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Abstract –
This paper describes the underlying theory and However, the main disadvantage of capacitive
model of capacitive voltage substations and its voltage substations is their transient behavior. In other words,
assosiateproblems. This system is intended to supply the major obstacle in using this electricity distribution
electricity to rural communities directly from high voltage technique is its transient characteristics. Ferroresonanceand
transmission lines. This technique leads to important cost over voltage transient problems could occur in these
reductions when compared with conventional alternatives. substations during different conditions. Using the data for a
However, in several transient cases, some problems such as real capacitive substation, a model is developed in this paper
Ferro resonance Andover voltages can occur in these and occurrence of transient
substations. These transient cases are simulated in this paper phenomena in different system conditions such as short
and a new technique is proposed for damping of dangerous connection of load, and load rejection are simulated and
over voltages due toferroresonance. In this technique, by analyzed. Computer simulation tests are performed tore
using power electronic devices, a damping resistance is present the system behavior in transient cases. Result of
switched to secondary side of the system transformer, when simulations represent that some transient cases lead to
necessary. Several computer simulation tests are presented in dangerous over voltages, which can damage the instruments
the paper to highlight the usefulness of this technique. The and system insulations. A new technique to damp dangerous
simulation results present that over voltages are adequately over voltages is proposed and evaluated in the paper. By
limited. using power electronic devices a damper resistor is switched
. to the secondary side of the system transformer during
Introduction dangerous oscillations. In the paper, firing pulses preparation
procedure, power electronic control algorithm and designing
The development of sparsely populated areas
method of the desired circuits are described. The usefulness
results in the extension of electrical transmission networks to
of this model is tested by various simulations. Details of the
remote and rural communities as well as industries such as
system modeling and proposed technique are described in the
mines, ore processing, forest products and secondary
paper.
industries such as tourism. The capacitive divider technique
has been known for quite a while but using this technology to II. Theory
transform high voltage to medium voltage for delivering A. Model
power to remote areas is more recent. With this technique, The principles of capacitive – coupling
energy is drawn from the electric field of the high voltage transformers are not new, as they have long been used both
transmission line by use of discrete capacitors. This by manufacturers of the capacitor voltage transformers
technique leads to important cost reduction when compared required by electrical utilities and by some electric utilities
with more conventional electromagnetic coupling systems, for feeding small loads [2,3], so only a brief review is
e.g. high voltage power transformers [1]. presented here. Fig. 1 shows the capacitive substation circuit
model and Fig. 2 shows the Theremin equivalent of
the voltage divider (C1 and C2) seen from the load side. The
Thevenin equivalent voltage of the divider Vth is
Copyright © 2007
Paper Identification Number: SS-4.5
This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the =
Pentagram Research Centre (P) Limited. Responsibility of and its impedance is that of capacitors C1 and C2 in parallel,
contents of this paper rests upon the authors and not upon i.e. Cth = C1 + C2 .
Pentagram Research Centre (P) Limited. Copies can be
obtained from the company for a cost
111
Capacitive Voltage substations Ferro resonance Prevention Using Power Electronic Devices
where 50 2 ð ù= rad/seconds
Since the impedance is zero at 50 Hz, the output
voltage V2 remains equal to and in phase with Vth,
which in turn Vth is proportional to and in phase within,
whether the load be resistive, capacitive or inductive.
B. Ferro resonance
If capacitive-coupling technique is used as a
substation for feeding remote loads or for rural
electrification, it normally includes distribution transformers
installed on the outgoing feeders. It is possible that these
transformer cores get saturated in some transient cases and
interaction of their saturated core and capacitive divider may
result inferno resonance. Active and passive Ferro resonance
suppression circuits (FSCs) are proposed in the literature to
damp Ferro resonance oscillations. Different methods exist
for analyzing Ferro resonance oscillations [4,5]. One of these
methods is outlined as follows. Let us have an analytical III. Simulation of transient cases
view of the problem at Fundamental frequency. Transformer Using the capacitive substation model, many
voltage-currentphasor relationship as well as the Thevenin different simulation studies are performed and performance
equipment source load line is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen of the model was evaluated. Obtained results are similar to
that there are three possible solutions of which A and C are what is reported in the literature, so the model accuracy
stable. Solution A is the normal linear solution of the issatisfactory.Through different simulations, it was observed
capacitive substation system. In case of some transients such that in some transient cases, dangerous
as an output short circuit or upon system energization, ferroresonanceovervoltages occur. These critical cases are
solutions B or C may be reached instead, and therefore Ferro outlined below.
resonance is experienced. A. Energization behavior
One of the most critical operating conditions is
energization, while there is no-load present at the output. The
test results shown in Fig. 4, reflects this condition. Fig.4
presents the voltage of transformer primary side, when the
system is energized at no-load. Ferroresonancephenomenon
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International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
is observed in the voltage signal and the associated over short circuit by system load resistance
voltages can damage the instruments or system insulation. In contrast, Ferro resonance lead to dangerous
overvoltages,when the load is rejected before the clearance of
fault. Fig.6 represents the primary side voltage of the
transformer when a single phase (phase A) short circuit
occurs at 0.4s.Phase A voltage is shown in this figure. This
fault is cleared after 0.1 seconds and the load is rejected by
protection system during the fault period. In
thiscaseferroresoance over voltages are observed clearly.
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Capacitive Voltage substations Ferro resonance Prevention Using Power Electronic Devices
voltage amplitude is obtained using a resistive divider circuit. relevant parameters mentioned in subsection III were
This signal should be compared to the maximum threshold performed. Through these studies, it was found that the
voltage. reposed FSC can adequately damp the Ferro resonance in the
- The damping resistor should be switched-off when the load case of system energization.
is reconnected to system. through FSC (b)
- Power electronic switches go to off mode in negative
half cycle of voltage but the damping resistor should be
connected continuously to secondary side of the transformer
during the whole period of overvoltages.Hence, the switches
should be arranged in inverseparallelmodel. Fig. 8 shows the
FSC circuit with schematic view of the related control
circuit.
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International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
System to disconnect the entire substation. When Comparison between Fig. 11 and Fig. 7 shows the
load is reconnected to the substation, the rms value of voltage effectiveness of the proposed FSC in suppression
goes down to lower than the minimum threshold and the off- offerroresonance and its dangerous over voltages.
mode pulses are issued to disconnect the FSC from the VI. Conclusion
system. This procedure is shown in Figures 10b and 10c. The system of capacitive substation which is
Therefore, The maximum thermal rating of the intended to supply electricity to rural communities does not
damping resistor can be obtained as follows: require a costly power transformer and leads to major cost
reduction. In contrast, the problem of Ferro resonance is the
major obstacle of using this technique. In this paper a reliable
method to suppress the transient over voltages
Where: offerroresonance is offered. The ability of this technique is
‘W’ is thermal rating of the damping resistor, tested in transient cases in which the dangerous over voltage
‘K’ is safety margin and assumed to be 1.1, max V ’ is the can occur. Obtained simulation results prove the usefulness
maximum voltage appeared on FSC and assumed to be 1.5 of the proposed method.
pu.,‘R’ is FSC’s damping resistor’s’ is the maximum References
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C. Response to load on/off to Rural Areas: The Capacitive Voltage Divider”, IEEE
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damping the transient over voltages of load on/off case. In 265.
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the system voltage, when the load is disconnected and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No.1, Jan/ Feb 1980.
reconnected at the transformer output. At the time the load is [4] J.R. Marti, A.C. Soudack, “ Ferro resonance in Power
disconnected, the over voltages due toferroresonance are Systems: Fundamental Solutions” IEE Proceedings-C, Vol.
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the Ferro resonance. As Fig. 11illustrates the system load is [5] S. K. Chakravarthy and C. V. Nayar, “Ferro resonant
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s. Fig. 11b shows the rms value of primary side voltage. The [6] W. L. A. Neves, H. W. Dommel, “Saturation Curves of
over voltages andundervoltages due to these phenomena are Delta-Connected Transformers From Measurements”, IEEE,
clearly represented in this figure. The current through the No. 94SM 459-8 PWRD, July
FSCdamping resistor is also represented in Fig. 11c. 1994.
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