HSE

Health & Safety

Executive
@ Crown copyright 1991

'?t
First published 1991
Reprinted 1999 (twice), 2002, 2003

ISBN 0 7176 1686 X

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
o0-0

in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,

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photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.

Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:

C1.

Licensing Division, Her Majesty's Stationery Office,

St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1 BQ
+p.
.fl

'(A
or by e-mail to hmsolicensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk
.-.

This guidance is issued by the Health and Safety Executive.

Following the guidance is not compulsory and you are free to take
0

other action. But if you do follow the guidance you will normally be
doing enough to comply with the law. Health and safety inspectors
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seek to secure compliance with the law and may refer to this
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guidance as illustrating good practice.

Health and safety in
tyre and exhaust fitting
premises
Health and Safety series booklet HSG62

Contents
INTRODUCTION 1

LEGAL DUTIES 1

Statutory examination of plant 2

STAFF TRAINING 2
Training check list 2

REPORTING ACCIDENTS, DISEASES AND

OTHER INCIDENTS 3
Immediate notification 3
Reporting in writing 3
Record keeping 3

FIRST AID 6

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 6
The Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regulations 6
Other hazardous substances 8
Noise 9

GENERAL WORKING ENIVORONMENT 9

Heating 9
Lighting 9
Ventilation 10
Exhaust fumes 10
ate)

Sanitary accommodation 10
Washing and welfare facilities 10
Housekeeping and safe access 10
Public access 11

STORAGE OF TYRES AND EXHAUSTS 11

UNDER VEHICLE ACCESS 11

Ramps 12
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Jacks (including trolley jacks)

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13
Props 13
Vehicle lifts 13
Inspection pits 14

(i)
TYRE SERVICING 15
Car tyres 15
Split-rim wheels 16
Commmercial vehicle well-based wheels 20
E
Extra large tyres 20
Tyre servicing equipment 20
Puncture repair 22

ELECTRICAL SAFETY 23
Fixed electrical installations 23
Portable equipment 23

BATTERY CHARGING 23
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MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 24
Abrasive wheels 24
Rolling roads and brake testing 24
Oxyacetylene equipment 25
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Fuel tanks and lines 26

ON THE ROAD 26
Moving vehicles and road testing of cars 26
Attending roadside breakdowns 26
Service vehicles 26

FURTHER INFORMATION SOURCES 28

PREFACE TO THE 2003 REPRINT

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normally
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This guidance demonstrates good practice, and following it will

be sufficient to meet the requirements of the law.

While the technical issues covered remain largely unchanged since it was
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first published in 1991, some of the legislation has been updated. In

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particular the following new legislation is relevant:

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Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
(DC
O.5

Lifting Equipment and Lifting Operations Regulations 1998

.3.

app

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences

(on

Regulations 1995
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002
Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998

Other changes of note include the occupational exposure limit for carbon
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monoxide, which has been reduced to 35 mg.m-3 (8 hour TWA) - see HSE
guidance EH40/02 Occupational exposure limits 2002 ISBN 0 7176 2083 2
CD?
^u,(
coo

(supplied together with Supplement 2003 ISBN 0 7176 2172 3). Simplified
arrangements for reporting under RIDDOR are explained in HSE leaflet
Reporting incidents to the RIDDOR Incident Contact Centre
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MISC310(revl ).

HSE BOOKS

(ii)
INTRODUCTION 9 Businesses which employ five or more people

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should have a written statement of their policy for
1 This booklet is intended for owners and managers ensuring health and safety. This safety policy should

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of tyre and exhaust fitting premises, and also for help employers decide on priorities, detailing health and
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employees and safety representatives. It describes the

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safety objectives and outlining the organisation that

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main risks associated with the use of machinery, exists for ensuring they are met. It should also set out
equipment, substances and work practices which are how the policy is to be carried out. For example, when
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found in fitting bays, and what should be done to

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dealing with wheel balancing machines the policy will

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safeguard workers in the industry. It has been produced need to detail what the dangers are in using that

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by the Health and Safety Executive's Local Authority Unit machine, who will use it, who will train people to use it,
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after wide consultation with employers, trade unions and who will carry out the checks on the interlocks and how

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other interested organisations including the National often this needs to be done.
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Tyre Distributors' Association.
10 The policy statement should be brought to the
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2 The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is attention of all employees. Further advice can be found
30°Zrl<

responsible for developing health and safety standards in the leaflet Writing a
safety policy statement (HSC6)
nationally and for inspection and enforcement in motor and the booklet Writing your health and safety policy
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vehicle repair workshops. Local authorities are statement (see pages 28 and 29 for details).

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responsible for inspection and enforcement in motor car

tyre and exhaust fitting premises. Specific requirements on health, safety and
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11
welfare in the workplace are also laid down in the
3 Further Health and Safety Executive guidance is in following Acts and Regulations:
preparation which will cover other health and safety
aspects in general motor vehicle repair. (a) the Factories Act 1961;

4 The National Tyre Distributors' Association (b) the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act
recommends this booklet to all its members, subscribes 1963;
to its recommendations and will actively promote it within
the trade. (c) the Abrasive Wheels Regulations 1970;

(d) the Fire Precautions Act 1971;

5 should be noted that the illustrations are to assist
aca

It
in understanding the text and are not intended to
(e) the Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied
represent any particular manufacturer's product. Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972;
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6 While the information contained within this (f) the Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974.
guidance is correct at the time of going to press, a
number of directives from the European Community (g) the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1980;
have recently been agreed and others are in preparation
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which may require detailed changes to UK legislation. (h) the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations
1981;
7 Further information and advice (including detailed
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(i) the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous

advice on legal requirements) may be obtained from
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area offices of HSE or from local authority environmental Occurrences Regulations 1985;
health departments. the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987;
(j)

(k) the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

LEGAL DUTIES Regulations 1988;
8 Under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
m

(I) the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989;

employers have a general duty to ensure, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at
aft

(m) the Noise at Work Regulations 1989;

work of their employees as well as the health and safety
of other people affected by their undertaking. This duty the Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas
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(n)
includes providing a safe workplace, safe machinery and Containers Regulations 1989;
safe systems of work along with adequate information,
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instruction, training and supervision. Employees also Allthis safety legislation applies to tyre and exhaust
t017

have a duty to take reasonable care of their own safety centres. In some premises other regulations will also
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and that of others. apply.

1
Statutory examination of plant (e) the Health and Safety Executive;

12 Listed in Table 1 below are the requirements for (f) local authority environmental health departments;
statutory examination of plant which are likely to be
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found in tyre and exhaust premises. (g) professional bodies (eg The Institution of
Occupational Safety and Health);

STAFF TRAINING (h) voluntary bodies (eg The Royal Society for the
Prevention of Accidents, The British Safety
13 Many accidents occur when employees, Council).
particularly young employees, use machines, equipment
or substances without proper training. No one should be 0-r Training check list
expected to use dangerous equipment or substances
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unless they have been properly trained. Managers and 15 The following check list shows what needs to be
supervisors will also need suitable training. considered when preparing a typical training
programme:
14 Information and advice may be obtained from:
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Organisation
(a) the supplier of the material, substance or
equipment; Will training be 'on' or 'off' the job?

(b) training centres or colleges of further education; Who will do the training?

(c) trade associations; Who will supervise the training?

(d) trade unions; What records will be kept?

Table 1 Statutory examination of plant under the Factories Act 1961

Section of Test & thorough Certificate of test Periodic thorough

Plant Factories Act examination and examination examination
prior to use

Air receiver 36' No No At least every 26 months

(up to 4 years for solid
ate)

drawn construction)

Chains, ropes & 26 Yes Yes At least every 6 months

lifting tackle Except for fibre and Specifying safe working
rope slings load

Hoists & lifts 22 No No At least every 6 months

E

Cranes & other lifting 27 At least every 14 months

E

Yes Yes
machines Specifying safe working
load

This requirement is superceded by the Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989. The main features of the
E

Regulations are:

(a) a requirement to have a written scheme of examination certified or drawn up by a competent person which will set out the frequency of
examinations and their type in accordance with the degree of risk. This replaces the requirement to have steam and air vessels examined at
intervals specified in section 36. (The competent person is usually your insurance company engineer); and
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(b) they apply to the whole system as opposed to the pressure vessel only.

These provisions are subject to a long transitional period of four years. During that time users may choose to continue to comply with the Factories Act
or move over to the more flexible arrangements in these Regulations.

2
 Selecting and assessing the trainee Immediate notification

How is the trainee to be selected? - Selection
should take account of the physical and mental
demands of the job.
How much does the trainee know already about
safe working practices?
Basic instruction
For each task prepare a list of all the points training
17 The employer should notify the enforcing authority
(where the main activity is motor car tyre and exhaust
fitting this will be the local authority) as soon as possible,
normally by telephone, if:
(a) someone dies or suffers a major injury in an
accident connected with their business;
(b) an employee is injured which results in him/her
being admitted immediately to hospital for more

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should cover eg: than 24 hours; or

What equipment or substance to use. (c) there is a dangerous occurrence.

How the equipment or substance works and what Reporting in writing

it does.
18 The employer should send a report to the

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What dangers are associated with its use,
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enforcing authority (where the main activity is motor car

including accidental spillage. tyre and exhaust fitting this will be the local authority)
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within seven days if:

What safety precautions are needed and how they
protect the user. (a) an employee is off work or cannot carry out their
a)c

normal duties for more than three days as a result

How to clean equipment safely. of an accident at work;

What to do if equipment seems faulty. (b) any death, major injury or dangerous occurrence
has previously been notified by telephone; or
What personal protective equipment to wear.
(c) a specified occupational disease is certified by a
Supervised working doctor.

Set the trainee to work under close supervision. 19 Reports should be made on Form 2508, for
accidents and dangerous occurrences (a reduced copy
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Make sure the supervisor has the time and of Form 2508 is shown at Figure 1). Form 2508A should
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knowledge to supervise effectively. be used for reporting cases of disease. These forms are
available from HMSO bookshops (see back cover for
7(0

Make sure the supervisor watches to see that details). Photocopies of the forms may be used.
dangerous practices do not develop.
20 The HSE booklet Reporting an injury or dangerous
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Final check occurrence gives further advice on the requirements of

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RIDDOR (see pages 28 and 29 for details).

Check that the trainee knows how to carry out the work
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properly and safely. Make sure he/she can be left to Record keeping
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work safely without close supervision and monitor

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performance on a regular basis. 21 The employer should keep a record of any

reportable accident, dangerous occurrence or case of
...

disease. These records should include:

REPORTING ACCIDENTS, DISEASES AND OTHER
INCIDENTS (a) date and time of accident or occurrence;

16 Under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and (b) name, occupation and nature of injury of person
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (RIDDOR) affected;
employers have a legal duty to report certain accidents,
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(c) place where incident happened; and

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dangerous occurrences and occupational diseases to

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their enforcing authority. (d) a brief description of the circumstances.

3
 Health and Safety Executive Spaces below

O Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985
are for office
one Only

Report of an injury or dangerous occurrence

Full notes to help you complete this form are attached.
This form is to be used to make a report to the enforcing authority under the requirements of Regulations 3 or 6.
Completing and signing this form does not constitute an admission of liability of any kind, either by the person
making the report or any other person.
If more than one person was injured as a result of an accident, please complete a separate form for each person.

A Subject of report (tick appropriate box or boxes) - see note 2

Fatality

I
Specified major
injury or
condition
El
"Over three
day" injury j3
Dangerous
occurrence (J
1
Flammable gas
incident (fatality
or major injury 5
Dangerous
gas
fitting
or condition)

B Person or organisation making report lie person obliged to report under the Regulations) - see note 3
Name and address - Nature of trade, business or undertaking -

If in construction industry, state the

total number of your employees -
and indicate the role of your company on site
Post code - (tick box) -
Main site Sub Other
contractor contractor
Name and telephone no. of person to contact - 7 a 9

If in farming, are you reporting an injury

to a member of your family? (tick box) F7
Yes No

C Date, time and place of accident, dangerous occurrence or flammable gas incident - see note 4

Date Time - I I
day month year

Give the name and address if different

from above -
ENV
Where on the premises or site -
and
Normal activity carried on there

Complete the following sections D, E, F & H if you have ticked boxes, 1, 2, 3 or 5 in Section A. Otherwise go
straight to Sections G and H.

D The injured person - see note 5

Full name and address -

Age Sex Status (tick box) - Employee Self Trainee

In
employed it11 (YTS)
(M or F)
Trainee Any other person
(other) 13

Trade, occupation or job title -

Nature of injury or condition and the
part of the body affected -
F2508 (rev 1/86) continued overleaf

Figure 1 Sample copy of Form 2508

4
E Kind of accident - see note 6
Indicate what kind of accident led to the injury or condition (tick one box) -
Contact with moving Injured whilst handling Trapped by Exposure to
machinery or material lifting or carrying something collapsing an explosion
being machined 5 or overturning 8 12

Struck by moving, Slip, trip or fall on Drowning or Contact with

ncludmg flying or same level asphyxiation electricity or an
falling, object 2 6 9 electrical discharge 13 Spaces
below are
Struck by moving Fall from a height' Exposure to Injured by an for office
vehicle or contact with a Inmal only
harmful substance

TI
3 7 10 TA

Struck against 'Distance through Exposure to Other kind of

something fixed which person fell fire accident (give details
or stationary x an Section HI
(metres) 15

F Agent(s) involved - see note 7

Indicate which, if any, of the categories of agent or factor below were involved (tick one or more of the boxes) -
Machinery/equipment Process plant, pipework Live animal Ladder or
for rifting and or bulk storage scaffolding
conveying 1 5 9 13

Portable power Any material, Moveable container

packagec
Construction formwork,
or hand tools
2
substance or product
being handled, used 6
or
any kind
of 10 10
shuttering and
falsework Id
or stored

Any vehicle or Gas, vapour, dust, fume Floor, ground, stairs

associated egwpment/
machinery 3
or oxygen
deficient atmosphere 7
or any working surface C 11
Electricity supply
cable, wiring,
apparatus or equipment 15

Other machinery

e
Pathogen or
infected
material 8
eudmng,
engineering structure or
excavation/underground
U
r ,

12
Entertainment or
sporting facilities
or equipment
working
Any other agent
Describe briefly the agents or factors you have indicated -

G Dangerous occurrence or dangerous gas fitting - see notes 8 and 9

Reference number of dangerous occurrence Reference number of
dangerous gas fitting

H Account of accident, dangerous occurrence or flammable gas incident - see note 10

Describe what happened and how. In the case of an accident state what the injured person was doing
at the time -

Signature of person making report Date

5
 FIRST AID Table 2 Recomended contents of first-aid boxes and

0
kits
22 Under the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations

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A-1

1981 workplaces should have first-aid provision. The

Item First-aid Travelling
form it should take depends on various factors, including
boxes first-aid kits
the nature and degree of the hazards at work, whether
there is shift working, what medical services are
available, and the number of employees. The HSE
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Guidance Card 1 1

booklet First aid at work, contains an Approved Code of

Practice and guidance notes to help employers to meet
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Individually wrapped sterile 20 6

their obligations (see pages 28 and 29 for details).

(n.
adhesive dressings(assorted sizes)

Sterile eye pads, with attachment 2

23 The minimum requirement for any workplace is
that at all times when people are at work, there should
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Individually wrapped triangular 6 2

be at least one person appointed who will take over an bandages
emergency situation in the absence of a qualified first
aider ie by calling an ambulance. Ideally, it is Safety pins 6 2
recommended that an appointed person should have
(°`n

received emergency first-aid training. Medium sized individually wrapped

sterile unmedicated wound dressings 6
(approx 10 cm x 8 cm)
24 In the case of tyre and exhaust fitting premises it is
recommended that the employer provides a qualified first Large sterile individually
aider, the deciding factors being the nature of the work wrapped unmedicated wound 2 1

and the hazards associated. dressings (approx 13 cm x 9 cm)

Extra large sterile individually

25 A first-aid box should be provided and should wrapped unmedicated wound 3
contain only items that a first aider has been trained to dressings (approx 28 cm x 17.5 cm)
use. It should not contain medication of any kind. It
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should always be adequately stocked. A list of Individually wrapped moist 10 6

recommended contents is shown in Table 2. cleaning wipes (suggested minimum
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number)

26 Notices should be displayed giving the location of

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first-aid equipment and the name and location of the first

aider or appointed person.
CED

29 The Regulations require all employers to:

27 All cases dealt with should be recorded by the first (a) assess the risk to health arising from work and
aider or appointed person. Records should include at what precautions are needed;
a).

least the name of the casualty, date, time and

circumstances of the accident with details.of the injury (b) introduce appropriate control measures to prevent
sustained and any treatment given. Employees or their or adequately control exposure to hazardous
representatives may wish to inspect these records at any substances;
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time, they should therefore be kept in a suitable place ensure that control measures are used and that
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(c)
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rendering them easily available for inspection. equipment is properly maintained and procedures
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observed;
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (d) where necessary, monitor the exposure of workers

and, if appropriate, provide or carry out health
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surveillance; and
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The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Regulations (e) inform, instruct and train employees about the
risks and precautions to be taken.
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The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

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28
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Regulations 1988 (COSHH) and the associated Assessment

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Approved Codes of Practice lay down the essential

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requirements and a sensible step-by-step approach for 30 As in tackling any problem, you need to know what
the control of hazardous substances and for protecting the problem is and its extent before deciding what, if
people exposed to them. anything, you need to do about it.

6
31 The assessment should be a systematic review of Table 3 Exhaust fume components - recommended

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all work undertaken which asks: occupational exposure limits

(a) what substances are present and in what form?

Substance Hazard Occupational exposure limit

Two
(b) what harmful effects are possible and how would (mg m-3)
they affect the body? (eg inhalation risks from
adhesives, ingestion from lead, skin contact from Type 8-hour 10 min
waste oil) TWA STEL

(c) where and how are substances actually used or

m
Carbon Toxic OES 55 330
handled? monoxide

(d) what harmful substances are given off or

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Nitrogen Toxic and OES 5 9
produced? dioxide irritant

m
(e) who could be affected, to what extent and for how Nitrogen Toxic OES 30 45
long? monoxide

Lead Cumulative CLAW 0.10

(f) under what circumstances would they be affected?
toxin (tetraethyl lead)
0.15
(g) how likely is it that exposure will happen? (other forms of lead)

what precautions need to be taken to comply with

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(h) Particulates May contain

the rest of the COSHH Regulations? carcinogens

All these aspects should be considered in the light Unburnt Various

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32
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of what actually happens in the workplace. In this way fuel

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assessment conclusions will reflect only what is relevant

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to the real risk in the particular circumstance. In all but

the simplest cases the assessment will need to be
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written down. Much of the information required should be

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Many other substances present in exhaust fumes also have occupational

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provided by the supplier of the substances who has a exposure limits. This table lists only the common ones or those normally
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duty to make adequate information available. Most present in significant quantity.

assessments are well within the scope of company staff
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who should use common sense in following the OES = refers to an occupational exposure standard as defined by
CND

principles set out. COSHH

CLAW = refers to the occupational exposure limit for lead under the
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Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1980

33 Many substances used within tyre and exhaust
.(n

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TWA = time weighted average

premises will be subject to the requirements of COSHH.
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STEL = short-term maximum exposure limit

Degreasing solution, exhaust paste, brake fluid,
bleaches, adhesives, etc are all potentially hazardous
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and work involving them will have to be formally

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assessed and recorded. The assessments should be Control

kept at each tyre and exhaust centre.
35 When making a COSHH assessment, the
34 Substances arising from the work activity are also employer will need to decide which control measures are
covered including used engine oils and exhaust fumes. appropriate in order to deal effectively with any
Exhaust fumes should be controlled so that the hazardous substances that may be present. The first aim
N'00

individual components are below the occupational should be to prevent exposure by removing the
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exposure limits recommended by the Health and Safety hazardous substance. This can be achieved by:
Executive (see Table 3). There is growing evidence of a
carcinogenic risk from exposure to exhaust fumes (a) changing the process;
(thought to be associated with the particulates). This
reinforces the need to provide effective means to protect substituting with a safe or safer substance; or
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(b) it
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employees from exposure. (See section on exhaust

fumes, paragraphs 61 to 63.) (c) using it in a safer form.

7
36 Where this is not reasonably practicable, Other hazardous substances
employers should ensure adequate control of exposure
by, for example: 43 COSHH does not apply to asbestos and lead, both
of which are commonly found in tyre andexhaust
(a) totally enclosing the process; premises. These substances are subject to specific

CD
regulations.
(b) using partial enclosure and extraction equipment;
Asbestos
(c) using general ventilation;
44 Certain parts of vehicles, particularly brake and
(d) using safe systems of work and handling
clutch linings, may contain asbestos. The asbestos is
procedures;
almost invariably white asbestos (chrysotile). Although
(e) using personal protective equipment. However, the asbestos is bound in a resin base, working with
(D-0

this is only acceptable as an additional method vehicle parts which contain asbestos can create airborne
A-'

where adequate control by other methods alone is asbestos dust which may be inhaled. Dust is also formed
0
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by braking and similar operations when the vehicle is in

E
not reasonably practicable.
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use. Breathing this dust can be harmful. The more dust

breathed in, the greater the chance of harm. Cases of

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E
Using the controls
asbestos related cancer have been reported in garage

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C
workers. The highest levels of dust are associated with

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Employers should ensure that the control
a.)

37
such operations as grinding, sanding (both of which

a--
measures are properly used or applied.
should be carried out under local exhaust ventilation)
Employees should make full and proper use of the and cleaning fine dust from brake and clutch assemblies.
w

38
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controls and report any defects to their employers. 45 Before starting any work which may result
(.n+,

in
exposure to asbestos dust an assessment should be
7-ro`<En
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Maintenance of controls made of the type and extent of exposure and the
appropriate precautions to be adopted. Dust should
A01

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(O'< 7'C
Employers have a duty to ensure that the control
(WO

39 never be blown from brake drums or clutch housings

measures are kept in efficient working order and good using an airline. Instead, either proprietary drum
repair. If the control measures consist of engineering
.7.
m3°-

cleaning equipment or, failing that, wet rags, should be

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controls, they should be examined and tested at regular

M<-

used. These should be sealed in a polythene bag while

intervals. For example, local exhaust ventilation wet and disposed of in accordance with the
equipment should be tested at least once every recommendations of the local waste disposal authority.
14 months and a simple record kept of the results. Dust should only be vacuumed using a type H vacuum
cleaner which conforms to BS 5415.
(),

Informing employees
46 Work with asbestos is subject to the Control of
33:

40 Employees have to be informed, instructed and Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987 and its associated
0

trained so that they know and understand: Approved Code of Practice. Employees liable to be
exposed to asbestos should be given a copy of the
a-0
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leaflet Asbestos and you (see pages 28 and 29 for

((nn

(a) the risks arising from their work; and

details).
(b) the precautions to be taken.
Lead
41 should be remembered that an employer's
It
obligation under COSHH does not finish with the 47 Lead is a constituent part of leaded petrol and is
therefore likely to be deposited in exhaust systems.
tea

assessment. This is merely the first stage. After the

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assessment has been carried out, controls have to be During removal it is likely that lead will be released into
implemented, employees informed and, finally, the whole the atmosphere.
30c0

process should be kept under review to ensure not only

CD_
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48 A compound of lead is also used as the weights for

that the control measures are being carried out, but also wheel balancing. Operators should ensure that they wash
to check whether there have been any significant
their hands thoroughly after handling these weights,
changes to working practices, materials, etc which would
-_°

either before eating or at the end of a working shift.

merit reassessment
'_'
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49 Work with lead is subject to the Control of Lead at

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42 Practical guidance on COSHH is given in some Work Regulations 1980 and its associated Approved
0

detail in its associated Approved Codes of Practice. Code of Practice. It is likely that exposure to lead will not
0

Further guidance is also available on specific aspects be significant in a typical tyre and exhaust fitting
C

(see pages 28 and 29 for details). premises (see paragraphs 13 to 14 of the Approved

8
 Code) and thus lead in air estimations and medical almost impossible to maintain a reasonable
°m0

°-0-8'3
it
surveillance will not generally be necessary, although temperature during inclement weather conditions. In
(nom

employers should assess conditions in their premises to such circumstances there should be provided, in a
0
confirm this. Employees should be given a copy of the conveniently accessible position, effective means of

>>a3?.0
leaflet Lead and you. (See pages 28 and 29 for details of enabling employees to warm themselves (eg a heated

CU)
these publications.) mess room). Suitably placed radiant heaters may assist

`n)
those personnel who work in fixed positions, while others

(°n
Noise may require additional clothing ie body warmers.

E
The only machinery likely to produce a hazardous 54 Permanently installed room sealed appliances

,0.
50

0-(D

CL-
level of noise in tyre and exhaust premises is the air (such as those with balanced flues) provide the best
0-i

compressor (especially if it is old and worn) and hand- method of heating from all aspects including health and
held compressed air tools. Particular attention may have safety. Many fuels can be used such as mains gas,
0-2,

E
to be given to these if they are located in small, electricity and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) (supplied from

00-03
reverberating workrooms ie the compressor could be a bulk storage tank situated in a safe place outside the
0-m

0-(S

0--o
placed within a sound-proofed enclosure, put outside, or premises). Flues are provided to conduct the products of

_-0
a)-
mom°g.o(n°a)'0
replaced by a quieter type. combustion directly to atmosphere. Occasionally waste

51 The Noise at Work Regulations 1989 require an
employer to identify when employees are likely to be
exposed to noise levels of 85 dB(A) or more. As a rough
guide, an assessment of noise is required when people
0--m
cat
oil is used for fuel, but this should only be used in
0-i
suitably designed equipment provided with a flue.
55 Portable paraffin or liquefied petroleum gas
heaters create the most problems and should only be

have difficulty being heard clearly by someone about two

033

used in emergency or where it is not practicable to

0

metres away, or if they find it difficult to talk to each provide a more permanent form of heating.
other.
Precautions
52 The Regulations lay down three action levels as
shown in Table 4 below. 56 The following precautions should be taken with
heating equipment:
Table 4 Noise at Work Regulations 1989 -
Action levels (a) adequate ventilation should be provided where
fumes are generated by a heater;
Level Action rubbish and waste materials should not be allowed
:8Co

(b)
°)s

(ti

to accumulate near to heaters;

First action level - Employers have to provide
flammable liquid storage cabinets should not be
°_.3

(c)
(daily personal noise information about risks to
(17

exposure of 85 dB(A) hearing and ear protectors positioned within four metres of heaters;
°(o

- Lep,d) to employees who ask for them

(d) allheaters should be correctly installed,
Second action level - Exposure should be reduced so adequately maintained and used in accordance
(°n

(daily personal noise far as reasonably practicable with the manufacturer's instructions;
_(0n

exposure of 90 dB(A) by means other than with ear

- Lep,d) protectors eg noise reduction at (e) adequate precautions should be taken to ensure
°-5

source. However, if employees

portable heaters cannot be overturned; and
Peak action level - are likely to be exposed to
(FD

(peak sound pressure of noise at these levels the

200 pascals-140 dB(A))
employer should provide
(f) tyres should not be placed in front of radiant
suitable ear protectors and heaters.
ensure they are properly used.
Lighting

57 Suitable and sufficient lighting should be provided

to all parts of the premises and not just to the work area.
.LO.
aweTaw

GENERAL WORKING ENVIRONMENT There should be a good level of illumination free from
glare. Flickering lamps can cause rotating parts of
0-C

engines and wheels to appear stationary and therefore

.(6

Heating
could be dangerous. Flicker can be caused by lamps at
can

It has become customary practice in the industry the end of their life or by instabilities in the electricity
0-.

53
for centres to operate with doors open, therefore making supply. Light fittings should be positioned so that light is

9
shed evenly throughout the working area and strong Sanitary accommodation

(n_
shadows are not produced. Purpose designed roving
CO

handlamps may be necessary for use under vehicles. 64 Suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences

a=3
Lighting used in pits should be designed and tested to should be provided for people employed in and around

E
prevent ignition in flammable atmospheres. the workshop. In most tyre and exhaust centres one

0=3
water closet each should be provided for male and
58 Further details can be found in the booklet females.
Lighting at work and in the Guidance Note Selection and
use of handlamps (see pages 28 and 29 for details). 65 Sanitary conveniences should be:

Ventilation (a) well ventilated and not communicating directly with

workrooms;
59 Ventilation is required for one of two reasons:
(b) undercover: partitioned off for privacy and with
(a) Exhaust ventilation
suitable doors and fastenings;
to remove dusts, fumes etc, before they enter the
general atmosphere of the workshop; and readily accessible to the workrooms;
(c)
(b) General ventilation
to create a comfortable working environment, in (d) so screened, that the interior is not visible from the

(SD
conjunction with heating, by achieving the correct workshops when the door to the toilet is open; and
level of humidity and air movement.
(e) provided with conspicuous notices indicating the
60 General ventilation can be used to remove sex for which the conveniences are provided.
concentrations of dust and fumes from the workroom
Cap

c'"3

which are well below any potentially harmful level. It

Washing and welfare facilities
should not, however, be relied upon as a primary source
of controlling high levels of harmful emissions.
66 Washing facilities should be provided which are
both adequate and suitable. The wash hand basins
Exhaust fumes
should be deep enough to allow forearms to be washed.

0
Supplies of running hot and cold water should also be
..-

61 Vehicle exhaust fumes are toxic and subject to the

provided together with soap or other proprietary hand
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
00)

cleansers and suitable drying facilities. Barrier creams

V7)

1988 (COSHH) (see paragraphs 28 to 42). They contain

will help in the care of hands.
a wide range of substances, the most important of
which are summarised in Table 3. The proportion of the
67 Drinking water should be provided at conveniently
components varies with the fuel, the condition of the
engine and its state of tune. The fumes from cold or
accessible points. This should not be within a
compartment containing a water closet or urinal.
intermittently run engines are likely to contain greater
quantities of unburnt fuel and particulate matter.
Suitable accommodation for workwear and
0`n3

68
clothing not worn at work should be provided as well as
0

62 Under COSHH there is an overall duty to prevent

exposure to exhaust fumes, or if that is not reasonably
arrangements for drying wet clothing.
(n.

practicable, to control it. For some components of

exhaust fumes occupational exposure limits apply and Housekeeping and safe access
these should be complied with if adequate control is to
Qom.

be achieved. (See Table 3.) 69 Many accidents at work are caused by people
falling, not from great heights but by tripping and falling
63 Vehicle engines should not be run indoors (except over items left lying on the floor. It follows that work
(°_n,2

to move vehicles to and from work positions) unless areas, offices, mess rooms, storage areas, washing and
arrangements have been made to remove the fumes. toilet facilities should be kept clean and tidy at all times.
Cap

This can be done by coupling flexible ducting to the

exhaust outlet. The best systems incorporate extraction 70 All floors, passages, steps and gangways should
fans which draw fumes through ducting connected to the be properly maintained and kept free from obstruction
vehicle exhaust and discharge them to a safe place. A and any substance likely to cause people to slip. Floors
=-0(n

number of proprietary systems of this type are available. should be kept free of airlines, tyres, tubes etc and
-m.-

Clearly there is less concern where a single vehicle spillages of oil or water should be cleaned up
engine is run with the exhaust outlet close to wide open immediately. Overhead retractable airlines should be
a)0

BCD

doors, but even here care should be taken that fumes do used wherever possible to prevent airlines crossing the
not enter the workroom. workshop floor.
-0°

10

Stocks of tyres should be placed in racks with
71
large tyres at or near ground level. Tyres should not be
allowed to project into gangways and passages. If scrap
!a0
tyres are stored inside the premises they should be
stacked safely. They should not be allowed to
accumulate in large numbers, unless stored in a
specially designated area, and they should be kept clear
of exits, particularly fire exits.
>,c
A).
Suitable handrails should be fitted to staircases
72
and open sided stairs should be fitted with handrails and
banisters. Openings in floors should be securely fenced
unless the nature of the work makes fencing
impracticable.
Public access
73 The Health and Safety at Work etc Act requires an
employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable,
the health and safety of his employees and others. That
includes members of the public who may visit the
.L.
premises ie customers.
74 It has become customary practice in the industry
0-00
to allow the customer to inspect his/her vehicle before
c°-00
and after the work has been carried out. This obviously
7-C
involves customers walking through the workshop area,
thereby exposing themselves to possible hazards.
While the customer is in the workshop he/she
L-"
75
003:0
s3°
should be accompanied by an employee at all times.
A waiting room should be provided where the customer
should remain until the work has been completed.
STORAGE OF TYRES AND EXHAUSTS
(See Figure 2)
76 The requirements for safe storage vary according
°"`E
to the type and quantity of tyres and exhausts involved,
U.2
but the basic principles for their safe movement and
storage are as follows:
(a) adequate lighting and the avoidance of deep
shadow are essential for safety in the storage and
.(a
movement of stock. All light failures or deficiencies
a)2)
should be remedied as soon as possible;
(b) purpose-designed racking of adequate and correct
-w-0
a-0
C71
dimensions should be provided for the storage of
both tyres and exhausts;
(c) properly secured steps and ladders should be
-°o0
provided and should be used to reach upper levels
of stock. They should be easy to use and readily
moved from one location to another. Loose ladders
should be provided with hooks or other devices at
the upper end to fix on the racking to prevent the
0'd
ladder from slipping or twisting when in use.
11
aim
Heavier items should be stored on lower racks.
11;
Stock should not be stored so as to protrude into
gangways. Stock should never be retrieved by
climbing the racking;
(d) If an upper or mezzanine floor is used for storage,
ESL
a mechanical lifting device may be required to
move stock. Where this is the case the safe
working load of the lifting device should never be
exceeded and it should only be used for carrying
m_.
min cam
stock and never personnel. If the lifting device is
0
attached to the mezzanine floor structure it is
O.6
essential that it is installed by a competent person
to ensure that the structure is capable of
supporting both the lifting device and its safe
u7)
working load. All lifting devices should be properly
maintained and be inspected by a competent
(j)
--a
person at the intervals set out in Table 1 on page 2.
Damaged gates, lift switch gear or equipment
should be repaired immediately. Where
mechanical lifting devices are not used, only light
012]
easily manageable materials should be stored on
CSC
upper floors. Precautions should be taken to
moo
ensure that upper floors, particularly mezzanine
N.«
floors, are not overloaded with stock etc. It may be
necessary to provide a notice stating the safe
(3.
COD
working load;
(e) all openings on upper floors should be guarded to
E°c3
a`)
prevent any goods or people falling. It is
0n01-
particularly important that any sections of the
2`.U
w-0
guard which are removable for loading (eg by fork
lift truck) are replaced as soon as loading is
complete. A system of guarding is available which
allows goods to be transferred to and from
mezzanine floors while maintaining adequate
protection against falls;
(f) where the manual handling of tyres and exhausts
cannot be avoided personnel should receive
n-0
training in lifting and handling techniques and the
0.0
working environment should be laid out in such a
way as to reduce the risk of injury to the lowest
CSC
level achievable. Tyres should not be rolled,
m°0w<
particularly down a slope, unless totally under
-V°,
control at all times. Personnel should not attempt
p-3
to move heavy tyres on their own and should be
made aware that in many circumstances rolling
a`<
them can be particularly dangerous.
UNDER VEHICLE ACCESS
77 A degree of risk exists whenever a person enters
the space beneath a vehicle and therefore the choice of
cam
equipment used should be carefully considered.
E
Adequate maintenance of this equipment is essential,
particularly for the more sophisticated types such as
7a)
vehicle lifts, which contain a variety of moving parts,
suspension components, etc.
-(D
Figure 2 Example of good storage racking
78 Vehicle lifting devices should only be used by
authorised and trained personnel as special care is
necessary when manoeuvring vehicles, positioning
chocks, jacks, props, etc.
79 Various devices and means are used to gain
access to the underside of a vehicle. Points to remember
on each type are listed as follows.
Ramps
80 These are usually fixed in position. A short
v°)
portable version will merely maintain a vehicle in a tilted
position, while a longer ramp will enable a vehicle to
attain an elevated horizontal position. The ramps have
°-.E
ca>
no moving parts and safety in their use is achieved via
a_.ch
their intrinsic design/strength; along with commonsense
procedures such as careful manoeuvring of vehicles,
braking/chocking of wheels, etc.
Jacks (including trolley jacks) Vehicle lifts

81 These are standard items of lifting equipment. 85 These devices raise the whole of the vehicle
While many possess built in safeguards, their simplicity
.-.
above floor level. In tyre and exhaust premises the

-1'0
and mobility may induce carelessness in those operators four-post runway type of wheel-supporting lift is most

-13o
using them. Certain conditions need to be met to ensure commonly used. Lifts are often provided with special

jacks are used safely when lifting vehicles. These are:
(a) under no circumstances should any person work
beneath a vehicle supported only by a jack or
jacks;
CAD
attachments which allow axles, wheels etc to be
removed. It is recommended that lifts that comply with
British Standard AU 161 (Part 1): 1983 and British
Standard AU 161 (Part 2): 1989 are provided (see
page 29 for details).

(b) the correct jack for the job should be used. It 86 Several accidents occur every year from the use of
should be capable of taking the load of the vehicle These range from vehicles falling off, to failure of

m3.0
lifts.

'L°
u'2 000
to be lifted and be applied to the correct part of its wire ropes or the hydraulic/pneumatic mechanism.
underside; Overloading can also result in the failure of the lift.
Because of these factors, adequate training of
(c) the jack should only be used to raise the vehicle employees in respect of the use of any lift is essential.
gym()

prior to inserting appropriate stands, chocks, etc.

0
o-70

It should not be relied upon as the sole support for 87 Where lifts that do not comply with the British
.L.

cow

cod
work underneath or close beside a vehicle; Standard are being used the following features should
be incorporated:
(d) jacks should only be used on firm, level ground;
(a) each lift should show the maximum working load in
wheels of the vehicle still in contact with the a conspicuous place with letters not less than
'-'
(e)
ground should be chocked; 50 mm high;

(f) routine checks and maintenance should be carried (b) the lift should be positioned so that any moving
.3w

out to ensure the jack is in good working order; part is a minimum of 600 mm from the nearest
0

fixed structure;
and
(c) in order to prevent injuries to toes, by trapping
personnel should be trained in their correct use. them between the lift platform and the floor, the
.-.

(g)
<-.

following should be provided when the lift

a'3
CL-

Props descends to its lowest level:

82 These are vitally important items of equipment. (i) a minimum clearance space of
-con

When used properly they make it safer for people to 120 mm x 75 mm - 50 mm (see Figure 3) or;
work beneath vehicles which have been raised by lifting
hinged flaps of at least 120 mm width. The
.N-.

devices such as trolley jacks. Under no circumstances (ii)

-0m

should any person work beneath a vehicle supported flaps should not be capable of being rotated
below the horizontal or by more than
roc

only by a jack or jacks.

75 degrees in the upward direction. After
Props may be used to support a raised vehicle in a rotation the flaps should return to the
00.

83
wheel free condition, after the vehicle has been lifted by horizontal position automatically (see
L..

a number of jacks. They should only be used on firm, Figure 4);

level ground and should be designed to adequately carry (d) automatic chocks, at least two at each end of the
the loads placed on them. lift, should be provided at the approach and
departure ends of wheel supporting runways.
84 A common type of prop is the axlestand or
.L-

However, where approach and departure is from

E

axletree. When supplied, such equipment is provided

a30)

the same end, the opposite end can have

with the appropriate pins to adjust the height of the
Via)
m-0

permanent chocks;
stand. When these pins are lost or damaged they should
0

be replaced with pins to a similar specification, and not (e) approaches to the lift should not exceed
a)3

screwdrivers, tyre valves, or other unsuitable devices. 20 degrees from the horizontal.

13
 Width
i

120 mm-*

Runway
50 mm 75 mm

Figure 3 Minimum clearance space between

lift platform and floor

Width - 4-120mm-

Runway

Figure 4 Hinged flap to prevent foot trap

88 The two-post body supporting lift which achieves 89 Periodic thorough examination of lifting devices by
'wheel-free lifting' via four jacking points on the a competent person should be carried out, at least every
.C-.

underside of the chassis of the vehicle, is sometimes six months. Recommendations for maintenance and
E

found in tyre and exhaust centres. It is important that: examination of vehicle lifts are contained in British
Standard AU 161: 1983 (see page 28 for details).
(a) the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations Manufacturers' advice should also be followed.
0

regarding vehicle lifting are known and observed;

(b) vehicle chassis and chassis jack points are Inspection pits
identifiable and in a satisfactory condition;
90 Inspection pits are sometimes used to gain access
Cap

(c) the support arm pads are in good condition and to the underside of vehicles, although this method is not
(where necessary) are set at the correct height normally used in tyre and exhaust fitting premises. Pits
0-N
,0..
?(1'

CND

before the vehicle is raised; are particularly hazardous and therefore serious
consideration should be given to their replacement by
the weight distribution of the vehicle is considered, purpose-designed vehicle lifts.
Imo

(d)
(<D

eg front/rear engined, loads within car/boot,

absence of major components such as engine, 91 The principal hazards are those of fire, people
coo

gearbox; falling into the pit, a vehicle falling on an employee in the

pit, or of asphyxiation.
(e) the effect on the stability of the vehicle caused by
the removal of major components or by the
application of forces, via tools, etc is considered.
0

14
 92 The following safeguards should be implemented vapour entering a pit. Similarly, portable LPG heaters
p)-

until such time as the pit can be replaced: should never be used in or near pits.
CC)

33=o°-
(a) guard rails and/or pit boards should be provided
for each inspection pit. Guard rails or covering TYRE SERVICING
boards should be used whenever there is no
vehicle above the pit subject to point (b) below. A 95 Tyre servicing is a potentially hazardous job and

m`<
vehicle parked over an unused pit may reduce the should only be tackled by skilled personnel who have
risk of a person falling in; been thoroughly trained. The two main hazards which
can arise during tyre inflation are:
(b) there are bound to be times when a pit will be left
uncovered or unfenced. Such times should be kept (a) violent separation of the component parts of the

a)
to a minimum, determined by the nature of the wheel; or
a))

work being done;

(b) an air blast from a ruptured or burst tyre.

0
(c) if pits are to be left uncovered or unfenced for
even a short time it is important that all people, Car tyres
m-0

whether employees or members of the public, can

g_0

0-75

readily see the opening (and there should be no 96 The following procedures should be carried out
tripping hazards within the vicinity of the pit). The during removal and fitting of car tyres:
use of pit lighting during working hours and the
(nn

marking of pit edges, for example by black and (a) a check should be made that the vehicle handbrake
yellow bands, may be of help (see (f) below). is on before the vehicle is jacked and that wheels in
Removable post and chain fencing around the contact with the ground have been chocked;
(0)

area would allow vehicles to use the pit but

prevent other people from inadvertently (b) the jack should be used only for raising the
0-m

approaching its edge; vehicle, axlestands should then be properly

positioned to support the vehicle;
.-.

-(d) people not engaged in the work eg members of

a°))

the public and uninvolved employees should be (c) before starting work on a tyre change or repair to a

m_0
(CD

kept away from any unfenced pit; wheel the valve core should be removed to ensure
that the tyre is fully deflated;
(e) a safe means of access and exit should be
provided at each end of the pit; (d) bead lubricants should be used when removing
and fitting a tyre to a wheel rim;
(f) unless a handlamp is of a special construction and
has been designed and tested to prevent ignition (e) the wheels and tyres should be examined before
(CD

.00

in flammable atmospheres, it will not be suitable fitting and any that are visibly damaged discarded.
for use in places where vapours such as petrol Care should be taken to ensure that the wheel,
a)0

and flammable solvents may have accumulated, associated parts, tyre and tube are the correct size
c0,

eg in inspection pits. Any fixed lighting in the pit and type before fitting. Proper examination of tyres
should be of a design for use in a potentially and wheels at roadside breakdowns is particularly
(°-
w'°

explosive atmosphere and should conform to a important;

0--0N

recognised standard such as British Standard

(C.)

5345 (see page 28 for details). (f) apart from special tyres, where manufacturers'
cELC°0

advise otherwise, tyres should be inflated slowly to

93 Further details can be found in HSE Guidance no more than 15 psi. A check should then be
Cam

°°yaE
.000

Notes Electrical installations in MOT vehicle repair made to ensure that the whole assembly is fitting
CD-

premises and Selection and use of electric handlamps correctly. If at that pressure the assembly is not
Q,)

(see pages 28 and 29 for details). seating properly then the tyre should be deflated
and the procedure started again, checking that all
-00

A fire/explosion in an inspection pit may occur if components are compatible. Under no

m(0

94
7'0

petrol vapour (which is heavier than air) collects in the circumstances should increased air pressure be
bottom of the pit and is subsequently ignited by electrical applied to force a fit. The manufacturer's
caw

O-0

or welding equipment. Similarly asphyxiation may occur recommended pressure for the size of tyre should
w,<
(CD

CDT

if petrol or petrol vapour enter the pit. For this reason, then be observed. The tyre pressure for the size
(CD

C
°'°

petrol tanks should not be emptied or removed and fuel and ply rating of the tyre should not be exceeded,
-3-0

COD
(fl

line work should not be undertaken over a pit. The and in any event, no car tyre should be inflated
accidental 'flooding' of engines may also result in petrol above 40 psi;

15
 (g) with car and other small tyres on solid wheels that Divided wheels
are inflated to pressures of less than 40 psi it is not
necessary to use a tyre cage but airlines should be Less common, but still encountered on cranes,

[fl
99
fitted with a minimum of six feet of hose between fork trucks, dumper trucks, wheelbarrows, scooters
=z3
lift
the clip-on-chuck and the airline control. Operators and caravans as well as on many military vehicles.
should stand well clear of the wheel during
C))

inflation; 100 The wheel consists of two parts bolted together

with an outer ring of rim studs, the whole assembly then
(h) only a pneumatic tool with a socket end of the being bolted to the vehicle hub by an inner ring of hub

C)0
correct size or a suitable wheel brace should be studs (see Figure 5).
used to replace wheel nuts. These should then be 0
tightened to the correct torque for the particular
Lam,
nom,

Associated hazards
vehicle using a calibrated torque wrench. When
using a pneumatic tool to replace the wheel nuts 101 Loosening the wheel nuts with the tyre under
care should be taken to ensure they are not over pressure has resulted in violent separation of rim halves.
tightened.
Cam

This has caused fatal injuries. Loosening of the hub

CZ)
studs can have the same result if there has been
Split-rim wheels damage or unauthorised repair to the wheel.
97 The most hazardous activity undertaken in tyre 102 Before removing any divided wheel from a vehicle

-0F-
tea)
fitting is in relation to split-rim wheels. Numerous serious
itmust be completely deflated. This can only be
accidents including fatalities have been caused as a achieved by removal of the valve core. Inflation should
result of the violent separation of this type of wheel. only take place when effective measures have been
(DD

Normally such accidents are associated with larger

c-)

taken to contain the wheel components in the event of

commercial vehicles but they can also occur during tyre violent separation by the use of:

0
changing operations with smaller wheels such as
ft?

7C"

wheelbarrows, fork-lift trucks etc. Tyre removal should (a) a strong, firmly-secured cage;
not be undertaken unless the tyres have been totally
'-'

'.°

deflated and inflation should be undertaken following the (b) a horizontal stool and associated clamping
precautions detailed below, which are in addition to
5-0

mechanism; or
those for car tyres.
complete separation by a substantial screen.
A)'
(c)
98 There are two basic types of split-rim wheel
a`)

assemblies:
E

(See Figure 6)

(a) divided wheels; and 103 On no account should the bolts, which hold divided
(b) multipiece wheels. rim wheels together, be secured in position by welding of
the bolt head to one half of the wheel. This is likely to
lead to weakening of the bolt, and may give rise to
explosion if carried out with the tyre still on the wheel.

Figure 5 A divided wheel

16
 50

Figure 7 The three-piece wheel

Split spring
flange

Width F
0

Weld Rim
Disc

Figure 8 The two-piece wheel

Rim
section

Spoked
hub

Figure 9 De-mountable rims

18
Figure 10 Typical well-based wheel used on heavy
goods vehicles

Width

(15°

r Disc
Weld

Figure 11 Typical well-based wheel used on heavy

goods vehicles

Figure 12
3-<2.

Typical well-based wheel used on light

commercial vehicles

19
 Multipiece wheels during tyre inflation is therefore likely to be the keeping
of personnel at a safe distance. Repair work on this type
104 This category includes large commercial wheels.
.Ow.

of tyre should only be carried out by personnel who have

The most common types are: received specific additional training and it is

..-
recommended that they be appointed in writing. As with
(a) The three-piece wheel (see Figure 7) all other wheels, hot work, such as welding, should not

(fl
rimand disc assembly be carried out with a tyre in position (inflated or deflated)
separate flange as a severe explosion could result.
lock ring
Tyre servicing equipment
(b) The two-piece wheel (see Figure 8)
109 Several pieces of equipment are used in tyre

a
rim and disc assembly

«>`
hoc
v0)

°a-°
spring flange servicing procedures. The hazards and precautions
(0D

a-0
associated with each are outlined below.

¢'1
(c) De-mountable rims (see Figure 9)
three-piece collapsible rim in which the disc Bead breakers
...-

-
is formed by short spokes forming part of the
hub. 110 There are two types of bead breaker in common

amp

,013
0.T
use, which can be free standing or combined with a tyre
Associated hazards changing machine. With one type the bead is broken by
a pneumatic arm pressing against the tyre. The tyre is

m'<
m-0

105 Failure of the locking ring/flange to seat correctly then taken off the rim manually using a lever against a

0)a)
can lead to violent separation of the component parts of centre post in the middle of the wheel. With the other
°-0

;U)

the wheel under pressure. Such assemblies should only type the arm revolves, both breaking the bead and
vim

be inflated when effective measures have been taken to removing the tyre. Fitting the tyre is the reverse

U)00--
°(D
'<°

contain any fragments in the event of a violent operation using a different tool on the end of the lever.
"-'

separation. This can be achieved by: The machines are activated by a foot pedal and
operated by compressed air in excess of 100 psi.
fl-

(a) a strong, firmly-secured cage;

(b) a horizontal stool and associated clamping

mechanism; or

(c) complete separation by a substantial screen.

Commercial vehicle well-based wheels

106 This single-piece wheel is mainly used with

tubeless tyres. Figures 10 and 11 show typical wheels
used on heavy goods vehicles. Figure 12 is typical of a
'.'

type used on light commercial vehicles.

c°)

Associated hazards

107 Tyre failure is occasionally experienced when

inflating tyres of this type and can lead to a severe air
blast. Precautions taken should be the same as for car
tyres except a cage should be used if inflating above
15 psi.

Extra large tyres

108 Extra large tyres are found on certain equipment

0'O

used in construction, agriculture etc and will pose

additional hazards during repair. They are too large to fit
000 C C

3070

into conventional cages and it may not be reasonably

0.(O)

practicable to provide purpose-built cages of adequate

strength, particularly for work on site where most of
these activities will take place. The main safeguard
.L.

Figure 13 Typical tyre changing machine

20
111 The machine has the potential to trap operatives'
fingers and precautions should be taken to prevent the
operator being distracted, for example, by positioning the
-°p
machine away from main thoroughfares in an
E
unobstructed, tidy and well lit work space. The operator
should be fully trained in the safe use of the machine, as
outlined in paragraphs 13 to 15.
112 On those machines where the foot used to refit
tyres incorporates a roller, regular checks should be
COQ
carried out to ensure that it rotates freely and has not
been affected by tyre/soap deposits etc. Failure to do so
may lead to tyre damage.
Wheel balancing machines
(See Figure 14)
113 Various designs of these machines are in use in
tyre and exhaust premises. The wheel and tyre is placed
aim
on a vertical or horizontal hub which is sensitive to
varying pressures. The hub rotates at speed and the
balance required is read off, the machine is stopped and
.'O
the appropriate weights are hammered onto the rim.
114 There are various hazards associated with this
machine. Loose objects (weights, mud, stones) may fly
off the wheel, and drive machinery may be exposed, with
the possibility of clothing becoming caught during
rotation.
115 Before any wheel is balanced, it should be
carefully checked for loose stones, weights, etc. All drive
.O)
.a)
shafts and the rotating road wheel should be effectively
guarded. Machines should be fitted with a fully-
21
interlocked cover which protects the wheel while it is in
motion and which will immediately brake the wheel if it is
lifted. Any failure of the interlock should be reported to
the manager and the machine not used again until it has
been properly repaired. The interlock should be checked
at regular intervals and a record kept. The electrical
controls should be positioned so that the operator does
not have to reach across the machine to use them.
Compressed air equipment
116 Compressed air is used extensively in tyre and
exhaust premises for several functions including:
(a) inflating tyres;
C3"
(b) supplying pneumatic handtools, which include air
guns, for removing wheel nuts from vehicles; and
supplying air to pneumatic tyre removers.
0
(c)
117 The danger associated with such equipment is not
(fl
always immediately obvious. Precautions are as follows.
118 The pressure of the compressed air supplied from
-Cc
.-a)
the receiver should be as low as practicable. Where
-T)
U)'
there is a large disparity in the pressures required (ie
between air guns and bead breakers) separate lines
2(a
should be used via reducing values and an associated
safety valve. Where possible different designs of
connectors should be used to ensure that a low pressure
>a)
item cannot be connected to the high pressure line.
Where this is not possible the supply points should be
>L>
0
clearly labelled and colour coded. Water traps should be
>,'a
°-)
provided in all lines.
119 Airlines should be fitted with a minimum of six feet plug into the hole in the tyre casing using rubber

0),j
of hose between the clip-on chuck and pressure solution. Prior to patching, the inside surface of the

(°n
gauge/control. Personnel should stand well clear and to casing is buffed using a pneumatic handtool fitted with a
°CD

the side of wheel assemblies during inflation. wire brush. A buff cleaning solution (generally a mixed
CDD

hydrocarbon solvent) is then applied.

120 The pressure gauge/control valve should never be

r-(n
jammed in the open position. Airlines attached to tyres 129 The main hazards associated with this work are:
should never be left unattended as air seepage may
over inflate the tyre. (a) Exposure to solvent fume from cleaning and
rubber solutions
121 Flexible airlines can be subject to considerable
mechanical damage and flexing which can cause them where small quantities are applied by brush,
O°X-

(i)
to rupture, particularly at connection points. This can adequate control can generally be achieved

CAD
lead to sudden discharge of compressed air and may by good standards of general ventilation in
cause unsupported lengths of hose to 'whip' or 'snake' the working area. If solvent is sprayed, local
dangerously. All airlines should be checked frequently for exhaust ventilation may be required;
NCO

signs of damage. Hoses above 10 mm bore, more than

(ii) skin contact with solvents should be

°-=
Nag
0.7
10 m long, or subject to a pressure over 7 bar, should be
0-.

fitted with a coupling which has a self-venting socket. avoided; use of barrier together with after-
The socket should release any downstream pressure work creams is recommended;
C

before allowing disconnection.

(b) Exposure to dust from buffing operations
122 The pressure gauges and compressed air metering
devices should be checked regularly ie once a month. (i) where there is heavy use of buffing
equipment the provision of local exhaust
123 The drive and other moving parts of the ventilation is preferable; this may be integral
to the hand-buffing tool but more usually a
..r

compressor should be guarded to prevent all hand and

C

finger access to the dangerous parts from any direction. flexible section of ducting is inserted into the
casing close to the area being buffed;
124 Compressed air should never be used to clean up
(ii) only where this is not reasonably practicable
>,°

filings, chips, dust etc. (See section on asbestos,

should reliance be placed on the use of
paragraphs 44 to 46.)
suitable respiratory protective equipment;
125 Compressed air should never be used to dust (iii) abraded dust should not be blown from
oneself down. Injuries can be caused by discharging inside the tyre casing with a compressed
guns with the nozzle close to the skin. If the air enters at airline as this renders the dust airborne; a
a natural opening - mouth, nose, ear or anus - then a vacuum line should be used instead;
0

serious if not fatal surgical emergency may be created.

0)?

(3D

These injuries are usually associated with horseplay and

'..'

flying rubber particles present a risk of eye

2.N

(iv)
are totally avoidable. Evidence of such horseplay should
op-

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injury and suitable eye protection should be

be dealt with promptly and severely. worn during buffing operations.

126 Compressed air should never be used to blow
brake dust from car wheels or from brake drums, due to
the risk of asbestos or similar dust being blown around
the workshop.
127 Further advice on compressed air safety is
z.z
w((3
130 The extent of exposure to solvent fume and rubber
dust, together with the adequacy of the control measures
implemented, should be assessed on an individual basis
as required by the COSHH Regulations. Where puncture
repair work is intermittent and of short duration, as is the
case at most tyre and exhaust fitting premises, good

contained in the HSE booklet Compressed air safety standards of general ventilation should be adequate.
(see pages 28 and 29 for details).
131 A few premises may use an alternative method of
CND

puncture repair where an uncured rubber patch or plug

Puncture repair
128 Many tyre and exhaust premises carry out minor
puncture repairs. Cold cure systems are generally used
is cured in situ using electrically heated pressure pads.
The rubber fumes generated by the localised heating are
an additional hazard to be assessed under COSHH.
However this process is becoming increasingly
C

for this purpose; this involves 'gluing' a precured rubber uncommon.

22
 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
132 The use of electricity at tyre and exhaust premises
,c.
is subject to the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989.
133 Electricity can not only cause shock, but can also
cause burns and start fires. It should therefore never be
-+,
treated lightly. All electrical equipment within work
O'<
0
premises should be installed and maintained by a
.A-.
competent electrician and should be provided with the
,..
correct fuse (or other protective device such as a circuit
breaker) in accordance with the current rating of the
equipment.
134 Standard electrical equipment should not be used
0
in wet conditions.
Fixed electrical installations
135 All fixed electrical installations should be designed,
-n8
installed, operated and maintained (including being
inspected and tested) in accordance with the current
(0n
edition of the Regulations for Electrical Installations
ate)
published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (The
0
IEE Wiring Regulations) where these apply.
136 The electrical wiring should be protected against
(fl
mechanical damage. This can be achieved by using
0_.
PVC insulated wires in conduit or trunking or by PVC
steel-wire armoured cable with an outer PVC sheath.
137 Each machine supplied via a permanent cable
0'.-
should have its own switch suitable for electrical
disconnection and isolation from the electrical supply.
go)
This switch should always be used to disconnect the
machine prior to cleaning and maintenance work.
138 'Start' buttons should be recessed or shrouded in
order to prevent unintended operation while 'Stop'
0
a)-°
buttons should be coloured red and protrude for easy
7.7
operation. They should be sited within easy reach of the
0
operator.
139 In line with the IEE Wiring Regulations, it is
,L--
recommended that the fixed electrical installation should
0
be tested at least once every five years by a competent
electrician who should then advise of any defects and
...
prepare a certificate once satisfied.
140 All electrical switchgear controlling machinery
should be clearly and unambiguously labelled and
identified to indicate which machine is controlled by
which switchgear.
Portable equipment
141 Working areas should have sufficient socket
outlets to avoid trailing cables across floors. Industrial
types of plugs and sockets (complying with BS 4343)
23
should be used as these are more robust and can stand
up to the conditions of tyre and exhaust premises better.
Where a number of pieces of equipment require
E
electrical supplies in the middle of the work area,
consideration should be given to the provision of
0
overhead sockets.
0
142 All flexible cables should be suitable for their
environment. You may require specialist advice as to
which cable is most suitable for your premises.
!On
143 Efficient cable or cord grips should be used both at
4=3,<aa
m=-0
-a)
the plug and where the cable enters the equipment.
-0a
Cables should be positioned and protected so that they
0.C
°-0
cannot be damaged by heavy equipment or materials
0'>,
and should be checked regularly for any signs of
damage. Damaged cables should generally be replaced
completely but, if they are repaired, this should be by
-OE-0a)
means of a suitable coupler. Never carry out makeshift
?-'Q
E
repairs to cables. Further information is available in HSE
0'0
Guidance Note Flexible leads, plugs, sockets etc (see
-P_0
pages 28 and 29 for details).
144 All extension cables which are terminated in
conventional 13 amp three-pin fittings (plugs & sockets)
D"30
should be three-core cables with an earth (protective)
conductor. This conductor should always be terminated
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
145 Handlamps should be 'all insulated', 'double
0
insulated' or be of the low voltage type with any bulb
protected by a robust cage or transparent insulating
(fl
material. it should be remembered that these lamps
(except those designed for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres) do not give any protection against the risk
of igniting petrol or other flammable vapours and
therefore should not be used in inspection pits or other
areas where such vapours may exist.
146 Electrically powered hand-held tools should
(SD
preferably be supplied from a 110 volt AC centre-tapped
'00
earth supply (see BS CP 1017). In some cases battery-
tea)
0--0
operated tools offer an alternative choice. Where
<w`<00
conventional 240 volt AC hand-held tools are used, it is
0
preferable that they are of double-insulated construction
.-.
0
M..
and supplied from an electrical circuit controlled via a
residual current device with a tripping current not
exceeding 30 milli-amps and complying with
BS 4293: 1983. It should be noted that no conventional
electric tools and machines are suitable for use in
(0n
0
potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres.
0
BATTERY CHARGING
147 During the charging or recharging of lead acid
0.Q
batteries hydrogen is given off from the cells and there is
a risk of explosion. This is commonly caused by a spark
between the battery terminals and the connectors
igniting the hydrogen.
.g)
..-
.-.
148 The acid also presents a hazard to skin and eyes
(the Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 apply). Face
masks or goggles, gloves and protective aprons should
be used whenever there is a risk of splashing eg during
acid diluting or battery filling etc.
149 The following general precautions should be
adopted:
(a) the battery should be removed from the vehicle
before charging. The earth lead should always be
disconnected first and reconnected last to avoid an
accidental short circuit to the chassis. Insulated
tools should be used;
(b) charging areas should have good natural
ventilation located at high level immediately above
the batteries;
(c) electrical apparatus and any other potential
sources of ignition should be kept well to one side
and/or sited below the level of the battery, but not
in a position where any spillage of electrolyte could
fall on to it;
(d) the area should be designated 'No-smoking' and
'No naked lights';
(e) to avoid sparks, the charging circuit should be
switched off before the battery terminals are
connected or disconnected from it. Before
switching on, the connections should be checked
to ensure they are properly made and tight. This
may be achieved by the use of proprietary spring-
loaded shaped connectors rather than 'crocodile
clips'. If 'crocodile clips' are used special care
should be taken to ensure a good connection. The
connections should not be adjusted or interfered
with in any way without first switching off. Metal
objects should never be allowed to rest or fall on to
the battery terminals. The operator should not
wear dress rings, chains or metallic watch
bracelets;
(f) the battery charging room should be of an
adequate size with a sink or drain and tap
connected to the main water supply. If a piped
water supply is not available a supply of clean,
fresh water in clean containers should be kept
available at all times so that any splashing can be
washed immediately. Similarly, facilities for eye-
washing should be provided.
MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
Abrasive wheels
150 The Abrasive Wheels Regulations 1970 and the
Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 apply if abrasive
wheels are used.
151 This item of equipment is commonly found in tyre
and exhaust premises in the form of a bench mounted
motor which drives a spindle. On one end of the spindle
is an abrasive wheel and on the other, a wire brush. The
Regulations seek to prevent injuries occurring due to
contact with the rotating wheel or, in the event of a wheel
breaking (bursting), from pieces of the wheel being
thrown from the machine at high speed and striking
operators.
152 These Regulations require:
(a) the maximum permissible speed of abrasive
wheels to be marked on the wheel and the speed
not to be exceeded;
(b) the proper mounting of abrasive wheels by
appointed trained operatives;
(c) the training and appointment of people permitted
to change wheels;
(d) the provision and maintenance of guards and
other protection for abrasive wheels;
(e) suitable controls to be provided for machines on
which abrasive wheels are used;
(f) the securing and adjustment of rests for the
workpiece at abrasive wheels;
(g) the fixing of cautionary notices concerning the use
of abrasive wheels and the precautions to be
observed;
(h) so far as is reasonably practicable, where there
are machines on which abrasive wheels are
mounted, the condition of floors should be
maintained in a good and even state and kept
clear of loose material and prevented from
becoming slippery;
(i) that suitable eye protection such as goggles, fixed
shields or approved shields are provided.
Anyone required to change an abrasive wheel should be
familiar with the requirements of these Regulations.
153 Further advice on abrasive wheels is contained in
the HSE publications Safety in the use of abrasive
wheels and Training advice on the maintaining of
abrasive wheels (see pages 28 and 29 for details)
Rolling roads and brake testing
154 Many tyre and exhaust premises now also offer
MOT testing services and so should contain a rolling
road.
155 Several fatal accidents have occurred during the
use of rolling road/brake testing equipment. While it is
not normally practicable to prevent access to the wheels
of the vehicle under test, or to the rollers of the test
equipment, it may be possible to prevent inadvertent
contact with the rotating parts by guard rails or fencing.
This would not, however, cater for deliberate approach,
and therefore a safe system of work should be
developed and adhered to.
156 The system of work should include adequate
instruction, training and supervision and ensure that only
authorised people have access to the testing area. It is
very important to ensure that the rolling road is only used
for testing and not for carrying out repairs or
adjustments, unless the machine has been stopped and
precautions have been taken to prevent it from being set
in motion.
157 The brake test equipment should be isolated from
the mains when not in use and the cover plates replaced
over the rollers. It should also be fitted with 'deadmans'
controls. The running surfaces of the rollers should be
properly maintained as badly worn surfaces may allow
wet tyres to slip. Under no circumstances should any
attempt be made to dry tyres or rollers while they are in
motion.
158 Where brake testing equipment is sited over a pit,
people should be prevented from entering the pit while a
test is in progress.
Oxyacetylene equipment
159 Misuse of oxyacetylene equipment accounts for a
significant number of incidents in workshops. Correct
storage, operation, maintenance and use of such
equipment is therefore an important factor in workshop
safety.
160 The equipment includes two gas cylinders one
(painted black) containing oxygen and the other (painted
maroon) containing acetylene. Gas is fed to a hand-held
torch via rubber hoses and gas regulators. The unions of
the connecting hoses should be left-hand and right-hand
threaded respectively to prevent interchange of fitments.
The acetylene hose should be fitted with a flashback
arrester, and each hose should be fitted with a one-way
valve at the end attached to the torch.
161 Cylinders in use and spare cylinders kept inside
workrooms should be secured to a wall or mounted on
suitable trolleys. The number of cylinders inside
workrooms should be kept to a minimum. Gas cylinders
should always be transported on a suitable trolley to
avoid undue manual handling and the acetylene
cylinders should never be allowed to rest horizontally.
162 Additional spare gas cylinders should be kept in a
safe secure place preferably in the open air, separated
from buildings, boundaries or fixed sources of ignition by
at least one metre. A lockable wire cage is
recommended. Where open air storage is not
reasonably practicable cylinders should be kept in a well
ventilated storeroom. This should be located in a safe
place away from buildings and should be of fire-resisting
construction. Acetylene cylinders should always be
stored and used in an upright position. Oxygen cylinders
and their fittings should not be contaminated by oil or
grease as these materials will ignite violently if exposed
to oxygen under pressure.
163 Gas cutting operations emit a great deal of heat
and light and the following protective equipment should
always be worn:
(a) tinted eye protection to BS 1542: 1982, as
required by the Protection of Eyes Regulations
1974;
(b) suitable gauntlet type welder's gloves and, where
necessary, a leather apron and spats;
(c) the overalls or boilersuit should be of a suitable
material which is of a dense weave ie cotton. Hot
particles which are often ejected during cutting
operations will melt through nylon overalls;
(d) because the operator is obliged to use tinted eye
protection, he/she will be unable to see anything
but the intense light coming from the actual site of
the cutting operation. Furthermore he/she is often
beneath the vehicle, unable to observe the effects
of the operation. For these reasons it is
recommended that no cutting operation with
oxyacetylene equipment should be undertaken
unless a second person (an observer), also
protected as appropriate, is present throughout.
No cutting or welding operation should start unless
an appropriate fire extinguisher is ready to hand.
The local fire authority will advise on suitable types
of fire extinguisher.
164 When using cutting and welding equipment in tyre
and exhaust depots, particular attention should be paid
to the risk of igniting any flammable materials which may
be present. These include the petrol or diesel in the
vehicle's fuel system, plastic fuel lines, plastic foam,
other combustible material used in the construction of
the vehicle and any flammable materials present in the
workplace. Fuel tanks should never be subjected to heat
unless adequate precautions have been taken to remove
all traces of the fuel and they have been certified to be
safe by a competent specialist.
165 Where flammable materials form part of the
vehicle, care should be taken to ensure that a cutting
torch does not cause accidental ignition. Surfaces
coated with underseal are also a fire risk and should (d) if the tank outlet has a tap, it should be closed
either be shielded or the underseal compound removed while work is in progress. A mechanical clamp on

E
from the area around the hot work. a flexible fuel pipe may also be used providing that

_(n
the type of pipe used does not crack when the
166 Oxyacetylene cutting and welding, or indeed any clamp is tightened.

w`<
hot work, should never be carried out on any part of a
wheel when the tyre is on the wheel. It is not safe to do If fuel tanks need to be drained this should be

L..,
169

0
such work with the tyre still on the wheel but deflated. done safely and carefully. Under no circumstances

E
The heat from cutting and welding can vapourise bead should draining be carried out by removing a fuel sender

lubricants and inner-tyre surfaces in the air space within
the tyre, producing explosive mixtures at high pressures
within the tyre.
167 Explosions may occur to the inflated tyre, or when
the tyre is subsequently inflated. There have been a
.L.
E
unit located on the side of a tank, since the petrol flow
cannot be controlled. Many fatal accidents have
occurred due to the ignition of uncontrolled spillages of
petrol.
170 Petrol tanks should be drained in the open air and

number of incidents involving such tyre bursts which petrol removed via a properly designed fuel retrieval
EQ)(D0

3'=W

have killed repair workshop employees. The risk system into a receptacle which is large enough to take

3(0
increases with the size of tyre, so it is particularly the contents of the tank. Do not attempt to repair petrol
2(n
nro

important for employees working on wheels of large tanks by any hot process as this should only be carried
earth-moving vehicles and tractor wheels to know of this out by specialists after the tank has been cleaned, tested
0
a=<

m`<

hazard and follow a safe system of work. It is and certified free of flammable vapour.
recommended that the suppliers are contacted regarding
:(O

the use of nitrogen inflation, as a further safeguard, but it

should be remembered that this is not a safe alternative ON THE ROAD
E

to removal of the tyre for hot work.

Moving of vehicles and road testing of cars
Fuel tanks and lines
171 There is a need to manoeuvre vehicles within the
confines of workshop premises and accidents have
j--*

168 Precautions should be taken to prevent heat

occurred while doing this. A number of these accidents
0

.U-
damage to fuel lines especially plastic fuel lines which
CAD

involved young unqualified drivers who should not be

require special care. Where extensive hot work on the
-0c

-0a

allowed to move vehicles. The employer should ensure

underside of motor vehicles is performed the petrol tank
that the road testing of cars is done by people who are
and fuel supply pipe should be removed. However,
competent and responsible drivers with skill and
where hot work is being done on a small scale, eg the
experience appropriate to the car and the tests to be
freeing of rusty exhaust pipes, it may not be reasonably
N-'

carried out, and in particular:

-°O

practicable to remove the tank. such a case the

'-'

In
following precautions should be taken:
0

(a) it may be necessary to give instruction on driving

fro)

cars with automatic clutches; and

(a) the course of the petrol pipe should be identified,
paying particular attention to pipe runs inside box (b) to prohibit the testing of high performance cars by
a00

sections or concealed by structural members or young employees, especially those aged under 18,
layers of underseal compound; until it has been clearly established that they will
not be a danger to themselves or other road users.
(b) the fuel line and tank should be shielded with fire
resisting material such as fire resistant building
-a=

board or a proprietary heat shield to protect them Attending roadside breakdowns

from flame impingement, although this will offer no
0

172 Some companies attend breakdowns where work

a)0

protection from conducted heat. Where heat

is carried out on vehicles at the roadside or on the hard
;CD

conduction is likely to be a problem, the fuel

-Op

system should be drained and the tank removed; shoulder of motorways. This can be a particularly
hazardous operation if basic safety precautions are
a)-

(c) tank is not to be removed, it is

if the petrol
generally safer to keep petrol in it to ensure a
petrol vapour concentration above the upper
flammable limit. The tank should be shielded
against the risk of accidental flame impingement,
although the shielding will not protect against
conducted heat;
ignored. Where possible the vehicle should be taken to a
depot, or at least moved to a place of relative safety.
Service vehicles
173 Service vehicles should be clearly visible and
easily distinguishable by both day and night. The use of

26
reflective markings will be a great benefit. They should

a'<
174 Only staff who have been given specific training on
also be fitted with either revolving amber roof lights or how to undertake roadside breakdowns should carry out
3U)

high-level flashing hazard lights. In addition to its repair this work. They should wear clean reflective clothing
'°)

O_-0
equipment, each service vehicle should be equipped throughout the operation and particular care should be
with : taken when working on the offside of the vehicle.

(a) protective clothing including high visibility reflective 175 The service vehicle should be placed between the
coats; operative and the oncoming traffic at least 20 to 25 ft
away. It should, if possible, be parked at an angle with its
(b) a first-aid kit; nose into the nearside of the road with the steering

c`)
wheel turned to the left on full lock. Where possible,
(c) traffic cones; advance warning signs and cones should be used.

(t]

(L/)
lighting for illuminating the working area; 176 On motorways and trunk roads, where the vehicle

O-0
(d)
a))

dangerous position, or when a dangerous load is

is in a
a correct vehicle jack; being carried, the police should be informed before work
starts.
axlestands or timbers; and

a portable safety cage;

27
FURTHER INFORMATION SOURCES Approved Codes of Practice

Guidance Notes COP 2 Control of lead at work (revised) 1998

ISBN 0 7176 1506 5
PM 38 Selection and use of electric handlamps 1992
ISBN 0 11886360 6 COP 37 Safety of pressure systems: Pressure
Sytems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations
EH 40/98 Occupational exposure limits 1998 1989 1990 ISBN 0 11 885514 X
ISBN 0 7176 1474 3
COP 38 Safety of transportable gas containers:
Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers
EH 58 The carcinogenicity of mineral oils 1990
Regulations 1989 1990 ISBN 0 11 885515 8
ISBN 0 11885581 6

L74 First Aid at Work ACOP

Guidance Booklets
ISBN 0 7176 1050 0

HSG17 Safety in the use of abrasive wheels 1992

HSE Leaflets
ISBN 0 7176 0466 7
HSC 6 Writing a safety policy statement: advice to
HSG38 Lighting at work (revised) 1997 employers 1987 (revised)
ISBN 0 7176 1232 5
British Standards
HSG39 Compressed air safety (revised) 1998
ISBN 0 7176 1531 6 BS AU 161: Part 1 a 1983 Specification for fixed lifts

L3 Noise at Work Part 1 & 2 Regulations 1989 BS AU 161: Part 2 1989 Specification for mobile lifts
ISBN 0 7176 0454 3
BS CP 1017: 1969 Distribution of electricity on
L108 Reducing Noise at Work: Guide on Noise at construction and building sites
Work Regulations 1989 ISBN 0 7176 1511 1
BS 1542: 1982 Specification for equipment for eye,
HSR 4 Guide to the Offices Shops and Railway face and neck protection against non-ionising radiation
Premises Act 1963 (revised) 1989 arising from welding and similar operations
ISBN 0 11 885463 1
BS 4293: 1983 Specification for residual current-
operated circuit breakers
HSR 23 A Guide to RIDDOR
ISBN 0 7176 1432 2
BS 4343:1968 Specification for industrial plugs,
socket-outlets and couplers for ac and dc supplies
L73 A Guide to RIDDOR
ISBN 0 7176 1012 8
BS 5345: Code of practice for selection, installation
and maintenance of electrical apparatus for use in
HSR 25 Memorandum of Guidance on the Electricity potentially explosive atmospheres
at Work Regulations 1989 1989
ISBN 0 11 883963 2 BS 5415: Section 2.2 1986 Specification for type H
industrial vacuum cleaners for dusts hazardous to
fl)

HSR 30 Guide to the Pressure Systems and health

Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 1990
ISBN 0 7176 0489 6
Writing your health and safety policy statement
ISBN 0 7176 424 1
Available from: British Standards Institution,
389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL,
Tel: 020 8996 9001 Fax: 020 8996 7001
Website: www.bsi-global.com

The future availability and accuracy of the references

>1O

listed in this publication cannot be guaranteed.

((3

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Printed and published by the Health and Safety Executive C17.5 1/04

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HSE
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