TITLE:

CHEMICAL BONDS

OBJECTIVES:

In this experiment, the students should be able to:

1. Define what chemical bonding is.

2. Know the two chemical bonding.

3. be able to compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.

THEORY:

Valence bond theory the basis of VB theory is the Lewis concept of the electron-pair

bond. Broadly speaking, in VB theory a bond between atoms A and B is formed when

two atomic orbitals, one from each atom, merge with one another (the technical term is

overlap), and the electrons they contain pair up (so that their spins are ↓↑). The merging

of orbitals gives rise to constructive interference—i.e., an enhancement of amplitude—

between the wave functions in the areas where they overlap, and hence enhanced

amplitude results in the inter-nuclear region. As a consequence of the formation of this

region of heightened amplitude, there is an increased probability of finding he electrons

in the inter-nuclear region (so echoing Lewis’s conception of the bond) and, by

implication, a lowering of the energy of the molecule.

Molecular bond theory the current universal acceptance of the MO theory is due to its

ability to provide direct interpretation of many different types of experiments now being
pursued. In current research both localized bonds and delocalized charge distributions

play important roles and the MO theory has been successful in giving a good account of

both.

EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:

1. Chemical bond a broadly classified as ionic bond and covalent bond.

2. The bonding which results due to the complete transfer of valence electrons between

atoms is called ionic bond

3. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two opposite charge.

4. Ionic bonding is observe because Metal has few electrons in the outer most orbitals

by losing those electrons this metal can achieve Nobel gas configuration And satisfy the

aptitude

5. Similarly non-metal that have close to 8 electrons in its valence shell tend to readily

accept electrons to achieve its noble gas configuration

6. Ionic bonding more than one electron can be donated or received to satisfy the octet

rule

7. Sodium metal has electric configuration as two eight and one It has one electron

more than a stable noble gas structure

8. If it gives away that electron it would become stable

9. On the other side chlorine has electronic configuration as two eight and seven it has

one electron short of a stable noble gas structure if could gain electron it too would

become stable

10. Thus, the sodium atom donate its valence electron to achieve stable octet

configuration

11. This creates positively charge caton due to the loss of electron

12. The chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve its stable octet configuration this

creates negatively charged anion due to the addition of one electron

13. The sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by their strong electronic

attractions between the positive and negative charges.

14. A covalent chemical bond results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms

with similar electronegativity

15. The electronic configuration of chlorine atom is one electron short of the argon

configuration

16. The formation of chlorine molecule can be understood in terms of the sharing of a

pair of electrons between the two chlorine atoms

17. Each chlorine atom contributing one electron to the shared pair

18. In the process both chlorine atoms attain the outer shell octet of the nearest noble

gas that is connect.

19. The dots represent electrons such structures are referred to as Lewis dot structure
20. Thus the chlorine atoms are joined by a single covalent bond

21. A single covalent bond is formed when one pair of electrons are shared between

two atoms

22. It is depicted by a single line between the two atoms

23. A double bond is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each

other

24. It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule

25. This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond but less stable

26. This is due to its great amount of reactivity compared to a single bond
DATA ANALYSIS:
FIGURE #01

In this table, it shows the arrangements of chemical bond and its shape. We the

researchers gather information and use it and put in a table to serve as our data

analysis. It is really important in doing experiment is you present a data analysis about

the certain topic, to easily understand. So we researchers studied our topic about

chemical bond to become knowledgeable about our topic.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

1. The strong force that holds together the constituent particles atoms ions or molecules

in a chemical species is known as chemical bond.

2. The bonding which results due to the complete transfer of valence electrons between

atoms is called ionic bonding.

3. In ionic bonding more than one electron can be donated or received to satisfy the

octet rule.

4. The sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by their strong electronic

attractions between the positive and negative charges.

5. The dots represent electrons such structures are referred to as Lewis dot structures.

6. Double bond is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other

it is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule this type of bond

is much stronger than a single bond but less stable this is due to its great amount of

reactivity compared to a single bond.

CONCLUSIONS:

I Princes Kylle Francisco concluded that chemical bonding is a physical process that

causes atom and molecules to be attracted to each other and held together in more

stable chemical compound and when atoms bond electrons are either shared or

exchanged.

I Michelle Valencia concluded that the chemical bonding are happened according to the

octet rule and there are three types of bonds they are covalent bond, ionic bond and

metallic bond. Sharing of electrons from a atom to another atom is known as covalent

bond. Transferring of electrons from one atom to another atom is known as ionic bond.

Sharing of electrons from one metallic atom to another metallic atom is known as

metallic bond.

I Elisa Padilla concluded that difference between ionic bond and covalent bond is Ionic

bond is bonding which results due to the complete transfer of valence electrons

between atoms in ionic bonding more than one electron can be donated or receive to

satisfy the octet rule while Covalent chemical bond is a type of chemical bond that

results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms with similar electronegativity.

I Katherine Joy Lugo concluded that the chemical bond can form the two atom that well

generate two opposite charger, and it will satisfy the elements that will have an

attractions between the positive and negative charges of the chemical that use.

I Ivan David S. IbaType equation here .ez concluded that chemical bond is type of bond

where in two chemical elements or atoms and molecules are combined and collided to

one another. It's happened because of attraction between the two properties the atoms
and molecules. So they shared and exchanged same equal amount of electrons. In one

chemical bond.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What do you think will happen to the molecule of an atom if there's no chemical

bonding?

-Without chemical bonding, the existence of chemical molecules will be erased

completely, because, the independent atoms of the chemical elements make bonding

with each other to form chemical molecules. Without the existence of the chemical

bonds the formation of molecules from atoms will be not possible anymore.

2. What is the difference between ionic bond and covalent bond?

- Ionic bond is the bonding which results due to the complete transfer of valence

electrons between atoms in ionic bonding more than one electron can be donated or

receives to satisfy the octet rule while, covalent chemical bond is a type of chemical

bond that results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms with similar

electronegativity.

3. What does the dot represent in chemical bonding?

- The dots represent electrons such structures are referred to as Lewis dot structure.

Lewis dot diagrams use dots arranged around the atomic symbol to represent the
electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. Single bonds are represented by a

pair of dots or one line between atoms. Double bonds are represented by two pairs of

dots or two lines between atoms.

4. When can we say that the double bond occurred/formed in chemical bonding?

- A double bond is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other

it is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule this type of bond

is much stronger than single bond but less stable this is due to its great amount of

reactivity compared to a single bond.

5. What do you think is the most important chemical bond?

- The most important chemical bond is the Covalent Bonds, Another type of strong

chemical bond between two or more atoms is a covalent bond. These bonds form when

an electron is shared between two elements and are the strongest and most common

form of chemical bond in living organisms.

REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-bonding/Formation-of-s-and-p-bonds

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10698-008-9049-2

https://l.messenger.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutu.be%2Fg-tE6MN-

wrE&h=AT18P6ygC-vwXWFtL7_EexGk1iBOKS8fzQ6mQbIqpmZdkpne2cHcqoLdT6-

yWpDigLZqa44yh5Od1vBFHsNDUUP5Xs0FKKt9WzyP8T6p_y6ce7tridoPcW2vOrGpW

NGKUtbnkuaDYyxWTJw

APPENDICES: