A PROJECT ON

“ HUMAN EYE”

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HUMAN EYE
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light
for several purposes.
As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows
vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow
conscious light perception and vision including
color differentiation and the perception of depth.
The human eye can distinguish about 10 million
colors.
In common with the eyes of other mammals, the
human eye's non-image-forming photosensitive
ganglion cells in the retina receive the light
signals which affect adjustment of the size of the
pupil, regulation and suppression of the hormone
melatonin and entrainment of the body clock.

GENERAL PROPERTIES
The eye is not properly a sphere, rather it is a
fused two-piece unit. The smaller frontal unit,
more curved, called the cornea is linked to the
larger unit called the sclera. The corneal
segment is typically about 8 mm (0.3 in) in
radius. The sclera constitutes the remaining five-
sixths; its radius is typically about 12 mm. The
cornea and sclera are connected by a ring called
the limbus. The iris – the color of the eye – and
its black center, the pupil, are seen instead of the
cornea due to the cornea's transparency. To see
inside the eye, an ophthalmoscope is needed,
since light is not reflected out. The fundus (area
opposite the pupil) shows the characteristic pale
optic disk (papilla), where vessels entering the
eye pass across and optic nerve fibers depart the
globe.

DIMENSIONS
The dimensions differ among adults by only one
or two millimeters. The vertical measure,
generally less than the horizontal distance, is
about 24 mm among adults, at birth about 16–
17 mm. (about 0.65 inch) The eyeball grows
rapidly, increasing to 22.5–23 mm (approx. 0.89
in) by the age of three years. From then to age
13, the eye attains its full size. The volume is 6.5
ml (0.4 cu. in.) and the weight is 7.5 g. (0.25 oz.)
COMPONENTS
The eye is made up of three coats, enclosing
three transparent structures. The outermost layer
is composed of the cornea and sclera. The
middle layer consists of the choroid, ciliary
body, and iris. The innermost is the retina, which
gets its circulation from the vessels of the
choroid as well as the retinal vessels, which can
be seen in an ophthalmoscope.
Within these coats are the aqueous humor, the
vitreous body, and the flexible lens. The aqueous
humor is a clear fluid that is contained in two
areas: the anterior chamber between the cornea
and the iris and exposed area of the lens; and the
posterior chamber, behind the iris and the rest.
The lens is suspended to the ciliary body by the
suspensory ligament (Zonule of Zinn), made up
of fine transparent fibers. The vitreous body is a
clear jelly that is much larger than the aqueous
humor, and is bordered by the sclera, zonule,
and lens. They are connected via the pupil.

hought of or taken for granted. I have

gathered information on the subject of

the
human eye and I hope you enjoy it!

PARTS OF THE HUMAN EYE

Anterior Chamber
The space between the cornea and iris filled
with Aqueous Humor

Aqueous Humor
A water like fluid, produced by the ciliary
body, it fills the front of the eye between the
lens and cornea and provides the cornea and
lens with oxygen and nutrients. It drains
 back into the blood stream through the
canals of schlemm.

Choroid
The choroid is a layer of blood vessels
between the retina and sclera; it supplies
blood to the retina. In the disease called
Macular Degeneration, abnormal blood
vessels grow into the space between the
retina and choroid damaging the macula.

Ciliary Body
This is where the Aqueous Humor is
produced.

Ciliary Muscle
The eye can bring the fine print in a phone
book into focus, or focus in on the moon
over ¼ million miles away. The ciliary
muscle changes the shape of the lens - (this
is called accommodation). It relaxes to
flatten the lens for distance vision; for close
work it contracts rounding out the lens.
Everyone will develop an eye condition
called presbyopia. As we age, the ciliary
 muscle and crystalline lens lose their
elasticity. This is why most people need
reading glasses by their 40's.
Cornea
The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped surface
that covers the front of the eye. It is the first
and most powerful lens in the eye's optical
system. To keep it transparent the cornea
contains no blood vessels. Tears that flow
over it and aqueous humor in the chamber
behind it keep it nourished. When you hear
of eye banks and eye transplants, it is the
cornea that is being replaced. The cornea
can be damaged from: accidents, infections,
and genetic defects.
Crystalline Lens
The eye's crystalline lens works like the
adjustable lens in a camera. Positioned just
behind the cornea; it is responsible for
keeping images in focus on the retina. It is
adjustable for distance and close work. A
cataract is the lens clouding up. This
happens to most people as they age. A few
people are even born with cataracts. Modern
 surgery has all but eliminated cataracts as a
cause of blindness in the developed world.
Eyeball
The eye is like a little video camera
measuring about 1 inch or 2.5 cm. in
diameter. If someone's eyeball is larger then
this, they will be nearsighted (myopic); if it
is smaller then this, they will be farsighted
(hyperopic). Having two eyes gives us
binocular vision - (depth perception). This is
due to the fusing of both images in the
visual cortex.
Iris
This is the colored part of the eye: brown,
green, blue, etc. It is a ring of muscle fibers
located behind the cornea and in front of the
lens. It contracts and expands, opening and
closing the pupil, in response to the
brightness of surrounding light. Just as the
aperture in a camera protects the film from
over exposure, the iris of the eye helps
protect the sensitive retina.
Optic Nerve
 Each optic nerve has about 1.2 million nerve
fibers. This is the cable connecting the eye
to the brain.
Pupil
The pupil is the hole in the center of the iris
that light passes through. The iris muscles
control its size.
Retina
The retina is the film of the eye. It converts
light rays into electrical signals and sends
them to the brain through the optic nerve.
The sides of the retina are responsible for
our peripheral vision. The center area, called
the macula, is used for our fine central
vision and color vision. The retina is where
most the problems leading to vision loss
Occur. Three of the leading causes of
blindness, from retina damage, are Retinitis
Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration and
Diabetic Retinopathy.
DISEASES OF HUMAN EYE AND
THEIR CURE-
There are many diseases from which our eye can
suffer if proper care is not taken.here are some
common diseases related to human eyes.

NEARSIGHTEDNESS- Nearsightedness is
a condition where a person can see close
objects very well, but have difficulty
seeing objects that are far away. Objects
that are far away will appear blurry to
people who have nearsighted vision.
Nearsightedness is common. It is also
called myopia.Nearsightedness can be
corrected BY using concave lese .the
lenses will change the way light rays bend
into the eyes.

FARSIGHTEDNESS- Farsightedness is
a condition where a person can see
distant objects very well, but have
difficulty seeing objects that are close.
Objects that are near will appear blurry to
people who have farsighted vision.
Farsightedness is common.it is also called
hypermetropia. Farsightedness can be
corrected by using convex lenses of
appropriate focal lenths.
The glasses or contact lenses will change
the way light rays bend into the eyes.

ASTIGMATISM-Astigmatism is an
irregular curvature of the lens or the
cornea of the eye. Astigmatism is the
most common vision problem. It may
accompany nearsightedness or
farsightedness. Astigmatism is a lifelong
condition. It may worsen slowly over time
but usually, it remains stable throughout
life. This diseases can be cured by using
cylindrical lenses.

CATARACT-Cataracts is the clouding of

the eye's natural lens. The lens lies behind
the iris and the pupil. When a person has
cataracts, they may have difficulty seeing.
Cataracts affect vision by scattering
incoming light. Treatment options will
depend on the kind of cataracts. New
glasses, strong bifocals, magnification,
and a lens replacement are some of the
most common treatments.

AT LAST-TAKING CARE OF OUR

EYES
Our eyes are some of the most important
things that we can take care of; without
them, we have a decreased quality of life,
and if you don't take care of them, they
have an impact on the rest of your body;
such as headaches, tension, and strain.
In this day and age, with so many
stimulations on our eyes like computers
and television, it is more important than
ever to get good eye care. You should try
to get a vision exam annually if at all
possible for a number of reasons.