Community-Engagement-Module 1 Edited

St. Mary’s Academy of Sto.
Niño
STO. NIÑO SUBDIVISION, CITY OF MEYCAUAYAN, BULACAN
*PAASCU Accredited (Level II) * CEAP and RVM-EAP Member
Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship
Second Semester
MODULE NO. 1
TOPIC: Understanding Community
I. INTRODUCTION
A community is a social unit with a commonality such as norms, religion,
values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in
a given geographical or virtual space through communication platforms. Durable
relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of
community, important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions
such as family, home, work, government, society, or humanity at large.
A community can be referred to either in terms of a geographic boundary,
shared a common interest, or emotional and/or spiritual connection. While a
community can be understood and be used in three different ways, it has
essential characteristics that are common among the three, which are
encapsulated in the Sense of Community. Aside from its essential
characteristics, a community has social, cultural, political, and economic
structures that keep it intact and an integrated whole. Lastly, communities come
in different types depending on the quality of human association, the scope of its
geographical boundaries, functions of subdivisions, and avenues of social
interaction.
II. OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. compare and contrast the definition of the community using various
perspectives;
2. recognize the essential characteristics of communities in terms of
elements and structures;
3. develop/affirm a sense of shared identity and willingness to contribute
to the attainment of the common good; and
4. analyze the functions of communities in terms of structures and
typologies.
III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

 Communities could either be referred to as territorial, a network of
interrelationships within a common interest, or as shared spiritual/emotional
connectedness.
 A community is also composed of structures that make interact and whole.
 Communities come in different shapes, sizes, and characteristics thus
resulting in different types.
Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 1 of 10
Prepared By: Ms. Keith M. Ogalinola, LPT
St. Mary’s Academy of Sto. Niño

 The boundaries of communities are flexible and can range from local to global.
IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION
Source:
https://honorthismoment.com/2016/04/01/fifty-two-healing-perspective/
This picture shows that people have different perspectives about the things that
surround them. It is like our different ideas towards the meaning of community.
ETIMOLOGY OF
COMMUNITY
Old French comuneté
Latin word communis, which means

"common"
Source: https://www.qwealthreport.com/the-age-
of-community/
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY?
Community is a group of people who share
the same things such as: where they…
 live
 work


 play
Source: https://www.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/community-
development
The meaning of the term community can vary depending upon the context of how
it is being used. Hillery (1955) reviewed 94 different definitions of community, and he
concluded that the central link in an understanding community is by focusing on its
people, aside from regarding it as a place. But when people talk about community, they
generally refer to it as either one of the three most common notions defining community,
they generally refer to it as either one of the three most common notions of defining
community: (1) as shared political territory and heritage; (2) as a network of
interpersonal ties based on common interest; or (3) as profound sharing of spiritual and/
or emotional connection.
1. Community as shared political territory and heritage. A traditional understanding
of community refers to a group of people living in the same geographical area
where interpersonal ties are locally bounded and are based on a shared
government and a common cultural and historical heritage (Wellman 1999;
Johnson, Headey, and Jensen 2005; Dictinary.com 2016.)
Communities could either be referred to as territorial, a network of interrelationships
within a common interest, or as a shared spiritual/emotional connectedness.
2. Community as a network of interpersonal ties based on common interest.
These ties, in turn, provide mutual support, a sense of identity, and a sense of
belongingness for the members (Wellman 2001; Byrne 1999; Johnson, Heady, and
Jensen 2005). For example, one can refer to a sporting community; a business
community; or the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transexual (LGBT) community, to name
a few. A special type of community-based on a common interest that is gaining
popularity and increasing in membership today is the virtual or online community,
whose members are popularly known as netizens. This virtual community makes use
of computer hardware and software applications in order to support, mediate, and
facilitate social interaction and solidarity (Preece 2000).
3. Community as a profound sharing of spiritual and/or emotional connection.
This understanding of community pertains to a sense of spiritual and/or emotional
connection to others, or communion with others on the basis of an experience of a
common problem, bond, or a situated cognition (Wilmott 1989, Sundaram et al.
2012).
The Sense of Community is a term originally coined by McMillan (1976) and is defined
in the work of McMillan and Chavis (1986). The term means “a feeling that members
have of belonging, a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members
matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be
met through their commitment to being together.”

A "sense of community index (SCI) was developed by Chavis and colleagues and
revised and adapted by others. Although originally designed to assess the sense of
community in neighborhoods, the index has been adapted for use in schools, the
workplace, and a variety of types of communities.
The four elements of the sense of Community of McMillan and Chavis (1986) are
discussed in the following:
1. Membership. It refers to the feeling of belonging or of sharing a sense of personal
relatedness. It consists of five attributes:
 Boundaries. It means allowing others to belong and keep others out
 Emotional safety. It is a feeling of security and trust in revealing how one feels
 Sense of belonging and identification. The members feel that they belong, fit in,
and are accepted by the community
 Personal Investment. The sacrifices are made to maintain membership in the
community
 Common Symbol System. The things used to represent the community such as
emblems, rituals, rites of passage, dress codes, etc. to further create and
maintain a sense of community
2. Influence. It refers to the sense of having importance or of feeling valued, wherein
there is a balance between members feeling that they have a say in the community
and a community being a body that also has the power to make its members
conform.
3. Integration and fulfillment of needs. It refers to the feeling of fulfillment, which
stems from the personal investments that members make in maintaining community
membership or in participating in community activities and affairs.
4. Shared emotional connection. It refers to a sense of shared cultural and historical
heritage and the feeling that common experiences will continue to be shared in the
future. There are seven important features of shared emotional connection:
 Contact Hypothesis. Members of the community become close when there are
lots of opportunities for interaction.
 Quality of interaction. When interaction brings about positive experiences and
good relationships, it would then foster greater bonds or cohesion.
 Closure to events. When interactions are ambiguous and community tasks are
unresolved, then community cohesion will be inhibited.
 Shared valent event hypothesis. The increased importance of shared events
results in greater community bond.


 Investment. The community becomes more important to someone who has given
time, energy money, effort, and emotional openness to other members of the
community.
 Effect of honor humiliation to community members. Members who have been
publicly rewarded or recognized by the community will be more attracted to that
community. Similarly, members who have been publicly humiliated by the
community will be more adverse to that community.
 Spiritual bond. Although not well elaborated in the McMillan and Chavis (1986)
study, the McMillan (1996) manuscript explains that spiritual bond is “the spark of
friendship where members are able to be with other members in the community
in order to have a setting and audience to express unique aspects of one’s
personality and see oneself mirrored in the eyes and responses of others.”
Understanding the Sense of Community and its elements helps in formulating
strategies to build solid communities whether in the context of territorial, common
interest, or spiritual/ emotional connection. Likewise, helping community members who
have a greater sense of community would increase the likelihood of more members
participating in community affairs and in building stronger community ties (Cicognani,
Zani, and Albanesi 2012).
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
A community consists of social, cultural, political, and economic structures that
keep the community intact and an integrated whole. The different kinds of structures in
the community are the following:
1. Community social structure refers to the rules and expectations that people
develop in the community over time to help regulate and manage their interaction with
one another. It consists of elements such as social institutions, social groups, statuses,
and roles.
 Social institutions are established patterns of belief and behavior that are
centered on addressing the basic social needs of people in the community. The
traditional social institutions found in the community are the family, religion,
economy, education, government, and health care.
 Social groups consisting of two or more people in the community who regularly
interact with one another and consider themselves a distinct social unit. Social
groups in the community may be classified as: (a) primary group [e.g., family,
peers, and neighborhood clusters] or secondary groups [e.g., gangs, political
parties, labor unions, clubs, or associations]; (b) informal groups [groups bonded
by common likes, interests, attitudes] or formal groups [groups created by an


organization to fulfill a task]; and (c) in-groups [those who strongly consider
themselves as members of the community] or out-groups [those who are either
considered transient, not part of the community or even marginalized].
 Status refers to the position or a rank person holds, concerning other members of
the community. A status can be ascribed or achieved. An ascribed status is that
which is assigned at birth or is voluntarily acquired in the course of one’s life.
Examples of ascribed status are age, sex social class of one’s parents, and race
or ethnicity. On the other hand, an achieved status is that which is acquired
based on merit or accomplishment in one’s course of life. Examples of achieved
status are being a barangay chairperson, a school teacher or a local doctor, an
entrepreneur, or albeit negatively, even a thief or a drunkard.
 Role refers to the obligations or behaviors expected from an individual based on
one’s status in life. For example, a parent is expected to take care of his or her
children and ensure their survival, growth, and development.
2. Community cultural structure. It refers to the institutionalized patterns of ways of
life that are shared, learned, developed, and accepted by people in a community. It
consists of basic elements such as symbols and language, norms, values and beliefs,
rituals, and artifacts.
3. Community political structure. It refers to the people’s established ways of
allocating power and making decisions in running and managing community affairs. The
community political structure ensures that the members’ common needs are provided,
that peace and order are kept within the community, and that the community is secured
from external threats. The elements of community political structure are political
organizations, citizenship norms, power relations, and leadership structure.
4. Community economic structure. It pertains to various organized ways and means
through which the people in the community produce goods and services, allocate limited
resources, and generate wealth to satisfy their needs and wants. The elements of
community economic structure are capital assets, vulnerability context, business
climate, and trade.
COMMUNITY TYPOLOGIES
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
The Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are the ideal types of human associations
found in communities. They were developed by the German sociologist Ferdinand
Tonnies in his classic work Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft published in 1887.
Gemeinschaft, or communal society, refers to human associations that are
characterized by being intimate, informal, caring, homogenous, and group welfare-
oriented. On the other hand, Gesellschaft, or associational society, pertains to human


associations that are characterized by being impersonal, formal, rational, heterogenous,
and individualistically oriented.
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/QGt4tGtGbkmtUTQV6
Go to https://bit.ly/3fDWWV6 and watch the documentary by Paul Roy titled The

Slum, Episode 1: Deliverance. Focus on the following details that you may see, hear
and learn from the said documentary film:
1. The dominant kind of human association that slum communities in the
Philippines have.
2. Ten essential characteristics of slum communities in the Philippines
3. Community sectors found in the slum communities in the Philippines and the
role they perform in the lives of people.
4. Reason(s) why slum communities exist and the solution(s) to this problem.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY

A formal group is formed when people come together to accomplish specific goals and
objectives.
An informal group is formed when two or more people come together to accomplish a
specific task which is mainly socially geared.
An urban area is a region surrounding a city. It is an area with a high density of

population.

A rural area is an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not
very many people. A rural area’s population density is very low.


Global communities are the people or nations of the world, considered as being
closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being economically, socially,
and politically interdependent.
Sectoral means relating to the various economic sectors of a society or
a particular economic sector.
A social space is a physical or virtual space such as a social center,
online social media, or other gathering places where people gather and interact.

There are, broadly speaking, five common features of communities.
You can classify every type of community by the purpose that brings them together.
1. Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.
2. Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.
3. Place. Communities of people are brought together by geographic boundaries.
4. Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same
activities.
5. Circumstance. Communities of people brought together by external
events/situations.
About 90% of community projects, especially branded communities, try to develop a

community of interest. But a community of interest competes with our mental leisure
time. Communities of interest are the hardest type of community to develop.

V. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT
A. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Define Community in your own words.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Give three (3) reasons why do we need to study community.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________


3. Describe your community in one (1) word, and why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. List down at least five (5) activities in your community that you actively engaged
in.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
5. Give at least five (5) contributions you did to your community as an individual.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
B. Instructions: Match each statement in Column A with what it describes in Column

Write the letter of the answer in the space provided.
Column A Column B
_____1. A human settlement with a high population a. Gemeinschaft
density. b. Rural community
_____2. It refers to the institutionalized patterns of ways of c. Community
life that are shared, learned, developed, and accepted by cultural structure
people in a community. d. Social space
_____3. A physical or virtual space such as a social e. Community
f. Urban community
center, online social media, or other gathering
places where people gather and interact.
_____4. A group of people who share something in
common.
_____5. It refers to human associations that are

characterized by being intimate, informal, caring,
homogenous, and group welfare-oriented.
VI. REFERENCES
Books
 Mark Anthony D. Abenir, Froilan A. Alipao, Elizabeth T Argel (2017) DIWA:
Senior High School Series: Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship,
Diwa Learning System Inc., 120 Thailand Corner Legazpi Streets Legazpi
Village, 1229 Makati City, Philippines, ISBN 978-971-46-1090-3
 Ma Lourdes F. Melegrito, OhD Cand., and Diana J. Mendoza, PhD (2016),
Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship, Phonex Publishing House
Inc. ,(27 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, ISBN 978-971-06-3954-0
Website:
 https://honorthismoment.com/2016/04/01/fifty-two-healing-perspective/
 https://www.qwealthreport.com/the-age-of-community/
 https://www.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/community-development
 https://images.app.goo.gl/QGt4tGtGbkmtUTQV6


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St. Mary’s Academy of Sto.

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION

Latin word communis, which means

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 2 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 4 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 5 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 6 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Go to https://bit.ly/3fDWWV6 and watch the documentary by Paul Roy titled The

An urban area is a region surrounding a city. It is an area with a high density of

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 7 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

About 90% of community projects, especially branded communities, try to develop a

2. Give three (3) reasons why do we need to study community.

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 8 of 10

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

B. Instructions: Match each statement in Column A with what it describes in Column

Tel. No. (044) 815-3626 Fax. No.(044) 815-4436 Email: stmarysacademy@yahoo.com

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship/Grade12/Module#1/Week1/Page 10 of 10

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