Computer Networking & Data

Communication-II (CE414)

1. Introduction

Things you need to know …

  Instructor:
  Rehan Qureshi
  Text Book:
  Data Communications and Networking, 3rd Ed.
  Behrouz A. Forouzan.
  Reference Books:
  Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
  Data and Computer Communications - W. Stallings
  Webpage:
  www.ssuet.edu.pk/~rqureshi
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What is a protocol?

  It is a set of rules that governs data

communication

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Standardized Protocol
Architectures
  Required for devices to communicate
  Vendors have more marketable products
  Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
  Two standards:
  OSI Reference model
  Never lived up to early promises
  TCP/IP protocol suite
  Most widely used
  Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)
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OSI v TCP/IP

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OSI Layers

  All
  People
  Seems
  To
  Need
  Data
  Processing

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 Internet Layers

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Protocol Hierarchies

  The entities
comprising the
corresponding
layers on
different
machines are
called peers.

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Protocol Hierarchies
Layer 5
(Application)

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Protocol Hierarchies

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 Protocol Hierarchies

PDU
Fragmentation

Assembly

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Internet Layers

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 Physical Layer
  It is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the
next.
  It is mainly concerned with …
  Characteristics of transmission medium
  Signal levels

  Data rates

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Data Link Layer

  It is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
  Its major duties are …
  Framing
  Physical Addressing
  Flow Control
  Error Control
  Access
Control

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Node to node delivery
  A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link.
  At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed.
  The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level.
  The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection

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Node to node delivery

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Network Layer
  Responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
  Performs routing functions across multiple
networks
  Implemented in end systems and routers

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Source to destination delivery

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 Source to destination delivery

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Transport Layer
  It is responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another.
  Its major functions are …
  Port Addressing
  Connection Control
  Flow Control
  Error Control

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Process to process delivery

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Process to process delivery

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Application Layer

  It is responsible for providing services to the

user.

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Summary

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Some Protocols in TCP/IP
Suite

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