ÑÈÁÈÐÑÊÎÅ ÎÒÄÅËÅÍÈÅ
ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÉ
×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÅ
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
ÒÅ×ÅÍÈÉ
 ÒÓÐÁÎÌÀØÈÍÀÕ
Îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð
àêàäåìèê Þ.È. Øîêèí
ÍÎÂÎÑÈÁÈÐÑÊ
“ÍÀÓÊÀ”
2006
ÓÄÊ 532.5 + 519.63
ÁÁÊ 22.253
× 67
Àâòîðû
Ñ.Ã. ×åðíûé, Ä.Â. ×èðêîâ, Â.Í. Ëàïèí, Â.À. Ñêîðîñïåëîâ, Ñ.Â. Øàðîâ
Ðåöåíçåíòû
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð À.Ô. Âîåâîäèí
äîêòîð òåõíè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð À.Ä. Ðû÷êîâ
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Â.Ï. Øàïååâ
ÎÒ ÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐÀ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ÃËÀÂÀ 1
ÌÅÒÎÄ ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÐÅØÅÍÈß ÒÐÅÕÌÅÐÍÛÕ ÇÀÄÀ× ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÈ
ÍÅÑÆÈÌÀÅÌÎÉ ÆÈÄÊÎÑÒÈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
§ 1.1. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìîäåëè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.1. Îáîáùåííàÿ ôîðìà çàïèñè îñíîâíûõ óðàâíåíèé . . . . 14
1.1.2. Ìîäåëè òóðáóëåíòíîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.3. Çàêîíû ïîäîáèÿ è ïðèâåäåííûå âåëè÷èíû . . . . . . . 24
1.1.4. Êðàåâûå óñëîâèÿ è ñåãìåíòàöèÿ îáëàñòè . . . . . . . . 26
§ 1.2. Ìåòîä ðåøåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ óðàâíåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.1. Ìåòîä èñêóññòâåííîé ñæèìàåìîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.2. Íåÿâíàÿ êîíå÷íî-îáúåìíàÿ àïïðîêñèìàöèÿ ìîäèôèöè-
ðîâàííûõ óðàâíåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.2.3. Ëèíåàðèçàöèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.2.4. Ìåòîä LU-ôàêòîðèçàöèè ðåøåíèÿ ëèíåàðèçîâàííîé ñèñ-
òåìû óðàâíåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.2.5. Ñâîéñòâà ìåòîäà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.2.6. ×èñëåííàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ êðàåâûõ óñëîâèé . . . . . . . . 61
1.2.7. Âûáîð êîýôôèöèåíòà èñêóññòâåííîé ñæèìàåìîñòè â 66
§ 1.3. Ìåòîä ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèé ìîäåëåé òóðáóëåíòíîñòè . . . . . 67
1.3.1. Îáîáùåííàÿ çàïèñü çàìûêàþùèõ óðàâíåíèé . . . . . . 67
1.3.2. Äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ óðàâíåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.3.3. Îïðåäåëåíèå ðàçíîñòíûõ ïîòîêîâ . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.3.4. Àïïðîêñèìàöèÿ èñòî÷íèêîâîãî ÷ëåíà H . . . . . . . . . 70
1.3.5. Ëèíåàðèçàöèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.3.6. Ìåòîä LU-ôàêòîðèçàöèè ðåøåíèÿ ëèíåàðèçîâàííîãî
óðàâíåíèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.3.7. Ìåòîä ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèé äâóõñëîéíîé k – å ìîäåëè òóð-
áóëåíòíîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.3.8. ×èñëåííàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìåòîäà ïðèñòåíî÷íûõ ôóíêöèé 77
ÃËÀÂÀ 2
ÃÅÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÎÄÄÅÐÆÊÀ ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ ÒÅ×ÅÍÈÉ 80
§ 2.1. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîòî÷íîãî òðàêòà
òóðáîìàøèí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 Îãëàâëåíèå
∂ ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂w i ∂w j ⎞ ⎤
∂t
(w i ) +
∂x j
(wi w j ) = − ∂∂x p+
∂
∂x j
⎢ n eff ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ∂x + ∂x ⎟ ⎥ + f i , (1.2)
i ⎢⎣ ⎝ j i ⎠⎥⎦
2
p = pc + k,
3
ãäå w = (w 1 , w 2 , w 3 ) — äåêàðòîâû êîìïîíåíòû âåêòîðà ñêîðîñòè;
p c — ãèäðîñòàòè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå, ui′ u ′j — ðåéíîëüäñîâû íàïðÿæåíèÿ,
äåëåííûå íà ïëîòíîñòü æèäêîñòè; n eff — êîýôôèöèåíò ýôôåêòèâíîé
âÿçêîñòè; f i — ìàññîâûå ñèëû. Ê ïðèìåðó, åñëè ïî îñè x 3 â ïîëîæè-
òåëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè äåéñòâóåò ñèëà òÿæåñòè, òî f 1 = f 2 = 0, f 3 = g,
ãäå g — óñêîðåíèå ñâîáîäíîãî ïàäåíèÿ.
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 15
∂ ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂u i ∂u j ⎞ ⎤
∂t
(u i ) +
∂x j
(ui u j ) = − ∂∂x p+
∂
∂x j
⎢ n eff ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ∂x + ∂x ⎟ ⎥ + f i , (1.5)
i ⎢⎣ ⎝ j i ⎠⎥⎦
ãäå f = (f 1 , f 2 , f 3 ) = g − ù × ù × r − 2ù × u. Âåêòîð 2ù× u ïðåäñòàâëÿåò
ñîáîé êîðèîëèñîâî óñêîðåíèå. ×ëåí ù × ù × r îïèñûâàåò öåíòðîñòðå-
ìèòåëüíîå óñêîðåíèå, íàïðàâëåííîå ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî ê îñè âðàùå-
íèÿ ðàáî÷åãî êîëåñà âäîëü ðàäèóñà ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê îñè. Âåêòîð
ìàññîâûõ ñèë f ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü òàêæå â âèäå
⎛ x 1 w 2 + 2u2 w⎞
⎜ ⎟
f = ⎜ x 2 w 2 − 2u1 w⎟ .
⎜ ⎟
⎝ g ⎠
16 Ãëàâà 1
⎛ u1 ⎞ ⎛ u2 ⎞ ⎛ u3 ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1
u + p − t 11 ⎟ ⎜ 2 1
u u − t 12 ⎟ ⎜ 3 1
u u − t 13 ⎟
E=⎜ , G= ⎜u2 + p − t ⎟, H = ⎜ u u − t ⎟,
u1 u2 − t 21 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 22
⎟ ⎜ 23 2 23
⎟
⎝ u1 u3 − t 31 ⎠ ⎝ u2 u3 − t 32 ⎠ ⎝ u3 + p − t 33 ⎠
⎛ ∂u ∂u j ⎞
t ij = n eff ⎜⎜ i + ⎟.
⎝ ∂x j ∂x i ⎟⎠
(
K ⋅ dS = K in + K vis dS, ) (1.8)
ãäå
⎛ u ⎞ ⎛ 0 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1
u u + p e 1⎟ ⎜t t 12 t 13 ⎟
K in =⎜ , K vis = − ⎜ 11 ,
u u + pe 2 ⎟ t t 22 t 23 ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 21 ⎟
⎝ u 3 u + pe 3 ⎠ ⎝ t 31 t 32 t 33 ⎠
[
ln = Cl y 1 − exp (− Re y / A n ) , ] [ ]
le = Cl y 1 − exp (− Re y / A e ) .
∂e ∂ ⎛⎜ ∂e ⎞⎟ e e2
+ eu − n = C G − C , (1.13)
∂x j ⎜⎝ ∂x j ⎟⎠
j e e 1 e 2
∂t k k
nt
ãäå n e = n + , s e = 1,3, Ce1 = 1,44, Ce2 = 1,92.
se
ãäå
0,5
h (1 − h / h 0 ) ⎛ G ⎞
Ce*1 = Ce 1 − 3
, h = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ .
1 + bh ⎝ C m e⎠
Ýìïèðè÷åñêèå êîíñòàíòû â RNG-ìîäåëè ðàâíû Cm = 0,0845,
Ce1 = 1,42, Ce2 = 1,68, s k = 0,72, s e = 0,72, h 0 = 4,38, b = 0,015.
k2 ∂k ∂ ⎛⎜ ∂k ⎞⎟
n t = f mC m , + ⎜ ku j − n k = Hk ,
e ∂t ∂x j ⎝ ∂x j ⎟⎠
(1.15)
∂e ∂ ⎛⎜ ∂e ⎞⎟
+ ⎜ eu j − n e = He,
∂t ∂x j ⎝ ∂x j ⎟⎠
ãäå
k e e2 e
H k = G − e − 2n 2
, H e = G e1 G − G e2 f 2 − 2n 2
f3 .
y k k y
∂e ∂e ∂ ⎛⎜ ∂e ⎞⎟
(1 − l) +l +l eu − n =
∂x j ⎜⎝ ∂x j ⎟⎠
j e
∂t ∂t
(1.17)
⎛ e e2 ⎞ ⎛ /
k3 2 ⎞
= l ⎜⎜Ce 1 G − Ce 2 ⎟⎟ + (1 − l) ⎜⎜CD − e⎟⎟ ,
⎝ k k⎠ ⎝ le ⎠
ãäå t — ïñåâäîâðåìÿ, ââåäåííîå â óðàâíåíèå äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè èòåðà-
öèé íà øàãå ïî âðåìåíè. Òàêæå ñ ïîìîùüþ l îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïåðå-
õîä îò îäíîãî ìîäåëüíîãî âûðàæåíèÿ ê äðóãîìó äëÿ òóðáóëåíòíîé
âÿçêîñòè
k2
n t = lCm + (1 − l) Cm ln k 1/ 2 . (1.18)
e
 ïðèñòåíî÷íîé îáëàñòè (l = 0) óðàâíåíèå ïåðåíîñà è äèôôóçèè
äëÿ e ïðåîáðàçóåòñÿ â îáûêíîâåííîå äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå
de ⎛ k 3/ 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜CD − e⎟⎟ ,
dt ⎝ le ⎠
èìåþùåå ïðè ïðåäïîëîæåíèè ïîñòîÿíñòâà âåëè÷èíû CD k 3/ 2 / le
ðåøåíèå
(
e (t) = CD k 3/ 2 / le + e0 − CD k 3/ 2 / le e − t .)
 ïðîöåññå ñõîäèìîñòè èòåðàöèé ïðè t → ∞ ðåàëèçóþòñÿ ôîðìó-
ëû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìîäåëåé.
n sgs
t = CS2 D2 2 Sij Sij , (1.21)
(
Sij ≡ 0,5 ∂ ui / ∂x j + ∂ u j / ∂x i , )
à ëîêàëüíûé ðàçìåð ôèëüòðà D îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîãëàñíî [5,6] êàê êóáè-
÷åñêèé êîðåíü èç îáúåìà ÿ÷åéêè ðàçíîñòíîé ñåòêè D = (d x ⋅ d y ⋅ d z ) 1/ 3 .
Çäåñü d x , d y , d z îáîçíà÷àþò ðàçìåðû ãðàíåé ÿ÷åéêè ïî êàæäîìó
íàïðàâëåíèþ êîîðäèíàò.  ñëó÷àå ñèëüíî àíèçîòðîïíîé ðàñ÷åòíîé
24 Ãëàâà 1
Fa = cosh (ln a
2
1 − ln a1 ln a2 + ln 2 a2 ) 274 , (1.22)
⎛ f 1 ⎞ ⎛Ccen x 1 + Ccor u2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
f = ⎜ f 2 ⎟ = ⎜Ccen x 2 − Ccor u1 ⎟ . (1.24)
⎜f ⎟ ⎜ 1 / Fr ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Çäåñü ââåäåíû áåçðàçìåðíûå êîìïëåêñû:
UL U2 L2 w 2 Lw
Re = , Fr = , Ccen = 2
, Ccor = 2 . (1.25)
n Lg U U
Óñëîâèå êèíåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïîäîáèÿ ñâîäèòñÿ ê ïîäîáèþ êàðòèí
òå÷åíèÿ ïîòîêîâ æèäêîñòè âíóòðè ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ðåàëüíîé òóðáî-
ìàøèíû è åå ìîäåëè. Ïðè ýòîì àáñîëþòíàÿ ñêîðîñòü è åå ñîñòàâëÿþ-
ùèå — ïåðåíîñíàÿ è îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ — â ñîîòâåòñòâåííûõ òî÷êàõ ïî-
òîêà îäèíàêîâî íàïðàâëåíû è ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíû ïî âåëè÷èíå.
Äëÿ óñòàíîâëåíèÿ êèíåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïîäîáèÿ ðàññìîòðèì îñíîâ-
íûå ïàðàìåòðû òóðáîìàøèíû. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ: îáúåìíûé ðàñõîä
æèäêîñòè äëÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî ñå÷åíèÿ òóðáîìàøèíû Q; äèàìåòð ðàáî÷å-
ãî êîëåñà D1 ; íàïîð H, îïðåäåëÿåìûé êàê ðàçíîñòü ïîëíûõ ýíåðãèé
æèäêîñòè â ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèÿõ ïðè âõîäå â òóðáîìàøèíó è â íà÷à-
ëå îòâîäÿùåãî êàíàëà (íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ãèäðîòóðáèíû
1 ⎡ ⎛p | u |2 ⎞ ⎛ pc | u |2 ⎞ ⎤
H= ⎢ ∫ ⎜⎜ c + z + ⎟ u dS −
∫ ⎜g⎜ + z + ⎟ u dS⎥, (1.26)
Q ⎢S ⎝ g 2 g ⎟⎠ Sout ⎝
2 g ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦
⎣ in
ãäå z in è z out — âûñîòíûå îòìåòêè; Sin è Sout — ïëîùàäè âõîäíîãî è
âûõîäíîãî ñå÷åíèé); ìîùíîñòü òóðáîìàøèíû N, ðàññ÷èòûâàåìàÿ ïî
ôîðìóëå
N = gQHh, (1.27)
ãäå h — êîýôôèöèåíò ïîëåçíîãî äåéñòâèÿ òóðáîìàøèíû; ÷àñòîòà
âðàùåíèÿ ðàáî÷åãî êîëåñà n.
Ïóñòü èìåþòñÿ äâå ãåîìåòðè÷åñêè è äèíàìè÷åñêè ïîäîáíûå òóð-
áîìàøèíû A è B. Òîãäà, âîñïîëüçîâàâøèñü óðàâíåíèÿìè íåñæèìàå-
ìîé æèäêîñòè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè òå÷åíèÿ â íèõ, ìîæíî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî
ýòè òå÷åíèÿ â A è B áóäóò êèíåìàòè÷åñêè ïîäîáíûìè òîãäà è òîëüêî
òîãäà, êîãäà âûïîëíÿþòñÿ ðàâåíñòâà
n A D 1À n B D 1Â
= , (1.28)
HÀ HB
QA QB
2
= 2
, (1.29)
D 1À HA D 1Â HB
g A D 1À g B D 1Â
= . (1.30)
HA HB
26 Ãëàâà 1
NA NB MA MB
= , 3
= 3
, (1.31)
D 12À H A3 D 12Â H B3 D 1À HA D 1Â H B
FA FB
2
= 2
,
D 1À HA D 1Â HB
M F
M′ = , F′ = .
D 13 H D 12 H
u t3
eP = . (1.45)
kar ⋅ y P
Äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà â (1.44), (1.45) äèíàìè÷åñêîé ñêîðîñòè ut ïåðåïè-
øåì (1.40) ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
qt 1
= ln (E ⋅ Re ⋅ y P ⋅ ut ). (1.46)
ut kar
Îáîçíà÷èâ â (1.46) èñêîìóþ âåëè÷èíó äèíàìè÷åñêîé ñêîðîñòè ut
÷åðåç x, ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå äëÿ åå îïðåäåëåíèÿ
1 qt
F (x ) ≡ ln (E ⋅ Re ⋅ y P ⋅ x ) − = 0. (1.47)
kar x
Óðàâíåíèå (1.47) ðåøàåòñÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èòåðàöèîííîãî
ìåòîäà Íüþòîíà
F (x l )
x l+ 1 = x l − , (1.48)
F ′ (x l )
ãäå
1 qt
F ′ (x ) = + ,
kar ⋅ x x
2
∂u i ∂u i ∂u j u i ⎡ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎤
+ + =−
∂p
+
∂
⎢ n eff ⎜ ∂u i + j ⎟ ⎥ + f i , (1.52)
∂t ∂t ∂x j ∂x i ∂x j ⎜ ∂x ∂x i ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ j ⎦
ãäå b — êîýôôèöèåíò èñêóññòâåííîé ñæèìàåìîñòè.
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 33
ãäå
⎛ bu1 bu2 bu3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ u1 + p − t 11
2 u u − t u u − t 13 ⎟
⎟ , R = diag (1, 1, 1, 1).
1 2 12 1 3 t
K=⎜ 2 u u − t
⎜ u1 u2 − t 12 u2 + p − t 22 2 3 23
⎟
⎜ uu −t u u − t u 2
+ p − t ⎟
⎝ 1 3 13 2 3 23 3 33 ⎠
Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ
Äëÿ ÷èñëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ îáúåìîâ (1.54) íå-
îáõîäèìî óêàçàòü àëãîðèòì âû÷èñëåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ
âåëè÷èí, èñïîëüçóåìûõ â íåì.  äàííîì ðàçäåëå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ôîðìó-
ëû äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ îáúåìà è íîðìàëè ê ãðàíè ýëåìåíòàðíîé ÿ÷åéêè
ñåòêè, ïîêðûâàþùåé âû÷èñëèòåëüíóþ îáëàñòü.
Ðàññìîòðèì ÿ÷åéêó ñåòêè ñ èíäåêñàìè ijk, êîòîðàÿ èçîáðàæåíà
íà ðèñ. 1.4. Óçëû ñåòêè áóäåì îáîçíà÷àòü òðîéêîé ïîëóöåëûõ èíäåê-
ñîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû óçåë ñ èíäåêñàìè i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2 ÿâ-
ëÿëñÿ ïåðåñå÷åíèåì ãðàíåé i + 1 / 2 jk, ij + 1 / 2k, ijk + 1 / 2. Îïðåäåëèì
îáúåì ÿ÷åéêè ñåòêè êàê ñóììó øåñòè ïèðàìèä:
V ijk = V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2,
i + 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k − 1 / 2) +
+ V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2,
i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k + 1 / 2) +
+ V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i − 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k − 1 / 2,
i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k − 1 / 2) +
(1.57)
+ V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i − 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k − 1 / 2,
i − 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2) +
+ V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k + 1 / 2,
i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2, i − 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2) +
+ V t (i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k − 1 / 2, i − 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k + 1 / 2,
i + 1 / 2 j − 1 / 2k + 1 / 2, i + 1 / 2 j + 1 / 2k + 1 / 2),
→ → →
ãäå V t (a, b, c, d) = ad [ab × ac]/ 6 — îáúåì ïèðàìèäû ñ âåðøèíàìè
a, b, c, d. Âàæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ôîðìóëà (1.57) îñòàåòñÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîé,
äàæå åñëè îäíà èç ãðàíåé âûðîæäåíà â îòðåçîê.
Âûïèøåì ôîðìóëû äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ êîìïîíåíò âåêòîðîâ íîðìàëåé
ê ãðàíÿì âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ÿ÷åéêè ñ äëèíàìè, ðàâíûìè èõ ïëîùàäÿì
S m± 1/ 2 = (Sx , Sy , Sz ) m± 1/ 2 .  îáùåì ñëó÷àå ÷åòûðå óçëà a, b, c, d, îïðåäå-
ëÿþùèå ãðàíü ÿ÷åéêè m + 1 / 2, íå ëåæàò â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè, ïîýòîìó
ïðèìåì çà âåêòîð S m+1/ 2 ñóììó ïëîùàäåé òðåóãîëüíèêîâ abc è acd, óì-
íîæåííûõ íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå åäèíè÷íûå íîðìàëè:
1 2 → → → →
S m+ 1/ 2 = S m + 1/ 2 + S m+ 1/ 2 = ([ab × ac] + [ac × ad]) / 2. (1.58)
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî òàêîå âû÷èñëåíèå âåêòîðà Sm+1/ 2 îáåñïå÷èâàåò
âûïîëíåíèå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ (1.56).
36 Ãëàâà 1
R 1 = (x x, y x, z x ) , R 2 = (x h , y h , z h ) , R 3 = (x z, y z, z z ) .
T T T
Ðàññìîòðèì ìàòðèöû
⎛xx xy xz ⎞ ⎛x x xh x z⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜h x hy hz ⎟, B = ⎜yx yh y z ⎟ = (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ),
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
z
⎝ x zy z z ⎟⎠ ⎝z x zh z z ⎟⎠
3
∂x i ∂x j
g ij = R i ⋅ R j , g ij = ∑ ∂x
k
∂x
k
, i, j = 1, 2, 3,
k=1
(h x , h y , h z )
(Sx , Sy , Sz ) h = const = ah dxdz ,
h 2x + h 2y + h 2z
(z x , z y , z z )
(Sx , Sy , Sz ) z = const = az dxdh .
z 2x + z 2y + z 2z
⏐g
⏐ 33
g 31 ⏐
⏐
ah ⏐g 13 g 11 ⏐
2 2 2
= 22
= g,
hx + hy + hz g
⏐
g
⏐ 11
g 12 ⏐
⏐
az ⏐ 21 g 22 ⏐
g
= 33
= g,
z 2x + z 2y + z 2z g
38 Ãëàâà 1
ïîëó÷èì âûðàæåíèÿ
(Sx , Sy, Sz ) x = const = gdhdz (x x , x y , x z ),
Dh
(h x , h y , h z ) j + 1/ 2 = V ( Sx , Sy , Sz ) j + 1/ 2 , (1.61)
j + 1/ 2
Dz
( z x , z y , z z ) k + 1/ 2 = V ( Sx , Sy , Sz ) k + 1/ 2 ,
k + 1/ 2
ãäå V m+ 1/ 2 = (V m + V m+ 1 ) / 2.
Ïîëó÷åííûå âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøàþò âûâîä ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ñîîò-
íîøåíèé, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ ÷èñëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ñõåìû (1.54).
ãäå
A (Q) =
(
∂ K inv (Q) S ), (1.63)
∂Q
D m+ 1/ 2 Q = Q m+ 1 − Q m ,
W m+ 1/ 2 =
1−j
4
[N −
m+ 3/ 2
+
− Mm ]
− 1/ 2 +
1+ j
4
[M −
m+ 1/ 2
+
− Nm ]
+ 1/ 2 ,
[
N −m+ 3/ 2 = minmod A −m+ 3/ 2 D m+ 3/ 2 Q, qA m
−
+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2 Q , ]
M +m− 1/ 2 = minmod [A +
m− 1/ 2 D m− 1/ 2 Q, qA +m+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2 Q], (1.65)
M −m+ 1/ 2 = minmod [A −
m+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2 Q, qA −m+ 3/ 2 D m+ 3/ 2 Q],
N +m+ 1/ 2 = minmod [A +
m+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2 Q, qA +m− 1/ 2 D m− 1/ 2 Q],
(K inv
m+ 1 − K in
m
v
)
S m+ 1/ 2 = A m+ 1/ 2 (Q m+ 1 − Q m ). (1.67)
(E m+ 1 − E m ) = A^ m+ 1/ 2 (Q m+ 1 − Q m ),
^
(Gm+ 1 − Gm ) = B m+ 1/ 2 (Q m+ 1 − Q m ) , (1.70)
^
( H m+ 1 − Hm) = C m+ 1/ 2 (Q m+ 1 − Q m ) .
K inv ⋅ S m+ 1/ 2 =
1 ⎡
2 ⎢⎣
( ) ^ | Q − Q ⎤, (1.71)
K inv (Q L ) + K inv (Q R ) Sm+ 1/ 2 − | A ( R L )⎥⎦
ãäå
QL = Qm +
1
4
[(1 − q)(Q m − Q m− 1 ) + (1 + q)(Q m+ 1 − Q m )],
Q R = Q m+ 1 −
1
4
[(1 − q)(Q m+ 1 − Q m ) + (1 + q)(Q m+ 2 − Q m+ 1 )],
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 41
( ( L R )).
^ = A 0,5 Q + Q
A
 ñèëó (1.53)
⎛ bU ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ u1U + pSx ⎟
K inv ⋅S = ⎜ , (1.72)
u U + pSy ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ u U + pS ⎟
⎝ 3 z⎠
ãäå U = u ⋅ S = u1 Sx + u2 Sy + u3 Sz .
Òîãäà ìàòðèöà ßêîáè íåâÿçêîãî ïîòîêà (1.63) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä:
⎛0 bSx bSy bSz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ Sx U + u 1 Sx u 1 Sy u 1 Sz ⎟
A =⎜ ⎟ (1.73)
⎜ Sy u 2 Sx U + u 2 Sy u 2 Sz ⎟
⎜ Sz u 3 Sx u 3 Sy U + u3 Sz ⎟⎠
⎝
è îáëàäàåò äåéñòâèòåëüíûìè ñîáñòâåííûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè
l 1,2 = U,
(1.74)
2
l 3,4 = U ± U + bS ⋅ S.
⎛ S z ⋅ U − |S |2 w
⎜ (Uw + bS z )
−
⎜ Sx c
2
c
2
⎜
⎜ S y ⋅ U − |S | v
2
(Uv + bS y )
⎜ −
2 2
L=⎜ Sx c c
⎜ (U − c ) Sx
⎜ − 2 2
⎜ 2bc 2c
⎜ (U + c ) Sx
⎜ − 2 2
⎝ 2bc 2c
S y (Uw + bS z ) (S x u + S y v)U + (S x2 + S y2 )b ⎞⎟
− ⎟
Sx c 2 Sx c 2 ⎟
(S x u + S z w )U + ( 2
Sx +
2
Sz )b (
S z Uv + bS y ) ⎟
− ⎟
2 2
Sx c Sx c ⎟ , (1.77)
Sy Sz ⎟
⎟
2c 2 2c 2 ⎟
Sy Sz ⎟
⎟
2c 2 2c 2 ⎠
ãäå c = U 2 + bSS.
Êîãäà Sx = 0, íåîáõîäèìî îñóùåñòâëÿòü ïåðåðàñ÷åò ïåðâûõ äâóõ
ñòîëáöîâ ìàòðèöû R è ïåðâûõ äâóõ ñòðîê ìàòðèöû L, èñõîäÿ èç óñëî-
âèÿ íåðàâåíñòâà íóëþ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ Sy èëè Sz . Ïðè âûðîæäåíèè
ãðàíè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ÿ÷åéêè â îòðåçîê, ìàòðèöû L è R ïîëàãàþòñÿ
ðàâíûìè íóëþ.
Íà îñíîâàíèè (1.75) ìàòðèöû A + è A − âû÷èñëÿþòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëàì
A ± = RD± L, (1.78)
è íàîáîðîò, åñëè U ≤ 0, òî
D+ = diag (0, 0, U + c, 0), D− = diag (U, U, 0, U − c). (1.81)
⎛ c (U + c) −bcSx
⎜ (U + c)
⎜− (u (U − c) + bSx ) Sx (u (U − c) + bSx )
⎜ b
× ⎜ (U + c)
⎜−
b
(v (U − c) + bSy ) Sx (v (U − c) + bSy )
⎜
⎜ − (U + c) (w (U − c) + bS ) S (w (U − c) + bS )
⎜ z x z
⎝ b
− bcSy − bcSz ⎞
⎟
Sy (u (U − c) + bSx ) Sz (u (U − c) + bSx )⎟
,
Sy (v (U − c) + bSy ) Sz (v (U − c) + bSy )⎟
⎟
Sy (w (U − c) + bSz ) Sz (w (U − c) + bSz )⎟⎠
⎛ − c (U − c) bcSx
⎜ (U − c)
⎜− (u (U + c) + bSx ) Sx (u (U + c) + bSx )
⎜ b
×⎜ (U − c)
⎜−
b
(v (U + c) + bSy ) Sx (v (U + c) + bSy )
⎜
⎜ − (U − c) (w (U + c) + bS ) S (w (U + c) + bS )
⎜ z x z
⎝ b
bcSy bcSz ⎞
⎟
Sy (u (U + c) + bSx ) Sz (u (U + c) + bSx )⎟
.
Sy (v (U + c) + bSy ) Sz (v (U + c) + bSy )⎟
⎟
Sy (w (U + c) + bSz ) Sz (w (U + c) + bSz )⎟⎠
44 Ãëàâà 1
à çàòåì
⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟
− ⎜ ⎟
l 0
D − ⋅ L (Q 2 − Q 1 ) = 42 ⎜ (U + c ) ⎟. (1.85)
2c ⎜ − ( p 2 − p 1 ) + Sx ( u 2 − u 1 ) +⎟
⎜ b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ + Sy ( v 2 − v 1 ) + Sz ( w 2 − w 1 ) ⎠
⎛ −b ⋅ c ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ u (U − c) + bSx ⎟
A − (Q 2 − Q 1 ) = RD− L (Q 2 − Q 1 ) = a ⎜ ⎟, (1.86)
⎜ v (U − c) + bSy ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ w (U − c) + bSz ⎠
ãäå
l 4 ⎛⎜
−
(U + c ) ⎞
a= − ( p 2 − p 1 ) + Sx (u2 − u1 ) + Sy (v 2 − v 1 ) + Sz (w2 − w1 )⎟⎟ .
2 c ⎜⎝
2 b ⎠
A + (Q 2 − Q 1 ) = A (Q 2 − Q 1 ) − A − (Q 2 − Q 1 ).
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 45
e = k | S |, k = 0,01 ÷ 0,2.
Ãðàôè÷åñêàÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ìîäèôèêàöèè ñêîðîñòè U (1.88),
(1.89) ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 1.5 øòðèõîâîé ëèíèåé.
Ñàìà “ýíòðîïèéíàÿ êîððåê-
öèÿ” îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ çàìåíîé ìàò-
ðèöû A íà ìàòðèöó
A * = A + (U m − U )I, (1.90)
ãäå
I = diag (1, 1, 1, 1),
D* = D + (U m − U )I,
|l 1,2 | = U m , |l 3 | = U m + c, |l 4 | = U m − 2U + c. (1.92)
 ñèëó îïðåäåëåíèÿ c è U m âñå ñîáñòâåííûå ÷èñëà (1.92) ïîëîæè-
òåëüíûå, à ýòî è íóæíî äëÿ “ýíòðîïèéíîé êîððåêöèè”. Àíàëîãè÷íî
â ñëó÷àå U < 0. Ìàòðèöà A + âû÷èñëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå (1.83) è îñòàåòñÿ
áåç èçìåíåíèÿ. Ìàòðèöà A − åñòü ðàçíîñòü: A − = A * − A + . Òîãäà ñîá-
ñòâåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ìàòðèöû |A | áóäóò ðàâíû
|l 1,2 | = − U m , |l 3 | = − U m + 2U + c, |l 4 | = − U m + c
è áóäóò òàêæå âñåãäà ïîëîæèòåëüíûìè.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðàöèîíàëüíûõ ñïîñîáîâ âû÷èñëåíèÿ ìàòðèö A ±
ïî ôîðìóëàì (1.82), (1.83) è âåêòîðîâ A ± (Q 2 − Q 1 ) ïî ôîðìóëàì
(1.86), (1.87) ïîçâîëÿåò ñîêðàòèòü êîëè÷åñòâî àðèôìåòè÷åñêèõ îïåðà-
öèé äëÿ èõ ðåàëèçàöèè â ïðîãðàììå, íî èõ ÷èñëî âñå ðàâíî îñòàåòñÿ
çíà÷èòåëüíûì. Ïðè ýòîì âû÷èñëåíèÿ óêàçàííûõ ìàòðèö è âåêòîðîâ
ïðåîáëàäàþò íàä äðóãèìè îïåðàöèÿìè, âûïîëíÿåìûìè â ÷èñëåííîì
àëãîðèòìå, è óïðîùåíèå ôîðìóë èõ ðàñ÷åòà ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê çíà-
÷èòåëüíîìó ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè âñåãî àëãîðèòìà. Ñ ýòîé
öåëüþ ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî ðàñùåïëåíèå âèäà
A ± = 0,5(A ± rI ), (1.93)
∂x ∂u ∂h ∂u ∂z ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂h ∂v ∂z ∂v
t12 = + + + + + ,
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂h ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂h ∂x ∂z
∂x ∂u ∂h ∂u ∂z ∂u ∂x ∂w ∂h ∂w ∂z ∂w
t13 = + + + + + ,
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂h ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂h ∂x ∂z
∂x ∂v ∂h ∂v ∂z ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂h ∂w ∂z ∂w
t23 = + + + + + .
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂h ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂h ∂y ∂z
48 Ãëàâà 1
⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂u ∂h ∂v ∂h ∂w
+⎜w2 + Sx ⎟ + Sy + Sz +
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂h ∂x ∂h ∂x ∂h
⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w
+⎜w3 + Sx ⎟ + Sy + Sz ,
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂x ∂u ⎛ ∂x ⎞ ∂v ∂x ∂w
T2 = Sx + ⎜w1 + Sy ⎟ + Sz +
∂y ∂x ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂h ∂u ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂v ∂h ∂w
+ Sx + ⎜w2 + Sy ⎟ + Sz +
∂y ∂h ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂h ∂y ∂h
∂z ∂u ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂v ∂z ∂w
+ Sx + ⎜w3 + Sy ⎟ + Sz , (1.97)
∂y ∂z ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂z ∂y ∂z
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ⎛ ∂x ⎞ ∂w
T3 = Sx + Sz + ⎜w1 + Sz ⎟ +
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂x
∂h ∂u ∂h ∂v ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂w
+ Sx + Sz + ⎜w2 + Sz ⎟ +
∂z ∂h ∂z ∂h ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂h
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂w
+ Sx + Sz + ⎜w3 + Sz ⎟ ,
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂z
ãäå
∂x ∂x ∂x
w1 = Sx + Sy + Sz ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂h ∂h ∂h
w2 = Sx + Sy + Sz ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂z ∂z ∂z
w3 = Sx + Sy + Sz .
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 49
∂ϕ
≈ 0,25(ϕ i, j ,k + 1 − ϕ i, j ,k − 1 + ϕ i+ 1, j ,k + 1 − ϕ i+ 1, j ,k − 1 ),
∂z
∂ϕ
≈ 0,25(ϕ i, j , k + 1 − ϕ i, j , k − 1 + ϕ i, j + 1, k + 1 − ϕ i, j + 1, k − 1).
∂z
à ð à í ü k + 1 / 2.
Àïïðîêñèìàöèè ïðîèçâîäíûõ:
∂ϕ
≈ 0,25(ϕ i+ 1, j ,k − ϕ i− 1, j ,k + ϕ i+ 1, j ,k + 1 − ϕ i− 1, j ,k + 1 ),
∂x
∂ϕ
≈ 0,25(ϕ i, j + 1,k − ϕ i, j − 1,k + ϕ i, j + 1,k + 1 − ϕ i, j − 1,k + 1 ),
∂h
∂ϕ
≈ ϕ i, j , k + 1 − j i, j , k.
∂x
⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎛ ∂x ⎞ ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎝ w 1 + ∂x Sx ⎟⎠ ∂x + ∂x Sy ∂x + ∂x Sz ∂x ⎟
⎜ ⎟
G 1 (Q x ) = ⎜ ∂x ∂u ⎛ ∂x ⎞ ∂v ∂x ∂w ⎟ , (1.99)
⎜ ∂y Sx ∂x + ⎜ w 1 + ∂y Sy ⎟ ∂x + ∂y Sz ∂x ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ⎛ ∂x ⎞ ∂w ⎟
⎜ Sx + Sy + ⎜w1 + Sz ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ∂ z ∂x ∂ z ∂x ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎠
⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂u ∂h ∂v ∂h ∂w ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎝ w 2 + ∂x Sx ⎟⎠ ∂h + ∂x Sy ∂h + ∂x Sz ∂h ⎟
⎜ ⎟
G 2 (Q h ) = ⎜ ∂h ∂u ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂v ∂h ∂w ⎟ , (1.100)
⎜ ∂y Sx ∂h + ⎜ w 2 + ∂y Sy ⎟ ∂h + ∂y Sz ∂h ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ∂h ∂u ∂h ∂v ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ∂w ⎟
⎜ Sx + Sy + ⎜w2 + Sz ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ∂ z ∂h ∂ z ∂h ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂h ⎠
⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎝ w 3 + ∂x Sx ⎟⎠ ∂z + ∂x Sy ∂z + ∂x Sz ∂z ⎟
⎜ ⎟
G 3 (Q z ) = ⎜ ∂z ∂u ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂v ∂z ∂w ⎟ . (1.101)
⎜ ∂y Sx ∂z + ⎜ w 3 + ∂y Sy ⎟ ∂z + ∂y Sz ∂z ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ∂w ⎟
⎜ Sx + Sy + ⎜w3 + Sz ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ∂ z ∂z ∂ z ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎠
⎛0 0 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ∂g ∂g ∂g ⎟
⎜0 wk + Sx Sy Sz ⎟
k ⎜ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎟
∂G ∂g ∂g ∂g
Rk = = ⎜0 Sx wk + Sy Sz ⎟ . (1.102)
∂Q g ⎜ ∂y ∂y ∂y ⎟
⎜ ∂g ∂g ∂g ⎟
⎜0 Sx Sy wk + Sz ⎟
⎝ ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎠
1.2.3. Ëèíåàðèçàöèÿ
Óðàâíåíèå (1.54) ëèíåàðèçóåòñÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäà Íüþ-
òîíà
⎡⎛ 1 t ⎞ ⎤
s
⎢⎜ R +
⎢⎣ ⎝ Dt
3
2 Dt
t⎞ ⎛ ∂
R ⎟V − ⎜
⎠ ⎝ ∂Q
RHS⎟ ⎥ Q s + 1 − Q s =
⎠ ⎥⎦
( )
(1.103)
−1
3Q s − 4Q n + Q n
= − Rt + RHS s ,
2 Dt
(K inv ⋅ S) m+ 1/ 2 =
1
2
[(K inv
m
inv
+ Km )
+ 1 S m+ 1/ 2 − |A | ], (1.104)
m+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2 Q
(K vis ⋅ S) j + 1/ 2 = − (n eff G ) 2
, (1.105)
j + 1/ 2
(K vis ⋅ S) k + 1/ 2 = − (n eff G ) 3
.
k + 1/ 2
ãäå
Ds + 1 Q = Q s + 1 − Q s ,
(B − C +
i − 1/ 2Ti
−
+ C −i+ 1/ 2Ti+ − C +j − 1/ 2Tj− + C −j + 1/ 2Tj+ −
− C k+ − 1/ 2Tk− + C −k + 1/ 2Tk+ )D s +1
Q= (1.107)
s n n− 1
t 3Q − 4Q + Q
=−R + RHS s ,
2 Dt
ãäå Tm± — îïåðàòîð ñäâèãà íà îäèí óçåë âïåðåä (+) èëè íàçàä (–) ïî
èíäåêñó m,
⎛ 1 t 3 t⎞
B= ⎜ R + R ⎟ V + C +i− 1/ 2 − C −i+ 1/ 2 +
⎝ Dt 2 Dt ⎠
+ C +j − 1/ 2 − C −j + 1/ 2 + C k+ − 1/ 2 − C −k + 1/ 2
è ïðèáëèæåííî LU ôàêòîðèçóåòñÿ
(B − C +
i − 1/ 2Ti
−
− C +j − 1/ 2Tj− − C +k − 1/ 2Tk− B−1 × )
× (B + C −
i + 1/ 2Ti
+
+ C −j + 1/ 2Tj+ + C k− + 1/ 2Tk+ )D s +1
Q= (1.108)
s n n− 1
t 3Q − 4Q + Q
=−R + RHS s .
2 Dt
Ñèñòåìà (1.108) ðàçðåøàåòñÿ â äâà ýòàïà, íà ïåðâîì èç êîòîðûõ
âû÷èñëåíèÿ Ds +1/ 2 Q âåäóòñÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè âîçðàñòàíèÿ èíäåêñîâ:
⎡
Ds + 1/ 2 Q ijk = B−1 ⎢ − R
⎣
t 1
2 Dt
(
3Q s − 4Q n + 4Q n− 1 + RHS s + )
(1.109)
⎤
+ C i+− 1/ 2 Ds + 1/ 2 Q i− 1 jk + C +j − 1/ 2 Ds + 1/ 2 Q ij − 1k + C +k − 1/ 2 Ds + 1/ 2 Q ijk − 1 ⎥ ,
⎦
54 Ãëàâà 1
[
Ds + 1 Q ijk = Ds + 1/ 2 Q ijk − B−1 C −i+ 1/ 2 Ds + 1 Q i+ 1 jk +
]
+ C −j + 1/ 2 Ds + 1 Q ij + 1k + C −k + 1/ 2 Ds + 1 Q ijk + 1 .
^
Ïðèáëèæåííî ïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî äëÿ âñåõ m = i, j , k è ìàòðèö A m+1/ 2 ,
^
B ^
,C , îïðåäåëåííûõ â (1.69), âûïîëíÿþòñÿ ðàâåíñòâà
m+ 1/ 2 m+ 1/ 2
^ ^ ^
A m− 1/ 2 = A m+ 1/ 2 = A ijk ,
^ ^ ^
B m− 1/ 2 = B m+ 1/ 2 = B ij k ,
^ ^ ^
C m− 1/ 2 = C m+ 1/ 2 = C ij k ,
0,5 ∑ (A m− 1/ 2 − A m+ 1/ 2 ) =
m = i, j ,k
^
= 0,5A ijk ∑ [(Sx ) m− 1/ 2 − (Sx ) m+ 1/ 2 ] +
m = i,k,k
(1.111)
^
+0,5B ijk ∑ [(Sy ) m− 1/ 2 − (Sy ) m+ 1/ 2 ] +
m = i,k,k
^
+0,5C ijk ∑ [(Sz ) m− 1/ 2 − (Sz ) m+ 1/ 2 ].
m = i,k,k
ãäå a = (S ⋅ S) m+ 1/ 2 .
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî àëüòåðíàòèâíûé âàðèàíò çàïèñè ìàòðèöû B â
ñëó÷àå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàñùåïëåíèÿ (1.93) âûãëÿäèò òàê:
⎛ 1 ⎞
R t ⎟ V + 0,5I ∑ (r m− 1/ 2 + r m+ 1/ 2 ) +
3
B = ⎜ Rt +
⎝ Dt 2 Dt ⎠ m = i, j ,k
(1.113)
⎡⎛ ^⎞ ⎛ ^⎞ ⎤
+ ∑ ⎢ ⎜⎝ n eff R⎟⎠ m− 1/ 2 + ⎜⎝ n eff R⎟⎠ m+ 1/ 2 ⎥.
m = i, j , k ⎣ ⎦
⎛ E + E i− 1 1 ^ ⎫ ⎞
+ W i + 1/ 2 − ⎜ i − |A − 1/ 2 (Q i − Q i − 1 ) + W i − 1/ 2 ⎟ =
| i⎬
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
E i+ 1 − E i− 1 1 ⎛^ ^ ⎞
= − ⎜ A i+ 1/ 2 (Q i+ 1 − Q i ) + A i − 1/ 2 (Q i − Q i − 1 )⎟ + (1.114)
2 hx 2 hx ⎝ ⎠
^
ãäå ìàòðèöû A íàéäåíû â (1.69). Äëÿ óïðîùåíèÿ äàëüíåéøèõ âû-
i+1/ 2
^±
êëàäîê ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ìàòðèö A i+ 1/ 2 áóäåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàñùåï-
[
^ + (∂Q / ∂x ) + (∂ 2 u / ∂x 2 )(∂Q / ∂x ) − (∂u / ∂x )(∂ 2 Q / ∂x 2 ) ×
=A ]
× (∂ 2 r / ∂u 2 ) hx2 / 24 + (∂u / ∂x ) 2 (∂Q / ∂x )(∂ 2 r / ∂u 2 ) hx2 / 48 + O(hx3 ),
[
^ − (∂Q / ∂x ) − (∂ 2 u / ∂x 2 )(∂Q / ∂x ) − (∂u / ∂x )(∂ 2 Q / ∂x 2 ) ×
=A ]
× (∂ 2 r / ∂u 2 ) hx2 / 24 − (∂u / ∂x ) 2 (∂Q / ∂x )(∂ 2 r/ ∂u 2 ) hx2 / 48 + O(hx3 ).
Óñòîé÷èâîñòü
Qi + 1 − Qi
n n
+a + (DQ n+ 1
i − DQ in−+11 ) + a (DQ−
n+ 1
i+ 1 − DQ in+ 1 )+
Dt h h
+P
(
DQ in++11 − 2 DQ in+ 1 + DQ in−+11 )= (1.116)
2
h
⎪⎧ Q 4Q in+ 1 − Q in+ 2 − 3⎫
n n n
− 4Q i− 1 + 3Q i Q in ⎪
= − ⎨ a + i− 2 ⎬+ a− ,
⎩ 2h 2h ⎭
(1 + ab + P b − ab 2 ) 2 + (a 1bsin(k)) 2
| l |2 = 2 2
, (1.118)
(1 + ab + P b) + (a 1 sin(k))
Dt + − Dt + − Dt + − Dt
ãäå a= (a − a ), a1 = (a + a ) = (a + a ) = a,
h h h h
Dt Dt
b = (1 − cos(k)), P = − 2P , a= (a + − a − ).
2 h
h
Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî a ≥ a ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ 2, P ≥ 0, çàêëþ÷àåì, ÷òî | l | 2 ≤ 1.
2. Ñõåìà òðåòüåãî ïîðÿäêà àïïðîêñèìàöèè ïî h:
Qi + 1 − Qi
n n
+ a+
(DQ n+ 1
i − DQ in−+11 ) + a (DQ −
n+ 1
i+ 1 − DQ in+ 1 )+
Dt h h
+P
(DQ in++11 − 2 DQ in+ 1 + DQ in−+11 )= (1.119)
2
h
⎪⎧ 6Q in+ 1 − Q in+ 2 − 2Q in− 1 − 3⎫
n n n n
2Q i+ 1 + Q i− 2 − 6Q i− 1 + 3Q i Q in ⎪
= − ⎨a + + a −⎬ .
⎩ 6h 6h ⎭
Qi + 1 − Qi
n n
+a + (DQ n+ 1
i − DQ in−+11 ) + a (DQ
−
n+ 1
i+ 1 − DQ in+ 1 ) − P DQ n+ 1
i
=
Dt h h 2
h
⎧⎪ Q n − 4Q in− 1 + 3Q in ⎫
4Q in+ 1 − Q in+ 2 − 3Q n
i ⎪
= − ⎨ a + i− 2 ⎬ + a− , (1.122)
⎩ 2h 2h ⎭
ãäå a + , a − , P, a + , a − óäîâëåòâîðÿþò óñëîâèÿì (1.116).
Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå äëÿ äàííîé ñõåìû çàïèñûâàåòñÿ
ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
Dt Dt Dt
l − 1 + la + − jk
(1 − e ) + la
−
(e
jk
− 1) − a + − jk
(1 − e ) −
h h h
Dt Dt Dt
−a− (e jk − 1) − Pl
2
+P + (1.123)
h h h2
Dt Dt
+a − (4e jk − e 2 jk − 3) + a
+
(e
−2 jk
− 4e − jk + 3) = 0.
2h 2h
(1 + ab + P − ab ) + (a bsin (k))
2 2
2
2 1
|l| = , (1.124)
( ) ( )
2 2
1 + ab + P + a 1 sin (k )
Q in+ 1 − Q in
+a + (DQ n+ 1
i − DQ in−+11 ) + a (DQ
−
n+ 1
i+ 1 − DQ in+ 1 ) − P DQ n+ 1
i
=
Dt h h 2
h (1.125)
⎪⎧ 2Q in+ 1 + Q in− 2 − 6Q in− 1 + 3Q in 6Q in+ 1 − Q in+ 2 − 2Q in− 1 − 3⎫
Q in ⎪
= − ⎨a + + a −⎬ .
⎩ 6h 6h ⎭
60 Ãëàâà 1
ãäå DQ ni + 1 = Q ni + 1 − Q ni .
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 61
Òâåðäàÿ ñòåíêà
ãäå Dx = (x x , x y , x z ) , Dh = (h x , h y , h z ) , D z = (z x , z y , z z )
T T T
. Ïðè
àïïðîêñèìàöèè â âûðàæåíèè (1.129) ìåòðè÷åñêèõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ñ
ïîìîùüþ ôîðìóë (1.61) âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ãðàäèåíòà çàïèñûâàåòñÿ ñëå-
äóþùèì îáðàçîì:
S x Dx ∂ S h Dh ∂ S z Dz ∂
∇= + + , (1.130)
Vf ∂x Vf ∂h Vf ∂z
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 63
Óäàëåííàÿ ãðàíèöà
∂ϕ ∂ ⎛⎜ ∂ϕ ⎞⎟
+ ⎜ϕu j − n * = H, (1.132)
∂t ∂x j ⎝ ∂x j ⎟⎠
Ò à á ë è ö à 1.1
Óðàâíåíèå ϕ n* H
∂
∫ ϕdV ∫ ϕudS + ∫ n ∇ϕdS + ∫ HdV .
*
=− (1.133)
∂t V ∂V ∂V V
∑ [(ϕu ⋅ S) m+ 1/ 2 − (ϕu ⋅ S) m− 1/ 2 ]
s +1 s +1
RHSijk =− +
m = i, j ,k
⎛ ⎡ * ⎛ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⎞ ⎤
⎜ n ⎜S
+ ∑ ⎜ ⎢⎣ ⎝ x ∂x
+ Sy
∂y
+ Sz ⎟⎥
∂z ⎠ ⎦ m+ 1/ 2
− (1.135)
m = i, j ,k ⎝
s +1
⎡ ⎛ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⎞ ⎤ ⎞
− ⎢ n * ⎜ Sx + Sy + Sz ⎟⎥ ⎟ + H ijs k+1V ijk .
⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎦ m− 1/ 2 ⎟⎠
Wm+ 1/ 2 =
1−F
4
[N −
m+ 3/ 2 ]
− M m+ − 1/ 2 +
1+ F
4
[M −
m+ 1/ 2 ]
− N m+ + 1/ 2 , (1.137)
1 ≤ b ≤ (3 − F) / (1 − F), m = i, j , k.
Âÿçêèå ïîòîêè
⎡ * ⎛ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ n ⎜ Sx ∂x + Sy ∂y + Sz ∂z ⎟ ⎥ (1.138)
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ m+1/ 2
70 Ãëàâà 1
ïîëó÷èì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî
∂y ∂y ∂y
∫ ∂x dV = ∫ ydSx , ∫ ∂y dV = ∫ ydSy , ∫ ∂z dV = ∫ ydSz .(1.142)
V ∂V V ∂V V ∂V
∫ dS = 0 (1.145)
∂V
e e2 e
H e = Ce*1 G − Ce 2 f 2 − 2nf 3 2
. (1.148)
k k y
72 Ãëàâà 1
e e e
H e = Ce*1 G − Ce 2 f 2 − 2nf 3 2
, (1.149)
k T y
s s
⎛ e⎞ ⎛C n ⎞
H es + 1 = Ce*1 ⎜ ⎟ G − Ce 2 ⎜⎜ e 2 + 2 2 f 3 ⎟⎟ es + 1 . (1.151)
⎝ k⎠ ⎝ T y ⎠
1.3.5. Ëèíåàðèçàöèÿ
Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ íåëèíåéíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ (1.134) ïðîâîäèòñÿ åãî ëè-
íåàðèçàöèÿ ïî ìåòîäó Íüþòîíà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì çàïèñè ëèíåàðè-
çîâàííûõ óðàâíåíèé â äåëüòà-ôîðìå (ò.å. óðàâíåíèå çàïèñûâàåòñÿ
îòíîñèòåëüíî Dy s + 1 = ϕ s + 1 − ϕ s ):
⎡ V ⎛ ∂ ⎞ ⎤
s
3ϕ s − 4ϕ n + ϕ n−1
⎢ 1,5 − ⎜ RHS⎟ ⎥ (ϕ s + 1 − ϕ s ) = − V + RHS s . (1.152)
⎢⎣ Dt ⎝ ∂ϕ ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2Dt
(ϕu ⋅ S) m+ 1/ 2 =
1
2
{ [(ϕu) m + (ϕu) m+ 1 ] S m+ 1/ 2 − | U | m+ 1/ 2 D m+ 1/ 2ϕ}, (1.153)
⎡ *⎛ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂ϕ ⎞
⎢n ⎜w1 + w2 + w3 ⎟⎥ = ⎜ n *w 2 ⎟ , (1.154)
⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂h ∂z ⎠ ⎦ j + 1/ 2 ⎝ ∂h ⎠ j + 1/ 2
⎡ *⎛ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂ϕ ⎞
⎢n ⎜w1 + w2 + w3 ⎟⎥ = ⎜ n *w 3 ⎟ .
⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂h ∂z ⎠ ⎦ k + 1/ 2 ⎝ ∂z ⎠ k + 1/ 2
⎧ V − +
⎨ 1,5 + MV + U i+ 1/ 2 D i+ 1/ 2 + U i− 1/ 2 D i− 1/ 2 −
⎩ Dt
[ ]
− (n * w x ) i+ 1/ 2 D i+ 1/ 2 − (n * w x ) i− 1/ 2 D i− 1/ 2 + U −j + 1/ 2 D j + 1/ 2 + U +j − 1/ 2 D j − 1/ 2 −
− [(n w *
h ) j + 1/ 2 D j + 1/ 2
*
]
− (n w h ) j − 1/ 2 D j − 1/ 2 + U k−+ 1/ 2 D k + 1/ 2 + U k+− 1/ 2 D k − 1/ 2 −
74 Ãëàâà 1
[
− (n * w z ) k + 1/ 2 D k + 1/ 2 − (n * w z ) k − 1/ 2 D k − 1/ 2 ]} Dy s +1
=
(1.155)
n− 1
3ϕ s − 4ϕ + ϕ
n
s
=− V + RHS ,
2Dt
ãäå
⎧ 1 / T + 2v / y 2 äëÿ k -óðàâíåíèÿ,
M =⎨ 2
⎩Ce 2 / T + 2vf 3 / y äëÿ e -óðàâíåíèÿ.
3ϕ s − 4ϕ n + ϕ n− 1
− Ck+− 1/ 2Tk− + Ck−+ 1/ 2Tk+ ) Dy s + 1 = − V + RHS s , (1.158)
2 Dt
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 75
ãäå
V
W = 1,5 + MV + Ci+− 1/ 2 − Ci−+ 1/ 2 + C +j − 1/ 2 − C −j + 1/ 2 + C +k − 1/ 2 − Ck−+ 1/ 2 .
Dt
(W − C +
i − 1/ 2Ti
−
)
− C +j − 1/ 2Tj− − Ck+− 1/ 2Tk− W −1 ×
× (W + C −
i + 1/ 2Ti
+
+ C −j + 1/ 2Tj+ + C k− + 1/ 2Tk+ )Dy s +1
= (1.159)
s n n− 1
3ϕ − 4ϕ +ϕ
=− V + RHS s
2 Dt
(
Dy sijk+ 1 = Dy *ijk − W −1 Ci−+ 1/ 2 Dy is++11jk + C −j + 1/ 2 Dy sij++11k + C −k + 1/ 2 Dy ijk
s +1
)
+ 1 . (1.161)
∑ [(eu ⋅ S) m+ 1/ 2 − (eu ⋅ S) m− 1/ 2 ]
s +1
+l −
m = j, j, k
⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ ∂e ∂e ∂e ⎞ ⎤
−l ∑ ⎨ ⎢ n e ⎜ Sx + Sy + Sz ⎟
∂z ⎠ ⎥⎦ m+ 1/ 2
− (1.163)
m = i, j, k ⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂y
s +1
⎡ ⎛ ∂e ∂e ∂e ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪
− ⎢ n e ⎜ Sx ⎬ + Sy + Sz ⎟ +
⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎥⎦ m− 1/ 2 ⎪
⎭
⎡⎛ ⎡⎛ 3/ 2 ⎞ s ⎤
1 ⎞ s +1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎜ e k
⎟ V⎥
+ ⎢ ⎜ lCe 2 + 1 − l⎟ e V ⎥ = ⎜ lCe 1 G + (1 − l)CD .
⎣⎝ T ⎠ ⎦ ij k ⎢⎣ ⎝ k l e ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎦ ij k
⎞
+ Ci+− 1/ 2 De*i− 1 jk + C +j − 1/ 2 De*ij − 1k + Ck+− 1/ 2 D eij k − 1⎟ ,
*
⎟
⎠
(
Desijk+ 1 = De*ikj − W −1 Ci++ 1/ 2 Deis++11jk + C j++ 1/ 2 Desij++11k + Ck++ 1/ 2 Desijk+ 1+ 1 , )
Ìåòîä ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåõìåðíûõ çàäà÷ äèíàìèêè 77
∂e ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪
s
⎡ ⎛ ∂e ∂e
− ⎢ n e ⎜ Sx ⎬ + Sy + Sz ⎟⎥ +
⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎦ m− 1/ 2 ⎪
⎭
s
⎡ ⎛ e 1 ⎞ ⎛ k
3/ 2 ⎞⎤
+ ⎢ l⎜Ce 1 G − Ce 2 e⎟ + (1 − l)⎜⎜CD − e⎟⎟ ⎥ Vi j k ,
⎣⎢ ⎝ k T ⎠ ⎝ le ⎠ ⎥⎦ ij k
⎛ S ⋅ S⎞
Cm± + 1/ 2 = 0,5l(u ⋅ S ± | u ⋅ S |) ± ⎜ ln e ⎟ ,
m+ 1/ 2
⎝ V ⎠ m+ 1/ 2
Vijk Vijk
W = (1 − l) + 1,5l + (lCe 2 / T + 1 − l)V ijk + Ci+− 1/ 2 − Ci−+ 1/ 2 +
Dt Dt
+ C +j − 1/ 2 − C −j + 1/ 2 + Ck+− 1/ 2 − Ck−+ 1/ 2 ,
Des + 1 = es + 1 − es .
C m3/ 4 k P3/ 2
e ≈ eP = .
kar ⋅ y P
ÃÅÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÎÄÄÅÐÆÊÀ
×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ ÒÅ×ÅÍÈÉ
Ðèñ. 3.1. Ïðîôèëè ïðîäîëüíîé ñêî- Ðèñ. 3.2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âäîëü ïëà-
ðîñòè ïðè îáòåêàíèè íåïîäâèæíîé ñòèíû êîýôôèöèåíòà ñîïðîòèâëå-
ïëàñòèíû. íèÿ.
1 — ðåøåíèå óðàâíåíèé ïîãðàíè÷íîãî Óñë. îáîçí. òàêèå æå, êàê íà ðèñ. 3.1.
ñëîÿ (3.1); 2 — ÷èñëåííîå ðåøåíèå óðàâ-
íåíèé Íàâüå — Ñòîêñà (1.7).
Âåðèôèêàöèÿ ìåòîäà ðàñ÷åòà òå÷åíèé íåñæèìàåìîé æèäêîñòè 89
â íîðìàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.
|
i, j ,k ⎝ m = 1,...,4
|
Err (n) = max ⎛⎜ max RHSijnk [m] / V ij k ⎞⎟ ,
⎠
(3.2)
3.2.1. k − å ìîäåëè:
RNG è ñ äåìïôèðóþùèìè ôóíêöèÿìè
äëÿ íèçêèõ ÷èñåë Ðåéíîëüäñà
Ò à á ë è ö à 3.1
Äëèíà ðåöèðêóëÿ- k–e ìîäåëü ñ ðàñ- k–e ìîäåëü ñ ðàñ- RNG-ìîäåëü ñ ðàñ-
Ýêñïåðèìåíò [6]
öèîííîé çîíû ùåïëåíèåì (1.93) ùåïëåíèåì (1.78) ùåïëåíèåì (1.93)
Ò à á ë è ö à 3.2
Èñòî÷íèê C dp C p max C p min q L
Ñâîäíûå äàííûå [7] 0,93 ¸ 1,05 1,14 ¸ 1,23 –0,55 ¸ –0,47 50 ¸ 53,9 1,8 ¸ 2,5
Íàñòîÿùèé ðàñ÷åò 0,989 1,12 –0,496 49,25 2,14
§ 3.5. Î ÂÇÀÈÌÎÑÂßÇÈ
ÌÅÆÄÓ ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÌÈ ÌÎÄÅËßÌÈ
ÈÄÅÀËÜÍÎÉ ÆÈÄÊÎÑÒÈ È ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÉ ÌÎÄÅËÜÞ,
ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÍÎÉ ÍÀ ÎÑÍÎÂÅ ÓÐÀÂÍÅÍÈÉ ÝÉËÅÐÀ
Îäíîé èç ìîäåëåé, ïîëîæåííûõ â ìîíîãðàôèè â îñíîâó ÷èñëåí-
íîãî îïèñàíèÿ òå÷åíèé â òóðáîìàøèíàõ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîäåëü èäåàëüíîé
æèäêîñòè — óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéëåðà. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ýòà ìîäåëü îáëàäàåò ïà-
ðàäîêñàìè íóëåâîé ïîäúåìíîé ñèëû (èëè ëîáîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ) è
áåñêîíå÷íîñòè ñêîðîñòè ïðè ãëàäêîì îáòåêàíèè êðûëîâîãî ïðîôèëÿ
ñ óãëîâîé òî÷êîé íà çàäíåé êðîìêå [12, 13]. Ïðîáëåìà óñòðàíåíèÿ ýòèõ
ïàðàäîêñîâ â êëàññè÷åñêîé òåîðèè èäåàëüíîé æèäêîñòè ðåøàåòñÿ ïó-
òåì ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïîñòóëàòà Æóêîâñêîãî — ×àïëûãèíà [14]: ñðåäè áåñ-
êîíå÷íîãî ÷èñëà òåîðåòè÷åñêè âîçìîæíûõ ïëàâíûõ îáòåêàíèé ïðîôèëÿ ñ
óãëîâîé òî÷êîé íà çàäíåé êðîìêå â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ
îáòåêàíèå ñ êîíå÷íîé ñêîðîñòüþ â ýòîé òî÷êå. Ïîñòóëàò Æóêîâñêîãî —
×àïëûãèíà äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ íà ïðàêòèêå. Åãî
Âåðèôèêàöèÿ ìåòîäà ðàñ÷åòà òå÷åíèé íåñæèìàåìîé æèäêîñòè 103
Ò à á ë è ö à 3.4
ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÒÅ×ÅÍÈÉ
 ÒÓÐÁÎÌÀØÈÍÀÕ
Ò à á ë è ö à 4.1
Îáëàñòü è ñåòêà Ìîìåíò M Íàïîð H R Ïîòåðè hR
H R = E R1 − E R2 ,
1 ⎛ pñ g′ | u| ⎞
2
E R 1, R 2 = ∫ ⎜
⎜ − z + ⎟ (u ⋅ dS),
QS
R 1, R 2 ⎝ g g 2 g ⎟⎠
Ò à á ë è ö à 4.3
Íîìåð
h ⋅ 102 , ì C pr QL / QR
âàðèàíòà
1 ⎛ pñ g′ u2 ⎞
E 1,2 = ⎜ ∫
Q S1,2 ⎜⎝ g
−
g
z + ⎟ (u ⋅ dS),
2 g ⎟⎠
1 ⎛p g′
2 ⎞
E 2* =
Q S2 ⎝
∫ ⎜⎜ gñ −
g
z+
Q
2⎟
⎟ (u ⋅ dS).
2 gS 2 ⎠
Ðåæèìíàÿ òî÷êà 1
Ðèñ. 4.17. Âèõðåâîé æãóò â îòñàñûâàþùåé òðóáå ïðè ðåæèìå íåïîëíîé çàãðóçêè.
a — ðàñ÷åò; á — ýêñïåðèìåíò; 1–3 — òî÷êè äëÿ àíàëèçà ïóëüñàöèè äàâëåíèÿ.
Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèé â òóðáîìàøèíàõ 135
Ðåæèìíàÿ òî÷êà 2
Ðåæèìíàÿ òî÷êà 3
1 ⎛ pc g′ |u| ⎞
2
E 1,2 = ∫ ⎜
Q S1,2 ⎜⎝ g
−
g
z + ⎟ (u ⋅ dS),
2 g ⎟⎠
(4.5)
Ðèñ. 4.27. Îòñàñûâàþùàÿ òðóáà è ñåòêà â íåé, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç 160 000 ÿ÷ååê.
Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèé â òóðáîìàøèíàõ 143
§ 4.2. ÒÅ×ÅÍÈÅ
 ÏÎÂÎÐÎÒÍÎ-ËÎÏÀÑÒÍÎÉ ÃÈÄÐÎÒÓÐÁÈÍÅ
4.2.1. Ðàñ÷åò òå÷åíèÿ âî âñåì ïðîòî÷íîì òðàêòå
Âîëæñêîé ÃÝÑ â ïðèáëèæåíèè
çàìîðîæåííîãî êîëåñà è óðàâíåíèé Ýéëåðà
Èçó÷åíî òå÷åíèå â ïîâîðîòíî-ëîïàñòíîé ãèäðîòóðáèíå Âîëæ-
ñêîé ÃÝÑ. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ îáëàñòü ñîñòîÿëà èç ñïèðàëüíîé êàìåðû ñ 17
ñòàòîðíûìè êîëîííàìè, íàïðàâëÿþùåãî àïïàðàòà ñ 32 ëîïàòêàìè,
ðàáî÷åãî êîëåñà ñ 5 ëîïàñòÿìè, âõîäíîãî êîíóñà îòñàñûâàþùåé òðó-
áû, êîëåíà è äâóõ äèôôóçîðîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïî îáå ñòîðîíû îò
áû÷êà òðóáû. Ñåãìåíòàöèÿ âñåé îáëàñòè òå÷åíèÿ è îòäåëüíî ðàáî÷å-
ãî êîëåñà èçîáðàæåíà íà ðèñ. 4.30.
Ðàñ÷åò òå÷åíèÿ âûïîëíåí äëÿ ïðèâåäåííîé ãèäðîòóðáèíû ñ äèà-
ìåòðîì ðàáî÷åãî êîëåñà D1′ = 1 ì, íàïîðîì H′ = 1 ì, â ãðàâèòàöèîí-
íîì ïîëå ñ g ′ = gD1 / H = 3,83 ì/ñ2, ðàññ÷èòàííûì ïî íàòóðíûì ïàðà-
ìåòðàì òóðáèíû D1 , H è óñêîðåíèþ ñâîáîäíîãî ïàäåíèÿ g = 9,81 ì/ñ2.
Ðåæèìíûå ïàðàìåòðû âûáðàíû ñëåäóþùèå: Q1′ = 0,94 ì3/ñ (â ìîäåëü-
íîé òóðáèíå ñ D1 = 0,46 ì ñîîòâåòñòâîâàë îòêðûòèþ íàïðàâëÿþùåãî
àïïàðàòà a0 = 22,06 ìì), n1′ = 130 îá./ìèí. Ïàðàìåòðû ÷èñëåííîãî àë-
Ðèñ. 4.30. Ñåãìåíòàöèÿ âñåé ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Âîëæñêîé ÃÝÑ (à) è ðàáî÷åå
êîëåñî ãèäðîòóðáèíû (á).
146 Ãëàâà 4
Ò à á ë è ö à 4.4
Ìîìåíò ÊÏÄ
Ìîìåíò ÐÊ Íàïîð Îñåâàÿ ñèëà Mw
Èñòî÷íèê ëîïàñòè h= ⋅ 100 %
M, òñ × ì Hfull, ì Fz, òñ
Mê, òñ × ì QH
Ðèñ. 4.36. Ñåòêà íàïðàâëÿþùåãî àïïàðàòà. Ðèñ. 4.37. Ñåòêà ðàáî÷åãî êîëåñà.
152 Ãëàâà 4
Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ
Ïðîâåäåííûå äëÿ âñåõ óêàçàííûõ â òàáë. 4.5 ðåæèìîâ ðàñ÷åòû
ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî íàèáîëüøåå ðàçëè÷èå ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ äëÿ êî-
ëåñ ñ çàçîðàìè è áåç çàçîðîâ, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïðè ðåæèìå 1. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî
ñ òåì, ÷òî ýòîìó ðåæèìó ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà çàçî-
ðîâ è íàèìåíüøåå îòêðûòèå íàïðàâëÿþùåãî àïïàðàòà. Ïîýòîìó äà-
ëåå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå òîëüêî ïî ðàñ÷åòàì òå÷åíèé ïðè ðåæèìå 1.
Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî âëèÿíèå çàçîðîâ íà èíòåãðàëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòè-
êè òå÷åíèÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò èñïîëüçóåìûõ ìîäåëåé è ñåòîê ñîñòàâëÿåò
îò 0,5 äî 2 %. Î âëèÿíèè çàçîðîâ íà ëîêàëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïîòî-
êà ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî ðèñ. 4.38.
Âèäíî, ÷òî â íåâÿçêîì ïðèáëèæåíèè ïðîòåêàíèå æèäêîñòè ÷åðåç
çàçîð âûçûâàåò íåêîòîðîå óâåëè÷åíèå ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ c z è c u â îêðå-
ñòíîñòè âòóëêè è ïåðèôåðèè âíèç ïî ïîòîêó. Äàííûé ýôôåêò ïðè-
ñóòñòâóåò â ðàññ÷èòàííûõ ïîëÿõ íåçàâèñèìî îò èñïîëüçóåìîé ñåòêè.
 ñëó÷àå òóðáóëåíòíîãî ïðèáëèæåíèÿ äëÿ îñåâîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ñêî-
ðîñòè ýôôåêò ïðîòåêàíèÿ êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ ïðèëèïàíèåì ê ñòåíêå.
Ýòî õîðîøî çàìåòíî ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ñîñòàâëÿþùåé c z . Òî æå ñà-
ìîå íàáëþäàåòñÿ è äëÿ îêðóæíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ñêîðîñòè íà ïåðè-
ôåðèè. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ðàññ÷èòàííîå ñ çàçîðîì ïî òóðáóëåíòíîé ìî-
äåëè çíà÷åíèå îêðóæíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ñêîðîñòè c u ïðè ìèíèìàëü-
íîì r îáóñëîâëåíî íàëîæåíèåì ýôôåêòîâ ïðîòåêàíèÿ ÷åðåç çàçîð è
ïðèëèïàíèÿ ê âðàùàþùåéñÿ âòóëêå.  öåëîì ðåçóëüòàòû äîñòàòî÷íî
õîðîøî ñîãëàñóþòñÿ ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòîì.
Íà ðèñ. 4.39 ïðèâåäåíû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ íà òûëüíîé ñòî-
ðîíå ëîïàñòè, ðàññ÷èòàííûå ïðè íàëè÷èè è îòñóòñòâèè çàçîðîâ â íå-
âÿçêîì ïðèáëèæåíèè. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äàâëåíèÿ äëÿ òå÷åíèÿ ñ çàçî-
ðîì ïðèâîäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ëîïàñòè äëÿ òå÷åíèÿ áåç
çàçîðà, ò.å. ñîäåðæàùåé ÿ÷åéêè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî çàçîðà. Ýòî ñäåëàíî
äëÿ óïðîùåíèÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ èçìåíåíèé äàâëåíèÿ â îêðåñòíîñòè
âíåøíåé êðîìêè.
Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèé â òóðáîìàøèíàõ 153
Ðèñ. 4.45. Ëèíèè òîêà â ðàáî÷åì êîëåñå ïðè ïîäà÷å 40 (à) è 160 (á) ì3/÷.
Ðèñ. 4.46. Ìåðèäèîíàëüíàÿ ïðîåêöèÿ òå÷åíèÿ ïðè ïîäà÷å 150 (à) è 160 (á) ì3/÷.
Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèé â òóðáîìàøèíàõ 161
Ðèñ. 4.53. Ëèíèè òîêà è îáëàñòè âîçâðàòíîãî òå÷åíèÿ â ðàáî÷åì êîëåñå (à) è â
ñïðÿìëÿþùåì àïïàðàòå (á), ïîëó÷åííûå äëÿ âòîðîé ìîäèôèêàöèè ãåîìåò-
ðèè ïðè Q = 1800 ì3/÷.
ÎÏÒÈÌÈÇÀÖÈß
ÔÎÐÌÛ ËÎÏÀÑÒÈ ÃÈÄÐÎÒÓÐÁÈÍÛ
3!
ãäå Bk (w) = w k (1 − w) 3− k . Äîñòîèíñòâîì ðàññìîòðåííîé “îò-
k !(3 − k) !
íîñèòåëüíîé” ïàðàìåòðèçàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî èñõîäíàÿ ëî-
ïàñòü, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ñëîæíóþ ôîðìó, âñåãäà ëåæèò â ìíîæåñòâå
äîïóñòèìûõ ïàðàìåòðèçàöèåé ôîðì (ïðè ϕ ij = 0). Äëÿ óäîáñòâà ãåî-
ìåòðè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ϕ ij â äàëüíåéøåì îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ x k .
Äëÿ ðåàëüíûõ ëîïàñòåé ôóíêöèÿ óãëîâîé êîîðäèíàòû F (u, v)
îáû÷íî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîíîòîííî âîçðàñòàþùåé ïî ïåðåìåííîé v:
F v (u, v) < 0 (íåáîëüøîå íàðóøåíèå óñëîâèÿ ìîíîòîííîñòè ìî-
æåò èìåòü ìåñòî ëèøü âáëèçè âõîäíîé êðîìêè). Äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ
ýòîãî óñëîâèÿ íà ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû íàêëàäûâàþòñÿ ñîîòâåò-
ñòâóþùèå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ. Êðîìå òîãî, äëÿ êàæäîãî ïàðàìåòðà x j çàäà-
åòñÿ äèàïàçîí åãî èçìåíåíèÿ (òàê íàçûâàåìûå ôàçîâûå îãðàíè-
÷åíèÿ):
x L, j ≤ x j ≤ x R, j .
§ 5.3. ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈß
Ïîìèìî ëèíåéíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé íà ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû,
ñòàâèëèñü òàêæå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà íàïîð â ðàáî÷åì êîëåñå è êàâèòà-
öèîííîå.
F =
1
∫ (1 − s(b) cos b) dS, (5.8)
S S
Fc = F ⎢ 1 + ∑ K j ⎜ +⏐ ⏐ ⎟ ⎥, (5.12)
⎢ ⎜e e ⎟ ⎥
⎣
j=1 ⎝ j ⏐ j ⏐
⎠ ⎦
20
FT2 (x) = 1 + ∑ x i2 , (5.15)
i=1
20
FT3 (x) = 1 + g(x 1 ) + g(x 2 ) + ∑ x i2 , (5.16)
i=1
| |
r(i, j ) = max f k (x i ) − f k (x j ) .
k = 1,...,q
Ò à á ë è ö à 5.1
Çàäà÷à Öåëåâûå ôóíêöèîíàëû Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ è ÷èñëî ïàðàìåòðîâ
ZDT3 f 1 ( x) = x 1 0 ≤ xi ≤ 1
f 2(x) = g × n = 30
× (1 − f 1 / g − ( f 1 / g) sin (10pf 1 ))
n
g(x 2 , ... , x n) = 1 + 9 ∑ x i / (n − 1)
i= 2
DTLZ 4 ⎛ px a ⎞ ⎛ px a ⎞ 0 ≤ xi ≤ 1
f 1 (x) = (1 + g) cos ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ cos ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ n = 12
⎛ px a ⎞ ⎛ px a ⎞
f 2(x) = (1 + g) cos ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ sin ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ px a ⎞
f 3(x) = (1 + g) sin ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
n
∑ (x i − 0,5)
2
g (x 3 , ... , x n) = , a = 100
i= 3
TNK f 1 ( x) = x 1 0 ≤ xi ≤ p
f 2(x) = x 2 ⎛ x ⎞
ϕ 1 (x) = 1 + 0,1 cos ⎜ 16 arctan 1 ⎟ −
⎝ x2⎠
− x 12 − x 22 ≤ 0
ϕ 2(x) = (x 1 − 0, 5) 2 +
+ (x 2 − 0, 5) 2 − 0, 5 ≤ 0
n= 2
OSY 2
f 1 (x) = − 25(x 1 − 2) + (x 2 − 2) + 2
0 ≤ x 1 , x 2, x 6 ≤ 10
2 2
+ (x 3 − 1) + (x 4 − 4) + (x 5 − 1) 2 1 ≤ x 3, x 5 ≤ 5
6 0 ≤ x4 ≤ 6
∑ xi
2
f 2(x) = ϕ 1 ( x) = 2 − x 1 − x 2 ≤ 0
i= 1
ϕ 2(x) = x 1 + x 2 − 6 ≤ 0
ϕ 3(x) = − x 1 + x 2 − 2 ≤ 0
ϕ 4(x) = x 1 − 3x 2 − 2 ≤ 0
ϕ 5(x) = (x 3 − 3) 2 + x 4 − 4 ≤ 0
ϕ 6(x) = 4 − (x 5 − 3) 2 − x 6 ≤ 0
n= 6
Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ôîðìû ëîïàñòè ãèäðîòóðáèíû 191
∫ wd
cav
Scav = dS,
Ssuc
cav
ãäå d = 1, åñëè âûïîëíÿåòñÿ óñëîâèå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ êàâèòàöèè
(5.4), è d cav = 0, åñëè êàâèòàöèè íåò. Ôóíêöèÿ w = w(l) åñòü âåñîâàÿ
ôóíêöèÿ, âèä êîòîðîé èçîáðàæåí íà ðèñ. 5.15. Ïàðàìåòð l — íîðìè-
ðîâàííîå ðàññòîÿíèå îò âõîäíîé êðîìêè, èçìåðåííîå âäîëü ïîâåðõ-
íîñòè ëîïàñòè â íàïðàâëåíèè ïîòîêà.
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Ê ÃËÀÂÅ 1
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