MST Module 3

LEARNING MODULES FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
FIRST EDITION
1
Credits
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
UNIT I
MARIA CARMELA F. SISON, R.N., MAED
Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
mariacarmela.sison@umak.edu.ph
UNIT II
JOY R. REGALARIO- PASCUAL, R.N., MAED
College of Science
joy.regalario@umak.edu.ph
GERWYN C. PASCUAL, R.N., MAED

College of Science
gerwyn.pascual@umak.edu.ph
UNIT III
MARY ANN D. SERRANO, EDD
College of Science
maryann.serrano@umak.edu.ph
UNIT IV
LEONARDO PASQUITO, MAED
College of Science
leonardo.pasquito@umak.edu.ph
CURRICULUM PRODUCTION AND EDITING

Leonardo Pasquito, MaEd, and Joy R. Regalario- Pascual, R.N., MaEd
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Table of Contents
1 Title Cover
2 Credits
3 Table of Contents
4 Course Description
4 Essential Outcomes
5 Course Requirements
6 Unit Cover
7 Introduction
8 Lesson 1
19 Lesson 2
44 Lesson 3
58 Lesson 4
68 Assessment
80 References
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
I. MST (Environmental Science)
This area focuses on the interrelationships among components of the natural world and explains
environmental problems, their causes, associated risks, and proposes preventive measures and
alternative solutions
II. MST (Human Reproduction)
This area is a combination of bio cultural and ecological perspectives of human reproduction and
identifies the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that affect it.
III. MST (People and Earth’s Ecosystem)
This area evaluates the impact of human activities on the environment and assesses the
consequences of environmental modification on human activity. This attempts to propose
preventive measures and alternative solutions to environmental problems and interprets data
relating population to population using appropriate statistical tools.
IV. MST (Living in the Information Technology or IT Era)
This area assesses the science, culture and ethics of information technology, its influence on modern
living and human relationships and its use for personal, professional, and social advancement.
ESSENTIAL OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students must be able to
1. Demonstrate the interrelationships among components of the natural world and explains
environmental problems, their causes, associated risks, and proposes preventive measures and
alternative solutions.
2. Propose preventive measures and alternative solutions to environmental problems and
interprets data relating population to population using appropriate statistical tools.
3. Identify the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that affect Human
Reproduction.
4. Evaluate and critique the science, culture and ethics of information technology, its influence
on modern living and human relationships and its use for personal, professional, and social
advancement
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COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Weekly task assessments (formative or summative) Outputs (may vary as home works, seat
works, individual/grouped activities, recitation, film reviews related to the topic, portfolio,
interviews, personal essays, feedback reports, surveys, and other forms of interactive/creative
presentations or projects through various means of communication or media)
2. Midterm exam
3. Final exam
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UNIT 3: PEOPLE AND EARTH’S
ECOSYSTEM
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INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
a. Define the term “Natural Resources. “

b. Classify natural resources according to the following categories:
c. On the basis of origin: abiotic & abiotic
d. With respect to renewability: renewable and non-renewable resources
e. On the basis of availability: Inexhaustible Natural Resources & Exhaustible Natural
a. Resources.
f. Determine different products of Natural Resources
g. Discuss the different types of renewable resources and their uses
h. Discuss the different types: non-renewable resources and their uses
i. Discuss ways to save our natural resources and its conservation
j. Define natural calamity
k. Describe different types of natural calamities and the threats they pose
1. Earthquake
2. Volcanic Eruption
3. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons)
l. Explain how to mitigate the impact the natural calamities mitigate to reduce or control
the impact of natural disasters on lives and property
A. Define Man-made Calamities
B. Describe the causes, effects and prevention of major man-made calamities as
follows:
1. Global Warming
2. Air Pollution
3. Water Pollution
4. Land Pollution
5. Plastic Pollution
C. Discuss ways of having a sustainable future of clean environment for our ecosystem
D. Take active participation as responsible citizen to solve issues regarding man-made
calamities
E. Define environmental laws
A. Discuss the different international environmental laws
B. Discuss major environmental laws in the Philippines
C. Describe the roles of various International Environmental organizations
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INTRODUCTION
Natural resources are those which exist in the environment naturally that are valuable to
human and can be used for economic gain. Some natural
resources, such as sunlight, air, wind, soil and water, are
natural resources essential to the existence of life.
Natural resources are things that come from nature, such

as plants, animals, soil, minerals, forests, fertile lands and
energy sources (e.g., sunlight, fossil fuels, air, and water)
are used to meet the needs of all living things, including
people. Figure 3.1 shows how natural resources from Figure 3.1
the Earth are used to support life.
This module focusses on the classification of natural resources, their products & services
as well identify the uses of renewable and non-renewable resources. Moreover, students
will identify ways to save and conserve our natural resources. Moreover, there are learning
activities to be performed by the students to identify their significant role in saving our
natural resources.
CONTENTS
Lesson 1: Natural Resources and their

Sustainability
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
A. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
a. Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere include plants, animals, and fossil
fuels; Fossil fuels are classified as biotic resources because they were formed from
the decay of organic matter over millions of years. The three fossil fuels are coal,
oil, and natural gas.
b. Abiotic resources originate from nonliving and inorganic materials. For example,
air, sunlight, and water are abiotic natural resources. Minerals (gold, copper, iron,
diamonds) are also considered abiotic.
B. With respect to replaceability renewability, natural resources can be categorized as

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
a. Renewable resources are those natural resources such as trees, water, sun and wind
that can be replenished at about the same rate at which they are used. Examples of
renewable resources include sunlight, air, and wind. They are available
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continuously and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.
However, renewable resources, however, can be depleted if not properly. They do
not have a rapid recovery rate and are susceptible to depletion if they are overused.
b. Nonrenewable resources are those natural resources that are depleted more quickly
than they can regenerate. They are those which have a limited stock. Once the
stocks are exhausted it may take thousands of years to be renewed or replenished.
Since this period is much more than human life spans. their rate of consumption
exceeds the rate of recovery Examples are coal, petroleum and natural gas, fossil
fuels and minerals. Fossil fuels like oil and natural gas were formed over millions
of years. Once mined and used completely, nonrenewable resources are gone
forever
C. On the basis of availability, natural resources can be categorized as follows:

a. Inexhaustible Natural Resources: Those resources which are present in unlimited
quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted easily by human activity are
inexhaustible natural resources. e.g. – sunlight, air.
b. Exhaustible Natural Resources: The amount of these resources is limited. They can
be exhausted by human activity in the long run. E.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas
etc.
Figure 3.2 Diagram of the Different Classification of Natural Resources

Natural Resources
Inexhaustible Exhaustible
• Solar energy
• Wind power
• Rainfall
Renewable Non-renewable
• Power of tides • Water
• Biological species
• Hydro-power
• Soil fertility
• Minerals
Waves & tidal • Natural
energy vegetation
• Wild life
• Aquatic animals
• Humans
B. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF NATRUAL RESOURCES
Some examples of natural resources and the ways we can use them are:
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Natural Products or Services
Resource
Air Wind energy, tires
Animals Foods (milk, cheese, steak, bacon) and clothing (wool
sweaters, silk shirts, leather belts)
Coal Electricity
Minerals Coins, wire, steel, aluminum cans, jewelry
Natural gas Electricity, heating
Oil Electricity, fuel for cars and airplanes, plastic
Plants Wood, paper, cotton clothing, fruits, vegetables
Sunlight Solar power, photosynthesis
Water Hydroelectric energy, drinking, cleaning
C. TYPES OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES
1. Solar Energy – The sun’s light contains energy

in the form of electromagnetic waves. Usually,
when light hits an object the energy turns into heat,
like the warmth felt while sitting in the sun. But Figure 3.3 Solar Energy
when light hits certain materials, like silicon, the
energy turns into an electrical current instead,
which can then be harnessed for power. This was
discovered earlier in history when Einstein
explained the Photoelectric Effect and proposed
that light can act like a particle, as well as a wave.
(Figure 3.3.) For more information, see
http://www.tva.gov/greenpowerswitch/solar.htm
and
http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/solar.htm.
2.Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric

power or hydroelectricity, is a form of energy that harnesses
the power of water in motion—such as water flowing over a
waterfall—to generate electricity. People have used this
force for millennia.
Hydroelectric\plants use falling water from a dam to turn
the turbine of a generator. The generator then produces
electricity. ( Figure 3.4)
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html or
http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/hydro.htm,
http://www.tva.com/power/hydro.htm
Figure 3.4 Hydroelectric energy
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Figure 3.5. Geothermal energy
3. Geothermal Energy – from the Greek word’s geo, or “earth,” and there, meaning
“heat.” Deep inside the Earth lies hot water and steam that can be used to heat homes
and businesses and generate electricity cleanly and efficiently. The steam is used to
drive turbines of a generator and the generator produces electricity.
http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/geothermal2.htm
4.Wind Energy – The energy of the wind is

transferred to the turbines of the generator
and the generator produces electricity. Wind
turbines use the momentum of moving air to
quietly turn large blades that are attached to
the shaft of an efficient electric generator
(Figure 3.6)
. http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/wind.htm
Figure 3.6. Wind Energy

5 Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass)
a) Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living

organisms. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, such as
corn and soy, above. The energy from these organisms can be burned to create heat or
converted into electricity. Biomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. This matter
includes things like leaves, tree branches, leftover crops, wood chips, and bark. It can
even include animal manure and old tires. The biomass is then placed into a furnace
and burned, or the methane gas in a liquid or gaseous state from algae or rotting /
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decomposing materials is captured. The heat generated is used to boil water. The steam
from the boiling water is used to turn turbines and generators to produce electricity.
Forms of Biomass Used for Energy(Figure 3.7)

• Wood and Products: Renewable
sources of timber and the by-
products of wood such as wood
chip are burned in the home to
create heat and in industry, burned
to generate electricity. Typically,
softwood such as pine is used as it
is quicker to replenish than
hardwood such as oak.
• Agricultural Crops
Waste: With large amounts of
waste produced from the farming
sector, it is natural that this is an
ideal source of energy. The
materials are either converted to
biofuels or burned directly to
generate heat or electricity.
Figure 3.7 . Forms of Biomass Used for Energy
• Food and Household Waste: The amount of waste households produced has been
increasing annually, and up until recently, the majority was disposed of it landfill sites.
Nowadays, this garbage is burned at power stations to produce electricity or converted
into biogas at existing landfill sites.
• Animal Manure and Human Waste: We frequently hear about the link between
animal
waste and global warming. Inevitably, the same is also true of human waste. Both can be
converted into biogas and burned as a fuel.
b) Biofuels are a renewable energy source, made from organic matter or wastes, that can
play a valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Biofuels are one of the largest
sources of renewable energy in use today. In the transport sector, they are blended with
existing fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Examples of biofuels include ethanol (often
made from corn and sugarcane l), biodiesel (from vegetable oils and liquid animal fats),
green diesel (derived from algae and other plant sources) and biogas (methane derived
from animal manure and other digested organic material).
D. TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
A non-renewable natural resource is one that has specific conditions that made them
(like fossilized plant matter converting into coal), and can take many generations to
reproduce. Sometimes the conditions are not likely to occur again so they are limited in
supply and once used cannot be re-generated within a short span of time. Non-renewable
sources exist in the form of natural gas, oil, and coal. For example, fossil fuels have been
percolating beneath the Earth for hundreds of millions of years, and once they’re gone,
they’re going to take millions more years to replenish.
Coal Energy – Coal is the product of millions of years of pressure on organic matter from
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plants buried underground. According to Energy Information Administration, coal-
burning power plants are the number one source of electricity in the U.S., and burning coal
is an inexpensive way to generate electricity compared to many renewable sources.
However, burning coal produces greenhouse gases, which scientists believe is contributing
greatly to global warming. http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/fossil.htm
Oil Energy – Crude Oil is referred to as Liquid Petroleum. It is used for gasoline, heating
oil, and diesel fuel. In addition, manufacturers utilize oil for such products as plastics and
industrial chemicals.
Natural Gas Energy – Natural gas reserves often share space with underground oil
reserves, so the two non-renewable resources are often extracted at the same time.
Consumers use it as cooking fuel, to heat houses, and sometimes as vehicle fuel. It is also
used to generate 27.6% of the U.S. electricity. It would take many generations, perhaps
millions of years, to replenish natural gas.
http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/combustion.htm
Nuclear Energy – Nuclear energy makes use of Uranium-235, a radioactive chemical

naturally found in the earth. This radioactive substance undergoes decay and in the
process releases a great deal of heat. The heat is then used to create steam; that steam is
used to turn a turbine in a generator. The generator produces the electricity. There are no
greenhouse gases released in this process. However, there are radioactive byproducts that
must be stored safely because they are an environmental hazard. It is considered a non-
renewable form of energy because it takes real manipulation to split an atom.
http://www.tvakids.com/electricity/nuclear.htm
Below is a summary illustration diagram comparing renewable vs. nonrenewable

resources (Figure 3.8):
Figure 3.7 COMPARISON OF RENEWABLE A
Figure 3.8 shows examples of renewable energy and non-renewable energy.
E. WAYS OF CONSERVING OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
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1.Soil resources ( Figure 3.9)
➢ Reforestation: Planting trees helps in reducing
soil erosion.
➢ Terracing: Terrace farming helps to control
the fast flow of water which takes away soil
with its flow. It is usually practiced in hilly
areas.
➢ Soil fertility: Maintenance of soil fertility is
obtained by adding manure or fertilizers or Figure 3.9 Soil Resources
➢ even by crop rotation.
2. Water Resources (Figure 3.10)

➢ Rainwater Harvesting: It is the process of storing
rainwater.
➢ Treatment of Industrial Wastes: The chemical
wastes must be treated before releasing them into the
water bodies.
➢ Dams and Reservoirs: Dams help to store water and
supply them when needed. They also help in producing
energy.
➢ Growing Flora: It helps to prevent the flow of water
and makes it sink into the soil increasing groundwater Figure 3.10 Water Resources
levels. Resources
3 . Energy Sources.
➢ Promoting green technology like solar panels and other renewable sources of
energy.
➢ Minimize the over-exploitation of these non-renewable energy resources.
➢ Spreading awareness among people about the need for conservation.
4. The 5 R”s of Waste Management (figure 3.11) Figure 3.11

There are five R’s that we should follow when
helping conserve our natural resource The five
R's are:
1) Refuse – Avoid purchasing or using items that
are not recyclable. Avoid single use plastics and
paper products by saying no thank you, opting for
re-usable
2. Reduce: – Downsize what you purchase, opting

to be more mindful of what you really need. To
limit the amount of materials you use
3) Reuse: To use an item again Reuse – Always

find a way to keep an item out of the landfill by
keeping it in great condition, repairing or up-cycling
it when it breaks.
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4) Recycle: To collect items such as newspaper, bottles, and cans and bring to a plant
where
they can be made into something new Recycle – Properly recycle any plastic, paper,
glass or metal that comes into your life you cannot refuse, reduce, or reuse by researching
your state’s recycling laws
5) ROT: Composting Waste. Rot –Set up a compost system for your food scraps, or find
a food scrap drop off center (like a farmer’s market, or community garden) near your
house.
5. Personal/ Individual Action to Conserve Our Natural Resources

Figure 3.12
The depletion/ scarcity of our natural resources seems so
overwhelming. The question is what you can personally ally do about
it?
The quote” Only You Can (Figure 3.12) is a challenge that
“ONLY YOU CAN DO.” Herewith are just but few suggestions you
can individually take action:
a.Involve in reforestation. Plant trees to help suck carbon out of the

air and stabilize the climate.
b. Take public transportation if it’s available, carpool to work, ride a

bicycle or walk when possible.
c. Recycle everything you can. Recycling conserves natural resources,

such as wood, water, minerals, and fossil fuels, because materials
can be reused. When we make new products, we use resources like petroleum (to make
plastic bags), iron ore (to make steel cans), trees (to make paper),
aluminum (to make cans).
d.. Be knowledgeable of innovative renewable sources of energy and wind devices, etc.
empowering your home with solar panels,
e. Promote green foods. Choose to eat more vegetables and less meat.
f. Save the use of too much water at home to minimized lots used lots of energy.
1). If you own your own home, consider installing a smart thermostat. Smart
thermostats
2) Learn your routines and adjust your home’s temperature for peak efficiency, saving
money on energy bills while decreasing emissions.
g. Look for the “Energy Star” label, which helps consumers identify products that are
10-to-50% more efficient. Categories include appliances, electronics, office equipment
and many more. Smart appliances simply use less energy.
h. Compost food scraps. About 18 % of methane pollution comes from food scraps that
ended up in landfills. But if those leftovers, peels, cores and cuttings were composted, they
would reduce emissions and help protect healthy soil.
I. Calculate your carbon footprint with an online carbon calculator. Knowing what
activities are your biggest sources of emissions helps you plan how to reduce your
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footprint. .Activity on Carbon Footprint will be of great help in calculating your own
carbon footprint. Do Activity 1- Carbon Footprint
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LET’S HAVE SOME PRACTICE ACTIVITIES!
I. ACTIVITY
Activity 1- CARBON FOOTPRINT
Objectives:
After this activity, the students should be able to:
1) Define a carbon footprint.
2) List several ways to reduce their carbon footprints.
3) Describe why it is important to have as small a footprint as possible.
Instructions: Answer the questions below, then fill in the corresponding values on the far
right. Tally the values to find your carbon footprint. Only fill in one value for each
question, unless otherwise stated.
Ex. Do you turn off the lights when you leave a room?
a. Yes a. 133 __133__
b. No b. 268 _______
1. How do you get to school?

a. walk a. 0 ________
b. bike b. 0 ________
c. car c. 1115 ________
d. bus d. 131 ________
e. carpool e. 459 ________
2. Do you eat mostly…
a. fast food a. 4818 ________
b. home cooked food b. 629 ________
Do you eat mostly…
a. vegetables/fruits a. 153 ________
b. meat b. 644 ________
c. bread c. 364 ________
4. Do you turn off lights when you leave a room?
a. yes a. 133 ________
b. no b. 268 ________
5. Do you unplug appliances/chargers when not in use?
a. yes a. 9 ________
b. no b. 18 ________
6. How do you dry clothes?
a. hang to dry a. 0 ________
b. dryer b. 750 ________
c. both c. 375 ________
7. Do you turn off the water when brushing your teeth?
a. yes a. 34 ________
b. No b. 274 ________
8. Do you turn off the TV when you’re not watching it?

a. yes a. 47 ________
b. no b. 140 ________
9. Do you turn off your video game system when you’re not using it?
a. yes a. 29 ________
b. no b. 90 ________
c. don’t have/use one c. 0 ________
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10. Do you recycle? (for this question, select all that apply)
a. magazines a. -15 ________
b. newspaper b. -90 ________
c. glass c. -7 ________
d. plastic d. -19 ________
e. aluminum and steel cans e. -86 ________
Add together all the values in the far right column and report here: Total
________________
Answer the guide questions for discussion on the next page for analysis, application, and
reflections.
Questions for Discussion
This total is your “carbon footprint” in the number of pounds of carbon dioxide per year.
The lower the number, the fewer greenhouse gasses are emitted into the atmosphere.
Review your choices in the survey. What changes can you make in your life to reduce
your carbon footprint? Use the space below to” think as scientist, “by planning to reduce
your carbon footprint.
Things I will turn off:
How I will get to school?
What I will eat?
How much I will use electronics?
What I will recycle?
Other things I will do:
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Lesson 2: NATURAL CALAMITIES AND
HOW TO MITIGATE THEIR IMPACTS
Natural calamity is a natural disaster, a traumatic environmental event resulting from natural
processes of the Earth. It once upon a time known as “acts of God.
Natural calamities occurring natural is physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow
onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic
activity); 2) hydrological (avalanches and typhoons & floods), 3) climatological (extreme
temperatures, drought and wildfires); and 4) meteorological (cyclones).
This module focuses on the common types of Natural Calamity” happening in the Philippines
These are 1) earthquakes, 2) volcanic erruptions3) typhoons and floods, their impact on
environment, and their prevention, control and mitigation.
A. EARTHQUAKE
1. Definition of Earthquake An earthquake is the sudden rapid movement between two rigid
blocks of the Earth. This movement occurs along a surface between the two blocks called
a fault. This movement releases energy and generates seismic waves that can be recorded by
specialized instruments used by scientists.
The point on a fault at which the first movement
or break occurs during an earthquake is called the
earthquake's hypocenter (focus) shown in the
illustration below. In the case of a large
earthquake, a section of a fault that is many
kilometers long may slip, but there is always a
point at which the first movement occurred. This
point is reported with a latitude, longitude and
depth of the earthquake. The point on the earth's
surface, projected directly above the hypocenter is
called the epicenter. The epicenter is usually
what is reported on the news and only has the
latitude and longitude of the event.
2. Causes of Earthquakes
Most commonly, earthquakes are directly or indirectly caused by movements of

tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are moved by convection currents which are generated in
Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a solid that flows over long time periods. In the Earth's
mantle, the convection currents are generated by changes in temperature and density. The
warmer materials in the lower part of the mantle ascend, and the colder ones descend,
generating constant changes by the circulation of materials (Figure 2).
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♦ Tectonic Plates
Tectonic plates are huge pieces of crust and rigid upper mantle that fit together at their edges
and cover the Earth's surface. Tectonic plates move and shape Earth's surface. They move in
different directions and at different rates relative to one another and they interact within their
boundaries. Herewith are different kind of boundaries
Transform boundaries:A region where two

plates slide horizontally past each other is
a transform boundary. Transform boundaries
are characterized by long faults, sometimes
hundreds of kilometers in length, and by
shallow earthquakes. Transform boundaries
were named for the way Earth's crust changes,
or transforms, its relative direction and velocity
from one side of the boundary to the other.
Convergent boundaries A convergent
boundary is when two tectonic plates move
toward each other. When two plates collide, the
denser plate eventually descends below the
other less-dense plate and into the mantle
(downward convection currents from Figure 2)
in a process called subduction.
Divergent boundaries: They are regions where
two tectonic plates move apart. Most divergent
boundaries are found along the seafloor, where
they form mid-ocean ridges. The formation of
new ocean crust at most divergent boundaries
accounts for the high heat flow, volcanism, and
earthquakes associated with these boundaries.
♦ Seismic Waves
When an earthquake occurs, it releases the stored-up energy in the form of seismic
waves. These travel away from the hypocenter in all directions. These are used to locate and
measure the magnitude of an earthquake. The types of seismic waves are:
♦
1) Body waves is named after their capacity to travel across the earth, these are divided
into two types—primary P) waves and secondary (S) waves
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P waves or longitudinal (Primary wave).They are
compressional waves. As P waves travel through
matter, the matter alternatively compresses and
expands. P waves travel through the earth, as much as
sound waves travel through the air.
S waves (Secondary waves) are shear waves,

involving a side-to-side motion of molecules. S
waves change the shape of the material that transmits
them. Because fluids (gases and liquids) do not resist
stresses that cause changes in shape-meaning fluids
will not return to their original shape once the stress
is removed-they will not transmit S waves.
2) Surface waves are named after their restricted movement to the near-earth surface.
They are larger in amplitude (amount of ground displacement) than the body waves of an
earthquake. Therefore, most of the shaking and resultant structural damage from
earthquakes is caused by these waves. Surface waves are divided into two types: Love
waves and Rayleigh waves
Love Wave is a surface wave with a
horizontal motion, transverse (or
perpendicular) to the direction the wave is
traveling. This wave is one of the last
recorded on the seismographs. In our case
they are used when more specialized studies
of some seismic events are made.
Rayleigh Wave is a seismic surface wave
causing the ground to shake in an elliptical
motion, with no transverse, or perpendicular
motion.
♦ Aftershock:
A smaller earthquake that follows the main earthquake within the same region. Aftershocks
can continue over a period of weeks, months, or years. In general, the larger the main shock,
the larger and more numerous the aftershocks, and the longer they will continue. In the
earthquake of October 11, 1918 in Puerto Rico, aftershocks continued for up to six months.
The most severe of them occurred on October 24th at 11:43 p.m. and November 12th at 5:45
p.m. A more recent example took place on November 2, 2008, in which an event of magnitude
5.5 (Mw) was recorded in the Trench of Puerto Rico, generating a total of 369 aftershocks.
♦ Swarms:
Swarms are many seismic events that occur in the same area with the same characteristics
(similar magnitudes) in a given period of time. In our area, for example, twelve swarms were
generated in the region of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 2011. One of these swarms
occurred in the Sombrero Seismic Zone and the platform of Virgin Islands, from the 14th to
the 15th of July, 2011. For more information please refer to the official report of the Puerto
Rico Seismic Network at the following link:
http://redsismica.uprm.edu/Spanish/sismos/repanual.php
3) Measurement Instruments of Earthquake
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Seismograph, the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale are used for measuring the direction
and intensity of earthquakes.
♦ Seismograph . The direction of movement of waves and their passage at a particular point
is recorded by an instrument called Seismograph. It has a pen attached to it. The pen
vibrates with the earthquake waves, recording their movements on a travelling strip of
paper. It also calculates the difference in the arrival of P and S waves.
https://brocku.ca/cmt/upload/1069959018.7775/seismic_waves.htm
A seismogram is the line drawing a seismograph produces.It is the line drawing of the
earthquake's vibrations.
Here is an image of a seismogram.The image shows the time, the duration, and the
intensity of the earthquake.
♦ Ritcher Scale.The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of
the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of
earthquakes. The Richter scale measures the power of an earthquake on a scale of 1-9. It
measures the absolute intensity with mathematical precision. On the Richter Scale,
magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. The following image
shows how frequent an earthquake occurs according to its magnitude in a year and a
comparison of the energy released with different events.
22
♦ Mercalli Scale scale is a seismic scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. The
measurement is based on observations and experiences, and it is currently measured on a
scale of 12 degrees of intensity, indicated by Roman numerals I through XII. The Mercalli
scale differs from the Richter scale, which measures the magnitude of earthquake.
4. Types of Earthquakes
Mainly, there are four types of earthquakes namely tectonic, volcanic, collapse and
explosion.
Tectonic earthquake: This occurs when due to geological forces on rocks and the adjoining
plate’s cause’s physical and chemical change and results in the breaking of the Earth's crust.
Volcano tectonic earthquake is earthquake caused by the movement of magma beneath the
surface of the Earth. The movement results in pressure changes where the rock around the
magma has experienced stress. At some
point, this stress can cause the rock to break
or move. Results from tectonic forces and
occurs in conjunction with volcanic
activity.
Collapse earthquake: are generally small

earthquakes that occur in underground
caverns and mines caused by the seismic
waves which are produced from the
explosion of rock on the surface.A collapse
earthquake are small earthquakes in
underground caverns and mines that are
caused by seismic waves produced from
the explosion of rock on the surface
Explosion earthquake: An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the

detonation of a nuclear and/or chemical device.
.
5. Major Impacts and Effects of Earthquakes
23
We all know that the effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating as follows:
♦ Shaking of the ground and surface rupture: This is the main cause of destruction in which
buildings, bridges, roads, canals and other structures are damaged.
♦ Liquefaction: Earthquakes make sands and silts to transform from a solid to liquid state.
This also results in building collapse.
♦ Landslides: Earthquakes of high intensity often trigger many landslides in the hilly
regions.
♦ Fires: It is a major hazard associated with earthquakes. The shakings of the ground and
building damage often break the gas pipes and electric lines that cause fires.
♦ Changes in the land elevation: The surface topography of a region and groundwater
conditions are altered after an earthquake.
♦ Tsunami: It is a Japanese term meaning ‘harbour waves’. Tsunamis are massive sea
waves that are mainly caused due to earthquakes in the ocean floor or possibly due to an
undersea landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during
an earthquake a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an
object dropped into the water. These waves are massive in size and gain height as they
approach the seashore. Tsunamis are the most catastrophic among natural disasters as
they affect a very wide geographical area.
6. Prevention and Mitigation:
Despite the advances made by modem science, the exact time and place where an
earthquake may strike cannot be predicted. Hence, the occurrence of an earthquake cannot be
prevented. However, there are certain regions that are earthquakes prone and so the
administration must work before hand to minimize the damages due to occurrence of
earthquakes in such areas. The control and mitigation measures in earthquake prone regions
must have programs regarding hazard reduction , development of critical facilities and proper
land use planning.
The following are some points for you to remember to avoid undue loss of lives and
property during an earthquake.
♦ Before the Earthquake
Individual Family Community

Find out if your office, Have a battery-powered Earthquake drills are necessary for
school or factory has an radio, flashlight and first-aid a community, so that in case of an
emergency plan. If it kit ready at all times. Make earthquake, everyone would know
has one, make sure that sure everyone knows where what to do.
you know how the plan they are stored. Keep extra
goes. If it doesn’t have batteries on hand. Store
one, take the initiative canned goods, water and
to encourage your other supplies you and your
companions to make family may need.
one
Have a ready first aid Learn how to perform first Earthquake drill in a school
kit. aid.
Know the location of your Earthquake education and
gas and water valves and evacuation plans.
electric fuse box. Make sure
all responsible members of
your family know how to
turn these off.
24
.Secure heavy appliances to Use of proper construction
the floor and anchor heavy material that is not injurious even
furniture such as cupboards if the structures collapse.
to the wall.
Don’t put heavy objects on Construction of quake resistant
high shelves. buildings having proper structural
design.
Devise a plan for members Establishment of earthquake
of your family to stay regulatory agencies for fast relief.
together during an
earthquake.
Practice an earthquake drill Establishment of specific health
regularly. care units for treating earthquake
injuries Proper land use planning
Mapping of faults and weak zones
in earthquake prone areas.
Buildings such as schools,
hospitals, offices, etc. should be in
areas away from active faults
♦ During an Earthquake
Individual Family
Stay calm and stay where you are, whether .Make sure that every member of your
you are indoors or outdoors. Many people family seeks shelter under a heavy or
are injured as they enter or leave buildings sturdy furniture.
If you are indoors, stand against the wall Direct each member of the family to stay
nearest the center of the building. You may calm and stay away from objects or
also stand against a doorway or stay under materials that may fall.
a desk or some other sturdy furniture.
If you are in a moving vehicle, stop the
vehicle and remain inside until the tremor
stops.
♦ After an Earthquake
Individual Family
Check yourself and other people nearby for Closely examine the members of your family
injuries. Administer first aid if needed. for possible injuries..
Check water, gas and electric lines. If these Check for spots that are likely to catch fire.
are damaged, close the valves. Check for
leaking gas by odor only. If gas is leaking,
open all windows and doors, leave
immediately and report the damage to
authorities
Turn on the radio for news updates. Use the Do not let the children roam around. Warn
telephone only for relaying important them against electrocution due to fallen live
messages wires.
Do not flush toilets until sewer lines are
checked.
Stay out of damaged buildings.
Wear boots, if you have them, to protect
yourself against shattered glass and debris.
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ACTIVTY 1 EARTHQUAKE
Direction Students will be watching a short video The Hayward Fault “ in the East Bay is
considered the most dangerous earthquake fault in America. Recent studies have shown that
large events on the Hayward Fault occur regularly every 140 years. QUEST story updated from
2008: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jtAK...
Guide Questions for Discussion Based on the video:
♦ What is an earthquake? Why do they occur?
♦ What should people do if there is an earthquake?
♦ How can we be prepared? What to do during and after an earthquake.
♦ What should an emergency plan and kit include?
B. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
♦ What is a volcano?
A volcano is an opening on the earth’s surface, typically a conical hill or mountain,
composed wholly or in part of ejected materials usually ashes and lava. The opening is
called the crater and the path through which the ejected materials pass is the pipe. When
molten rocks come out of the ground they are collectively called lava. This hardens and
forms a cone or dome with a tunnel and a vent in the middle. The more lava that comes out,
the taller and wider the volcano gets after the eruption. You know that a volcano will erupt
when the ground around it begins to shake. You will hear rumbling noises from deep inside
the earth and see clouds of dark smoke rise from the top of the volcano.
♦ Types of Volcanoes
There are five types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes,
domes and calderas. Each has a characteristic eruptive style and therefore a characteristic
form.
Shield Volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava

flowing and pouring out in all directions from a central
summit vent or group of vents building a broad, gently
sloping cone of flat, domical shape with a profile much like
that of a warrior’s shield. They are built up slowly by the
accretion of thousands of highly fluid lava flows called
basalt lava that spread widely over great distances and then
cool as thin, gently dipping sheets. Lava also commonly
erupt from vents along fractures (rift zones) that develop on
the flanks of the cone.
26
Cinder Cones are the simplest volcanoes. They are built
from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a
single vent. As the gas-charged lava blows violently into
the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall
as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit
and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their
surroundings.
Composite volcanoes. They are the earth’s grandest mountains and also called
Stratovolcanoes They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones with large dimensions
built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ashes, cinders, blocks and bombs and may
rise to as much as 8000 ft. above their bases.
Most stratovolcanoes have a crater at the summit which

contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents. Lava
either flows through breaks in the crater wall or from
fissures on the flanks of the cone. Lava, solidified with the
fissures, form dikes that act as ribs which greatly
strengthen the cone.
The essential feature of a stratovolcano is a conduit
system through which magma, from a reservoir deep in the
earth’s crust, rises to the surface.
Domes .Volcanic or lava domes are formed by

relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous
to flow any great distance; consequently, on
extrusion, the lava piles over and around its vent. A
dome grows largely by expansion from within. As it
grows, its outer surface cools and hardens then
shatters spilling loose fragments down its sides.
Some domes form craggy knobs or spines over the
volcanic vent whereas others form short, steep-
sided lava flows known as coulees. Volcanic domes
commonly occur within the craters or on flanks of
large stratovolcanoes.
Calderas are depressions formed by collapsed

volcanoes. They are usually large, steep-walled,
basin-shaped depressions formed by the collapsed
volcano on a large area over and around a volcanic
vent or vents. Calderas range in form and size from
roughly circular depressions 1 to 15 mi. in diameter to
huge elongated depressions as much as 60 mi. long.
27
Active and Inactive Volcanoes
Volcanoes can be classified as either active or inactive based on their recorded history. An
active volcano is defined as one which has erupted within historic times such that accounts of
its eruption have been documented by man. A volcano is said to be inactive if it has not
erupted within historic times and its form is beginning to change because of weathering and
erosion. Active volcanoes are more likely to erupt compared to inactive ones. This does not
mean though that inactive volcanoes will never erupt even after their long rest.
Most Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the
country has 200 volcanoes and there are at least twenty-four (24) of these volcanoes are
active or potentially active, while the rest are dormant.
Here’s a rundown of the 24 active volcanoes in the Philippines:

Name of Volcano Province
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Babuyan Claro
Luzon
Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon in
Banahaw
Luzon
Biliran (Anas) Leyte in Visayas
Bud Dajo Sulu in Mindanao
Bulusan Sorsogon, Bicol Region in Luzon
Cabalian Southern Leyte in Visayas
Cagua Cagayan in Luzon
Camiguin de Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan
Babuyanes in Luzon
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan
Didicas
in Luzon
Hibok-hibok Camiguin in Mindanao
Iraya Batan Island, Batanes in Luzon
Iriga Camarines Sur in Luzon
Isarog Camarines Sur in Luzon
Kanlaon Negros Oriental
Leonard Kniaseff Davao del Norte
Makaturing Lanao del Sur
Matutum Cotobato in Mindanao
Mayon Albay, Bicol Region in Luzon
Musuan (Calayo) Bukidnon in Mindanao
South Cotobato/General Santos/
Parker North Cotabato/Sarangani
Provinces in Mindanao
Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac
Pinatubo
and Zambales in Luzon
Lanao del Sur and Cotobato in
Ragang
Mindanao
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan
Smith
in Luzon
Taal Batangas in Luzon\
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Of these 24 are considered active and several of these have erupted in recent times. Mayon
and Taal are the most active followed by Hibok-Hibok, Kanlaon and Pinatubo.
Mayon Volcano can be seen at the northern boundary of Legaspi City, Albay in the Bicol
Region. It is an active volcano renowned as a “perfect shaped cone” because of its almost
symmetrically conical shape. It is located in the eastern part of Albay province, 300 km
southeast of Manila.The volcano reaches up to 2462 m above sea level. It covers an area of
314.1 sq. km as estimated from a 62.8-km
base circumference, which encompasses the
towns of Camalig, Malilipot and Sto.
Domingo. It is classified as a stratovolcano
or a composite volcano. It is composed of
deposits formed by different types of
volcanic activity such as airfall deposition,
pyroclastic flows, rain-triggered debris
flows and lava flows. These deposits,
varying in size from ashes to small
boulders, formed from the eruption of
fragmented rocks which are eroded
downslope with the help of gravity and prevailing winds.
Despite the destructive nature of Mayon Volcano and all volcanoes in general, it can’t be
denied that Mayon Volcano has made Albay a rich agricultural region. The volcano’s fertile
slopes and bordering plains, coupled with abundant rainfall, have benefited the surrounding
towns of Camalig, Guinobatan, Daraga, Legaspi, Sto. Domingo, Ligao and Malilipot,
providing suitable environments for growing abaca and coconuts, two of Bicol’s major crops,
as well as rice and vegetables.
Taal Volcano is the smallest active volcano in the whole world. ... Known to be the smallest
active volcano in the world and one of Southern Luzon's centerpiece attractions. It gives
the province of Talisay a remarkable haven
for tourists both local and foreign for its alluring and
majestic view.
Taal Volcano is situated near the center of Taal Lake
in Batangas, about 60 km southeast of Manila. Since
its initial eruption, Taal remains on a level 4 alert,
with a hazardous eruption still possible. Data show
that SO₂ emissions, one of the key parameters for
monitoring active volcanoes, have been present, but
low, since the initial eruption. Despite the hazards of
living within the vicinity, Taal Volcano has been
attracting migrants because of its fertile soil and
fishing grounds rich with several varieties of milkfish, carps, maliputo and tawilis with which
Taal Lake is famous for.
Mount Hibok-Hibok (also known as Catarman

Volcano) is a stratovolcano on Camiguin Island
about 10 km off the north coast of Mindanao in the
Philippines. It is one of the active volcanoes in the
country and part of the
Pacific ring of fire. Volcanologists classify
Hibok-Hibok or Catarman Volcano as a
29
stratovolcano[1] and dome complex[5] with an elevation of 1,332 metres (4,370 ft) and a base
diameter of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). The eruption a considered as one of the most dangerous
types and is characterized by viscous magma that gives off ashes & pyroclastic materials and
the presence of nuee ardente or glowing clouds of gases.Despite the destruction caused by the
1950 eruption, Camiguin Island flourished. Its soil became fertile enough to be conducive for
the production of agricultural products such as coconut and copra which the island is known
for.
Mt. Kanlaon is a large stratovolcano situated in the north-central portion of Negros Island. It
is part of the natural boundary that separates Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. The
volcanic arc along the Negros Trench also includes Mt. Silay in the north and Mt.
Mandalagon and Mt. Cuernos de Negros in the south.Mt. Kanlaon reaches up to 2435 m high
and covers a base area of 707 sq. km. It consists of a multitude of craters and parasitic cones
aligned linearly with a caldera in the
center. The volcanic edifice is made
up of airfall deposits, lava
agglutinates, lava flows, pyroclastic
flows and lahar.
Although a large portion of the volcano

is considered a forest reserve, sugarcane
haciendas and various other agricultural
sites producing vegetables and rice have
found homes on Mt. Kanlaon’s slopes.
La Castellana, La Carlota City and
Kanlaon City have barangays within the danger buffer zone placing the settlers in perennial
danger.
Mt. Pinatubo
Mt. Pinatubo is located in the central portion of the Zambales Range, a mountain
belt bordering the western side of Luzon and extends 220 km north from Lingayen
Gulf in the north to Bataan in the south. The other
major volcanic centers forming this belt are Mt. Natib
and Mt. Mariveles. All three have vents at their craters
characterizing them as stratovolcanoes. Smaller
volcanic cones include Mt.Malasimbo, Mt. Balakibok
and Mt. Negron.Mt. Pinatubo reaches up to
1745 m high. Mt. Natib and Mt. Mariveles nare 1278 m
and 1388 m, respectively, making Mt.Pinatubo the
highest among the three major olcanic centers.
Volcanic deposits found in Mt. Pinatubo include
granite-like rock materials, rocks containing crystals and other rock fragments.
On April 2, 1991, after about 450 years of inactivity, Mt. Pinatubo started showing signs of
restiveness. Five vents at its northwestern slope started emitting white steam plumes at varying
intensities. In June 1991, the volcanic activity resulted in one of the world’s most violent and
destructive eruptions ever recorded. Can you recall this event? Write down two to three sentences
relating your experiences.
30
Beneficial Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
roducts of volcanism may also be beneficial to mankind. Weathering of volcanic ashes and
pyroclastic materials makes the soil fertile making it suitable for the production of major export
crops such as coconuts, abaca, as well as other mineral deposits like borax and sulfur.
Despite the destructive effects of volcanic eruptions, some sugarcane, maguey, ramie and
tobacco. Volcanic materials such as perlite, pumice and scoria are being utilized in the industry
When a volcano becomes inactive, its residual heat is trapped to provide geothermal steam for
power generation and for nonelectrical industrial use. There are a number of geothermal fields all
over the archipelago. Four of them are presently under development and production, namely,
Tiwi (Albay), Makiling-Banahaw (Laguna), Tongonan (Leyte) and Palimpinon (Negros).
Uses of Geothermal Energy

Electrical power generation—geothermal energy power plants provide extremely cheap and
reliable supply of electricity.
Industrial applications—geothermal steam is used for heating, drying, salt making,
fish canning, boric acid production or refrigeration. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has developed technologies for the industrial utilization of geothermal
steam in salt making and fish canning.
Recreational and health applications—hot springs and warm mineral springs are used for
recreational and medical purposes.
Harmful Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Many people have suffered from destructive effects of eruptions. A few of them are given below.
Ashfall. An ashfall is a heavy downfall of volcanic ashes that can cause harm to human beings,
animals, crops, machinery and buildings. Fine volcanic ashes can be breathed in and cause
respiratory diseases if inhaled over prolonged periods. Heavy ashfalls can also cause extreme
darkness, damage aircraft engines and crops, make roofs collapse if allowed to accumulate in big
quantities and cause metal corrosion by acid-bearing ashes.
Pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic flows are extremely hot (up to 1000°C) often incandescent and
turbulent blasts of volcanic fragments (the size of boulders, pebbles, sand or dust) and hot gases
that sweep downslope close to the ground at hurricane speed up to 100 kph. These are
horizontally directed, usually following topographic depressions and gullies. Because of their
high density and mobility, pyroclastic flows are fatal to nearly all life-forms that lie along their
paths. Standing inanimate objects are either buried or destroyed upon direct impact or charred by
extreme heat.
Lahar (Mudflow). Lahars commonly called mudflows are flowing mixtures of volcanic
materials and water. Loosely consolidated ashes and pyroclastic flow deposits on the slopes of
the volcano are easily eroded and then mobilized by heavy rains, causing a debris-water mixture
(with the consistency of wet concrete) to cascade downslope. Lahars usually follow preexisting
gullies and ravines. They are slower than pyroclastic flows but usually cover longer distances and
wider areas on the lower slopes. There are distinct patterns of lahar behavior. In areas where the
slope gradient is relatively high, the impact of lahar is erosional. Lahars erode foundations of
structures on elevated areas along riverbanks. Lahars tend to be deposited in areas where the
gradient is low, covering them with boulders, sand and mud. It can also destroy buildings and
infrastructures, block drainage channels, raise riverbeds and cause flooding in some areas.
31
Flooding. Moderate to heavy rains that do not trigger lahars will transport large quantities of
sediments to lowland areas. These sediments fill up river channels causing rivers to overflow and
flooding in lowland areas. This hazard may continue for years or decades after an eruption.
Phreatic explosion. A volcano can be expected to exhibit occasional phreatic explosions with
plumes reaching heights of 5000 to 20000 m. These can cause light to moderately heavy ashfalls
in downwind areas and possibly cause damage to aircrafts. These explosions may persist for
months or even years but decrease in intensity and recurrence with time.
Secondary explosion. When water seeps into the still-hot pyroclastic flows, steam explosions
referred to as secondary explosions occur ejecting ashes and ballistic fragments to as high as
hundreds to thousands of meters from the source. These are expected to pose danger for two to
three years or for as long as the pyroclastic flow deposits remain hot.
Earthquake. Though volcano-related seismicity has been declining, post-eruption earthquakes

can still cause ground motions strong enough to damage or destroy weak or unstable structures.
These earthquakes are expected to affect the entire volcanic and adjacent areas within the next
several months to a year after an eruption.
Precautionary Measures in the Face of Hazards Posed by Volcanic Eruptions
➢ Staying Safe During a Volcanic Eruption

♦ Listen to a local station on a portable, battery-operated radio or television for updated
emergency information and instructions. Local officials will give the most appropriate
advice for your particular situation.
♦ Follow any evacuation orders issued by authorities, and put your emergency plan into
action. Although it may seem safe to stay at home and wait out an eruption, if you are in a
hazard zone, doing so could be very dangerous.
♦ If indoors, close all window, doors, and dampers to keep volcanic ash from entering.
♦ Put all machinery inside a garage or barn to protect it from volcanic ash. If buildings
are not available, cover machinery with large tarps.
♦ Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them from breathing
volcanic ash.
➢ If You Are Outdoors

♦ Seek shelter indoors if possible.
♦ Stay out of designated restricted zones. Effects of a volcanic eruption can be
experienced many miles from a volcano.
♦ Avoid low-lying areas, areas downwind of the volcano, and river valleys downstream
of the volcano. Debris and ash will be carried by wind and gravity. Stay in areas where
you will not be further exposed to volcanic eruption hazards. Trying to watch an erupting
volcano up close is a deadly idea.
➢ If You Are Caught in an Ashfall

♦ Wear a dust mask designed to protect against lung irritation from small particles.
♦ Protect your eyes by wearing goggles. Wear eyeglasses, not contact lenses.
♦ Keep as much of your skin covered as possible.
♦ People with respiratory ailments should stay outside the ash shower area so as not to
aggravate their conditions. But others should also cover their noses preferably with a wet
piece of cloth.
➢ Steps One Should Undertake After a Volcanic Eruption
32
♦ Wait for instructions to return home.
♦ Repair damaged portions of your property.
♦ Remove ash deposits.
♦ See to it that the water is safe to drink.
♦ Protect yourself from diseases.
♦ ACTIVITY 2 VOLCANIC ERUPTION

irection: Read an article Bulleting of “ Taal Volcano & /Mayon Volcanoand
answer the question in relation to volcanic eruption:
TAAL VOLCANO BULLETIN 11 August 2020 08:00 A.M.
In the past 24-hour period, the Taal Volcano Network recorded eight (8) volcanic
earthquakes. Weak steaming or fumarolic activity rising 20 meters high before drifting
north-northeast was observed from vents on the Main Crater.
Alert Level 1 (Abnormal) is maintained over Taal Volcano. DOST-PHIVOLCS reminds
the public that at Alert Level 1, sudden steam-driven or phreatic explosions, volcanic
earthquakes, minor ashfall, and lethal accumulations or expulsions of volcanic gas can
occur and threaten areas within the Taal Volcano Island (TVI). DOST-PHIVOLCS
strongly recommends that entry into TVI, Taal’s Permanent Danger Zone or PDZ,
especially the vicinities of the Main Crater and the Daang Kastila fissure, must remain
strictly prohibited. Local government units are advised to continuously assess previously
evacuated barangays around Taal Lake for damages and road accessibilities and to
strengthen preparedness, contingency, and communication measures in case of renewed
unrest. People are also advised to observe precautions due to ground displacement across
fissures, possible ashfall, and minor earthquakes. Civil aviation authorities must advise
pilots to avoid flying close to the volcano as airborne ash and ballistic fragments from
sudden explosions and wind-remobilized ash may pose hazards to aircraft. DOST-
PHIVOLCS is closely monitoring Taal Volcano’s activity and any new significant
development will be immediately communicated to all stakeholders.
MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN 11 August 2020 08:00 A.M. Mayon

Volcano’s monitoring network did not detect any volcanic earthquake during the 24-hour
observation period. Moderate emission of white steam-laden plumes that crept downslope
before drifting northeast was observed. Faint crater glow from the summit could be
observed at night. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission was last measured at an average of 222
tonnes/day on 23 July 2020. Ground deformation data from Precise Leveling surveys on
12–19 June 2020 indicated slight inflation of the edifice relative to the February 2020
survey. Electronic tilt data also indicated non-steady inflation of the middle to upper edifice
that began in late 2019. This follows an inflationary trend that has been recorded by
continuous GPS monitoring since the middle of 2019.
DOST-PHIVOLCS would like to remind the public that Mayon Volcano is at Alert Level 1,
which means that it is at an abnormal condition. Although this means that presently no
magmatic eruption is imminent, it is strongly advised that the public refrain from entering
the 6-kilometer radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) due to the perennial life-threatening
dangers of rockfalls, landslides/avalanches at the middle to upper slope, sudden ash puffs
and steam-driven or phreatic eruptions from the summit. Active stream/river channels and
those identified as perennially lahar-prone areas on all sectors of the volcano should also
be avoided especially during extreme weather conditions when there is heavy and
prolonged rainfall. DOST-PHIVOLCS maintains its close monitoring of Mayon Volcano
and any new development will be communicated to all concerned stakeholders.
33
GUIDE QUESSTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• What are the main ideas of this article?
• What is its relation to “ Natural Calamity”?
• What conclusions can be made from the details described in the bulletin?
• What cause and effect relationships were revealed?
• What is the overall theme of this article?
• What connections did you make with the information in this article?
• Would you recommend this article to other readers? Why or why not?
B. TROPICAL CYCLONES (TYPHOONS AND FLOODS)
Definition and Causes of tropical cyclone.

Tropical cyclone is a storm system fueled by the heat released when moist air rises and the
water vapor in it condenses. The term describes the storm's origin in the tropics and ts cyclonic
nature, which means that its circulation is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and
clockwise in the southern hemisphere As the heat energy is released from the cooling water
vapor, the air at the top of the clouds becomes warmer, making the air pressure higher
and causing winds to move outward away from the high pressure area. This movement and
warming causes pressures at the surface to drop.
Depending on their location and strength, there are various terms by which tropical cyclones
are known, such as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm and tropical
depression.
Tropical cyclones can produce extremely strong winds,tornadoes torrential rainhigh waves,
and storm surges. They are born and sustained over large bodies of warm water and lose their
strength over land; this explains why coastal regions can receive much damage while inland
regions are relatively safe. The heavy rains and storm surges can produce extensive flooding.
Although their effects on human populations can be devastating, tropical cyclones also can
have beneficial effects by relieving drought conditions. They carry heat away from the tropics,
an important mechanism of the global atmospheric circulation that maintains equilibrium in the
earth's troposphere.
Classification Stages in the development of A Tropical Cyclone/Storms

Each type of cyclones or commonly known as storms is dangerous and carries its own
hazards, that even a weak tropical depression can kill and do damage. In the Western Pacific
region which include the Philippine , a tropical cyclone's development is as follows:
Tropical Disturbance is a Low Pressure Area weather

system with organized convection (generally 100-300
miles in diameter) originating in the tropics or subtropics,
having a non-frontal migratory character and maintaining
its identity for 24 hours or longer. It may or may not be
associated with a detectable perturbation of the wind
field. It carries es along with it heavy thunderstorms
which may cause heavy rainfall and the occasional
tornado.
34
Tropical Depression. A tropical depression is an organized system of clouds and
thunderstorms with a defined, closed surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of less
than 55 KPH.
It has no eye and does not typically have the organization or

the spiral shape of more powerful storms. However, it is
already a low-pressure system, hence the name "depression".
The practice of the Philippines is to name tropical depressions

from their own naming convention when the depressions are
within the Philippines' area of responsibility. The PAGASA
warning system issues a storm signal no higher than Number
1.
JTWC and PAGASA begins to issue warnings to its clients/coverage areas once a Tropical
Depression develops. For MTC, once any of the 3 agencies upgrade a disturbance into a TD,
we start updates.
Tropical Depressions are characterized by heavy to intense rainfall within the rainclouds of
the depression, and are a dangerous flooding hazard to low lying areas. Example of which was
of 2004's Tropical Depression Winnie which hit Quezon Province causing massive landslides
in Aurora and Quezon.
Tropical Storm storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface
circulation and maximum sustained winds between 63 to 117 KPH.
At this point, the distinctive cyclonic shape starts to

develop, although an eye is not usually present.
Government weather services, other than the
Philippines, first assign names to systems that reach
this intensity (thus the term named storm). The
convection in tropical storms is usually more
concentrated near the center with outer rainfall
organizing into distinct bands.
The JMA has two classifications: Tropical Storm and

Severe Tropical Storm once the storm exceeds 100 KPH in center winds. All other weather
agencies in the region, other that of JTWC and PAGASA, begin to issue warnings at this
stage. The PAGASA warning system issues a storm signal no higher than Number 2.
Tropical Storms have proven to have been destructive killers due to intense rainfall
especially once a tropical storm has made landfall. Examples of such are 1991's TS Uring
(Thelma) which killed 6000 in Ormoc City, Leyte; 2011's TS Sendong (Washi) which
devastated the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan in Northern Mindanao; and 2009's Ondoy
(Ketsana) which at the time was a 85KPH Tropical Storm, it broke rainfall records and caused
widespread destruction in Metro Manila, putting the mega-city into a standstill.
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Typhoon is sometimes simply referred to as a tropical cyclone, as opposed to a depression or
storm) is a system with sustained winds of at least 118 KPH.
A cyclone of this intensity tends to develop an eye, an a rea of relative calm (and lowest
atmospheric pressure) at the center of circulation. The
eye is often visible in satellite images as a small,
circular, cloud-free spot. Surrounding the eye is the
eyewall, an area about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to 80
kilometres (50 mi) wide in which the strongest
thunderstorms and winds circulate around the storm's
center.
All Western Pacific agencies classify tropical

cyclones as Typhoons once it reaches 65 KT or 118
KPH. The PAGASA warning system issues a storm
signal no higher than Number 3 in areas that are in possible direct impact with the Typhoon.
Super Typhoon
"Super-typhoon" is a term utilized by the U.S.
Joint Typhoon Warning Center for typhoons that reach
maximum sustained 1-minute surface winds of at least
130 kt (230 kph). This term is also used by the Beijing
China Weather Bureau for typhoons exceeding 50 m/s.
Recent changes by PAGASA in its typhoon classification
now include a Super Typhoon category once a TC
reaches 220 kph.
Manila TC considers a system to be a super typhoon once
it reaches Category 4 or exceeds 200 kph.
Notable recent SuperTyphoons over the last few years are:

2010 -- Juan (Megi) which thrashed Maconacon in Isabela Province
2011 -- Chedeng (Songda), Kabayan (Muifa), Mina (Nanmadol) and Quiel (Nalgae) which
made landfall in Aurora Province; 2013
2012 -- Butchoy (Guchol), Julian (Bolaven), Karen (Sanba), Lawin (Jelawat), and Pablo
(Bopha) which became the strongest typhoon ever to landfall in Mindanao as a Category 5,
leveling the towns of Cateel and Baganga in Davao Oriental and causing a massive flash
flood in Compostela Valley, overall with over 1800 dead or missing.
2013 - Yolanda (Haiyan) the strongest typhoon ever recorded to make landfall with 315 kph
winds, leveling several provinces and nearly decimating the Southern Samar coast, Tacloban
City and Leyte Provinces leaving almost 10000 dead or missing.
The last SuperTyphoon to hit Metro Manila was 1995's Rosing (Angela) in November.
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Here’s the New Cyclone Classifications
and their Wind Speeds:
Tropical depression (TD) – 61 kilometers
per hour
Tropical storm (TS) – 62 to 88 kph
Severe tropical storm (STS) – 89 to 117 kph
Typhoon – 118 to 220 kph
Super typhoon (STY) – at least 220 kph
Summary of Classifications and Categories of Tropical Cyclones from

Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
37
Aside from the New Cyclone Classifications, PAGASA also announced the addition of a fifth
level to the Storm Warning System, PAGASA noted that the following wind velocities are
expected in the following storm signals:
Effects of Typhoons
Typhoons can cause damages to infrastructures (e.g. buildings, roads, bridges, etc.), crops and
properties. It also affects the health of the people through the spread of diseases. It may even
cause injuries and death to people.
♦ Damage to infrastructures. Strong winds, landslides and floods destroy houses,

buildings, roads and bridges. Bridges may collapse, and fallen trees and other objects may
block roads. These make it hard to travel even after the typhoon has passed. Houses
which are not strongly built or are made of poor materials may be damaged, too. This will
lead to many people becoming homeless.
♦ Destruction of the environment . Plants and animals are destroyed by heavy winds,
rains and flooding. Even big trees fall down to the ground as the force of strong winds
pulls their roots from the soil.
♦ Diseases and epidemics.Flooding can contaminate deep wells. Infected drinking water
can lead to fatal diseases like gastroenteritis, typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery
and hepatitis A. Malaria and encephalitis are other diseases that are common during
typhoon season. Floodwaters may also cause athlete’s foot and even leptospirosis, which
can cause death. The urine of rats living in drainage systems and canals causes
leptospirosis. Furthermore, lives may be lost due to extreme coldness or hypothermia.
These diseases may spread quickly to a large number of people, especially in evacuation
centers where there is poor sanitation. This will then lead to an epidemic or the immediate
spreading of diseases affecting a large number of people
38
♦ Loss of human lives.As mentioned earlier, people may die because of the diseases
caused by floodwater and extreme cold. Aside from this, people may die from accidents
like drowning or being buried in landslides. Other accidents are electrocution caused by
live, dangling electric wires and getting hit by falling walls or objects.
♦ Destruction of crops and farms.Typhoons can totally destroy crops and farms that
farmers have worked hard on. With their crops and farms destroyed, their source of
income is also destroyed. Aside from this, people like us who are not farmers can also be
affected since there will be a shortage of food supply.
♦ Stoppage or interruption of business and work.It is dangerous to go out when there is

a strong typhoon. Aside from this, streets are flooded and bridges and roads are either
blocked or destroyed. To avoid accidents, offices and businesses are closed.
♦ Great economic loss. As crops are destroyed and farmers lose their sources of income,
our country’s economy suffers greatly. Add the fact that businesses and offices are closed
during typhoons. These businesses lose millions of pesos when their operations are
interrupted. This means that businessmen and farmers lose their income due to the
typhoons. Our government also loses income in the form of taxes that individuals and
businesses will pay. Aside from this, the government has to come up with money to
rebuild destroyed infrastructure and spend for relief operations for those who were
affected by the typhoon.
Mitigation and Prevention in Times of Typhoon
➢ Before a Typhoon
♦ Store food and water.
♦ Be sure that emergency supplies are on hand.
♦ Have a battery-powered radio in case of power failure.
♦ Protect property and personal belongings.
♦ Place indoors any loose objects that may be in and around the yard.
♦ Fix your leaking roofs or ceilings, and make sure they are secured in place.
♦ Know where you are going to evacuate when the situation calls for it.
➢ During a Typhoon
♦ Listen to radio reports about the weather from PAGASA.
♦ Stay alert. If there is a possibility of flooding, evacuate your family, especially if you
are living in a low-lying area or near rivers.
♦ Stay indoors and postpone outdoor activities.
♦ During a typhoon, PAGASA raises storm signals to warn the people. There are four
such signals, namely: Signal No. 1, 2, 34, and 4. The signal depends on the speed of the
wind during the typhoon. Below are what you should do when a particular storm signal is
raised.
➢ After a Typhoon
♦ If a family member is injured or sick, seek medical help immediately.
♦ Make temporary repairs and clean up trash.
♦ Avoid leaving the house just to look around.
♦ Avoid dangling and loose electric lines.
♦ Report to the power company damages to their facilities.
♦ If a gas leak is detected, turn off the main opening and get out of the house.
♦ Seek assistance from your barangay officials, if you need any.
39
➢ If you and your family are staying at an evacuation center, don’t go home
immediately . Wait for announcements from the proper authorities (barangay officials or
an officer in charge of evacuation operations).
➢ If there are still floodwaters in your area, do not let children walk or play in them.
➢ Boil your water before drinking it.
➢ Keep in mind as individuals:

♦ Listen and follow the officials; Follow weather updates from PAGASA ang other
assisting government agencies via the radio, television, or internet.
♦ Be ready for the possibility of evacuating to a more elevated area or evacuation center
even before the storm surge happens. Always be calm and composed. Prepare and bring
the following with you: clothes, food and water, first aid kit, flashlight, and battery-
operated radio.
♦ Evacuate to a more elevated place. Keep at least 500m distance from a flat coast if the
storm will pass directly your area which will cause storm surge in your community.
♦ Before evacuating, search the house and fix its weak parts. Tightly close the windows
and turn off the electrical main switch. Place your important belongings to a high place.
➢ Keep in mind as communities:

♦ Devise an evacuation plan; study all the aspects of disaster preparedness.
♦ Conduct disaster drills for the members of your community that will instill familiarity
to actual situations during times of calamity.
♦ Have a precise and systematic procedure on collecting belongings, evacuation,
guidelines of rescue operations, and other relief and rehabilitation actions.
♦ Use of Advanced Technology:
• Satellites can easily forecast the origin of cyclones in advance.
• Satellite images can track the movement and intensity of cyclones.
• Installation of early warning systems in the coastal areas.
➢ Hazard reduction initiatives:

♦ Increasing public awareness regarding cyclones.
♦ Increasing the public response to cyclone warnings through training.
♦ Development of underground shelter belts in the cyclone prone areas.
➢ Relief measures:
♦ Rushing relief to the affected areas in the form of medicines, food, clothes, etc.
♦ Checking the spread of epidemic water borne diseases as cyclones are generally
accompanied by flooding.
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TYPOON ENDENG
Direction: Below is a newspaper article. Read it carefully. Then identify the damages
brought about by Typhoon Edeng. From the news item you just read, make a list of the effects of
Typhoons Ditang and Edeng. Answer the guide questions for discussion:
Guide Questions for Discussion
1. From the news item you just read, make a list of the effects of
Typhoons Ditang and Edeng. Give at least six (6) effects
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.List down five (5) emergency supplies needed during a typhoon.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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3. Give four (4) precautionary measures to take before a typhoon.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4. Give three (3) precautionary measures to take during a typhoon.

____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6.Harmful effects of volcanic eruptions

a) ________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________
d) _______________________________________________
e) ________________________________________________
f) _______________________________________________
g) ________________________________________________
7.Precautionary measures in the face of hazards posed by volcanic eruptions

a) ________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________
d) ________________________________________________
e) ________________________________________________
f) ________________________________________________
g) ________________________________________________
8.Steps one should undertake after a volcanic eruption

a) _______________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________
d) ________________________________________________
e) _______________________________________________
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Lesson 3: Man-made Calamities and
Mitigation
Man-made calamities are human activities causing environmental degradation, which is
the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil;
The Philippines suffers major human-caused environmental degradation. This is caused by a
high population rate, loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water
pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, abuse of coastal
resources, and over fishing. and the application of resource-depleting and polluting technology.
This module focuses on the man-made calamities happening in the Philippines which
include 1) Global Warming 2) Air Pollution 3) Water Pollution 4) Land Pollution and 5) Plastic
Pollution This module explains the causes, effects and prevention to conserve our ecosystems
against man-made calamities . Moreover, new information on “ Innovative Programs for
Sustainable Environment” from other advanced countries are also given emphasis for students
to be updated in the Global Community around the world. Learning activities that promote
students’ engagements have to performed as they practice to responsible citizens of our Planet
Earth.
A. GLOBAL WARMING
. lobal warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by a general
increase in average temperatures of the Earth, which modifies the weather balances and
ecosystems for a long time. It is directly linked to the increase of
greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening the greenhouse effect.
At the pace of current CO2 emissions, scientists expect an increase of
between 1.5° and 5.3°C (34.7° to 41.5°F) in average temperature by
2100. If no action is taken, it would have harmful consequences to
humanity and the biosphere
➢ Causes of Global Warming

• Fossil Fuel. The massive use of fossil fuels is obviously the first
source of global warming, as burning coal, oil and gas produces
carbon dioxide - the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - as well as
nitrous oxide.
• Deforestation .The exploitation of forests has a major role in climate change. Trees
help regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When they are cut
down, this positive effect is lost and the carbon stored in the trees is released into the
atmosphere
• Intensive Farming .Another cause of global warming is intensive farming, not only
with the ever-increasing livestock, but also with plant protection products and
fertilizers. In fact, cattle and sheep produce large amounts of methane when digesting
their food, while fertilizers produce nitrous oxide emissions
• Mining Modern life is highly dependent on the mining and metallurgical industry.
Metals and minerals are the raw materials used in the construction, transportation and
manufacturing of goods. From extraction to delivery, this market accounts for 5% of
all greenhouse gas emissions
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• Waste Disposal . Waste management methods like landfills and incineration emit
greenhouse and toxic gases - including methane - that are released into the
atmosphere, soil and waterways, contributing to the increase of the greenhouse effect.
• Over Consumption .Finally, overconsumption also plays a major role in climate
change. In fact, it is responsible for the overexploitation of natural resources and
emissions from international freight transport, which both contribute to global
warming.
➢ Effects of Global Warming

• On biodiversity. The increase of temperatures and the climate upheavals disturb the
ecosystems, modify the conditions and cycles of plant reproduction. The scarcity of
resources and climate change are changing life habits and migratory cycles of animals.
We are already witnessing the disappearance of many species - including endemic
species - or, conversely, the intrusion of invasive species that threaten crops and other
animals. Global warming therefore impacts biodiversity. It is the balance of
biodiversity that is modified and threatened. According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) , a 1.5°C (34.7°F) average rise might put 20-30% of
species at risk of extinction. If the planet warms by more than 2°C, most ecosystems
will struggle
• On oceans. Because of global warming, permafrost and ice are melting massively at
the poles, increasing the sea level at a rate never known before. In a century, the
increase reached 18 cm (including 6 cm in the last 20 years). The worst-case scenario
is a rise of up to 1m by 2100.The acidification of the oceans is also of great concern. In
fact, the large amount of CO2 captured by the oceans makes them more acidic,
arousing serious questions about the adaptability of seashells or coral reefs.
• On humans. Human beings are not spared by these upheavals. Climate change is
affecting the global economy. It is already shaking up social, health and geopolitical
balances in many parts of the world. The scarcity of resources like food and energy
gives rise to new conflicts. Rising sea levels and floods are causing population
migration. Small island states are in the front line. The estimated number of climate
refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.
• On the weather. For decades now, meteorologists and climatologists around the world
have been watching the effects of global warming on the weather phenomena. And the
impact is huge: more droughts and heatwaves, more precipitations, more natural
disasters like floods, hurricanes, storms and wildfires, frost-free season, etc.
➢ Prevention of Global Warming

• Renewable energies. The first way to prevent climate change is to move away from
fossil fuels.
What are the alternatives? Renewable energies like solar, wind, biomass and
geothermal.
• Energy & water efficiency. Producing clean energy is essential, but reducing our
consumption of energy and water by using more efficient devices (e.g. LED light
bulbs, innovative shower systems) is less costly and equally important.
• Sustainable transportation. Promoting public transportation, carpooling, but also
electric
and hydrogen mobility, can definitely help reduce CO2 emissions and thus fight
global
warming.
• Sustainable infrastructure. In order to reduce the CO2 emissions from buildings -
caused by
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heating, air conditioning, hot water or lighting - it is necessary both to build new low
energy
buildings, and to renovate the existing constructions.
• Sustainable agriculture & forest management. Encouraging better use of natural
resources,
stopping massive deforestation as well as making agriculture greener and more
efficient should
also be a priority.
• Responsible consumption & recycling. Adopting responsible consumption habits is
crucial, be
it regarding food (particularly meat), clothing, cosmetics or cleaning products. Last
but not
least, recycling is an absolute necessity for dealing with waste.
B. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality
that can be characterized by measurements of chemical,
biological or physical pollutants in the air. Therefore, air
pollution means the undesirable presence of impurities or the
abnormal rise in the proportion of some constituents of the
atmosphere. It can be classified in 2
sections: visible and invisible air pollution.
➢ Causes of Air Pollution

• Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles and
certain gases that are suspended in the air. These particles and gases can come from
car and truck exhaust, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes and wildfires.
The solid and liquid particles suspended in our air are called aerosols. (solid , liquid
and gas particles.
• Air pollution is caused by the presence in the atmosphere of toxic substances, mainly
produced by human activities, even though sometimes it can result from natural
phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, dust storms and wildfires, also depleting the
air quality.
• nthropogenic air pollution sources are:
1.Combustion of fossil fuels, like coal and oil for electricity and road transport,
producing air pollutants like nitrogen and sulfur dioxide
2.Emissions from industries and factories, releasing large amount of carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbon, chemicals and organic compounds into the air
3. Agricultural activities, due to the use of pesticides,
➢ Effects Air pollution

It is impossible to describe the whole extent of potential and actual damage caused
by all
forms of air pollution. But here are the main consequences:
• On the Environment. Air pollution has a major impact on the process of plant
evolution by preventing photosynthesis in many cases, with serious consequences for
the purification of the air we breathe. It also contributes to the formation of acid rain,
atmospheric precipitations in the form of rain, frost, snow or fog, which are released
during the combustion of fossil fuels and transformed by contact with water steam in
the atmosphere.
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• Global Warming. On top of that, air pollution is a major contributor to global warming
and climate change. In fact, the abundance of carbon dioxide in the air is one of the
causes of the greenhouse effect. Normally, the presence of greenhouse gases should be
beneficial for the planet because they absorb the infra-red radiation produced by the
surface of the earth. But the excessive concentration of these gases in the atmosphere is
the cause of the recent climate change.
• On Human Health. Our continual exposure to air pollutants is responsible for the
deterioration of human health. Air pollution is indeed a significant risk factor for human
health conditions, causing allergies, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as
lung damage.
➢ Prevention of Air pollution

There are ways to prevent, control and eventually reduce air pollution:
• Renewable fuel and clean energy production. The most basic solution for air
pollution is to move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies
like solar, wind and geothermal.
• Energy conservation and efficiency. Producing clean energy is crucial. But equally
important is to reduce our consumption of energy by adopting responsible habits and
using more efficient devices.
• Eco-friendly transportation. Shifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, and
promoting shared mobility (i.e. carpooling, and public transports) could reduce air
pollution.
• Green building. From planning to demolition, green building aims to create
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient structures to reduce their carbon
footprint.
C. WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of a stream, river, lake, ocean or
any other stretch of water, depleting water quality and making it toxic for the environment
and humans.
There are two types of water pollution:
1.Organic pollution due to microorganisms -
bacteria and viruses - present in the water, generated
by excrement, animal and vegetable waste
2.Chemical pollution generated by the nitrates and
phosphates of pesticides, human and animal drugs,
household products, heavy metals, acids and
hydrocarbons used in industries
➢ Causes of Water pollution

• Sewerage and Waster. Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of
water pollution. According to the United Nations, more than 80% of the worldwide
wastewater goes back in the environment without being treated or reused.
• Urbanization Deforestation. Even though it does not have a direct impact on water
quality, urbanization and deforestation have a lot of indirect effects. For instance,
cutting down trees and concreting over large areas generates an acceleration of flows
which does not give enough time for water to infiltrate and be purified by the ground.
• Agriculture. Agriculture has an impact on water pollution due to the use of chemicals
such as fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or insecticides running off in the
water, as well as livestock excrement, manure and methane (greenhouse effect).
Regarding aquaculture, pollution is directly in the water, as excess food and fertilizers
are causing dystrophication.
46
• Industries. Industries produce a lot of waste containing toxic chemicals and
pollutants. A huge amount of the industrial waste is drained in the fresh water which
then flows into canals, rivers and eventually in the sea. Another source of water
pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, causing air pollution like acid rain which then
flows to streams, lakes, and other stretches of water.
• Marine Dumping.. Every day, garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminum, food, glass,
or rubber are deposited into the sea. These items take weeks to hundreds of years to
decompose, and thus they are a major cause for water pollution.
• Radioactive Waste. Generated - among others - by power plants and uranium mining,
radioactive waste can linger in the environment for thousands of years. When these
substances are released accidentally or disposed improperly, they threaten
groundwater, surface water, as well as marine resources.
➢ Effects of Water pollution

• On the environment. Water pollution truly harms biodiversity and aquatic
ecosystems. The toxic chemicals can change the color of water and increase the
amount of minerals - also known as eutrophication - which has a bad impact on life in
water. Thermal pollution, defined by a rise in the temperature of water bodies,
contributes to global warming and causes serious hazard to water organisms.
• On the Human Health.. Water pollution has very negative effects on public health. A
lot of diseases result from drinking or being in contact with contaminated water, such
as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery or skin infections. In zones where there is no
available drinking water, the main risk is dehydration obviously.
➢ Preventions of Water pollution

• Wastewater treatment .Wastewater treatment consists of removing pollutants from
wastewater through a physical, chemical or biological process. The more efficient
these processes are, the cleaner the water becomes.
• Green agriculture. Globally, agriculture accounts for 70% of water resources, so it is
essential to have climate-friendly crops, efficient irrigation that reduces the need for
water and energy-efficient food production. Green agriculture is also crucial to limit
the chemicals that enter the water.
• Stormwater management. Stormwater management is the effort to reduce runoff of
rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of
water quality” according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is
important to avoid pollutants from contaminating the water and helps to use water
more efficiently.
• Air pollution prevention. Air pollution has a direct impact on water contamination as
25% of human induced CO2 emissions are absorbed by oceans. This pollution causes
a rapid acidification of our oceans, and threatens marine life and corals. Preventing air
pollution is the best way to prevent this from happening.
• Plastic waste reduction . 80% of plastic in our oceans is from land sources. In order
to reduce the amount of plastic entering our ocean, we need to both reduce our use of
plastic globally, and to improve plastic waste management.
• Water conservation . Without water conservation, we won’t go very far. It is central
in making sure the world has better access to clean water. It means being aware
that water is a scarce resource, taking care of it accordingly, and managing it
responsibly.
F. LAND POLLUTION
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Land pollution refers to all forms of pollution affecting
any type of soil: agricultural, forestry, urban, etc. Soil
pollution is a disruptive element for many biological
resources and ecosystems.
A soil is polluted when it contains an abnormal concentration
of chemical compounds potentially dangerous to human health,
plants or animals.
There are different types of land pollution:
•Agricultural land pollution
•Chemicals
•Solid waste
➢ Causes of Land pollution

• Waste Disposal. We produce large quantities of household waste every year, many
of which could and should be recycled or degrade naturally. Much of our waste is
either incinerated - causing potential air pollution issues - or buried in landfills,
causing soil pollution problems.
• Agriculture .Agricultural activities are one of the major sources of land pollution. The
spreading of plant protection products such as pesticides and herbicides, as well as the
emissions of livestock buildings and farms are at the origin of soil pollution, in
particular by nitrogen and phosphates.
• Deforestation. .Because of deforestation and forest fires, soils lose their vegetation
cover. The erosion process is thus accelerated, creating soil degradation as well as water
pollution. Deforestation leads to the loss of the land’s value as, once converted into a
dry or barren land, it can never be made fertile again.
• Urbanization. Urbanization is another source of land degradation. The artificialization
of soils can cause a rapid and consequent carbon depletion, which contributes to climate
change. Besides, it fragments natural habitats, ecosystems and landscapes, affecting
biodiversity.
➢ Effects of Land Pollution

Soil pollution can harm public health and animals, as well as the quality of
groundwater and surface water. Its effects are of several kinds, namely deferred or
immediate, but also direct or indirect.
On the Environment. Contamination of groundwater, loss of topsoil, water nutrient
enrichment and increased risk of wildfires (because of the dry conditions created by the
pollutants in the soil) are among the consequences of land pollution.
On Wildlife. As land pollution and soil erosion progress, animals are forced to shift
habitats
and adapt to new conditions. As a result, some species are at risk of extinction.
On Human Health. The potential effects of soil contamination on human health include
breathing disorders, birth defects, skin diseases, and cancer.
➢ Prevention Land Pollution

How to solve land pollution? Here’s a list of soil pollution solutions:
1. Cleanup. Environmental remediation consists of removing pollution from the soil,
groundwater or surface water. Bioremediation (microbes) and phytoremediation (plants) can
be used to convert the pollutants into harmless products. These are natural solutions that need
to be supported by in-depth actions.
2. Green agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is essential as it is meant to control the impact
on the cultivated environment, by minimizing the external contributions (phytosanitary
products), by diversifying the cultures and by using biological treatment
48
3. Sustainable forest management Conservation of the forests is key. Without the protection
of the trees, the land becomes dry and starts to erode. Therefore, sustainable forestry or
logging is crucial to saving the soil from pollution.
4. Proper waste disposal .Be it for industrial or household waste, efficient waste disposal is
one of the most effective ways of curbing land pollution. This especially applies to toxic and
hazardous waste disposal.
5. The "3 R's" Rule & Education. Reducing the use of non-biodegradable products will
lower plastic pollution and eventually have an impact on land pollution. This is why it is very
important to reuse and recycle every possible item. Education should also play a major role in
efforts to protect the environment from land pollution
G. PLASTIC POLLUTION
Plastic pollution is caused by the accumulation of plastic waste in the

environment. It can be categorized in primary plastics, such as
cigarette butts and bottle caps, or secondary plastics, resulting from
the degradation of the primary ones. It can also be defined by its size,
from microplastics - small particles (<5 mm) of plastic dispersed in
the environment - to macroplastics.
Plastic pollution can take different forms including:

•The accumulation of waste
•The accumulation of marine litter, fragments or microparticles of plastics and non-
biodegradable fishing nets, which continue to trap wildlife and waste
•Waste causing the death of animals by ingestion of plastic objects
•The arrival of microplastics and microbeads of plastics from cosmetic and body care
products
➢ Causes of Plastic pollution

Since its commercial development in the 1950s, plastic has been a real success. Its
global production is growing exponentially. Its success comes from its remarkable
qualities: ease of shaping, low cost, mechanical resistance, etc. Being the ideal
material for packaging, plastic is basically everywhere.
• Negligence is the main cause. of plastic pollution. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of
marine litter comes from land. This pollution comes mainly from household waste,
which is poorly recycled, dumped in landfills or abandoned in nature. This waste is
carried by the winds, pushed by the rains into sewers, streams, rivers, and finally in
the oceans. Natural disasters such as floods must be considered as other causes of
plastic pollution as well.
➢ Effects of Plastic pollution

This pollution can have harmful effects on the land and rivers by affecting wildlife and
habitat, but also on human health.
• On the Environment. This plastic debris represents a chemical pollution in several
ways. They contain compounds that can be chemically transferred to organisms
during ingestion. Some of these molecules are potentially toxic and can accumulate in
the body. Besides, plastic bags also affect the growth of crops, by hindering the
process of photosynthesis in agricultural fields.
• On Animals. The most direct effect of plastic pollution is the imprisonment of
animals in nets or large debris. It is a cause of significant mortality of marine
mammals, turtles and birds. A second direct effect is ingestion, that concerns the
entire food chain of the marine ecosystem.
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• On Humans. Because of the chemical additives used during plastic production,
plastics have potentially harmful effects on human health. Indeed, exposure to toxic
chemicals coming out of plastic can cause cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity
and other health problems.
➢ Prevention of Plastic Pollution

Aside from cleaning up our oceans, which is a very significant first step but not a
long-term solution, the best way to address plastic pollution is to change our mindsets
and habits with this controversial but nonetheless very useful material:
• Reduce. To efficiently reduce plastic pollution, there is an evident need of reducing
our usage of plastic. It means changing our everyday behaviors an not using plastic
when there is a better alternative to it and only using plastic when strictly necessary.
• 2. Reuse. Plastic may cause pollution when poorly managed but it has lots of
advantages too, such as being resistant. Many plastic items can therefore be reused or
used for different purposes. Before throwing plastic items, it is important to consider
how they can be reused.
• 3. Recycle. Plastic recycling consists of collecting plastic waste and reprocessing it
into new products, to reduce the amount of plastic in the waste stream.
• 4. Educate. Another crucial solution is education in order to increase awareness and
behavioral change.
INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS FOR SUSTAINABILE FUTURE ECOSYSTEM
➢ CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Circular Economy refers to an economic model whose

objective is to produce goods and services in a
sustainable way, by limiting the consumption and waste
of resources (raw materials, water, energy) as well as the
production of waste.
It is breaking with the model of the linear economy,
based on a take-make-consume-throw away pattern, by
proposing to transform waste into recycled raw material
for product design or other uses.
The circular economy model fits directly into the more
general framework of sustainable development. It is part
of a global strategy that also uses, among other things,
the principles of the green economy, industrial ecology,
eco-design or the economy of functionality.
• Principles of Circular economy. The circular economy encompasses a very large number
of sectors of activity and can be broken down into 7 complementary patterns of production
and consumption which, when combined, make sense and reinforce each other:
1.Sustainable procurement: development and implementation of a responsible purchasing
policy
2.Ecodesign: process of reducing the environmental impacts of a product or service
throughout its life cycle
3. Industrial and territorial ecology: search for eco-industrial synergies at the scale of a
business area - the waste of one company can become the resources of another one
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4. Economics of functionality: collaborative economy that favors use over possession and
thus tends to sell services related to products rather than the products themselves
5.Responsible consumption: rational consumption and choice of products according to
social and ecological criteria
6.Extending the duration of use: through repair, reuse and repurpose
7.Recycling: treatment and recovery of the materials contained in collected waste
• Benefits of Circular economy

The main goals and advantages of a circular economy are:
1. Environmental. The first advantage of a circular economy is the protection of
the environment, reducing waste and the emissions of greenhouse gases,
systematizing recycling, and ending planned obsolescence. The circular
economy also allows to decrease the dependence on importation of resources
(raw materials, water, energy).
2. Economic. Another huge benefit of the circular economy is that it stimulates
innovation and boost economic growth, and could in the long run enhance the
competitiveness of national companies.
3. Social .In addition, the circular economy creates jobs and enables people to
save money, cutting unemployment and poverty as well as reducing the social
impacts of pollution and climate change
• Challenges of Circular City

1. Institutional . Rules and regulations need to be adapted to encourage and promote
the development of the circular economy, both nationally and internationally. In fact,
strengthening local governmental policies to support its implementation, as well as
bringing clear legislation are key to promote the transition towards circular economy
business models.
2. Economic. Business transformation is costly. Therefore, financial incentives are
essential to achieve circular economy. Lowering VAT on recycled products and
increasing tax on virgin raw materials are examples of solutions that could be adopted
to accelerate the uptake of circular economy initiatives.
➢ SMART CITY
• Smart City is an urban development using Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) to provide useful information to effectively manage
resources and assets. This includes data collected from citizens and mechanical devices, that are
processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transport systems, power plants,
water supply networks, waste disposal, etc.
• Also called eco-city or sustainable city, the smart city aims to improve the quality of urban
services or reduce its costs. It stands out for its specificities: smart management, lifestyle,
mobility, housing, as well as a smart economy. Their main goal is to reconcile technological
innovation with the economic, social and ecological challenges of the city of tomorrow. Their
leitmotiv is the quality of life: how to live better together while respecting our environment
• Examples of Smart Cities
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SINGAPORE. The very connected Singapore has
launched a Smart Nation program to address issues
of mobility - making important investments in road
sensors, phased traffic lights, and smart parking -
energy management and green innovation. The city
hosts the CleanTech Park, which includes green
industries and green buildings.
BARCELONA. This is an avant-garde city. The city has

created the Urban Lab, a smart cities initiative where
companies propose sustainable ideas to improve life for the
local population. The city has sensors to manage lighting,
green spaces and traffic lights. In addition to smart waste
collection, mobility and traffic are of prime concern.
SAN FRANCISCO. San Francisco’s

Connected City initiative enables residents to
access data designed to make their life easier
and inform them in areas such as health,
mobility and biodiversity. Highly involved in
sustainable development, including waste
recycling, the city is also committed to 100%
renewable electricity for all municipal
services.
OSLO. In the Norwegian capital, the focus is on smart lighting: 10,000 s streetlights
have been equipped with sensors to adjust brightness according to the seasons and
lighting needs. The goal is to reduce electricity consumption by 70%. The city also
wants to limit car use in urban areas. To this end, an ambitious mobility policy based
on public transport has been launched.
LONDON. The bustling city of London has been involved for several years in a
smart and sustainable process. In regard to mobility,
London was a forerunner by introducing a toll for cars
and CCTV surveillance services quite a while ago. The
city has also developed a system to encourage walking:
pedestrians are accompanied throughout their journey
through interactive terminals.
• Benefits of Smart Cities

1. Environmental impact. Reducing the CO2 footprint is the main driver behind the
development of smart and sustainable cities. Improving energy efficiency and storage,
waste management, traffic conditions are among the greatest advantages.
2. Optimized energy & water management .Smart grids and smart water management are
recurring themes of smart cities. Energy consumption and potable water monitoring ensure
the availability of energy and the quality of tap water across the city.
3. Transportation .Clean and efficient transportation of goods, services and people is essential.
In the hope of optimizing mobility, many cities are turning to smart technologies to ease
traffic congestion and provide users with real-time updates.
4. Security Safety is a priority for all cities. The accelerated development of smart cities
should allow municipalities to better monitor their citizens thanks to CCTV cameras with
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facial recognition. In addition, state-of-the-art CCTV cameras are also equipped with
motion and smoke detectors, as well as fire alarms.
• Technologies of Smart Cities

Sustainable solutions to urban problems imply smart city developments like:
1. Smart buildings. The optimization of services like heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC), as well as energy usage and efficiency, is crucial.
Building-integrated photovoltaics are a great solution of smart building
management.
2. Smart mobility. Promoting electric vehicles, self-service bikes, public
transport and carpooling networks, as well as providing charging stations must
be a priority, to give city dwellers true sustainable alternatives to the single-
occupant fossil fueled car.
3. Smart lighting. Lighting optimization aims at reducing energy usage of the
lighting systems, by providing the correct amount of light at the correct time
with efficient fixtures. Intelligent and weather adaptive streetlights are a good
example of smart lighting systems.
4. Smart roads. Control sensors can be used to monitor certain traffic patterns
and common traffic jams. Besides, smart technologies can detect the possible
deterioration of equipment such as traffic lights and light panels for
pedestrians, or the effect of traffic on the environment.
• Challenges of Smart Cities

1.Infrastructure and Costs. Smart cities use sensor technology to gather and analyze
information such as rush hour stats, air quality or crime rates. The implementation of
these sensors requires a sophisticated and costly infrastructure.
2.Security and Privacy Concerns. Even though security is part of the benefits, it can
also be regarded as a challenge as the use of IoT and sensor technology increases. In
fact, the threat of cyber-attacks is a critical issue for smart cities. Also, to avoid
concerns about data use, smart cities need to involve their citizens. Awareness,
education, and transparency on the purpose of data collection are crucial to make the
community feel that they are truly taking part in making their city more sustainable.
3.Social Risks. .Inclusive urbanization must be a priority to deal with the increasing
vulnerability of poor and slum populations. That is why we need to ensure that no
population is excluded from smart city data collection and use.
➢ GREEN BUILDING
Green building, also called sustainable building or green construction, is the concept of
creating structures and processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and deconstruction.
Its main goals are to preserve resources like raw materials, energy and water, fight against
global warming (greenhouse gases emission), minimize waste and other pollutions, and
maximize the whole life-cycle performance. Sustainable building also aims to bring
comfort and health to occupants by the use of materials of high sanitary and environmental
quality, both for the actual construction and for the insulation.
• Fundamental Principles are linked to Green Building:

•Minimize resource consumption (energy and water efficiency)
•Maximize resource reuse
•Use renewable or recyclable resources
•Protect the natural environment
•Create a healthy, non-toxic environment
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• Technologies of Green building
The philosophy of sustainable architecture is embodied in various practices that aim to
reduce the negative impact of a building on its environment and to take care of the quality
of life of users and neighboring communities.
Its implementation is manifested by a set of choices of techniques, management methods,
materials and the internal organization of functions and spaces, in order to control the
energy consumption and the living environment of users.
Sustainable construction technologies used in green construction include:

•Biodegradable materials
•Solar power for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
•Green insulation and lighting, smart appliances, cool roofs
•Sustainable resource sourcing
•Low-energy house and zero-energy building design
•Water efficiency technologies
•Electrochromic smart glass
•Self-powered buildings
• Benefits OF Green Building

Sustainable construction aims at reaching a high level of performance in terms of the
environmental, economic and societal impacts of the concerned
buildings:
Environmental. .As the priority is given to local, renewable, bio-
sourced and recyclable materials, and the design is based on the use of
renewable energies (geothermal, aerothermal, solar, wood) and the
preservation of resources (energy and water efficiency, better
insulation), the first advantage of sustainable building is the protection
of the environment.
Economic.,According to a World Green Building Council report, savings

in a sustainable building can be very significant: from 25 to 35% energy
savings, and up to 39% water savings compared to a conventional
building. Besides, green building boosts the real estate market and allows
to reduce operating costs.
Social .Green buildings help improve the quality of life,

by e
nhancing occupants’ health, well-being and comfort
(thermal and acoustic insulation, better energy and
lighting management). Moreover, it minimizes strain on
local infrastructure.
• Challenges of Green building
1. High costs.The higher initial design and construction costs are considered as hurdles
for green building projects, even though they are profitable in the long term. This is
actually the top challenge to realizing high-performance buildings.
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2. Lack of public awareness / political support.Lack of public awareness is still among
the main obstacles in developing the green building market, especially in emerging
countries. Little political support can be another challenge for the development of green
building and sustainable cities.
➢ WASTE MANAGEMENT
• First of all, there are many types of waste: municipal (household, commercial and
demolition waste), hazardous (industrial), biomedical, electronic (e-waste), radioactive,
etc. Waste management includes the collection, transport, valorization and disposal of
these waste. More broadly, it includes any activity involved in the organization of waste
management from production to final treatment.
The main principles of waste management are:
1.Waste hierarchy, referring to the “3Rs rule” Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, waste
prevention and minimization being the most desirable goal.
2.Extended producer responsibility, adding all the environmental costs to the market
price of a product, including end-of-life disposal.
3.The polluter pays principle, requiring that a waste generator pays for the appropriate
disposal of the waste.
• Methods of Waste Managements

Waste management techniques include: Landfills, I incineration Recycling Biological
reprocessing Waste collection Energy recovery
Energy Recovery. Energy recovery from waste, often called waste-to-energy, is the process
converting non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, fuel or electricity through
combustion, anaerobic digestion, gasification, hydrolyzation, etc.
Landfills. A landfill, sometimes referred to as a garbage dump, is a place where waste is

generally stored on the ground. Landfills are the most common and cheapest method for
waste disposal in the world.
Incinceration.. Incineration of waste is a technique of transformation by the action of fire.

Waste combustion can be used to produce electricity and heat, but also is an important source
of air pollution.
Recycling. Recycling is the physical reprocessing of old

materials such as metals, plastics and e-waste - industrial or
household - into new products. The type of material collected
for recycling can vary depending on the city and country.
Biological Processing .Composting is a process of conversion and recovery of organic matter

into a stabilized, hygienic, soil-like product rich in humic compounds: the compost.
Anaerobic digestion is a process similar to composting, that allows the treatment of organic
waste and sludge by fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
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Waste Colletion. The collection of household waste is usually
done by means of garbage trucks, which go to each point of
garbage production to collect garbage. There are also
collection systems where a network centralizes waste, such as
automated vacuum collection.
Energy Recovery. Energy recovery from waste, often called

waste-to-energy, is the process converting non-recyclable
waste materials into usable heat, fuel or electricity through
combustion, anaerobic digestion, gasification, hydrolyzation,
etc.
Landfills. .A landfill, sometimes referred to as a garbage dump, is a place where waste is

generally stored on the ground. Landfills are the most common and cheapest method for
waste disposal in the world. Each type of waste corresponds to a management process. To
properly manage waste, pre-sorting is necessary. This sorting allows the separation of
recyclable from non-recyclable waste, and subsequently the energy recovery.
• Benefits of Waste Managements

Sustainable waste management is a key concept of the circular economy and offers
many opportunities:
Economics. .Waste management involves collecting, sorting, treating, recycling, and

when properly facilitated providing a source of energy and resources. Therefore, it has a
huge economic potential that needs to be leveraged by public and private entities.
Social. Besides creating jobs, improved waste management leads to a better quality of
life for local populations, by improving hygiene conditions and reducing health risks
related to illegal dumping and inadequate garbage collection.
Environmental. The main advantage of sustainable waste management is to lessen the

impact on the environment, by improving air and water quality and contributing to the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Besides, reducing food waste also helps reduce
the heavy environmental cost of producing more.
• Challenges & Disadvantages of Waste Management
1. Hazard, The first one while promoting recycling is to make sure both consumers and
recyclers are protected from toxic and dangerous substances that can be found in waste.
2. High costs. Moreover, this cannot be seen as a short-term lucrative investment as it

obviously requires a lot of money to implement sustainable waste management strategies.
3. Quality of recycled products. Downcycling, the recycling process that turns waste into
products of inferior quality, can cause a problem regarding the quality of secondary
products.
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Activity1 : 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐃𝐚𝐲 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞: How can we be better earthlings? What can you do,
starting today, to protect the planet we call home. Using Heat Press method, visualize your
pledge everyday on your clothing of choice. Heat press
instruction: http://www.shorturl.at/DOT57
Activity 2 Take a video or presentation urging others to take action

Students can make a bigger impact if they influence others to do their part to protect the
environment. Putting together a video or presentation also helps them internalize the material
– they need to understand it before they can explain it to others. Presentations can be given in
the classroom or even to the whole school. Eventually, they may be able to present their
lessons and research at a local conference, like these students from Two Rivers Magnet
Middle School in East Hartford, Conn.
Activity 3. Purposive Reading :BUHOS: A Climate Change Documentary by Loren

Legarda
Direction:Write a Reflection on the article you have read

1. Start with brief information about the author.
2. Give a summary of regarding our environment.
3. Explain the main issues the author a writer touches upon.
4. React to reading, share your impressions
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Lesson 4: Environmental laws and
International Environmental
Organizations
Today’s world is facing an unprecedented environmental crisis. Deterioration of the Earth’s
environment increasingly threatens the natural resource base and processes upon which all
life on Earth depends. Without strong and multifaceted action from authorities and concerned
citizens on environmental laws and regulation, the biosphere may become unable to sustain
human life and future generations will suffer deprivation and hardship unless current patterns
of production, consumption and waste management dramatically change.
The aim of this module is to provide an introduction to environmental laws both

national and international, including the various international environmental organization for
sustainably as agreed by the international community of nations. Learning activities that
promote students’ engagements have to performed as they practice to responsible citizens of
our Planet Earth.
III. CONTENTS
A. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Environmental law is a foundation for environmental

sustainability and the full realization of its objectives is
ever more urgent vis-à-vis growing environmental
pressures. Violations of environmental law undermine
the achievement of all dimensions of sustainable
development and environmental sustainability.
Specifically, it is described as:
• a complex and interlocking body of statues, common laws, treaties, conventions and
regulations and policies;
• operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the rest of the biophysical or
neutral environment
• purpose of reducing or minimizing the Impact of human activity, both on the natural
environment for its own sake and on humanity its self at
The areas of concern of environmental laws are

• agriculture
• global climate change
• air quality and water quality
• biodiversity and species protection
• pesticides and hazardous chemicals
• management of public land and natural resources
• waste management and remediation of contaminated land
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International Environmental Principles
The European Union “ Environmental Principles” offer protection to our natural world. They
act as guidance for judges and decision-makers, giving laws shape and meaning. They are used
in a whole host of government and public authority decisions, including planning applications,
management of marine protected areas and dealing with contaminated land.
• The precautionary principle: Where there is uncertainty about the risk of environmental
harm, the precautionary principle allows protective measures to be taken without having to
wait until the harm materializes. This principle is valuable in managing risk where there is
uncertainty about the environmental impact of an issue.
• The prevention principle: This principle requires preventive measures be taken to anticipate
and avoid environmental damage before it happens. It is central to the UK’s planning
policy and underlies lots of environmental legislation.
• Environmental damage should be rectified at source: Working alongside the prevention
principle, this ensures damage or pollution is dealt with where it occurs. It operates in many
areas of UK environmental policy to priorities the way environmental damage is addressed.
The polluter pays principle: As the name suggests this principle holds that the person who
causes pollution should bear the costs of the damage caused and any remedy required. It
plays a significant role in environmental management, acting as a deterrent and directing
accountability for harm.
• The integration principle: This principle requires that environmental protection is
integrated into all other policy areas, in line with promoting sustainable development. That
is to say all government departments have responsibilities to protect our environment.
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
Rising global environmental problems gave way to international conventions,

protocols and agreements which were signed multilaterally or ratified by almost all of
the 193 nations of the UN. Prominent topics of conventions are:
10. Conversation of wild species (animals and plants),
11. Prevention from the trade and transport of wastes,
12. Preservation of the Ozone Layer,
13. Measures to reduce Global Warming and the Climate Change.
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and

Fauna
(CITES).
Twenty-one (21) states signed the CITES-Convention 1973 in Washington D.C. CITES
aims at controlling the trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna by help of three
annexes. The trade of endangered species is only allowed when certificates have been issued
by competent authorities (e.g. for research, zoological gardens or in restricted amounts, so
called quotas). Currently 176 states have signed the convention. 4
• Montreal Protocol .In the 1970ies and 1980ies it became obvious that the natural ozone
layer was being depleted due to human use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). First theories
on the ozone-depletion were published 1974 in Nature.5 Some nations such as the United
States of America, Canada and Norway banned CFC as early as 1978. 6 In 1985 the
Montreal Protocol was negotiated which was opened for signature on 16 September
1987.7 46 nations signed the protocol and it was ratified by 197 states.
• Basel Convention. In the 1980ies the nations understood that international trade in
wastes for disposal was becoming more and more intensive and harmful for the
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developing countries. Wastes were shipped in poorer countries and workers (often
children) were extracting valuable materials (e.g. rare metals such as silver). In 1989 the
Basel Convention was opened for signature and it entered into force on 5 May 1992.
Currently 179 states have signed the convention.9 The trade in wastes is not allowed for
disposal and only for recycling when this treatment is allowed by the importing state. All
shipments must be accompanied by papers and permits issued by competent authorities.
• International Whaling Commission (IWC). Peak sperm whale oil was reached in
1840s already – the resource of whale oil has not been managed sustainable in the 17 th and
18th Century. therefore, many whale populations were at the brink of extinction. Heavy
hunting on different whale species was still done in the 20th Century up to the 1960s and
1970s. The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) was signed
by 15 nations on December 2nd 1946 in Washington D.C.10 Currently 89 nations are
members of the convention.11 As the ICRW states the aim is to “regulate” whaling.
•
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The International Union
for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was founded in October 1948 and it is an
international organization that is dedicated to “finding pragmatic solutions to our most
pressing environmental and developmental challenges”. 12 The IUCN is the world’s
“oldest and largest environmental organization”. 13 The most important contribution of the
IUCN is the compilation of the yearly red lists of wildlife (of wild flora and fauna that is
endangered of extinction) that has been compiled since 1948.
• International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) .The

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) “is an inter-
governmental fishery organization responsible for the conservation of tunas and tuna-like
species in the Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas.” 15 The underlying convention has a
membership of 48 member states.16 ICCAT works on the basis of fishing statistics and is
trying to sustainable use the scare resource of Atlantic tuna and tuna-like species.
• Kyoto Protocol. As nations became aware about global climate change their leaders
negotiated about legal measures and possible legal solutions. The overall idea of the Kyoto
Protocol is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted
on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto/Japan and it is a protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 17 The Kyoto Protocol entered
into force on 26 February 2005 and it has 83 signatory parties and 191 out of 193 possible
ratifying UN member states.18 However the United States of America does not have an
intention to ratify the protocol and Canada has withdrawn from the protocol, what singles
both nations out from the rest of the world. During the negotiations 37 industrial nations
have agreed to reduce the amount of Greenhouse gases (GHG) “(carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and
perfluorocarbons)” relative to their annual emissions in a base year (usually 1990). 19
The Seven Environmental Principles Adapted from Barry Commoner

Barry Commoner, “a leader among a generation of scientist-activists” (New York
Times) and possibly “the greatest environmentalist of the 20th century” and founder of
the modern environmental movement. He is best known for his Seven Environmental
Principles ( also known as laws of ecology) as follows:
1. Nature knows best . One natural process that needs serious attention is nutrient
cycling. In nature, nutrients pass from the environment to the organisms and back to the
environment. Any disruption in the cycle can bring about imbalance. Our nature knows
everything. Sometimes, it knows what is best for us.
60
2. All forms of life are important. Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature.
Since
such occupational or functional position, otherwise known as niche, cannot be
simultaneously occupied by more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things
must be considered as invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem.!.
3.Everything is connected to everything else. This principle is best exemplified by the
concept
of the ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all biotic and amniotic components interact with
each
other to ensure that the system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may result in an
imbalance and the deterioration of the system.
4. Everything changes .It is said that the only permanent thing is change. our world is
constantly changing and nothing is permanent anymore. Even each day humans try to
change their living to fit in to the world.
5. Everything must go somewhere . When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears
from sight but it does not cease to exist. It ends up elsewhere. Everything goes
somewhere and nothing goes nothing it has its own way to go.'.
6. Ours is a finite earth. Just how long would the earth be able to sustain demands on its
resources his is a question that needs serious reflection. Unless the factors of population
growth, lifestyles, and polluting technologies are checked, the collapse of the earth might
be inevitable.
7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation. Among all creatures,
humans are the only ones made in God’s image and have been given the right to have
dominion over all is creations. Seeing the most intelligent and gifted with reason,
humans are capable of manipulating creation to their own advantage. & are made not to
rule the world but to help the world. Humans are God’s creation and we need to
take care of everything.
PHILPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
The Philippine environmental laws and

government regulations are in place with the
intent of protecting the environment and aid
people from all walks of life in their pursuit
to a balance and healthful ecology .Indeed,
the environment has become such an
important issue. It is imperative that people
should be fully informed on what the relevant
environmental laws are so that they may be fully aware what are allowed and what are
prohibited in relation to the actions they take towards the environment Herewith are the
major environmental laws in the Philippines
• Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

The main objective of this Environmental Impact Statement System under Presidential
Decree
1586 ( ratified on June 11, 1978). is to maintain the balance between the environment and
the
socio-economic development of the country. It aims to protect the environment despite
the increasing demand of natural resources and development to attain sustainability.
61
Every proposed environmentally critical project or project located in environmentally
critical area shall prepare an Environmental Impact Statement to justify why the project
should be implemented. The Environmental impact Statement also contains the predicted
impact which is most likely to occur and affect the environment and the surrounding
communities as well. Along with it are the proper mitigation or environmental measures
to minimize if not prevented the said negative impacts to the environment. However, the
EIS or Environmental Impact Statement does not end with that. It covers the monitoring
program for different environmental media such as air, water, soil and development
program for the existing community. Upon the approval of the EIS, Environmental
Compliance Certificate will be issued by the Environmental Management Bureau.
On the other hand, the non- environmentally critical project or projects that are not
located in environmentally critical areas are required to submit Project Description Report
which indicates the environmental measures basic information about the proposed project.
Upon its approval, Certificate of Non- Coverage or CNC will be issued by the
Environmental Management Bureau. Failure to comply with this law has a corresponding
punishment, e.g. suspension or cancellation of certificates or fine not exceeding Php
50,000.00.
Compliance with this law is essential in protecting the environment. Through EIS,
the likely adverse ecological impact of the project that might occur will properly be
mitigated. It is also for the benefit of the people in the community that will be affected if
the project will cause negative impact on the environment. The permits like Environmental
Compliance Certificate or Certificate of Non-Coverage that will be issued by the DENR-
EMB will certify that the project is environmentally safe.
• Republic Act (RA) 8749: Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1999

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality
guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the
possible associated impacts to the economy.
The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) outlines the
government’s measures to reduce air pollution and incorporate environmental protection
into its development plans. It relies heavily on the polluter pays principle and other market-
based instruments to promote self-regulation among the population. It sets emission
standards for all motor vehicles and issues pollutant limitations for industry. Emission limit
values are laid down by The Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
Philippines as ‘Implementing Rules and Regulations for Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999’.
These rules and regulations shall apply to all industrial emissions and other establishments
which are potential sources of air pollution.
The Clean Air Act covers all potential sources of air pollution, to wit:
(1) Mobile Sources (eg. motor vehicles);
(2) Point or Stationary Sources (eg. industrial plants); and
(3) Area Sources (eg. wood or coal burning) Smoke belching vehicles on the road will
undergo emission testing. Violators will be subject to the following fines/penalties:
1st Offense P 1,000.00
2nd Offense P 3,000.00
3rd Offense P 5,000.00 plus a seminar on pollution management.
In order to achieve clean air, we need clean fuels. The CAA provides for the complete
phase-out of leaded gasoline; lowering of the sulfur content of industrial and automotive
diesel; lowering of aromatics and benzene in unleaded gasoline Stationary sources must
comply with the National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP)
and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and must secure their permit to
operate, prior to operation. A business firm is fined of not more than P100,000 for every day
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of violation until such time that standards are met or imprisonment of not less than 6 years
but not more than 10 years upon the discretion of the court. The Pollution Adjudication
Board (PAB) adjudicates all environmental cases.
Provides for a comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims
to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos. The DENR Secretary, upon
recommendation of the EMB, will divide the country into different airsheds. Airsheds are to
be designated based on climate, weather, meteorology, and topology, which affect the
mixture and diffusion of pollutants in the air, share common interests or face similar
development problems. These will be managed by multi-sectoral Governing Boards chaired
by the DENR Secretary with representatives from concerned government agencies, the
private sector, NGOs and LGUs.
• Republic Act (RA) 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The law aims to protect the country's waterbodies from pollution from land-based
sources(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household
activities). It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.
Under the Act, discharges of wastewater shall be controlled. Owners or operators of

facilities that discharge wastewater are required to get a permit to discharge from the EMB or
the Laguna Lake Development Authority Domestic wastewater will be addressed
accordingly. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), in coordination with
local government units (LGUs) will prepare a national program on sewage and septage
management. On the other hand, LGUs are to provide the land including road right of the
way for the construction of sewage and/or septage treatment facilities and raise funds for the
operations and maintenance of said facilities. The Department of Health (DOH) will
formulate guidelines and standards for the collection, treatment and disposal of sewage a
swell as the guidelines for the establishment and operation of centralized sewage treatment
system. The water district will provide water supply and sewerage facilities and to connect
existing sewage lines, subject to the payment of sewerage service charges/fees within five
years following effectivity of this Act Anyone discharging wastewater into a water body will
have to pay a waste water charge. This economic instrument will encourage investments in
cleaner production and pollution control technologies to reduce the amount of pollutants
generated and discharged.
• Republic Act (RA) 6969 Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control
Act of 1990
The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing,
sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present
unreasonable risk to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of
hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for
whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic
chemicals.
The Act provides the legal framework for the Philippines to control and manage the
importation, manufacture, processing, distribution .U se, transport, treatment and disposal of
toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes. A Chemical Control Order (CCO) is
issued by the DENR to prohibit, limit or regulate the use, manufacture, import, export,
transport, processing, storage, possession and wholesale of priority chemicals that are
determined to be regulated, phased-out, or banned because of the serious risks they pose to
public health and the environment. Of the 48 toxic chemicals listed in the Priority Chemical
List (PCL),five have already been covered by CCOs in the form of DAOs. These CCOs are
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for: mercury (DAO 97-38), cyanide (DAO 97-39), asbestos(DAO 2000-02), ozone-depleting
substances (DAO2000-18), and polychlorinated biphenyls (DAO 2004-01).
• Republic Act (RA) 9003: Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act(PESWMA)
of 2000
It provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive, and ecological
solid waste management program hat shall ensure protection of public health and the
environment
Key features of the Solid Waste Management Act

1. Creation of the National Solid Waste Management Commission(NSWMC), the National
Ecology Center (NEC), and the Solid Waste Management Board (NSWMB) in every
province, city and municipality in the country. The e NSWMC shall be responsible in the
formulation of the National Solid Waste Management Framework (NSWMF) and other
policies on solid waste (SW), in overseeing the implementation of solid waste
management plans and the management of the solid waste management fund The NEC, on
the other hand, shall be responsible for consulting, information, training and networking
services relative to the implementation of R.A. No. 9003
The NSWMB of provinces, cities, and municipalities shall be responsible for the
development of their respective SW management plans.
2. Formulation of the NSWMF 10-year SW plans by local government units;
3. Mandatory segregation of SW to be conducted at the source;
4. Setting of minimum requirements to ensure systematic collection and transport of
wastes and the proper protection of garbage collectors' health;
5. Establishment of reclamation programs and buy-back centers for recyclable and toxic
materials;
6. Promotion of eco-labeling and prohibition on non-environmentally acceptable products
and packaging;
7. Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of
barangays;
8. Prohibition against the use of open dumps and setting of guidelines/criteria for the
establishment of controlled dumps and sanitary landfills;
9. Provision of rewards, grants and incentives both monetary and non-monetary to
encourage LGUs and the public to undertake effective SW management;
10. Promotion of research on SWM and environmental education in the formal and non-
formal sectors.
• Republic Act (RA) 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009
RA 9729 aims to systematically integrate the concept of climate change in the policy
formulation and development plans of all government agencies and units, to the end that the
government will be prepared for the impact of climate change. The law created the Climate
Change Commission, composed of the President, as Chairperson, and three (3)
commissioners to be appointed by the President, which is tasked to coordinate, monitor and
evaluate the programs and action plans of the government relating to climate
change. Government agencies have likewise been assigned their respective roles under
RA 9729. For instance, the Department of Education is tasked to integrate climate change in
to the primary and secondary education curricula, including textbooks and other
education materials. Government Financial Institutions are allowed to provide preferential
financial packages for climate change-related projects.
• Republic Act (RA) 9512: Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008.
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It’s an Act to promote environmental awareness through Environmental Education
(EE) and covers the integration of EE in the school curricula at all levels, be it public or
private, including daycare, preschool, non-formal, technical, vocational, indigenous learning,
and out-of-school youth courses or programs. Section 6 of the Act says that the DepEd,
CHED, TESDA, DENR,DOST and other relevant agencies, in consultation with experts on
the environment and the academe, shall lead in the implementation of public education and
awareness programs on environmental protection and conservation through collaborative
interagency and multi-sectoral effort at all levels. It also declares November as the
Environmental Awareness Month in the Philippines
Major International Organizations Fighting Environmental Destruction
Environmental organizations operate around the world in an effort to analyze, track,

and conserve the global environment. These organizations may be nonprofits, governmental,
trusts, or non-governmental. Additionally, environmental organizations work at different
levels around the world, including international, national, regional, or local. This article takes
a look the major international environmental organizations in the world.
• Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)

The ESGP began in January of 2009 out of the International Human Dimensions Programme
on Global Environmental Change, a research project that focused on the human impact on
global change. This project is a network of around 300 active and 2,300 indirectly involved
academics from around the world. The goal of the ESGP is to publish research on the science
concerning the difficulties of regulating global environmental change. By doing this,
researchers hope to better understand the roles and responsibilities of governments,
institutions, and organizations in issues of global commons and pollution.
• Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The GEF was established in 1991 as a collaboration among 183 nations, civil organizations,
private businesses, and international institutes. This organization finances projects concerning
climate change, land degradation, international water, biodiversity, and the ozone layer.
Currently, it is the largest public funder of these types of projects in the world. In total, the
GEF has provided $12.5 billion, $58 billion in shared financing endeavors, and $653.2
million in small grants. Together, these funds have contributed to 3,690 projects in 165
countries.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The IPCC works under the UN as an intergovernmental and scientific organization,
established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the previously mentioned
UNEP. Its purpose is to offer the world an unbiased, scientific assessment of climate change
and its effects. The IPCC reports are based on published literature by non-IPCC scientists on
a voluntary basis. In 2007, this organization, along with Al Gore, received the Nobel Peace
Prize.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) -

The International Union for Conservation of Nature was established in 1948 and is comprised
of over 1,200 government and non-government members. Its mission is promoting nature
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources around the globe. This environmental
organization also focuses on issues such as poverty, gender equality, and sustainable business
practices in order to achieve its objective. This organization is responsible for publishing the
IUCN Red List which categorizes biological species by their conservation status.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) -

65
The United National Environment Program was founded in June of 1972 after the UN
Conference on the Human Environment. It is responsible for a number of environmental
issues concerning various UN agencies. Some of these responsibilities include: developing
international environmental agreements, encouraging environmental science, and creating
development policies with national governments. Experts of the UNEP have contributed to
guidelines of treaties and policies in terms of potential contaminants.
• World Nature Organization (WNO) -

Planning for the World Nature Organization began in 2010 by the developing
countries which are most threatened by climate change. These nations are located
around the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean as well as a few countries in Africa. The
Preparatory Commission published the WNO Treaty in June of 2012, but lack of
interest left the agreement unsigned. This organization did not come into effect in
May of 2014 as planned. Its goal was to promote economically friendly businesses,
technology, energy, and activities.
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Activity 1 Reaction Paper: Read the article “Manila Bay Identified as Pollution Hotspot”
Write a reaction paper regarding environmental laws violated by business and residential
people . Research on the rehabilitation being undertaken by government agencies to bring
back the beauty of Manila Bay as one of the famous tourist sceneries of the Philippines
before.
Manila Bay is identified as a pollution hostspot

The Manila Bay is the country’s major hub and international gateway to its political, economic and social
center. It is to the Filipino people, a natural heritage and a silent witness to the millennia of Philippine history
and the venue of many historical events that helped shaped the Filipino culture and values. The Bay, with its
semi-enclosed estuary facing the South China Sea, represents a vital national asset, providing a source of food,
livelihood, employment, recreation, to an estimated 23 million Filipinos and a major source of economic benefit
for the country. Along with its surrounding provinces, the Bay contributes an estimated 55% of the country’s
GDP and account for almost one third of the country’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry production and 64
percent of the contribution of industrial and services sector to the GDP, respectively. It supports fisheries and
aquaculture as among the major sources of livelihood as well as activities in the following development areas:
a) manufacturing industry; b) shipping and ports; c) agriculture; d) mining and quarrying; e) commercial areas;
and f) residential areas.
The sustainability of the Bay and its diverse ecosystem is however continually threatened by a variety of
land and se-based human activities, which contribute to the decline in its environmental quality.
Overexploitation of resources, illegal and destructive fishing, habitat destruction, pollution, siltation and
sedimentation, uncontrolled development and the conflicting use of limited available resources cause pressures
on the bay.
Several laws are being implemented (P.D. 984, DAO 35, R.A. 6969, R.A.2003, P.D. 979) for the protection
and conservation of the bay. However, with the increasing complexity of the problem there is a need for multi-
agency and cross-sectoral management program. Thus, the implementation of the Manila Bay Environmental
Management Project a local component of the Regional Program on building Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA).
Thus in 2000, the DENR implemented the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project, a local
component of the regional program on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of
East Asia (PEMSEA).
The on-going and proposed initiatives for Manila Bay is entirely based on the Operational Plan for the
Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (OPMBCS). This document was a product of inter-agency and stakeholders’
consultations throughout the watershed which embodies stakeholders’ vision and action program for restoring
the heritage of Manila Bay. It was developed and approved and currently being implemented by the DENR as
the lead coordinating agency, and various government agencies to clean the bay.
The ruling of the Supreme Court issued in December 18, 2008 compelled various government agencies
(DENR, DILG, MWSS, LWUA, DA, PCG, PNP-Maritime Group, PPA, MMDA, DOH, DEPED, DPWH,
LGU's and DBM) to implement immediately the OPMBCS under the principle of "Continuing Mandamus"
and submit progress report to the Supreme Court.
The water pollution issue of Manila Bay is on top of the DENR agenda that needs collaborative and
immediate actions upon the concerned national government agencies, LGU's, the Civil Society and Business
Sector.
As the lead agency, the DENR concerns focus on Water Quality Improvement, Habitat Restoration and River
Basin Management. Other agencies are committed to implement their plan under the OPMBCS which is also
consistent with the respective mandate. Recognizing the important roles and responsibilities of various
stakeholders in cleaning the bay the collaboration and coordination among key partners particularly the
implementation of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) and mobilize Manila Bay Governance and
institutional advancement through the Manila Bay Coordinating Committee (MBCC) with the DENR Secretary
as chairman is strengthen.
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ASSESSMENTS
Assessment for Lesson 1
Test A. Direction Multiple Choice Read each question carefully and choose the best
of the options given. Write letters only. NO ERASURES.
1. Which of the following describes defines the term “Natural Resources”?

a) They are useful raw material that we got from the earth
b) They are useless raw material that we got from the earth.
c) They are not useful raw material that we got from the earth
d) They are raw material that are human made available from the earth
2. Which of the following are examples of fossil fuels, except?”

a) Gas c) coal
b) Crude oil d) Nuclear fuel
3. Which of the following renewable resources are fuels made from living organism”
a) Animals c) Biofuel
b) Water d) Plants for use in food and manufactured products
Which of the following are resources originating from n on-living and inorganic
materials
a) Biotic resources c) Abiotic resources
b) Renewable resource d) Non-renewable resource
Which of the following can be both renewable and nonrenewable resources?

a) coal c) oil
b) biomass d) natural gas
For questions # 6 -10, identify the 5 R’s of Waste Management. Choose the answer
from the following:
A Reuse C. Recycle E. Refuse
B. Reduce D. Respond. / React. /Reward F. Rot
6. Repairing things when as much as possible

7. Creating or remaking new materials from old ones.
8. Producing e less waste so that you throw away less trashes
9.Giving food scraps, or find a food scrap to gardeners
10. Appreciating people who are doing something positive for the Earth.
Test B. Identification. Given the examples of products or services, identify the
Natural Resources. Choose your answers from the following
A. Air C. Animals E. Coal G. Mineral
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B. Natural gas D. Plants F. Sunlight H. Water
1. Solar power.
2. Photosynthesis
3. Wind, energy tires
4. Hydroelectric energy
5. Electricity for heating
6. Wood, paper, fruits, vegetables
7. Products for drinking and cleaning
8. Coins, steel, aluminum can, jewelries
9. Food such as milk, cheese, steak bacon.
10. Clothing which include silk shirts, leather sweaters
Test C. Direction: With the Venn Diagram below describe the similarities and
differences
between renewable and nonrenewable natural resources
Test D. Direction Complete the flow chart below and explain each type of non-
renewable energy and renewable energy
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OUTOCOMES BASED PERFORMANCE TEST
Home Activity: Ask students to inform their families of the 5 R’s and why they are
important. Then encourage them to document examples of the things they do with their
families related to each category to be submitted via soft copy email with a separate page
for each of the 5Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot, Refuse). At the end of a week, ask
students to journal about the experience.
Guide Questions for Discussion:
1. What was your favorite example of an R this week?
2. What was the toughest R to apply?
3. What was the easiest R to apply? What kinds of overlap between the Rs did you
notice?
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Multiple Choice: Test I. Earthquake

Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank before each number.
1. . Earthquakes are produced during:
(a) plastic failure within the mantle,
(b) brittle failure during faulting,
(c) mushrooming during folding
(d) none of the above
2. Seismic waves are waves of energy that:

(a) plastically distort the material that they pass through,
(b) permanently distort the material that they pass through,
(c) break the material that they pass through
(d) elastically distort the material that they pass through
3. The region of initiation of seismic energy within the Earth is called the:
(a) epicenter,
(b) hypocenter,
(c) area of greatest building damage
(d) area of least building damage
4 An earthquake can either be .

a) tectonic; mountainous
b) tectonic; volcanic
c) volcanic; oceanic
d) volcanic; island
5. What causes a tectonic earthquake?

a) sudden movement of rocks in the earth’s crust
b) formation of hills and mountains
c) continuous eruption
d) volcanic eruption
6 Mt. Mayon has been active for several years now. What will people living near it feel
when it erupts?
a) landslide
b) storm surge
c) tectonic earthquake
d) volcanic earthquake
7. Body waves emanate spherically from the focus traveling:

(e) entirely within the interior of the Earth,
(f) along the surface of the Earth,
(g) within the worlds oceans
(h) into space dude!
8. P-waves produce a series of:

(i) shearing motions that are at right angles to the direction of wave propagation,
(j) contractions and expansions that are in the direction of wave propagation,
(k) circular motions like an ocean wave
(l) snake-like motions parallel to the Earth's surface
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9. Which of the following classes represent earthquakes with magnitudes between
4 and 4.9?
(m) moderate
(n) great
(o) strong
(p) light
(q) minor
10. A seismograph is a device used to:

(a) sound an alarm,
(b) prevent earthquakes from occurring,
(c) record the vibrations produced during an earthquake
(d) calm the seismologist during an earthquake
Test II. Enumeration. Volcanic Eruption

1.Enumerate the following. Types of volcanoes
a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
d) _______________________________
e) _______________________________
2. Classifications of volcanoes
a) ______________________________
b) _______________________________
3. Famous Philippine volcanoes (mentioned in this module)
a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
d) _______________________________
e) _______________________________
4. Beneficial effects of volcanic eruptions

a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
5. Uses of geothermal energy
a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
Test III Tropical Cyclones( Typhoons

Direction : Read the news item below then answer the questions that follow.
Typhoons Displace Thousands

Two people were killed. Over 120,000 people fled their homes as Typhoons
Ditang and Edeng slashed through Luzon.
Several roads in Metro Manila were under two to three feet of floodwaters.
This paralyzed traffic and stranded thousands of commuters. Education officials
suspended classes in the affected areas.
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A 29-year-old mother was killed and her one-year-old was son injured in a
rockslide caused by heavy rains.
Edeng is expected to move north-northeast at 11 kilometers per hour toward
the Batanes islands.In Manila, police reported 44 vehicle accidents apparently
caused by heavy rains and slippery roads. Eight people were injured, none
seriously.In Pampanga, San Fernando City and other towns of Bacolor, Candaba,
Guagua, Lubao, Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin, Sto. Tomas and Sasmuan went
under two to three feet of floodwaters.
Power was interrupted several times in many parts of Pampanga. Several roads
and bridges were made impassable by floodwaters.Falling rocks and boulders and the
possibility of landslides forced local officials to close Kennon Road in Baguio to
traffic. Motorists were advised to take other routes.
The Department of Health (DOH), meanwhile, warned the public against
leptospirosis. This is a water-borne disease caused by rat urine and animals infected with
leptospira bacteria. Its symptoms are high fever, headache, muscle and joint pains and
reddening of the eyes. Its incubation period is 10 days and it can cause death if
untreated.
Dr. Glen Paraso of the DOH warned the public against wading or
swimming in floodwaters, which often carry the leptospira bacteria.
Information Source: www.philstar.com
1. From the news item you just read, make a list of the effects of
Typhoons Ditang and Edeng. Give at least six (6) effects.
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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2. List down five (5) emergency supplies needed during a typhoon.
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. Give four (4) precautionary measures to take before a typhoon.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4. Give three (3) precautionary measures to take during a typhoon.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
5. Give three (3) precautionary measures to take after a typhoon.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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A. Formative Test Directions: Multiple Choice Read each question carefully and choose the
best of the options given. Write letters only. NO ERASURES.
1.The major man-made calamities are the following except:

a. Global Warming c) Earthquake
b. Air Pollution d) Plastic Pollution
2. Which of the following are the main causes global warming?

a. The exploitation of forest, like cutting down trees
b. Agricultural activities due to the use of pesticides
c. Inadequate sewage collection and treatment of water
d. Dumping of garbage and deposited in the sea
3. The main causes of land pollution are the following except:

a. Deforestation c) Waste Disposal
b. Urbanization d. Greenhouse gases
4. Which of the following deals with the effects of air pollution?

a. Extinction of animal due to soil erosion
b. There is increase change of temperature disturbing natural phenomena
c. It contributes to the formation of acid rain affecting plant evolution and growth
d. Contaminated will cause environmental diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and
dysentery
5. The following statements describes the best way of preventing water pollution except?
a. Do wastewater treatment costing of removing pollutants
b. Green agriculture crucial to limit chemical in the water
c. Renewable energies should be an alternative source of energy
d. Reduce the use of plastic globally to avoid entering the ocean
6. Which of the following are existing major man-made calamities in the Philippines,
except?:
a. Climate change c. Nuclear Waste
b. Air pollution d. Chemical Pesticides
7. Which of the following innovative programs of environmental sustainability focus

on the 3”s Rule – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
a. Circular Economy c. Smart City
b. Green Building d. Waste Management
8. Which of the following innovative programs of environmental commonly called eco-

city for it aims to improve the quality of urban resources and assets.
b. Green Building d. Waste Management
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9. Which of the following innovative programs focus in producing goods and services in
sustainable way,
by limiting the consumption and waste or resources
b.Green Building d. Waste Management
10. Which of the following innovative programs focus in producing goods and services in
sustainable?
b. Green Building d. Waste Management.
B. Outcomes – Based Assessment

Direction: Perform Activity 7 with the family members or community members with the
purpose of exploring the importance of maintaining ecological sustainability
Activity 7
Expressing Ecological Sustainability Concepts Through Arts and Crafts

Goals:
• Explore deeper meanings of sustainability
• Increase awareness of cultural connections to sustainability
• Develop and enhance skills in arts and crafts
Outcomes:
• Increased understanding of the environmental sustainability principles
• Increased awareness of cultural aspects of sustainability
• Enhanced life skills related to crafts and art=
Background:Art and crafts as a method for social change: A principle building block of
a successful social movement is the creation of a sense of community. Through the sharing
of cultural expression in art, food, or music, an attractive movement culture is established –
eliciting greater personal interest and, therefore, participation. A creative activity can be an
effective motivator of social change and a stimulating alternative to common learning
methods.
Suggested Time: Project dependent; 1‐2 hours to a craft project spanning the semester
People
• Leader
• Participants (Family Members /Community Neighborhood
Materials/Resources:
Found objects to be used in art piece other art and crafts
76
www.instructables.com and www.craftster.org are both excellent resources for crafting
inspiration. Instructables even has a “Green” section to learn about sustainable DIY (Do
It Yourself) projects!
77
Direction. Purposive Reading :Read the Article “The Great Manila Bay Debate:
Rehabilitation or Reclamation” and answer these open-ended questions
for discussion:
1. Identify the government agencies involved in the rehabilitation of Manila Bay and
discuss their clean drive efforts.
2. Identify the NGO’s and their issues concerning the problems of Manila Bay
3. Cite your personal stand regarding the debate whether Manila Bay is for rehabilitation
or reclamation.
PHILIPPINES: The Great Manila Bay Debate: Rehabilitation or Reclamation?
Manila Bay has long been a sight of deep dismay for the public. A once often visited site for swimming and fishing
right in the heart of the capital has accumulated so much pollution over the years. The bay walk running adjacent
is deserted at times despite its famous view of the sunset.
On Jan. 27, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) attempted to spark new hope for the
coast as it launched a massive cleanup drive, mobilizing thousands. For this, the agency garnered significant
applause. According to the Laguna Lake Development Authority, the fecal coliform levels of the bay were as much
as seven times higher than what is considered ‘safe.’
However, the rehabilitation of Manila Bay was called into question with the revelation that the endeavor
would eventually lead to the displacement of almost 300,000 informal settler families and a number of local
establishments. Both have been pegged by government as the main culprits for the current state of pollution in the
water.
Moreover, old fears of a cleanup leading to huge reclamation projects resurfaced. Lawmakers and
environmental groups alike warned of corporate reclamation schemes behind the rehabilitation. The Makabayan
(Nationalist) Bloc in congress called for an investigation into the matter to ensure no undue harm would come to
nearby residents. Kalikasan [Environment] People’s Network said that pursuing reclamation would do more
damage to the area.
The Presidential Palace. for its part. has been vague on whether the DENR’s efforts are directly linked to
a larger plan for reclamation. They have not denied the fact that there are pending projects and Presidential
Spokesman Salvador Panelo has said that reclamation in itself creates jobs and betters the economy.
Manila Bay is certainly a strategic place for commerce. Its 190-kilometer coastline spans five provinces
including Metro Manila and, in the past, it had served as the gateway for pre-colonial trade.
Manila Baywatch
Last December, DENR chief Roy Cimatu singled out the poor means of waste disposal done by communities of
informal settlers around the bay area.
Kalikasan National Coordinator Leon Dulce, however, contested this by accounting for the average waste
disposed of per person across different social strata.
“On average, middle-class families produce more waste than those in the lower class,” Dulce told The News
Lens. “Even World Bank principles say that more purchasing power leads to more consumption and hence more
waste. Although, we should not discount the fact that industrial waste plays a much bigger role.”
In their initial findings, Kalikasan estimated that an average of 48 percent of solid waste comes from middle-
income families while only 5.01 percent came from informal settlers. Dulce added: “It is not the poor who should
be blamed. It is the persistent lack of mechanisms to deal with proper waste management.”
Congressman Ariel Casilao of the Makabayan Bloc hit out at the entire project, saying: “The Manila
Bay rehab should not be a prelude to massive dislocation and reclamation endeavor that will benefit only a few
business groups and corrupt government officials.”
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Instead, he called for a more democratic rehabilitation plan that could work around violating the
livelihood and communities of those in the vicinity. The lawmaker also filed a bill to declare Manila Bay a
reclamation free zone to put a stop to 43 reclamation projects which will cover around 32,000 hectares of land.
Fears of large-scale evictions are not unfounded. According to a presentation by the DENR on the
planned rehabilitation, out of the 43 billion Philippine peso (US$823.6 million) allotted funds, P36.58 billion
(US$701 million) will be coursed towards relocating the slum dwellers while only P6.37 billion (US$122 million)
will be put towards the entire clean up and maintenance.
One of the more recent and grand plans for the bay was signed in 2017 and dubbed the “New Manila
Bay – City of Pearl,” to become Southeast Asia’s first Smart City. This ‘city within a city’ would be built on 407
hectares of reclaimed land. By comparison, the city of San Juan in Metro Manila is just 595 hectares.
The site is set to rise in the within the next decade and is headed by the UAA Kinming Group under executive
director Kitson Kho. Kho, a Hong Kong based property developer, held two private meetings with Duterte in June
2018 to discuss the City of Pearl.
Hands off. “There is no truth that the rehabilitation plan was conceived as a prelude to reclamation,” DENR
Undersecretary for Solid Waste Management Benny Antiporda told The News Lens in an interview. He added that
reclamation was not a priority and they just wanted to concentrate on the cleanup itself.
“Applications for reclamation have been there prior to the Duterte administration,” said Antiporda.
“The DENR cannot yet say whether it is for or against reclamation especially since cases of reclamation have not
yet entered the office of the secretary for study.”
With regards to the handling of the informal settlers, Antiporda explained the relocation will take place
only when there is an adequate relocation site – a community relocation area with basic facilities like such as
schools. He said this will be done with the help of an inter-agency task force as well as local government units.
At the moment, however, planning for the relocation of those affected is still ongoing. Antiporda did not elaborate
on future plans, saying the inter-agency task force would address such matters.
In the meantime, the DENR plans to erect communal septic tanks and sewage treatment facilities as a
temporary solution to release the clean water into the bay. Antiporda said this will be completed very soon.
However, questions remain about the sincerity of the government’s intentions to go about the cleanup. Although
the DENR denies directly working towards any sort of reclaimed land in the future, the timing and situation seem
to serve that purpose either way.
The City of Pearl, among other projects, are not going build themselves around the poorest sections of the Metro.
They need a ‘clean up’ for their target market.
79
REFERENCES
UNIT 1
Dobkowski, Michael N., and Isidor Wallimann, eds. On the Edge of Scarcity: Environment
Resources, Population, Sustainability, and Conflict. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press,
2002.
Forest Governance Programme in cooperation with the National REDD+ System Philippines
Project. (2015) .Improving Governance of Tenure: Enhancing Guidance for the Issuance of a
Unified Tenure System : Final Report. Quezon City : Deutsche Gesellschaft für International
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Ortwein, A. and Militar, J. G. (2015). Use of Biomass as Renewable Energy, Quezon City,
Philippines : Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Pasquito, Leonardo, People and the Earth’s Ecosystem, University of Makati ,Philippines
2016
Presidential Decree No. 1586: Establishing An Environmental Impact Statement System

Including Other Environmental Management Related Measurement Other Purposes.(1997)
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). (2006). Environmental Education, Ethics &
Action: A Workbook to Get Started. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/training/ethics_
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2002).

Education for Sustainability from Rio to Johannesburg: Lessons Learnt from a Decade of
Commitment. World Summit on Sustainable Development, 26. August 4, September.
Johannesburg, South Africa.
W.M. Lafferty and J. Meadowcroft, eds., Implementing Sustainable Development: Strategies and
Initiatives in High Consumption Societies (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000).
Websites:
1.Burrud, J. & Soto, R. (Producers), & Burrud, J. and Josephson, D. (Directors). (2005). .
All about natural resources (Video). Wynnewood, PA: Schlesinger Media.
2.http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/carbon_footprint This is an explanation of
various carbon footprint terms.
3.http://computersuren.blogspot.in/2012/05/role-of-man-in-conserving-natural.html
4.http://feelfriendly.com/information-preservation-conservation.html
5.http://www.powa.org/all-blogs/499-ways-of-protecting-and-preserving-our-environment
6.http://www.preservearticles.com/201101012237/why-is-the-conservation-of-natural-resources-
a-must-for-mankind.html
7.http://wwwswcs.org/t_resources_state_fact.htm.> April 16, 2001, date Soil and Water
Conservation Society. State of the Soil: Fact Sheet.
80
8. "5 R’s For A Greener World." Essential Keystrokes RSS. N.p., 15 Oct. 2013. Web. 05
Feb.
2014.9.
9. www.scdhec.gov/recycle. DHEC’s Office of Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling, 2600
UNIT 2
Bagyo, Lindol, Bulkan at Iba Pa: Disaster Management Handbook. Citizen’s Disaster Response
Center (CDRC), QC Philippines, 1994.
Britannica.com Inc. (2000). Volcano: Hazards From Various Types of Volcanic Eruptions.
http://www.britanica.com/bcom/eb/article/8/0,5716/ 115698+18+108777,00.html. November 24,
2000, date accessed.
Britannica.com Inc. (2000). Volcano: Intraplate Volcanism. http://

www.britanica.com/bcom/eb/article/8/0,5716,115698+16+108777,00.html. November 24, 2000,
date accessed.
Fraser, Kathie. (1997). Principal Types of Volcanoes. USGS. http://

pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html. November 24, 2000, date accessed.
Hurd, Dean, et al. General Science: A Voyage of Discovery. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1992.
Lianko, Aurora. Introduction to Earth Science. Quezon City: Katha Publishing House, 2000.
Tarbuck, Edward and Frederick Lutgens. Earth Science. 9th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
2000
Magazines:
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.
PHIVOLCS. Philippine Volcanoes. http://park.org:8888/Philippines/pinatubo/ pager9.html.

November 24, 2000, date accessed.
The Living Universe Foundation. The Coriolis Effect. <http://www.millennial.org

/~jwills/InfoGuide/Resources/Glossary/C/Coriolis_effect_Coriolis_force_.html>
The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com
Typhoon2000.com. PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names for 2001-2005.

<http://www.typhoon2000.com> April 30, 2001, date accessed.
Weathernews Philippines, Incorporated. Philippine Storm Warning

Signals. http://www.wniphil.com/psws.htm
PHIVOLCS. Pinatubo Wakes From Four-Century Slumber.
81
ReliefWeb. (1997). Philippines: Volcanoes. http://www.reliefweb.int/mapc/
asi_se/cnt/phil/phl_volc.html. November 24, 2000, date accessed.
List of Active Volcanoes. http://park.org:8888/Philippines/pinatubo/page10.html.

November 24, 2000, date accessed
List of Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines. http://park.org:8888/Philippines/
pinatubo/page11.html. November 24, 2000, date accessed.
Tarbuck, Edward J. Earth Science (9th ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997.
The Revered Mountain, the Fearsome Volcano: Pinatubo’s Two Faces. http://
park.org/Philippines/pinatubo/page2.html. November 24, 2000, date accessed.
Websites:
• Nature's Fury - Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, and Wildfires from

National Geographic.
• Intute: Natural Hazards - satellite images, maps, historical data, economic and geological
charts.
• Global Volcanism Project - devoted to better understanding volcanism through the study
of 10,000 years of eruptions around the world. The GVP also publishes Volcano Activity
Reports, available on the site.
• How Volcanoes Work - An educational website aimed at university students and teachers
of earth science. Includes quizzes, games, and animations.
• ReliefWeb Map Centre - Maps of international disaster sites from an information center
for humanitarian relief sponsored by the UN.
• Earthquake Newspaper Archive - Free archive of newspaper coverage of earthquakes
from 1760 to the present. Some “premium” content is not available for free. Even includes
advertising.
UNIT 3
• YouTube: or Book “An inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global

Warming and What we can Do About It” (Al Gore)
• Report: “Changing the Atmosphere: Anthropology and Climate Change”(NCAR)
• BUHOS: A Climate Change Documentary by Loren Legarda
• Article:“Scientists tackle mystery of thunderstorms that strike at night”(NCAR)
UNIT 4
Article: “The Tragedy of the Commons” by Garrett Hardin
Article : “The Great Manila Bay Debate: Rehabilitation or Reclamation?
82
https://international.thenewslens.com/article/113547
Article PEMSEA Publications “Manila Bay is identified as a pollution hotspot”
Article. Environment.2020 worldatlas.com
Bell, S./McGillivray, D.: Environmental Law, 7th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2008.
Book: “The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change” (Al Gore)
DENR KALIKASAN Newsletter. DENR-Environmental Management System (EMS)
Kubasek, N. K./Silverman, G.S.: Environmental Law, Prentice-Hall, 8th Ed., 2013.
McEldowney, J./McEldowney, S.: Environmental Law, Longman, 2010.
Wikipedia.org: Environmental Law, URL:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law
83

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LEARNING MODULES FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

GERWYN C. PASCUAL, R.N., MAED

CURRICULUM PRODUCTION AND EDITING

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

a. Define the term “Natural Resources. “

Natural resources are things that come from nature, such

Lesson 1: Natural Resources and their

A. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:

B. With respect to replaceability renewability, natural resources can be categorized as

C. On the basis of availability, natural resources can be categorized as follows:

Figure 3.2 Diagram of the Different Classification of Natural Resources

B. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF NATRUAL RESOURCES

C. TYPES OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES

1. Solar Energy – The sun’s light contains energy

2.Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric

4.Wind Energy – The energy of the wind is

Figure 3.6. Wind Energy

a) Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living

Forms of Biomass Used for Energy(Figure 3.7)

D. TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Nuclear Energy – Nuclear energy makes use of Uranium-235, a radioactive chemical

Below is a summary illustration diagram comparing renewable vs. nonrenewable

Figure 3.7 COMPARISON OF RENEWABLE A

Figure 3.8 shows examples of renewable energy and non-renewable energy.

E. WAYS OF CONSERVING OUR NATURAL RESOURCES

2. Water Resources (Figure 3.10)

4. The 5 R”s of Waste Management (figure 3.11) Figure 3.11

2. Reduce: – Downsize what you purchase, opting

3) Reuse: To use an item again Reuse – Always

5. Personal/ Individual Action to Conserve Our Natural Resources

a.Involve in reforestation. Plant trees to help suck carbon out of the

b. Take public transportation if it’s available, carpool to work, ride a

c. Recycle everything you can. Recycling conserves natural resources,

1. How do you get to school?

8. Do you turn off the TV when you’re not watching it?

Questions for Discussion

How I will get to school?

What I will eat?

How much I will use electronics?

What I will recycle?

Other things I will do:

Most commonly, earthquakes are directly or indirectly caused by movements of

Transform boundaries:A region where two

S waves (Secondary waves) are shear waves,

3) Measurement Instruments of Earthquake

Collapse earthquake: are generally small

Explosion earthquake: An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the

6. Prevention and Mitigation:

♦ Before the Earthquake

Individual Family Community

Guide Questions for Discussion Based on the video:

♦ What is an earthquake? Why do they occur?

♦ What should people do if there is an earthquake?

♦ How can we be prepared? What to do during and after an earthquake.

♦ What should an emergency plan and kit include?

Shield Volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava

Most stratovolcanoes have a crater at the summit which

Domes .Volcanic or lava domes are formed by

Calderas are depressions formed by collapsed

Here’s a rundown of the 24 active volcanoes in the Philippines:

Mount Hibok-Hibok (also known as Catarman

Although a large portion of the volcano