RECENT TRENDS IN POWER SYSTEMS PROTECTION
WAVELET APPLICATIONS
Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
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Abstract:
This paper presents a descriptive
overview of the wavelet transform applications
in power systems. Wavelet transform has
received great attention in power community in
the last years, because are better suited for the
analysis of certain types of transient waveforms
than the other transforms approach. Wavelets
can be used to model a variety of power system
transients using a fraction of the total number of
coefficients.
This modeling technique paves the
way for fault classification and improved
protection. Several works have addressed its
application in the power area. A dyadic-ortho
normal wavelet transform analysis is used to
detect and localize various types of power
quality disturbances, including harmonic
distortions.
The wavelet transform is used to
detect and quantify non sinusoidal power
transients, especially voltage. In a new wavelet
transform based procedure for power quality
analysis is presented, which is based on the multi
solution signal decomposition and reconstruction
by means of the Time Discrete Wavelet
Transform. The optimized decomposition of
signals in frequency sub bands allows the most
relevant disturbances in electrical power systems
to be not only detected, localized, and classified
but also estimated.
In the ability of wavelets to
reconstruct transients was demonstrated. This
paper shows how wavelets can be used to
accurately reconstruct non-stationary power
system disturbances and the contribution of
individual coefficients to the reconstruction
process. In addition, it should be possible for the
wavelet coefficients to be used to categorize
different types of disturbances. With the
combinations of wavelet and signal processing
tools, wavelets have been extensively used in a
variety of power fields. The aim of this paper is
to provide a descriptive overview of wavelet
transformation application in power system to Their approach could in
those who are novel in study of this subject. theory be extended towards the use for more
general power definitions. The main focus in the
literature has been on identification and
classification methods from the analysis of
Introduction: measured signals, however, few works use
wavelet transform as an analysis technique for
Power quality disturbances
the solution of voltage and currents which
include problems caused by voltage sags, voltage
propagate throughout the system due to transient
swells, and capacitor switching transients,
disturbance.
voltage notches, and supply discontinuities
caused by auto re close protection. All these
faults are generally transitory, i.e., of a short- Advantages of wavelets in power
term duration.
systems:
In the mainstream
Traditionally,the
literature, wavelets were first applied to power
Identification of the transients has been based on
system in 1994 by Robertson and Ribeiro.
the visual inspection of the disturbance in the
The most popular wavelet transform applications
time domain. This is time-consuming and also
in over system are the following:
has its limitation in practical applications,
1. Power system protection
especially when a large amount of transient data
2. Power quality
is to be analyzed. Additional complications arise
3. Power system transients
when several kinds of transients occur at the
4. Load forecasting
same time. A reliable way of classifying
different faults is becoming a major concern in
this field, particularly with deregulation and the
use of power quality based rates.

Several works have been

developed in many areas with the aim of this
tools, specially, in the last ten years have been
met the potential benefits of applying wavelet to
power system due to, among other, the interest in
analyzing and processing the voltage-current
signals in order to make a real time identification
of transients in a fast and accurate way.
Power quality: analysis methods such as those presented
previously, at the moment is also studied the
In the area of power quality,
application of wavelets to develop new
several studies have been carried out to detect
components models. A different approach to the
and locate disturbances using the wavelet
simulation of frequency dependence,
transform as useful tool to analyze interferences,
untransposed transmission line transients is
impulses, notches, glitches, interruptions,
introduced.
harmonics, flicker etc of non stationary signals.
There are two main approaches.

Load forecasting:
Applications of wavelets:
Wavelet transformations
Demand forecasting is key to the
provides various applications regarding the field
efficient management of electrical power system.
of efficient analyzing faults in the power systems
The works have been developed for short term
electrical load forecasting by combining the WT Parallel-Plate Waveguides:
and neural networks. As electrical load at any Parallel-plate waveguides

particular time is usually assumed to be a linear trap propagating energy between two perfectly

combination of different components, from the conducting parallel plates. The electromagnetic

signal waves inside bounce back and forth between

As electrical load at any these plates as the waves propagate down the

particular time is usually assumed to be a linear waveguide so as to satisfy the plate boundary

combination of different components, from the conditions. Consider the two equal uniform

signal analysis point of view, load can be also plane waves illustrated in Figure 19-1 that are

considered as a linear combination of different traveling at angles 

i with respect to the

frequencies vertical x axis; both waves have wavelength

 a nd a component ofk in the +z direction. In the
figure the wave fronts of the two waves are
Power system protection:
indicated by solid lines and those wave fronts
The potential benefits of
where the fields are reversed are located l/2 away
applying WT for improving the performance of
and are indicated by dashed lines. Although
protection relays have been recognized in years.
these waves could be either TE or TM waves, we
The applications of WT to auto re closure
shall focus here on the TE example, for which
schemes is develop to accelerate trip of power
the electric field E is in the y direction (into the
transmission lines, WT is adopted to analyze the
paper).
fault transients generated by the secondary arc
and permanent faults

Power system transients:

The application of wavelets to
introduce new identification, classification and
The electric fields associated with the two waves
will reinforce at certain points and cancel at
others, as suggested in the figure. For example,
along the null line the electric fields associated
with the two waves are always equal and 180
degrees out of phase so they cancel everywhere
on the line. It is along this line that the dashed
and solid lines cross, and the same cancellation
occurs along a family of such parallel planes, as
indicated by dotted lines. We can place perfectly
conducting metal sheets at any null plane and the
boundary conditions would be satisfied
The distance between field
maxima in the z (or propagating) direction is
called the waveguide wavelength λg. It equals
2π/kz, where kz = ko sinθi and ko = ω/c. The
distance between null planes .a. (measured in the
x direction) is an integral multiple of λx/2, where
λx = 2π/kx = 2π/kocosθi; i.e., a = mλx/2.
Electromagnetic field in the TE2 parallel plate
waveguide mode
As the two intersecting
waves propagate, their combined field maxima
and minima move steadily in the z direction at
the phase velocity vp of this waveguide mode.
This velocity is readily calculated by noting that
as the waves propagate a distance λ in direction
θi, the maxima move λg in the z direction.
Thus vp = cλg/λ = c/sinθi. On the
other hand, a packet of electromagnetic energy
bouncing down a waveguide would progress
more slowly than c. The group velocity of this
TEm mode is vg = c sinθi. Although vpvg = c2
for TEm and TMm parallel-plate modes, this is
not universally true for other wave systems.
Waveguide-Based Aperture Antennas:
We have seen that aperture
antennas radiate an antenna pattern related to the
square of the Fourier transform of their aperture
electric field distribution. Many simple small
aperture antennas consist simply of a flared
rectangular waveguide, often called a horn
antenna that preserves the sinusoidal modal field
distribution of the waveguide. The far field
pattern of such a horn antenna is the Fourier
transform of a field distribution that has a boxcar
shape in one dimension and the positive half of a
Conclusion:
single-cycle sinusoid in the other, as suggested
by the horn and antenna pattern illustrated in This work carries out an approach

following Figure. on the wavelet application in power systems in

order to facilitate the search of information I this
area. So, it has been revised the last literature
that different fields of power system
applications. A brief description is include for
each area to show the way as wavelet has been
applied to solve some typical problems of power
system protections, power quality criterion.
Since the analysis of the literature in

The electric field distribution in the x direction is wavelet application to power system it could be

uniform across the waveguide and the horn concluded the following:

aperture, but it drops abruptly to zero beyond the 1. The most of the application

aperture edges where the field lines terminate on developments in this area use signal

surface charges. In the y direction the fields vary data obtained from a transient analysis

sinusoidal, dropping to zero at the aperture program.

edges, as suggested in the figure. As a result the 2. One of the most promising

antenna patterns in the two dimensions are developments in this area is the system

different. The shape of most horns is chosen to relaying for high speed fault detection

equalize the widths of the main lobes in the two and location.

planes, x and y. However, the abrupt amplitude 3. The field of wavelet application to

changes in the x direction relative to the power system is moving to build new

sinusoidal variations in the y direction lead to model analyze power system transients.

higher sidlobes in the x direction, as illustrated in

Figure b. Bibliography:

1. Robertson, D.C., Wavelet and

electromagnetic power system
transients, IEEERES 1995 Summer
Meeting, 95 SM391-3 PWRD. [4]
Santoso, S., Power quality assessment
 via wavelet transform analysis,
IEEEYPES 1995 Summer Meeting.

2. Tunaboylu,N.S.,Collins,E.RT.h, e
wavelet Transform Approach to Detect
and Quantify Voltage Sags, Proc.
ICHQP, October 1996, pp619-624.
3. Angrisani, L., Daponte, P., A New
Wavelet Transform Based Procedure
for Electrical Power Quality Analysis,
Proc. ICHQP, October 1996, pp608.

Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.
com
More Papers and
Presentations available on
above site