1

Authorised By

SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY

Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above
site
 2

ABSTRACT:

In the early days of power transmission, problems like voltage

deviation during load changes and power transfer limitation
were observed due to reactive power unbalances. Today these
problems have even higher impact on reliable and secure power
supply in the world of globalisation and privatisation of
electrical systems and energy transfer.

Energy is the basic necessity for the economic

development of the country. The rate of growth of electricity
usage through out the world is increasingly high in the last ten
years. In recent years ecological concern and high installation
costs have put constraints over construction over head lines in
many countries; there by forcing existing to be used more
efficiently & effectively. AC transmission systems are thought
of as being inflexible.

This paper presents a new approach for realizing a smart, fault

tolerant, controllable and asset efficient power grid through the
use of massively manufactured communications-enabled
sensors, power converter and actuator networks. One example is
‘Smart wires’ implemented using many modules of a unified
power flow controller (UPFC) device that can be clamped on a
existing power lines, and can be operated so as to control the
impedance of the conducters, reactive power-thus controlling
power flow. This approach promises important system-wide
benefits including-increased line and system capacity; increased
reliability; improved asset utilization; improved operation under
contingencies; reduced environmental impact; incremental
deployment; and rapid implementation.
 3

INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly
difficult to build new transmission lines, due to restrictions
regarding environment and financial issues. Besides that,
electrical energy consumption continues to increase, leading to a
situation where utilities and independent system operators have
to operate existing transmission systems much more efficiently
and closer to their stability limits. This leads to the study of
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS).

The need to augment existing transmission

network is overdue as networks have not grown commensurate
to generation. This has become particular series after
introduction of independent power produces (IPP) & capacitive
generation (CG) are connected to the existing networks. There is
a need to review border aspects of planning transmission
systems the need to have better discipline and control over the
system to cater to network constraints on one hand to stringent
requirements of the consumer on the other. The use of newer
technology available today including solid state devices such as
FACTS, which are entering the power sector, have also to be
considered in any future planning/augmentation studies.
 4

Why is energy needed..

How can we transfer power more Flexible..

What is meant by FACTS.

How it transfers power more Efficiently

BASIC EQUATION

P = (Vs*Vr/ X) sinδ

BENEFITS OF UTILISING FACTS DEVICES:

 Better utilization of existing transmission system assets.

 Increased transmission system reliability and availability.

 Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of

loop flows.

 Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries.

 Environmental benefits.

 Less cost
 5

PURPOSE OF FACTS

CONNECTION OF GENERATION
CONNECTION F

ISOLATED LOADS

FACTS

FACTS

INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN
THE WITH in A GRID(SAME FREQUENCY)
GRIDS(DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES)

facts
facts
50Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
60 Hz

INCREASE EXISISTING GRID UTILIZATION

New transmission lines are expensive

And are not permitted.
 6

Facts
 7

IEEE DEFINATIONS:
 FACTS :
A.C TRANSMISSION SYSTEM INCORPORATING THE POWER
ELECTRONIC BASED AND OTHER STATIC CONTROLLERSTO ENHANCE
CONTROLLABILITY AND INCREASE POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY

 FACTS CONTROLLERS :
A POWER BASED SYSTEM &OTHER STATIC EQUIPMENT
THAT PROVIDE CONTROL OF ONE OR MORE A.C TRANSMISSION
PARAMETERS

BASIC TYPES OF FACTS DEVICES:

 8

CONTROLLERS
9
 10

CONTROL SYSTEM OF STATCOM

11
12
13
 14

SSSC DYNAMIC RESPONSE

 15

SSSCoperationwithandwithout POD
1100

1000

900
Power (MW) on line L1

800

700

600 PODon

500

400
10-cyclefault

300

200
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time(s)
 16

500 M W 95 M W 1000 M W
500 M W
197 M W 1000 M W
-- ----> 230 kV
< ------ < ---- --
A Aa A
B Bb B
C Cc C
P o w e r P l a n Bt 1# 1 P o w e r P l
P n o m = 1 0 0 0 M W P n o m = 1
L
1 _ 6 5 k m
I
d o u b l e c i r c u i8 t9 9 M W 2 8 M v a r B 4

A a
B b
C c
I
7 9 6 M W 1 5V M v a r
A
B
C

T r 1 : 1 0 0 0 M V A
2 3 0 k V / 5 0 0 k V S h u n t 5 0 0 kV , 1 0 0 M V A
S e ri e s 1 0 0 M V A ,1 0 % i n j e c ti o n

A
B
C
a
b
c

T r 2 : 8 0 0 M V A
U P F C 2 3 0 k V / 5 0 0 k V

B y p a s sT r i p

a
b
c
m m 5 8 7 M W -2 7 M v a r 1279 M W
589 M W B y p a s s 6 8 7 M W -2 7 M v a r 1277 M W
690 M W [ P Q r e f ] P Q r eA f 2 ------> --- --->
------>
5 00 kV [ V d q r e V f ] dU q P r e F f C aA aA A
aA aA A 1 B 2 bB bB B
bB bB B 1 cC cC C
cC cC C 1 C 2 B 3 L 3 _ 5 0 k m B 5 E q u i v a
B 2 L 2 _ 5 B 0 k_ m U P F C 5 0 0 k V
1 5 0 0 0
C
A
B

2 0 0 M W
N a t u r a l p o w e r fl o w s
( B yp a s s b r e a k e r c lo s e d )
a r e s h o w n in r e d n o te s .
[ P Q r e f ]
P r e f ( p u ) V d q r e f[ V d q r e f ]
P o w e r fl o w s w i t h U P F C
- 0 . 2 7 V d q r e f
( P r e f = 6 8 7 M W , Q r e f= - 2 7 M v a r )
a r e s h o w n i n b l u e n o teQ s . r e f ( p u )

P P r e f ( p u )
V p o s . s e q . B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5
D o u b l e c l i c k t o p lQ o t Q r e f ( p u )
U P F C U P F C V P P Q B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 ( M W )
C o n t r o l l a b l e M R ee ag s Vi u o c r n oe n m v e_ mn t a s g ( p u )
M e a s u r e m e n t s
V c o n v _ p h a s e ( d e g .Q ) B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 BA 5 c t ( i Mv e v a P r )o w
B 1 B 2 B 3
U P F C V P Q L i n e s

P h a s o r s
C o n t r o l o f P o w e r F l o w u s i n g a U n i f i e d P o w e? r F l o w C o n t r o
p o w e r g u i i n f o
17
18
 19

POWER CONTROL OF UPFC

VPQ LINES
 20

TECHNICAL BENFITE OF FACTS DEVICES

controller load flow voltage transient dynamic
control. stability stability stability
STATCOM * *** ** **

SSSC ** * *** **

UPFC *** *** ** **

*
** Better Operation
***
APPLICATIONS OF FACTS

• LIMITATIONS OF FACTS
• FUTURE SCOPE OF FACTS
21
 22

CONCLUSION
Power systems are being operated closer
than ever to there operating limits with the increased burden on
the use of transmission system and the heightened requirements
on the quality of power delivered, the application of power
electronic based equipment, such as FACTS and custom power
is being increased.
The Various Facts such as SHUNT,SERIES
And combination of SHUNT & SERIES controllers is found to
be efficient in improving existing technology. The stability of
the system considerably increased, the control of voltage,
damping of oscillation and increase in power for the same line
are the advantages associated with the FACTS technology.
In our study among all the FACTS controllers
UPFC is the most superior to other controllers. SHUNT
controllers (STATCOM) are compensates only reactive power
i.e. maintains constant voltage profile in the system. Series
controllers (SSSC) reduce the impedance of the line and also
provide reactive power compensation. Where as UPFC provide
both active and reactive power compensation independently.

BIBLOGRAPHY
1. N.G. Hingorani, L.Gyugyi “Under standing facts –concept and
technology of flexible AC transmission systems”.
2. L.Gyugyi “unified power flow concept for Flexible AC transmission
systems”
3. Dr. R. sreeram Kumar “Flexible AC transmission systems-an
introduction”
4. A. Deepak devan (ATLANTA university) paper presentation.
5. Anjan havanur, U.K. Hambrade, “Active and Reactive power
management in transmission system”.
23