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8. Procedure
Total Hardness 8.1 Determination of total hardness
Reagent H-1K 1.0 ml Add with pipette, close the cell, and mix.
Leave to stand for 3 min (reaction time), then measure the sample in the photometer:
total hardness
1. Definition
The hardness (total hardness) of a given water is due to its content of salts of the al-
kaline earth metals calcium, magnesium, strontium, and barium (“hardening constit- 8.2 Differentiation between Ca and Mg (possible only with measurement in mmol/l)
uents”). Since strontium and barium are generally present in waters only in traces,
the hardness is defined as the content in a water of calcium ions, Ca2+, and magne- Determine the total hardness in mmol/l (result A) - procedure see section 8.1
sium ions, Mg2+ (“hardness ions”). The conventional procedure is to relate the state-
ment of the water hardness only to calcium, in other words to express also the con- Reagent H-2K 3 drops 1) Add to the sample already analyzed for total hard-
tent of magnesium ions as calcium content. ness, close the cell, and mix.
The units for the water hardness relate to calcium or its compounds CaO (1 °d = Measure anew: Mg content in mmol/l (result B)
= 10 mg/l CaO) or CaCO3 (1 °e = 14.25 mg/l CaCO3; 1 °f = 10 mg/l CaCO3), with
1) Hold the bottle vertically while adding the reagent!
the magnesium content being expressed as calcium content and included in the cal-
culation accordingly.
Calculation of the Ca content:
2. Method mmol/l Ca = result A - result B
In neutral solution calcium and magnesium ions react with phthalein purple to form a
violet dye that is determined photometrically. Notes on the measurement:
The use of a selective masking agent permits a differentiation between calcium
and magnesium. • For photometric measurement the cells must be clean.
Wipe, if necessary, with a clean dry cloth.
3. Measuring range and number of determinations • Measurement of turbid solutions yields false-high readings.
• The pH of the measurement solution must be approx. 7.5.
Measuring range 1)
Number of
determinations
• The colour of the measurement solution remains stable for at least 60 min after
the end of the reaction time stated above or, respectively, after the addition of
reagent H-2K.
5 - 215 mg/l Ca
0.9 - 37.6 °e 25 9. Conversions
12 - 537 mg/l CaCO3
required mmol/l mg/l German English French mg/l
1) for conversion factors see section 9 Ca (ppm) degree degree degree (ppm)
given (CaCO3) Ca °d °e °f CaCO3
For programming data for selected photometers / spectrophotometers see the website.
1 mmol/l
Ca (CaCO3) 1 40.08 5.61 7.02 10.01 100.1
4. Applications
1 mg/l (ppm)
Sample material: Ca 0.025 1 0.140 0.175 0.250 2.50
Groundwater and surface water
Drinking water and mineral water 1 German
Boiler water degree °d 0.178 7.15 1 1.25 1.78 17.85
This test is not suited for seawater. 1 English
degree °e 0.142 5.71 0.799 1 1.43 14.25
5. Influence of foreign substances 1 French
degree °f 0.100 4.00 0.560 0.702 1 10.00
This was checked in solutions containing 125 mg/l Ca (21.9 °e). The concentrations
of foreign substances given in the table lie below the limit at which the determination 1 mg/l (ppm)
is interfered with. CaCO3 0.010 0.400 0.056 0.070 0.100 1