligaments
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"(1) development of decidual cells in the uterine

endometrium
(2) decreases the contractility of the pregnant
Functions of progesterone during uterus
pregnancy (3) contributes to the development of the
conceptus even before implantation
(4) helps the estrogen prepare the mother's
breasts for lactation"
human chorionic somatomammotropin begins to

be secreted how many weeks into the pregnancy? 5 weeks
enlarges at least 50 per cent during pregnancy

Pituitary gland during pregnancy and increases its production of corticotropin, thy-
rotropin, and prolactin
Reason for increased water/salt retention and

pregnancy-induced hypertension aldosterone
hormone released for Calcium recapturing from

mother's bones to provide fetus (and new born
baby) with Ca++ for bone growth
parathyroid hormone
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affect of pregnancy on
metabolism increase
average lbs gained by pregnant

woman 24 lbs
Vitamin that assists in Ca++

absorbtion in the GI tract vitamin D
Shortly before birth of the baby, which vitamin is

often added to the mother's diet so that the baby
will have sufficient prothrombin to prevent
hemorrhage, particularly brain hemorrhage, Vitamin K
caused by the birth process.
at the time of birth of the baby, the mother has

how many liters of extra blood in her circulatory
system? 1-2 L
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Mother's cardiac output during pregnancy is how 30 to 40 % above normal by the

much above normal? 27th week of pregnancy
Maternal respiration shortly before birth is how

much above normal? 20% above normal
volume of amniotic between 500 milliliters and 1 liter

fluid
once every 3 hours, and the electrolytes sodium

water in amniotic fluid is and potassium are replaced an average of once
replaced how often? every 15 hours.
rapid rise in arterial blood pressure to

hypertensive levels during the last few months of preeclampsia or toxemia of
pregnancy associated with leakage of large pregnancy
amounts of protein into the urine is called?
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Birth of the baby is also called: Parturition
What are two major categories of effects that lead (1) progressive hormonal changes that cause
up to the intense contractions responsible for increased excitability of the uterine musculature,
parturition and (2) progressive mechanical changes.
(1) Increased Ratio of Estrogens to Progesterone.

Hormonal Factors That Increase (2) Effect of Oxytocin on the Uterus.
Uterine Contractility (3) Effect of Fetal Hormones on the Uterus.
Mechanical Factors That Increase (1) Stretch of the Uterine Musculature.

Uterine Contractility (2) Stretch or Irritation of the Cervix.
Twins are born (on average) how many days

earlier than a single child? 19 days earlier
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Periodic episodes of weak and slow rhythmical

contractions during most months of pregnancy Braxton Hicks contractions
are called?
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Quizlet › Printing flashcards of Guyton Physiology Chapter 82 http://quizlet.

If the ovum becomes fertilized, a new sequence gestation or

In the ovary, the ovum is in what

When does the next division take shortly before

What type of division does the

What does the primary oocyte

What is expelled from the nucleus

What is the amount of genetic 23 paired

What is the amount of genetic content in a 23 unpaired

Secondary oocyte is expelled from

granulosa cells around the ovum

The inner surfaces of the fimbriated tentacles of

cilia of the fallopian tubes are

openning of the fallopian tube

Percentage of ovum that fail to make it into

After male ejaculation, how long does it take for

(1) Prostaglandins in the male seminal fluid and

Fertilization of the ovum

Upon fertilizing the cell, the head of the male

blastocyst # of cells fertilized ovum of about 100 cells

days normally required for transport of the

last two cm before the tube enters

when is the isthmus is spastically

the rapidly increasing progesterone secreted by

Dividing ovum is at what stage

How many days is blastocyst in the uterine cavity

blastocyst obtains its nutrition the uterine endometrial secretions, called

cells that develop over the surface

(1) Promote implantation - Secrete proteolytic

(2) Nutrition transportation

What determines the sex of the Presence of X or Y chromosome

During the latter half of each monthly sexual

When the conceptus implants in the

Difference between decidual cells decidual cells contain more

What hormone induces the continued secretion of

Source of nutrients during first

Source of nutrients switches completely to

Blood begins to be pumped by the embyo's heart

Projections sent out by the

what grows in placental villi? fetal capillaries

How many arteries/veins are in 2 fetal umbilical arteries, 1 fetal

What is the name of the structure providing

pockets of blood surrounding villi

provide oxygenated blood to the

eliminate deoxygenated blood

Low permeability - due to

The dissolved oxygen in the blood of the large

fetal blood cells to pass into the mother or, even

Near the end of pregnancy, the mean PO2 of the about 50 mm

the mean PO2 in the fetal blood after it becomes

the mean pressure gradient for diffusion of

(1) Fetal Hb greater affinity for O2

Compare PCO2 of fetal blood to PCO2 of the fetal blood is 2 to 3 mm Hg higher

Extreme solubility of carbon dioxide in the

In the later stages of pregnancy, what kind of

Substances as ketone bodies and potassium,

Which of the three high concentration waste

(1) human chorionic gonadotropin

Menstruation normally occurs in a nonpregnant

Menstruation is prevented by the

Which cells secrete syncytial trophoblast cells

8 to 9 days after ovulation, shortly after the

Prevents involution of the corpus luteum at the

If the corpus luteum is removed before