Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
16,2009
Abstract
The aim of this work is to simulate a differential relay, which ensures security
for external fault, inrush, and overexcitation conditions and provides dependability
for internal faults, to protect a single phase power transformer.
This work combines harmonic restraint and blocking methods with a waveshape
recognition technique.
The harmonic based dual slope characteristic differential relay is modeled in
MATLAB (version 7.3) functions. Two approaches are used to simulate the power
transformer transients modeling to evaluate the differential relay performance for
different operation conditions: The first approach has modeled the power
transformer transients in MATLAB functions to simulate the inrush, overexcitation
and external fault conditions, the interfacing of this model with the differential
relay MATLAB functions is accomplished via the sampler model which is
simulated in the environment of SIMULINK. The second approach has modeled
the power transformer transients using the power system blockset to simulate the
internal faults and the sinusoidal inrush current conditions, this model is set to
interact with the differential relay MATLAB functions by the environment of
SIMULINK.
ل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺸﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤ,ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻲ
.SIMULINK ﺒﻴﺌﺔ
NEGHALF Negative half cycle
Nomenclature d. c. content.
2HB1 Second
harmonic blocking signal.
5HB1 Fifth POSHALF Positive half cycle d.
harmonic blocking signal. c. content.
DCBL1 Direct current SLP1 First slope of
blocking signal. differential relay characteristic.
DCR1 Direct current ratio. SLP2 Second slope of
E1 Enable differential relay characteristic
signal. T Restraint trip
Id Differential current. signal.
IOP1 Differential T1 Relay
relay operation current. differential element 1 trip signal.
IOP1F2 Second harmonic UR1 Unrestraint trip
restraint current. signal.
IOP1F5 Fifth harmonic spc Samples per cycle
restraint current. r Sequence of samples
IOV Relay maximum 0,1,2,3,………..
overcurrent threshold. 1. Introduction
IP.U Relay minimum The power system protection relay
pick up current threshold. has experienced many important
IRS1 Differential relay changes, from purely
characteristic break point. electromechanical type to the mixture
IRT1 Differential of electronic and electromechanical
relay restraint current. type, then to fully static and now
I1W1 Transformer fully numerical relays based on
scaled primary current. microprocessors.
I1W2 Transformer The most important protection
scaled secondary current. scheme is the differential protection.
I1W1F1 Fundamental Two trip criteria are used; the first
component of scaled primary current. trip criterion is based on unrestrained
I1W2F1 Fundamental component of differential trip algorithm for heavy
scaled secondary current. internal faults which will produce a
I1W1F2 Second harmonic of scaled very high differential current so that
primary current. it is not necessary to check whether it
I I1W2F2Second harmonic of is inrush or not. The second trip
scaled secondary current. criterion is the through fault current
I1W1F5 Fifth harmonic of restrained differential algorithm
scaled primary current. which also includes the waveform
I1W2F5 Fifth harmonic of blocking criterion in combination
scaled secondary current. criteria of second harmonic restrain-
block for inrush and fifth harmonic
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magnetizing currents from the All terms have fixed values except
conventional differential current. the permeance P. The following
2. Transformer Modeling expression determines the permeance
Accurate modeling of the power of a given transformer core:
transformer is very necessary to µ.A
evaluate protective relay P= ....(4)
performance and leads to the
l
The ratio of the incremental value of
transformer protection improvement.
the flux density to the incremental
The transformer model simulates
value of the magnetic field intensity
current signals for different operating
determines the permeability µ.
and fault conditions, these signals are
∆B
applied to the differential relay to µ= ...(5)
analyze its performance. ∆H
The following expressions determine In this case, three differential
the relationship between voltages, equations must be solved. These
currents, and mutual flux in the equations can be solved with the
transformer core [11]. fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical
∆I1 ∆φ method.
E1 = R1 . I1 + L1 + N1 ...(1)
∆t ∆t The empirical Frolich Equation
models the S shape of the
∆I 2 ∆φ
E 2 = R2 . I 2 + L2 + N2 ...(2) anhysteretic B-H curve.
∆t ∆t The following equations determine
the empirical b and c constants
∆φ = P . N1 . ∆I1 + P . N2 . ∆I 2 ....(3) H
B=
c + b. H
Whereas figure 2 shows the variation
1 of permeability µ with magnetic field
1− intensity H calculated from the
µi
b= ....(7) transformer modeling
BSAT algorithm according to Frolich
equation (equation 6).
1 .....(8)
c=
µi . µ0 2.1 Transformer Modeling in
SIMULINK
The anhysteretic curve modeled by Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram
the Frolich equation is used to of a SIMULINK model, which is
determine the permeability values for used to
the different magnetic flux simulate the transformer normal
conditions presented in transformer operation condition (no fault
operation. situation), internal faults conditions
Figure 1 shows the anhysteretic B-H and the transformer energization with
curve of ferromagnetic material sinusoidal inrush current condition to
calculated from the transformer evaluate the differential relay
modeling algorithm according to performance
Frolich equation (equation 6).
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greater than IR1, so the relay enters its 6. Differential Relay Sensitivity
operating zone. However, the The differential relay sensitivity to
blocking signal 5HB1 is issued due to detect the transformer internal faults
IOP1F5 is greater than IOP1 and thus the depends on its security, i.e.
differential relay does not declare a increasing the security of the relay
trip as shown in figure 7e, T1 is not decreasing the sensitivity and vice
activated. versa. Increasing the second
harmonic scaling factor PCT2
increasing the relay security against
(c) External Fault Condition inrush currents but this causes
An external fault (phase-to-ground) increasing the minimum percentage
is simulated at the low side of the of the transformer winding turns
transformer model. Figure 8a and which is protected by the relay.
figure 8b show high and low side Table 1 shows variation of relay
currents respectively. From figure 8c, sensitivity with PCT2.
IOP1F2 is greater than IOP1 and then IR1 7. Differential Relay Operation
is greater than IOP1, so the restraint R1 Speed
and the blocking 2HB1 signals are The differential relay speed of
produced. The differential relay does operation (trip time) to activate a trip
not declare a trip condition as shown signal after an internal fault
in figure 8d and T1 is not activated. incidence depends on its security, i.e.
(d) Sinusoidal Inrush Condition increasing the security of the relay
The transformer is energized with increasing the trip time and vice
rated load with sinusoidal inrush versa. Increasing the second
current with decaying d.c. offset. harmonic scaling factor PCT2
Figure 9a show the transformer increasing the relay security against
primary current. Figure 9b shows the inrush currents but this causes
differential relay current signals, decreasing of its speed to detect and
it is clear that IOP1 is greater than isolate the faulted transformer.
restraint and blocking current signals. Table 2 shows variation of relay trip
For this situation the relay must time with PCT2 .
declare a trip, but the blocking signal 8. Discussion
DCBL1 has an objection on this The model of the percentage restraint
declaration and the relay trip signal differential relay consisted in setting
T1 is not activated as shown in figure the values of the slopes of the
9c. differential characteristic (SLP1 and
(e) Internal Fault Condition SLP2) to achieve a correct operation
This case is simulated by Short of the differential relay during
circuiting 25% of the transformer normal operation and in the event of
secondary turns to ground. Short a fault. Figure 11a shows zooming of
circuit incidence is during the differential relay currents during
transformer normal operation with normal operation and figure 11b
rated load. Figure 10a, figure 10b shows zooming of the differential
and figure 10c show the current relay currents after occurrence of a
signals. Figure 10d shows phase to ground fault ring at time of t
the trip signal T1 which is activated = 0.1 seconds at 25% of the
by the relay. transformer winding turns. Equations
Trip time is 16.3 msec. after fault 18 and 19 were employed to
incidence.
3082
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1.5
0.5
B (Tesla)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
H (Amp-turn/m)
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
u (H/m)
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
H (Amp-turn/m)
Multi-Winding
Transformer
I1W1.mat
To File
-K-
Gain1
Continuous 2 Scope
pow ergui
Multimeter
-K-
Gain I1W2.mat
To File1
3086
I1W1F1
| I1W1F1 + I1W2F1 | IOP1 UR1
I1W2F1 + +2
-
Iov
T1
+3 E1
Ipu -
IRT1 S1 SLP1
1 (SLP1-SLP2) *
- | I1W1F1 - I1W2F1 | 2 + IRS1
-1
IRS1
IR1 T
+ R1
4
+
I1W1F2
IOP1F2 IOP1
+ | I1W1F2 + I1W2F2 |
I1W2F2
-5 2HB1
IOP1 +
I1W1F5
IOP1F5
+ | I1W1F5 + I1W2F5| PCT5 - 5 HB1
I1W2F5 6
IOP1 +
POSHALF
I1W1
Min DCR1
I1W2 + Max +7 DCBL1
0.1 -
NEGHAL
F
Figure (4) Schematic Diagram of Differential Relay
Modeling in MATLAB
3087
butte
r - I1w1.m
K- at
Gain Zero- Quantiz To
Analo 2 Hol
Order er File2
Filter
g d
Design
butte
tes r
t - I1W2.m
From K- at
File Gain Zero- Quantize To
Analo 1 Hold
Order r1 File1
Filter
g 1
Design1
30
0.5
25
20
0
P.U.
P.U.
15
10 -0.5
5
-1
0
-5 -1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec )
T
1
IOP1, IRT1, IOP1F2, IOP1F5, IR1
60
0.8
IR1
0.6
50
IOP1F2 0.4
40 0.2
0
P.U.
30
-0.2
20 -0.4
IOP 1 -0.6
10
-0.8
IRT1
IOP1F5 -1
0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
0 0.05 0. 1 0.15 0.2 0. 25 0.3 0. 35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
3088
I1W1 I1W 2
15 2
1.5
10
1
0.5
5
P.U.
P.U.
0
0
-0.5
-1
-5
-1.5
-10 -2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
8 IOP1F5
5
6
IOP1
4 4
IR1
2
P.U.
P.U.
3
IOP1F2
0
-2 2
-4 IRT1
1
-6
-8 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
T1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec)
3089
I1W 1 I1W1
50 50
40 40
30
30
P.U.
20
P.U.
20
10
10
0
0
-10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
-10
Time (sec) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
IOP1, IRT1, IOP1F2, IOP1F5, IR1 Time (sec)
T1
14 1
IR1 0.8
12
0.6
IOP1F2
10 0.4
0.2
8
P.U.
0
6
-0.2
4 -0.4
IRT1
-0.6
2 IOP1
-0.8
IOP1F5
0 -1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
3
8
2.5
6 IR1
2
P.U.
P.U.
4
IOP1F2
1.5
2
1
IRT1
0
0.5
IOP1F5
-2 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
3090
T1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec)
I1W1 I1W2
6 1.5
5
1
4
3 0.5
2
P.U.
P.U.
0
1
0 -0.5
-1
-1
-2
-3 -1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
IOP1, IRT1, IOP1F2, IOP1F5, IR1 T1
8 1
0.9
7
0.8
6
0.7
5
0.6
P.U.
4 0.5
0.4
3 IOP1
0.3
2
0.2
1 IR1
0.1
IRT1
IOP1F2
0 IOP1F5 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (sec) Time (sec)
3091
0.45
7
IR1
0.4
6
0.35 IR1 IOP1F2
0.3 5
P.U.
P.U.
0.25 4
0.2 IRT1
3 IOP1
0.15
2
0.1
IOP1F5 IOP1F2 IOP 1F5 IRT1
IOP1 1
0.05
0 0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Time (sec) Time (sec)
3092