12/6/2013

Pokok bahasan:
Operational Amplifier:  Pendahuluan

Filter aktif
 Desain filter
 LPF orde 1 dan 2
Sistem Instrumentasi Elektronika (EE-334)
 HPF orde 1 dan 2
Lanny Agustine  BPF orde 2
 BRF
 Pertimbangan praktis
 Kesimpulan

Pendahuluan
 Apa yg disebut dg filter?
 Filter: rangkaian yg mampu menyaring secara
selektif satu frekuensi atau range frekuensi ttn
dari campuran berbagai frekuensi dalam suatu
rangkaian
 A filter is a device that passes electric signals
at certain frequencies or frequency ranges
while preventing the passage of others. —
Webster.
Pendahuluan
 Filter pasif: hanya terdiri dari komponen pasif
(R,L,C)
 Filter aktif: terdiri dari komponen pasif dan
aktif (op-amp)
 Jenis filter berdasar respon frekuensi: low
pass filter (LPF), high pass filter (HPF), band
pass filter (BPF), Band reject filter.

Desain filter Desain filter

Sallen-Key Multiple Feedback

Non-inverting
Very precise DC-gain of 1
Less components for gain = 1
Op-amp input capacity must possibly Op-amp input capacity has almost no
be taken into account
Resistive load for sources even in
high-pass filters
Inverting
Any gain is dependent on the resistor
precision
Less components for gain > 1 or < 1
effect
 Koefisien filter lihat tabel
Capacitive loads can become very
high for sources in high-pass filters

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Desain filter Low Pass Filter (LPF)

 Melewatkan semua
 Semakin besar Q, filter makin tidak stabil sinyal dg frekuensi di
bawah frekuensi cutoff
For band-pass filters, Q is defined as the ratio of the mid frequency (resonant
frequency), fm, to the bandwidth at the two -3dB points:
 Amplitude response 
Q = fm / (fL – fH)  Semakin besar Q, respon frekuensi makin curam

Dimana:
 Phase response = fase
fm = (fL.fH) thd frekuensi
Bw = fL – fH
 Step response =
amplitude thd waktu
Skala logaritmik

LPF LPF orde 1 (Slope -20dB/decade)

Koefisien filter, besarnya lihat tabel. Cth. Filter Butterworth orde 1, a 1 = 1

Orde 1: Konfigurasi Non-inverting Konfigurasi Inverting

LPF orde 2 (Slope -40dB/decade) LPF orde 2 Sallenkey (unity gain)

 Transfer function:

 Hitung harga komponen:

 Sallenkey Multiple feedback

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Contoh Salenkey Filter orde 3

(Slope -60dB)
LPF orde 2 Multiple feedback
 Transfer function:

 Harga2 komponen (tentukan harga C, cari R):

High Pass Filter (HPF) High Pass Filter (HPF)

 Melewatkan semua
sinyal dg frekuensi di
bawah frekuensi cutoff
 Amplitude response 

Orde 2: Sallenkey Multiple feedback

HPF orde 2 Sallenkey HPF orde 2 Multiple feedback

 Transfer function:  Transfer function:

 Hitung harga komponen:  Hitung harga komponen:

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Band Pass Filter (BPF) BPF orde 2

 Melewatkan sinyal pada
rentang frekuensi tertentu
 Q = faktor kualitas
 Narrowband: Q > 0.5
 Wideband: Q  0.5
 Fungsi transfer umum BPF
orde 2: (Am = gain at mid  Sallenkey Multiple feedback
frequency)

BPF orde 2 Sallenkey BPF orde 2 Multiple feedback

 Transfer function:  Fungsi transfer:

 Hitung nilai komponen: (R3 dapat digunakan

 Hitung nilai komponen: untuk mengatur mid frekuensi)

 

 Bw = fm /Q
G = 1+ (R2/R1)

Band Reject Filter (BRF) BRF- Twin-T

 Meredam sinyal pada
range frekuensi tertentu
 Notch filter: meredam
sinyal pada frekuensi
tertentu

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BRF- Wien-Robinson Filter

Butterworth (a), Chebyschev (b), Bessel (c)

(a) (b)

(c)

Perbandingan ke-3 jenis filter Desain lainnya

RA
1
f  RB
2RC
RA  (3Q  1) RB

 f  frekuensi cut off LPF & HPF, frekuensi tengah BPF

 Aplikasi:
 Butterworth LPF/HPF (Q = 0.707)
 High-Q band pass response

Pertimbangan praktis [1,2] Kesimpulan

 Kapasitor:  Rangkaian op-amp:
 C ≥ 100pF, agar impedansinya tidak terlalu tinggi
 C ≤ 1uF, yang membatasi adalah ukuran dan harga  feedback negatif
 toleransi memberi efek pada Q dan fc (perhatikan jenis kapasitor)  Filter:
 Resistor: dalam range 1 kohm – 100k kohm
 Desain filter: Sallenkey & multiple feedback
 R ≥ 1 kohm, agar tidak melampaui batasan arus output pada op-amp
(typically 30mA)  Orde filter: slope penurunan frekuensi thd
 R ≤ 100 kohm, menghindari noise resistor yang berlebihan (stray amplitudo
capacitance, op-amp bias current, dll)
 Op-amp, perhitungkan:
 Unity-gain bandwidth terhadap gain dan fc filter
 Slewrate terhadap Vpp sinyal input dan fc filter

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Referensi
1. Thomas Kugelstadt, Op Amps for Everyone:
Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Techniques,
Texas Instruments.
2. A. J. Peyton, V. Walsh; Analog Electronics
with Op Amps: A Source Book of Practical
Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1993