Interview Ques2003

Scribd
Upload a Document
Search Documents
Explore
Documents
• Books - Fiction
• Books - Non-fiction
• Health & Medicine
• Brochures/Catalogs
• Government Docs
• How-To Guides/Manuals
• Magazines/Newspapers
• Recipes/Menus
• School Work
• + all categories
•
• Featured
• Recent
People
• Authors
• Students
• Researchers
• Publishers
• Government & Nonprofits
• Businesses
• Musicians
• Artists & Designers
• Teachers
• + all categories
•
• Most Followed
• Popular
• Sign Up
• |
• Log In
/ 30
Download this Document for Free
.net interview questions

1.Explain dotnet framework ?
The dot net Framework has two main components CLR and
.NET Libraries. CLR (common
language runtimes), that actually runs the code manages so
many things for example code
execution, garbage collection, memory allocation, thread
management etc. Apart from CLR, the
.NET framework contains .NET libraries, which are collection
of namespaces and classes. The
classes and namespaces are kept in a systematic way and can be
used in making any application,
code reusability etc. The root namespace of .NET framework is
System, with this namespace many
namespaces like web (system.web), data (system.data), windows
(system.windows) are generated
which can be further have their namespaces.
2. What is the difference between Metadata and Menifest ?
Manifest describes the assembly itself. Assembly name, version
number, culture information. strong
name, list of all files, type reference and reference assembly.
While the Metadata describes the
contents within the assembly. like classes, interfaces,
namespaces, base class, scope, properties
and their parameters etc.
3. What are public and private assemblies ? differences and
scope ?
Public assembly are the dll/exe file that can be used in different
application. The main advantage of
public assemblies is code reusability. These can be used in
different machine on different
computers. These are also called as shared assemblies. Private
assembly is the assembelyinfo.cs
or assembelyinfo.vb file within an application. An application
must have one private assembly,
outside this application there is no scope of private assembly.
4. What is an Assembly ?
Assemblies are the fundamental building block of .NET
framework. They contains the type and
resources that are useful to make an application. Assembly
enables code reuse, version control,
security and deployment. An assembly can have four parts :
Manifest, Type metadata, MSIL and
Resource file
5. What is GAC ?
GAC (global assemble cache) Its an space (directory
C:\winnt\assembely) on the server where all
the shared assemblies are registered and that can be used in the
application for code reuse.
6. What do you know about Machine.Config file ?
Its a base configuration file for all .NET assemblies running on
the server. It specifies settings that
are global to a particular machine.
7. Different types of authentication modes in .NET Framework?
Windows, Forms, Passport and None.
8. What is Strong name?
Strong name ensures the uniqueness of assembly on the server.
A strong name includes
information about Assembly version, Public/Private Key token,
Culture information and Assembly
name.
9. Where does the GAC exist?
By default C:\\assembely e.g c:\winnt\assembely or
c:\windows\assembely
10. What are different types that a variable can be defined and
their scopes?
Public- Can be accessed anywhere
Private- anywhere in the same class
Protected -within the class and the class that inherits this class
Friend- Members of the class within the assembly
Protected friend- member of assembly or inheriting class
11. What is DLL HELL?
Previously (when using VB) we can have a situation that we
have to put same name dll file in a
single directory, but the dlls are of different versions. This is
known as dll hell.
12. What is COM, COM+ and DCOM?
COM (Component Object Model) A standard that is used to for
communication between OS and the
software. COM is used to create reusable software components
1
COM+ : COM+ is an extension of Component Object Model
(COM). COM+ is both an OOP
architecture and a set of operating system services.
DCOM an extension of the Component Object Model (COM)
that allows COM components to
communicate across network boundaries. Traditional COM
components can only perform
interprocess communication across process boundaries on the
same machine. DCOM uses the
RPC mechanism to transparently send and receive information
between COM components (i.e.,
clients and servers) on the same network.
13. What is boxing and unboxing ?
Implicit (manual) conversion of value type to reference type of a
variable is known as BOXING, for
example integer to object type conversion. Conversion of Boxed
type variable back to value type is
called as UnBoxing.
14. what is connected and disconnected database ?
Connected and disconnected database basically the approach
that how you handle the database
connection, It may be connected that once the application starts
you have to open the connection
only for a single time and then performs many transactions and
close the connection just before
exit the application. This approach will be generally used in
windows based application. On other
hand disconnected architecter refere to open and close the
connection for each time while
performing a transactio.
15. What is garbage collection and how it works ?
Garbage Collection is Automatic Memory Manager for the
dotnet framework. It manages the
momery allocated to the .NET framework. CLR takes cares
about .NET framework. When a
variable is defined, Its gets a space in the memory and when the
program control comes out of that
function the scope of variable gets ended, so the garbage
collection acts on and memory will
releases.
What Is Unmanaged Code?
Unmanaged code is what you use to make before Visual
Studio .NET 2002 was released. Visual
Basic 6, Visual C++ 6, heck, even that 15-year old C compiler
you may still have kicking around on
your hard drive all produced unmanaged code. It compiled
directly to machine code that ran on the
machine where you compiled it—and on other machines as long
as they had the same chip, or
nearly the same. It didn't get services such as security or
memory management from an invisible
runtime; it got them from the operating system. And
importantly, it got them from the operating
system explicitly, by asking for them, usually by calling an API
provided in the Windows SDK. More
recent unmanaged applications got operating system services
through COM calls.
Unlike the other Microsoft languages in Visual Studio, Visual
C++ can create unmanaged
applications. When you create a project and select an application
type whose name starts with
MFC, ATL, or Win32, you're creating an unmanaged
application.
This can lead to some confusion: When you create a .Managed
C++ application., the build product
is an assembly of IL with an .exe extension. When you create an
MFC application, the build product
is a Windows executable file of native code, also with an .exe
extension. The internal layout of the
two files is utterly different. You can use the Intermediate
Language Disassembler, ildasm, to look
inside an assembly and see the metadata and IL. Try pointing
ildasm at an unmanaged exe and
you'll be told it has no valid CLR (Common Language Runtime)
header and can't be disassembled
—Same extension, completely different files.
How big is the datatype int in .NET? 32 bits.
How big is the char? 16 bits (Unicode).
How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash?
Put an @ sign in front of the double-quoted
string.
2
What are valid signatures for the Main function?
public static void Main()
public static int Main()
public static void Main( string[] args )
public static int Main(string[] args )
Does Main() always have to be public? No.
How do you initialize a two-dimensional array that you don’t
know the dimensions of?
int [, ] myArray; //declaration
myArray= new int [5, 8]; //actual initialization
What’s the access level of the visibility type internal? Current
assembly.
What’s the difference between struct and class in C#?
Structs cannot be inherited.
Structs are passed by value, not by reference.
Struct is stored on the stack, not the heap.
Explain encapsulation. The implementation is hidden, the
interface is exposed.
What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that’s
signed? sbyte.
Speaking of Boolean data types, what’s different between C#
and C/C++? There’s no conversion between 0
and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++.
Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer
RAM? Stack.
Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM? The
references go on the stack, while the objects
themselves go on the heap. However, in reality things are more
elaborate.
What is the difference between the value-type variables and
reference-type variables in terms of garbage
collection? The value-type variables are not garbage-collected,
they just fall off the stack when they fall out
of scope, the reference-type objects are picked up by GC when
their references go null.
How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?
Int32.Parse(string), Convert.ToInt32()
How do you box a primitive data type variable? Initialize an
object with its value, pass an object, cast it to an
object
Why do you need to box a primitive variable? To pass it by
reference or apply a method that an object
supports, but primitive doesn’t.
What’s the difference between Java and .NET garbage
collectors? Sun left the implementation of a specific
garbage collector up to the JRE developer, so their performance
varies widely, depending on whose JRE
you’re using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.
How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?
System.GC.Collect();
Can you declare a C++ type destructor in C# like ~MyClass()?
Yes, but what’s the point, since it will call
Finalize(), and Finalize() has no guarantees when the memory
will be cleaned up, plus, it introduces
additional load on the garbage collector. The only time the
finalizer should be implemented, is when you’re
dealing with unmanaged code.
What’s different about namespace declaration when comparing
that to package declaration in Java? No
semicolon. Package declarations also have to be the first thing
within the file, can’t be nested, and affect all
classes within the file.
What’s the difference between const and readonly? You can
initialize readonly variables to some runtime
values. Let’s say your program uses current date and time as one
of the values that won’t change. This way
you declare
public readonly string DateT = new DateTime().ToString().
Can you create enumerated data types in C#? Yes.
What’s different about switch statements in C# as compared to
C++? No fall-throughs allowed.
What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside
the for loop? The code for the rest of the
loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning
of the loop.
3
Is goto statement supported in C#? How about Java? Gotos are
supported in C#to the fullest. In Java goto is
a reserved keyword that provides absolutely no functionality.
Describe the compilation process for .NET code? Source code is
compiled and run in the .NET Framework
using a two-stage process. First, source code is compiled to
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code
using a .NET Framework-compatible compiler, such as that for
Visual Basic .NET or Visual C#. Second,
MSIL code is compiled to native code.
Name any 2 of the 4 .NET authentification methods. ASP.NET,
in conjunction with Microsoft Internet
Information Services (IIS), can authenticate user credentials
such as names and passwords using any of the
following authentication methods:
Windows: Basic, digest, or Integrated Windows Authentication
(NTLM or Kerberos).
Microsoft Passport authentication
Forms authentication
Client Certificate authentication
How do you turn off SessionState in the web.config file? In the
system.web section of web.config, you
should locate the httpmodule tag and you simply disable session
by doing a remove tag with attribute name
set to session.
CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
What’s a bubbled event? When you have a complex control,
likeDataGrid,
writing an event processing routine for each object (cell,
button,row, etc.)
is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers,
allowing
the main DataGrid event handler to take care of itsconstituents.
Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on
MouseOver overa
certain button. Where do you add an event handler? It’s the
Attributesproperty,
the Add function inside that property. So
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","someClientCode();"
)A simple"Javascript:ClientCode();” in the
button control of the .aspx
page will attach the handler (javascript function)to the
onmouseover event.
What data type does the RangeValidator control support?
Integer,String
and Date.
Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the
limitations of any
approach you might take in implementing one? One of
ASP.NET’s most useful
features is the extensibility
of the HTTP pipeline, the path that data takes between client and
server.
You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications by
adding pre- and post-processing
to each HTTP request coming into your application. For
example, if you wanted
custom authentication facilities for your application, the best
technique
would be to intercept the request when it comes in and process
the request
in a custom HTTP module.
Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one? A DiffGram
is
an XML format that is used to identify current and original
versions of data
elements. The DataSet uses the DiffGram format to load and
persist its contents,
and to serialize its contents for transport across a network
connection. When
a DataSet is written as a DiffGram, it populates the DiffGram
with all the
4
necessary information to accurately recreate the contents, though
not the
schema, of the DataSet, including column values from both the
Original and
Current row versions, row error information, and row order.
ASP.NET
1. What are the different types of caching ?
Output caching, Fragment Caching and Data caching.
2. What do you mean by authentication and authorization ?
Authentication is the process of validating a user on the
credentials(username and password) and
authorization performs after authentication. After Authentication
a user will varified for performing the
various tasks, It access is limited it is known as authorization.
3. What is Setellite Assemblies ?
Setellite assemblies holds the cultural information. Cultural
refers the cultural information about the
region in the the application is going to use.
4. What are different types of directives in .NET ?
Page, Outputcache, Register
5. What is difference between server side and client side ?
6. Difference between Server.Transfer and Response.redirect ?
7. How to use Dataview property ?
8. How to reflect updation of data in dataset to database ?
9. What is is advantage of Dataset over Datareader ?
10. What is advantage of Datareader over dataset ?
11. What are the different types a command can be execute ?
(Execute reader, executeonquery.. )
12. What are different types of validations ?
13. What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?
14. What is web.config file ?
15. what is the difference between usercontrol and costem
control ?
16. How you will set the datarelation between two coloumns ?
17. What are advantage of viewstate and what are benifits ?
18. How doyou turn off cookies in one page of your asp.net
application ?
19. Dataset is always disconnected ? True
20. What is a Dataset ?
1)How do u do exception management
2)if u are using components in ur application , how can u handle
exceptions raised in a document.
* 3)can we throw exception from catch block
4)wat is the differeces b/w value type and reference type
5)is string reference/value type
6)wat is the web.config and how many web.config files can we
allowed to use in an application.
7)wat are the asynchronuos call backs
8)how to write unmanaged code and how to identify
9)whether code is managed/unmanaged
10)how to authenticate user in web.config
11)wat is strong name and which tool is used for this
12)wat is gacutil.exe where do we strore assemblies
13)should sn.exe be used before gauctil.exe
14)wat does assemblyinfo.cs consists of
15)differences b/w trace and debug
16)differences b/w dataset and datareader
17)wat is custom tag in web.config
5
18)how do u define authentication In web.config
19)wat is sequence of code in retrieving data from database
20)about dts package . purpose of dts.
21)where does the web.config info stored? Will this be stored in
the registry
22)how do u register the dotnet component or assembly
23)authenication mechanism in dotnet? And state management
in dotnet?
24)wat are http handler?
25)types of optimization and name a few and how do u ?
26)how do u do role based security?
27)diff b/w response.expires and expires.absolute?
28)types of objects in asp
29)diff b/w ado and ado.net
30)diff b/w isql and osql
31)how can I make a coulumn unique.
32)about sql profiler
33)wat are user defined stored procedures.
34)wat are code pages.
35)wat is refferential integrity
36)about sql profiler usage
37)wat are the advantages of dotnet and disadvantages.
38)wat are jitters and how many types.
39)how do u manage sessin in asp and asp.net
40)how do u handle session management in asp.net and how do
u implements them.how do u handle in
case of sqlserver mode.
41)wat is custom control. Wat is the diff b/w custom control and
user control;
42)does c# supports multi dimentional arrays.
43)features and disadvantages In dataset.
44)wat is the reflection and disadvantages.
45)wat is boxing and how it works internally
46)TYPES OF AUTEHNICATIONS IN IIS.
47)disadvantage of com components
48)how do u load xml documents and perform validations of the
document.
49)wat is ODP.NET
50)types of sessions management In asp.net
51)diff b/w datareader and dataset
52)wat are the steps in connecting to database
53)how do u register a .net assembly
54)caching techniques in .net
55)diff b/w .Net and previous version
56)diff b/w dataset and datareader
57)wat are runtime hosts
58)wat is an application domain
59)wat is view state
60)wat are the blocks in stored procedures
61)wat is normalization and how many type and give some
examples.
62)wat is subquery and wat is correlated subquery
63)diff types of validation control in asp.net
64)diff b/w server.execute and response.redirect
65)how response.flush works in server.execute
66)tell about global.asax
67)tell about web.config
68)tell about machine.config
69)how do u set language in web.config.
70)wat is nested query
71)diff b/w in vb dll and assemblies in .net
72)wat is WSDL
73)Wat are WSDL PORTS
74)where do u store connection string
6
75)wat does connection string consists of
76)which namaspace is used for exception
77)wat are the types of threading concepts
78)how many steps in .net application while running
79)how do u send an xml document from client to server
80)wat is intermedite lanuage in .net
81)wat is clr and how it generates native code
82)any disadvantage in dataset and in refleciton
83)wat is runtime host
84)wat is purpose of system.enterpriseservices namespace
85)types of statemanagemnt techniques.
86)how to invoke .net components and from com components ,
give the sequence.
87)how to check null values in the dataset
88)features in .net framework.
89)about disco and uddi
90)wat is jit , wat are the types of jits and their purpose.
91)wat is interoperablity
92)diff b/w application and session
93)wat is web application and session
94)wat is web application and virtual directory
95)diff b/w activex exe and dll
96)can tow web applications share a sesssion and application
variable.
97)diff b/w CDATA AND PCDATA IN XML
98)types of compatability in vb and their usage.
99)if I have a page where I create an instance of a dll and
invoking any method can I send value to next
page.
100)about mts and it's purpose
101)about xlst
102)wat is xml
103)how do u attach an xsl to an xml in presenting output.
104)about response.buffer and response.flush
105)wat is dataset and datamining
106)about soap
107)usage of htmlencode and urlencode
108)usage of server variables
109)how to find the clint browser type
110)diff b/w sqlserver 7.0 and sql server 2000
111)about dts usage
112)how do u optimize sql queries.
113)define .net architecture
114)where does ado.net and xml web services come in the
architecture.
115)wat is msil code
116)types of jit and wat is econo-jit
117)wat are webservices, its attributes . where they are available.
118) wat is uddi and how to register a webservrice
119)without uddi, is it possible to access a remote webservice.
120) wat is wsdl and disco file
121)wat does ado.net consists of?
122)wat does manifest consists?
123)wat do u mean by passport authentication and windows
authenication
124)how wsdl stores
125)wat is key features of ado.net and ado
126)wat is odp.net
127)wat is process
128)wat is binding in webservice
129)how a proxy Is generated for a web service
130)wat is delegates how it works
131) types of backups
132) wat is INSTEAD OF trigger.
133)write a query for to get second maximum salary In emp table
134)wat is currency in database
7
135)wat are nested triggers
136)wat is a heap related to database
137)diff b/w com and .net component
138)wat is UUID AND GUID wat is the size of this ID?
139)diff b/w dynamic querry and static query
140)about ado and its objects
141)wat is unmanaged code and will clr handle this kind of code
or not.
142)garbage collector's functionality on unmanages code.
143)types of cursors and explain them
144)types of cursor locks and explanation eace of them
145)wat is side by side execution
146)how do u impliment inheritance In dotnet.
147)about ado.net components/objects . usage of data adapters
and tell the steps to retrieve the data.
148)about sn.exe
149)wat was the problem in traditional component why side by
side execution is supported in .net?
150)how .net assemblies are registered as private and public
assemblies.
151)all kind of specifiers for a class and for methods.
152) wat is deployement and give one example with one
progrme
153)if suppose I done a project in dotnet . suppose if that project
is installed in some other system is it
necessary to install all .net framework or not
154)diff b/w oracle and sql server
155)diff b/w sql server7.0 and 2000
156)wat asp.net objects
where diff= difference
b/w = between
rem Basics !@#$%
.NET = its an Environment for developing Windows & Web
applications, services and components using
multiple Programming Languages.
S.O.A. = service oriented applications => eg. Web Services
Apart from Windows OS ; .NET is already available on UNIX
[Free BSD] & MAC ; & will be soon available on
Linux [Project Mono]
It is a Framework in which Windows applications may be
developed and run.The Microsoft .NET Framework
is a platform for building, deploying, and running Web Services
and applications. It provides a highly
productive, standards-based, multi-language environment for
integrating existing investments with next-
generation applications and services as well as the agility to
solve the challenges of deployment and
operation of Internet-scale applications. The .NET Framework
consists of three main parts: the common
language runtime, a hierarchical set of unified class libraries,
and a componentized version of Active Server
Pages called ASP.NET. The .NET Framework provides a new
programming model and rich set of classes
designed to simplify application development for Windows, the
Web, and mobile devices. It provides full
support for XML Web services, contains robust security
features, and delivers new levels of programming
power. The .NET Framework is used by all Microsoft languages
including Visual C#, Visual J#, and Visual
C++.
Visual Studio .NET is a Rapid Application tool.
· Drag n Drop
· Intellisense
· Debugging
· Project Templates
CLR is .NET equivalent of Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It is
the runtime that converts a MSIL code into the
host machine language code, which is then executed
appropriately.
The CLR is the execution engine for .NET Framework
applications. It provides a number of services,
including:
·
Code management (loading and execution)
·
Application memory isolation
8
· Thread management
·
Verification of type safety
·
Conversion of IL to native code.
·
Access to metadata (enhanced type information)
·
Managing memory for managed objects (memory management)
·
Enforcement of code access security
·
Exception handling, including cross-language exceptions
·
Interoperation between managed code, COM objects, and pre-
existing DLL's (unmanaged code and
data) i.e.
Robustness
·
Automation of object layout
·
Support for developer services (profiling, debugging, and so on).
Managed code is code that is written to target the services of the
Common Language Runtime. In order to
target these services, the code must provide a minimum level of
information (metadata) to the runtime. All
C#, Visual Basic .NET, and JScript .NET code is managed by
default. Visual Studio .NET C++ code is not
managed by default, but the compiler can produce managed
code by specifying a command-line switch
(/CLR).
Closely related to managed code is managed data--data that is
allocated and de- allocated by the Common
Language Runtime's garbage collector. C#, Visual Basic, and
JScript .NET data is managed by default. C#
data can, however, be marked as unmanaged through the use of
special keywords. Visual Studio .NET C++
data is unmanaged by default (even when using the /CLR
switch), but when using Managed Extensions for
C++, a class can be marked as managed using the __gc
keyword. As the name suggests, this means that
the memory for instances of the class is managed by the garbage
collector. In addition, the class becomes a
full participating member of the .NET Framework community,
with the benefits and restrictions that it brings.
An example of a benefit is proper interoperability with classes
written in other languages (for example, a
managed C++ class can inherit from a Visual Basic class). An
example of a restriction is that a managed
class can only inherit from one base class.
CTS defines all of the basic types that can be used in the .NET
Framework and the operations performed on
those type. All this time we have been talking about language
interoperability, and .NET Class Framework.
None of this is possible without all the language sharing the
same data types. What this means is that an int
should mean the same in VB, VC++, C# and all other .NET
compliant languages. This is achieved through
introduction of Common Type System (CTS).
CLS = standards,guidelines for Compiler Vendors.
CTS = datatypes r defined by .NET framework NOT defined by
languages.
Thread : a Unit of Execution; When its bare minimum no.of
threads Active – i.e. 1 thread active ; Tats it : then tat Thread is
called Default thread.If there are more threads [2 or more] CLR
comes/steps in place of Operating System.dotNet supports
MultiThreading !
In .NET Framework , all code resides in Types i.e. Classes
· Logical arrangement – namespaces
· Physical arrangement - assemblies
Types reside in Namespaces & Namespaces reside in
Assemblies.
' Namespace=Folder; Class=File
What is the difference between a namespace and assembly
name?
A namespace is a logical naming scheme for types in which a
simple type name, such as MyType, is
preceded with a dot-separated hierarchical name. Such a naming
scheme is completely under control of the
developer. For example, types MyCompany.FileAccess.A and
MyCompany.FileAccess.B might be logically
expected to have functionally related to file access. The .NET
Framework uses a hierarchical naming
scheme for grouping types into logical categories of related
functionality, such as the ASP.NET application
framework, or remoting functionality. Design tools can make
use of namespaces to make it easier for
developers to browse and reference types in their code. The
concept of a namespace is not related to that of
an assembly. A single assembly may contain types whose
hierarchical names have different namespace
roots, and a logical namespace root may span multiple
assemblies. In the .NET Framework, a namespace is
a logical design-time naming convenience, whereas an assembly
establishes the name scope for types at
run time.
9
Namespace => a Collection of names wherein each name is
Unique.
They form the logical boundary for a Group of classes.
Namespace – must be specified in Project-Properties.
Assembly => a software Output Unit;It’s a unit of Deployment
& a unit of versioning.Assemblies contain
MSIL code.
Assemblies r Self-Describing. [metadata,manifest]
An assembly is the primary building block of a .NET
Framework application. It is a collection of functionality
that is built, versioned, and deployed as a single implementation
unit (as one or more files). All managed
types and resources are marked either as accessible only within
their implementation unit, or as accessible
by code outside that unit.
.NET Assembly contains all the metadata about the modules,
types, and other elements it contains in the
form of a “manifest.” The CLR loves assemblies because
differing programming languages are just perfect
for creating certain kinds of applications. For example, COBOL
stands for Common Business-Oriented
Language because it’s tailor-made for creating business apps.
However, it’s not much good for creating
drafting programs. Regardless of what language you used to
create your modules, they can all work
together within one Portable Executable Assembly.
There’s a hierarchy to the structure of .NET code. That
hierarchy is “Assembly -> Module -> Type ->
Method."
Assemblies can be static or dynamic. Static assemblies can
include .NET Framework types (interfaces and
classes), as well as resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG
files, resource files, and so on). Static
assemblies are stored on disk in portable executable (PE) files.
You can also use the .NET Framework to
create dynamic assemblies, which are run directly from memory
and are not saved to disk before execution.
You can save dynamic assemblies to disk after they have
executed.
Assemblies also allow Side-by-Side execution – 2 versions of
same assembly being used @ same time.
References ALWAYS contain names – which r ASSEMBLY
names of External Dependencies in ur Project.
code-construct for Attribute [attribute for assembly]
[Assembly: company name]
[Assembly: configuration]
MSIL is an Instruction-set.
MSIL by itself is a Programming Language.
MSIL faster/optimized w.r.t java-byte-code.
A .NET programming language (C#, VB.NET, J# etc.) does not
compile into executable code; instead it
compiles into an intermediate code called Microsoft
Intermediate Language (MSIL). As a programmer one
need not worry about the syntax of MSIL - since our source
code in automatically converted to MSIL. The
MSIL code is then send to the CLR (Common Language
Runtime) that converts the code to machine
language, which is, then run on the host machine. MSIL is
similar to Java Byte code.
MSIL is the CPU-independent instruction set into which .NET
Framework programs are compiled. It contains
instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods
on objects.
Combined with metadata and the common type system, MSIL
allows for true cross- language integration
Prior to execution, MSIL is converted to machine code. It is not
interpreted.
METADATA =è
· Wats the name of Assembly
?
· Wat r Classes available
?
· Wat is Version no.
?
· Wat r Programming Languages used ?
Metadata is information about a PE. In COM, metadata is
communicated through non-standardized type
libraries. In .NET, this data is contained in the header portion of
a COFF-compliant PE and follows certain
guidelines; it contains information such as the assembly’s name,
version, language (spoken, not computer—
a.k.a., “culture”), what external types are referenced, what
internal types are exposed, methods, properties,
classes, and much more. The CLR uses metadata for a number
of specific purposes. Security is managed
through a public key in the PE’s header. Information about
classes, modules, and so forth allows the CLR to
know in advance what structures are necessary. The class loader
component of the CLR uses metadata to
locate specific classes within assemblies, either locally or across
networks. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers use
the metadata to turn IL into executable code. Other programs
take advantage of metadata as well. A
common example is placing a Microsoft Word document on a
Windows 2000 desktop. If the document file
has completed comments, author, title, or other Properties
metadata, the text is displayed as a tool tip when
a user hovers the mouse over the document on the desktop. You
can use the Ildasm.exe utility to view the
metadata in a PE. Literally, this tool is an IL disassembler.
10
Module ---
Module is a Class whose all members are static/shared.
##### ADVANTAGES / usp :-
Advantages of VB.NET
1. First of all, VB.NET provides managed code execution that
runs under the Common Language Runtime
(CLR), resulting in robust, stable and secure applications. All
features of the .NET framework are readily
available in VB.NET.2. VB.NET is totally object oriented. This
is a major addition that VB6 and other earlier
releases didn't have.3. The .NET framework comes with
ADO.NET, which follows the disconnected
paradigm, i.e. once the required records are fetched the
connection no longer exists. It also retrieves the
records that are expected to be accessed in the immediate future.
This enhances Scalability of the
application to a great extent.4. VB.NET uses XML to transfer
data between the various layers in the DNA
Architecture i.e. data are passed as simple text strings.5. Error
handling has changed in VB.NET. A new Try-
Catch-Finally block has been introduced to handle errors and
exceptions as a unit, allowing appropriate
action to be taken at the place the error occurred thus
discouraging the use of ON ERROR GOTO
statement. This again credits to the maintainability of the code.6.
Another great feature added to VB.NET is
free threading against the VB single-threaded apartment feature.
In many situations developers need
spawning of a new thread to run as a background process and
increase the usability of the application.
VB.NET allows developers to spawn threads wherever they feel
like, hence giving freedom and better
control on the application.7. Security has become more robust in
VB.NET. In addition to the role-based
security in VB6, VB.NET comes with a new security model,
Code Access security. This security controls on
what the code can access. For example you can set the security
to a component such that the component
cannot access the database. This type of security is important
because it allows building components that
can be trusted to various degrees.8. The CLR takes care of
garbage collection i.e. the CLR releases
resources as soon as an object is no more in use. This relieves
the developer from thinking of ways to
manage memory. CLR does this for them.
BinaryIntellect sir - Points – Main Adv.
1. fully object-oriented
2. Rich built-in functionality
3. Automatic memory mangement
4. No registration & versioning issues
5. No marshalling overheads – Avoided bcoz of C T S
6. xcopy deployment [made easier]
7. EAI made easy thru Web Services.
Classes can contain :-
1. variables
2. properties
3. methods
4. constructors
5. finalizers
6. events & delegates
'Struct, enum, property /no New keyword/ also Must create an
instance purpose of using an enum is Basically to make s.c.
more readable …. 'Also can contain methods...
' Property only for private/protected variables....
' pvar1.age=23 => call of Set
' c.wl(pvar1.age) => call of Get
can use keywords ReadOnly,WriteOnly with a Property as well
……
Member vars = Field vars => @ Class-level; [these represent the
State of ur Class];
These member vars WILL NOT be DIRECTLY Exposed to
end-user.
PROPERTIES r recommended over member-vars bcoz they
provide
Data Validation.
'Dim.... Redim....
Then data will be lost
11
'BUT Dim.... Redim Preserve.... then no probs!
'str1=str1+str2 OR str1=str1 & str2 [string concatenation]
' Try.... Catch ex as Exception.... Finally.... End Try
'Exception=CLASS; ex=instance
'Try can be with more than 1 catch
'Finally is Not Compulsory;Freeing the memory used up;
whenever present Finally is ALWAYS executed
'Catch executed ONLY when error occurs
STATIC or Shared => called straight-directly by OS / CLR .
'Shared ===> basically access "that class" without creating an
instance[objt]
string[] args => command-line arguments.
'Both constr destrr r methods/procedures;
constrr is marked by New(); destrr marked by Finalize()
'Constrr = initialization & database connectivity ;
'Destrr = Clean Up ;
destrr / finalizer = a funcn tat gets called automatically by
Garbage Collector when tat Object is NOT in use.
'Signature w.r.t a proc/funcn
'Also 2 mainpts of a sgnre --- Return type & Parameters
'c.wl , WriteLine() mtd features both Shared, OverLoaded
by default – No command-line arguments r specified in VB.NET
code.
------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACTION
Providing the end user wihout showing the complexity of
execution is called abstraction.
looking for what u want and eliminating the unnessary details
A process of filtering out unwanted details based on a given
context & identify a programmable entity from a
RealWorld situation.
Its in the “mind” of the Developer. < ONLY taking relevant
details for Design of appropriate class >
ENCAPSULATION
A tactic of bundling data & functions [tat act on tat data] together
aka - Data Hiding ; Classes, Properties & Methods use
encapsulation.
INHERITANCE
A process of Specialized classes from Generic ones.
[class_Manager is a special case of class_Employee]
: at a time ONLY 1 base class
Main Aim of Inheritance : - Specialization & in the process u can
achieve Re-Use.
Multiple inheritance NOT supported in .NET
Interfaces---
- a set of Property & Function signatures without any
implementation.
- a class implementing an interface must provide implementation
for ALL members.
these r like a Contract
- All members must be implemented
- Everything must be PUBLIC
- they provide templates for Classes
- Interfaces r developed prior-to/before Developing of Classes
'an Abstract Class contains at least 1 Abstract Method[with no
body]
can have other/normal mtds too ………
'Interface is a pure abstract class; all mtds r abstract [only 1
parent class]
'b/w Classes ; b/w Interfaces
=Inherits
'b/w Class and Interface
=Implements
eg. Code
Class B
inherits A
implements I1,I2,I3.................
12
eg. Code
namespace Employee
public interface Iperson
{DateTime D_O_B
{get;
set;
}void Eat();
}Inherits Cemployee
Implements Iperson
Rule :- var of type Interface can point to Object of Class tat
implements tat Interface
I N T E R F A C E -> Within the same Project, add Class [PTR]
name ur class as “ all Interface names begin
with I ”
POLYMORPHISM
Multiple forms of the same entity
Eg. Door.Open() Book.Open() , Car.Run() Horse.Run() ……….
2 types –
P via Inheritance
P via Interfaces
-----------------------------------------------------
EVENTS - see presentation-study !!!
'we CAN have USE OF BOTH {WithEvents,Handles} &
{AddHandler,Invoke} in an eg. program
E V E N T => A notification from a class to the client.
Modus operandi for Events n Delegates ---
1. 1st ur Class shud have an Event defined
2. In client-appcn u must have some Event-Handler
3. Agreed syntax b/w these 2 [ === delegate ]
a Delegate - a type-safe funcn pointer.Events r instances of
Delegates.
Inside/within .NET f/w , Delegates r treated as Classes.
An Event-Delegate requires 3 things :-
1. Class with an event { publisher }
2. Class with an event-handler { subscriber }
3. Agreed syntax { delegate }
Event Publisher Event Subscriber
Declare a delegate tat represents Create eventhandler funcn
matching
Signature of event signature of delegate

Declare an instance of event Subcribe to the event
Raise the event
rem ADO.net !@#$%
' DBMS --- S/W for managing a database
' RDBMS - relational DBMS . eg.
SQL,Oracle,Access,DB2,Informix....
' MAIN IDEA ==> cnxn b/w RDBMS
&
VB.Net
' Dataset -> a collection of datatables[classes].
' DataSet always with Data Adapter ..
13
' OLEDB -> System.Data.Oledb
' SQL S -> System.Data.SqlClient
'Data Reader --- specifically for Web Forms
[ReadOnly;ForwardOnly];
'[cnxn must be online] [1 Record at a time].....
' StoredProcedure....
rem cmndText= "name of proc"
rem cmndType= "CommandType.StoredProcedure"
' these r basically for repetitive action/loop/code........
rem Crystal Reports !@#$%
' 2 ways of intzg/lead-to DataSource - OFD & ds-da
' OFD ke thru useof CRV.ReportSource=ofd.Filename;
CRV.ReportSource=rpt ;
' [rpt = Report object]
***************************************
4 fundas :
' Filling the Dataset
' Creating the Report object [rpt]
' Assign the Dataset to rpt
' Assign the Report to the ReportViewer
****************************************
' Note that Always along with .xsd,.resx..... files; theres a .vb file
also created!
' Export Report 4 possibilties : .pdf, .rtf , .xls[MS-EXCEL] ,
.doc[MS-WORD]
‘ .resx is a Resource-file……………………
rem WebService !@#$%
' standards used by a Web Service -> HTTP,XML,SOAP
' Web Service === Class located on a WebSite ...
' SOAP === Simple Object Access Protocol.....
' WSDL === Web Service Description Language
' unlike in HTML; in XML we can have custom tags......
' w.r.t Web Service.... Imports System.Web.Services; attributes
' all ws's have extension ===> .asmx
' IMPT STEPS :
' $ Create/code Web Service...
' $ Make a Client Application..
' $ Add a Web Reference ...
' $# after add-web-ref; 2 stmts
' dim ms as com10.MathService
' inside all subs :-> ms = New com10.MathService()
' due to xml we can have xfer of complex datatypes too such as
' arrays,collections,dataset ...
rem rite way to rite ritely is---->
'
Assemblies can be static or dynamic. Static assemblies can
include .NET Framework types (interfaces and
classes), as well as resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG
files, resource files, and so on). Static
assemblies are stored on disk in portable executable (PE) files.
You can also use the .NET Framework to
create dynamic assemblies, which are run directly from memory
and are not saved to disk before execution.
You can save dynamic assemblies to disk after they have
executed.
Assemblies also allow Side-by-Side execution – 2 versions of
same assembly being used @ same time.
References ALWAYS contain names – which r ASSEMBLY
names of External Dependencies in ur Project.
code-construct for Attribute [attribute for assembly]
[Assembly: company name]
[Assembly: configuration]
Module ---
Module is a Class whose all members are static/shared.
Modules r containers of Classes.
14
' UML - explain Uses,Extends.... ?
' UML - Multiplicity ...
?
‘ OOPs concept relating to Parent class,Child class & instances !
‘’ vsdisco files in Visual Studio ?? [ What for ???]
Ans.6
all info bout Configuring the Web Service.
Shared Assembly – GAC --- explain ?
Ans.7 concept :-
. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC) and what is the
purpose of it? (How to make an assembly to
public? Steps) How more than one version of an assembly can
keep in same place?
Each computer where the common language runtime is installed
has a machine-wide code cache called the
global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores
assemblies specifically designated to be shared
by several applications on the computer. You should share
assemblies by installing them into the global
assembly cache only when you need to.
Steps
- Create a strong name using sn.exe tool
eg: sn -k keyPair.snk
- with in AssemblyInfo.cs add the generated file name
eg: [assembly: AssemblyKeyFile("abc.snk")]
- recompile project, then install it to GAC by either
drag & drop it to assembly folder (C:\WINDOWS\assembly OR
C:\WINNT\assembly) (shfusion.dll tool)
or
gacutil -i abc.dll
only for .NET assemblies; when Assemblies r shared b/w 2
appcns thru a Cache called GAC !for this
purpose, we register a Shared Assembly in the GAC & not in
Windows Registry
###
GAC => possible with same name & different versions; then the
identification is by the Strong Name.SN
assembly is an assembly which has been encrypted with a pair
[Public Key & Private Key]
###
‘ VSS Wat ? 3 main/code Options ???
Ans.8 VSS -> VisualSourceSafe
3 Options ---
o Explicit
o Strict
o Compare [binary/text]
vb.net --- Application Domain ???
Ans.9
· What is Application Domain?
The primary purpose of the AppDomain is to isolate an
application from other applications. Win32 processes
provide isolation by having distinct memory address spaces.
This is effective, but it is expensive and doesn't
scale well. The .NET runtime enforces AppDomain isolation by
keeping control over the use of memory - all
memory in the AppDomain is managed by the .NET runtime, so
the runtime can ensure that AppDomains do
not access each other's memory.
Objects in different application domains communicate either by
transporting copies of objects across
application domain boundaries, or by using a proxy to exchange
messages.
MarshalByRefObject is the base class for objects that
communicate across application domain boundaries
by exchanging messages using a proxy. Objects that do not
inherit from MarshalByRefObject are implicitly
marshal by value. When a remote application references a
marshal by value object, a copy of the object is
passed across application domain boundaries.
How does an AppDomain get created?
AppDomains are usually created by hosts. Examples of hosts are
the Windows Shell, ASP.NET and IE.
When you run a .NET application from the command-line, the
host is the Shell. The Shell creates a new
AppDomain for every application.
AppDomains can also be explicitly created by .NET
applications. Here is a C# sample which creates an
15
AppDomain, creates an instance of an object inside it, and then
executes one of the object's methods. Note
that you must name the executable 'appdomaintest.exe' for this
code to work as-is.
· using System;
· using System.Runtime.Remoting;
·· public class CAppDomainInfo : MarshalByRefObject
·{
· public string GetAppDomainInfo()
·{
· return "AppDomain = " +
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName;
·}
·}
· public class App
·{
· public static int Main()
·{
· AppDomain ad = AppDomain.CreateDomain( "Andy's new
domain", null, null );
· ObjectHandle oh = ad.CreateInstance( "appdomaintest",
"CAppDomainInfo" );
· CAppDomainInfo adInfo = (CAppDomainInfo)(oh.Unwrap());
· string info = adInfo.GetAppDomainInfo();
· Console.WriteLine( "AppDomain info: " + info );
· return 0;
·}
}i.e. pertaining to the Server [SQL Server2000, Oracle 8i, 9i]
AD - logical process created by the OS; AD provides isolation
& security w.r.t Processes.
eg.s of Runtime Host --- asp.net,IE,Shell Executable.
Application Domain :
--------------------
The logical and physical boundary created around every .NET
application
by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR can allow
multiple .NET
applications to be run in a single process by loading them into
separate
application domains. The CLR isolates each application domain
from all
other application domains and prevents the configuration,
security, or
stability of a running .NET applications from affecting other
applications. Objects can only be moved between application
domains by the use
of remoting.
SAME is << CLR :: AppDomain >>
App Domain provides Memory Isolation .
SQL Triggers ?
Ans.10
for controlling table-to-table activity !!!
ODBC v OLEDB ? [ ODBC esp. for ]
Ans.11
OLEDB is most frequently used !
Specifics ---
ODBC - for DSN [Domain Server Name]; making any appcn
which has Driver !
OLEDB - for RDBMS .
Remoting - is it-------
[Distributed Appcns over n/w] OR
[among Heterogenous OS]
???
Ans.12
· What is Remoting?
The process of communication between different operating
system processes, regardless of whether they
16
are on the same computer. The .NET remoting system is an
architecture designed to simplify
communication between objects living in different application
domains, whether on the same computer or
not, and between different contexts, whether in the same
application domain or not.
Remoting is Inter-Process communication/progmmg.Its different
from Socket[n/w] progmmg i.e. Tx & Rx
.Remoting - 2 protocols --- TCP & HTTP .
so, it is " ".
Remoting:
---------
A .NET technology that allows objects residing in different
application
domains to communicate. Objects in different application
domains are
said to be separated by a remoting boundary. Objects using
remoting may
be on the same computer, or on different computers connected
by a
network. Remoting is the .NET replacement for DCOM.
REMOTING :_ accessing anything on some other machine from
your
machine.
· Difference between web services & remoting?
ASP.NET Web Services .NET Remoting
Protocol Can be accessed only over HTTP Can be accessed over
any protocol (including TCP, HTTP, SMTP
and so on)
State Management Web services work in a stateless environment
Provide support for both stateful and
stateless environments through Singleton and SingleCall objects
Type System Web services support only the datatypes defined in
the XSD type system, limiting the number
of objects that can be serialized. Using binary
communication, .NET Remoting can provide support for rich
type system
Interoperability Web services support interoperability across
platforms, and are ideal for heterogeneous
environments. .NET remoting requires the client be built
using .NET, enforcing homogenous environment.
Reliability Highly reliable due to the fact that Web services are
always hosted in IIS Can also take advantage
of IIS for fault isolation. If IIS is not used, application needs to
provide plumbing for ensuring the reliability of
the application.
Extensibility Provides extensibility by allowing us to intercept
the SOAP messages during the serialization
and deserialization stages. Very extensible by allowing us to
customize the different components of the .NET
remoting framework.
Ease-of-Programming Easy-to-create and deploy. Complex to
program.
.asax mein kya kya primarily rehta hai [global .asax] ?
Ans.13
used to define Event Handlers - with application/session scope;
used to define Objects - with application/session scope.
this file may contain :- event handlers...........
application_start
application_end
session_start
session_end
application_beginrequest
application_endrequest
Web.Config mein System Settings hota hai kya
[present/possible] ???
Session,State ???
Ans.15
When a user requests a Page from ur Website, Session
starts;each user on ur website is given a
session.Session object is used to store info needed for a
particular user-session.Variables persist for the
entire user-session.
HTTP [stateless]:Web Server treats each http request for a page
as an independent request.
We can store values in the Session object;Info stored in the
session object is available thruout the session &
17
has session scope.
Dataset cant have Tables other than those of Database -
True/False ?
Ans.19
Yes = True.
Web Service mein kya kya type-of-Parameters pass ho sakte
hain ?
3. What is a WebService and what is the underlying protocol
used in it?Why Web Services?
Web Services are applications delivered as a service on the
Web. Web services allow for programmatic
access of business logic over the Web. Web services typically
rely on XML-based protocols, messages, and
interface descriptions for communication and access. Web
services are designed to be used by other
programs or applications rather than directly by end user.
Programs invoking a Web service are called
clients. SOAP over HTTP is the most commonly used protocol
for invoking Web services.
There are three main uses of Web services.
1. Application integration Web services within an intranet are
commonly used to integrate business
applications running on disparate platforms. For example, a
.NET client running on Windows 2000 can
easily invoke a Java Web service running on a mainframe or
Unix machine to retrieve data from a legacy
application.
2. Business integration Web services allow trading partners to
engage in e-business leveraging the existing
Internet infrastructure. Organizations can send electronic
purchase orders to suppliers and receive
electronic invoices. Doing e-business with Web services means
a low barrier to entry because Web services
can be added to existing applications running on any platform
without changing legacy code.
3. Commercial Web services focus on selling content and
business services to clients over the Internet
similar to familiar Web pages. Unlike Web pages, commercial
Web services target applications not humans
as their direct users. Continental Airlines exposes flight
schedules and status Web services for travel Web
sites and agencies to use in their applications. Like Web pages,
commercial Web services are valuable only
if they expose a valuable service or content. It would be very
difficult to get customers to pay you for using a
Web service that creates business charts with the customers?
data. Customers would rather buy a charting
component (e.g. COM or .NET component) and install it on the
same machine as their application. On the
other hand, it makes sense to sell real-time weather information
or stock quotes as a Web service.
Technology can help you add value to your services and explore
new markets, but ultimately customers pay
for contents and/or business services, not for technology
4. Are Web Services a replacement for other distributed
computing platforms?
No. Web Services is just a new way of looking at existing
implementation platforms.
5. In a Webservice, need to display 10 rows from a table. So
DataReader or DataSet is best choice?
A: WebService will support only DataSet.
1 Namespace --- 1 dll ? OR this associativity [ 1 to 1 w.r.t
Namespace-dll associativity ] is not necessary ???
Ans.21
No, Not Necessary !!!
********** BEST OF LUCK/SUCCESS *********
50 .
Early & Late Binding:
---------------------
- Early binding is to know the type of an object at compile time.
The
compiler have all the needed element at compile time to build
the call
into the excutable code (resolution of calls at compile time)
- With late binding, the type of an object is known only at
runtime. It
will need extra instructions to find out where is the method to be
called (if it exists) before calling it (resolution of calls at
runtime)
***Early binding is when the actual object behind the pointer is
resolved at
compile time.
Late binding is when the actual object behind the pointer is
resolved at run
time.
U can also go to foll link for details n an example.
18
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-
us/vbcn7/html/vaconEarlyLateBinding.asp
51. Application Domain :
--------------------
The logical and physical boundary created around every .NET
application
by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR can allow
multiple .NET
applications to be run in a single process by loading them into
separate
application domains. The CLR isolates each application domain
from all
other application domains and prevents the configuration,
security, or
stability of a running .NET applications from affecting other
applications. Objects can only be moved between application
domains by the use
of remoting.
SAME is << CLR :: AppDomain >>
App Domain provides Memory Isolation .
U can also go to foll link for details n an example.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-
us/cpguide/html/cpconapplicationdomainhosts.asp
Process:
--------
A process, in the simplest terms, is a running application. A
thread is
the basic unit to which the operating system allocates processor
time
for a process.
***A process is started by the Operating System to run any
program on the
computer.
When you run Notepad, internally, Windows starts a process
for the same.
52.
Remoting:
---------
A .NET technology that allows objects residing in different
application
domains to communicate. Objects in different application
domains are
said to be separated by a remoting boundary. Objects using
remoting may
be on the same computer, or on different computers connected
by a
network. Remoting is the .NET replacement for DCOM.
REMOTING :_ accessing anything on some other machine from
your
machine.
53. The difference between typed data set and untyped dataset:-
The difference between the two lies in the fact that a Typed
DataSet
has a schema and an Untyped DataSet does not have one. It
should be
noted that the Typed Datasets have more support in Visual
studio.
A typed dataset gives us easier access to the contents of the table
through strongly typed programming that uses information from
the
underlying data schema. A typed DataSet has a reference to an
XML
schema file:
Dim s As String
s = dsCustomersOrders1.Customers(0).CustomerID
In contrast, if we are working with an untyped DataSet, the
equivalent code looks like this:
Dim s As String
s=_
CType(dsCustomersOrders1.Tables("Customers").Rows(0).Item
("CustomerID"), String)
As the syntax is much simpler and more practical, using typed
Datasets is much more handy.
<< Typed DataSet :- when the full structure gets copied using
normal ado.net commands ;
Untyped DataSet :- Only getting data into dataset ;
19
i.e. w.r.t typed dataset-working; we know Field –Type ; we can
use .separated & the Type automatically
appears ……….. >>

55. asp.net – Post Back is the same as Refresh functionally !!!
56. For Classes : Multiple Inheritance is NOT possible ;
for Interfaces however; Yes its Allowed/possible !!!
57. For Shadowing-purpose ; its OK if in the Base Class; we
don’t write keyword : Overridable [MUST
WRITE for Overriding-purpose]
26.
Wats an Abstract Class ?
Wats an Interface ?
59. Interface [vb.net] cant have default implementation !
· In which Scenario you will go for Interface or Abstract Class?
Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and
events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not
provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and
defined as separate entities from classes.
Even though class inheritance allows your classes to inherit
implementation from a base class, it also forces
you to make most of your design decisions when the class is first
published.
Abstract classes are useful when creating components because
they allow you specify an invariant level of
functionality in some methods, but leave the implementation of
other methods until a specific implementation
of that class is needed. They also version well, because if
additional functionality is needed in derived
classes, it can be added to the base class without breaking code.
Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes
Feature Interface Abstract class
Multiple inheritance A class may implement several interfaces.
A class may extend only one abstract class.
Default implementation An interface cannot provide any code at
all, much less default code. An abstract
class can provide complete code, default code, and/or just stubs
that have to be overridden.
Constants Static final constants only, can use them without
qualification in classes that implement the
interface. On the other paw, these unqualified names pollute the
namespace. You can use them and it is not
obvious where they are coming from since the qualification is
optional. Both instance and static constants
are possible. Both static and instance intialiser code are also
possible to compute the constants.
Third party convenience An interface implementation may be
added to any existing third party class. A third
party class must be rewritten to extend only from the abstract
class.
is-a vs -able or can-do Interfaces are often used to describe the
peripheral abilities of a class, not its central
identity, e.g. an Automobile class might implement the
Recyclable interface, which could apply to many
otherwise totally unrelated objects. An abstract class defines the
core identity of its descendants. If you
defined a Dog abstract class then Damamation descendants are
Dogs, they are not merely dogable.
Implemented interfaces enumerate the general things a class can
do, not the things a class is.
Plug-in You can write a new replacement module for an
interface that contains not one stick of code in
common with the existing implementations. When you
implement the interface, you start from scratch
without any default implementation. You have to obtain your
tools from other classes; nothing comes with
the interface other than a few constants. This gives you freedom
to implement a radically different internal
design. You must use the abstract class as-is for the code base,
with all its attendant baggage, good or bad.
The abstract class author has imposed structure on you.
Depending on the cleverness of the author of the
abstract class, this may be good or bad. Another issue that's
important is what I call "heterogeneous vs.
homogeneous." If implementors/subclasses are homogeneous,
tend towards an abstract base class. If they
are heterogeneous, use an interface. (Now all I have to do is
come up with a good definition of
hetero/homogeneous in this context.) If the various objects are
all of-a-kind, and share a common state and
behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they
share is a set of method signatures, then tend
towards an interface.
Homogeneity If all the various implementations share is the
method signatures, then an interface works
best. If the various implementations are all of a kind and share a
common status and behavior, usually an
abstract class works best.
Maintenance If your client code talks only in terms of an
interface, you can easily change the concrete
implementation behind it, using a factory method. Just like an
interface, if your client code talks only in terms
of an abstract class, you can easily change the concrete
implementation behind it, using a factory method.
Speed Slow, requires extra indirection to find the corresponding
method in the actual class. Modern JVMs
20
are discovering ways to reduce this speed penalty. Fast
Terseness The constant declarations in an interface are all
presumed public static final, so you may leave
that part out. You can't call any methods to compute the initial
values of your constants. You need not
declare individual methods of an interface abstract. They are all
presumed so. You can put shared code into
an abstract class, where you cannot into an interface. If
interfaces want to share code, you will have to write
other bubblegum to arrange that. You may use methods to
compute the initial values of your constants and
variables, both instance and static. You must declare all the
individual methods of an abstract class abstract.
Adding functionality If you add a new method to an interface,
you must track down all implementations of
that interface in the universe and provide them with a concrete
implementation of that method. If you add a
new method to an abstract class, you have the option of
providing a default implementation of it. Then all
existing code will continue to work without change.
60. default Access Modifier for Vars/Method is Friend NOT
public !!!
61. OOPS 4th feature – Abstraction --- Modelling ---
concentrate on Modelling details !
??????????
62. BCL – base class Library !
63. CLS is a Subset of CTS !
L->T ;
L&T
64. ASP.net – session params/attributes :-
In Process ?
State Server
SQL Server
65. vb.net < method/sub declrn > ; OPTIONAL keyword is the
last parameter Written
66. Clone [vb.net object] ; Does it create a Shallow copy or
Deep copy ?? – creates Shallow copy !
67. Databinding is relating Set of Controls to Dataset table-
columns directly !!!
68. Wats Ad Hoc querying ???
It simply means AAA querying => Anywhere, Anytime
Anyhow sql-querying!!!!!!!
69. XML-document Class – create/return an xml node objt::::
Create < node ; Attribute ; Element > ; which one????
70. Strong name assembly – tool --- is it sn.exe ??
You should share assemblies by installing them into the global
assembly cache only when you need to.
Steps
- Create a strong name using sn.exe tool
eg: sn -k keyPair.snk
- with in AssemblyInfo.cs add the generated file name
eg: [assembly: AssemblyKeyFile("abc.snk")]
- recompile project, then install it to GAC by either
drag & drop it to assembly folder (C:\WINDOWS\assembly OR
C:\WINNT\assembly) (shfusion.dll tool)
or
gacutil -i abc.dll
71. use from & back to COM-version :-
**** to expose .net cmpt as a COM cmpt ::: ****

there must be @ least 1 public zero-argument constructor
Types cant be abstract
All members must be Public n non-Static [subs,Vars,Properties
etc. ]
21
Basic .NET Framework questions
1) What is IL? (What is MSIL or CIL, What is JIT?)
MSIL is the CPU –independent instruction set into which .Net
framework programs are compiled. It contains
instructions for loading, storing initializing, and calling methods
on objects.
2) What is the CLR?
Common Language Runtime is the execution engine for .NET
Framework applications. It provides a number
of services, including the following.
Code management (loading and execution), Application
memory isolation, Verification of type safety,
Conversion of IL to native code , Access to metadata (enhanced
type information), Managing memory for
managed objects, Enforcement of code access security,
Exception handling, including cross-language
exceptions, Interoperation between managed code, COM
objects, and pre-existing DLLs (unmanaged code
and data), Automation of object layout, Support for developer
services (profiling, debugging, and so on)
3) What is the CTS?
The common type system is a rich type system, built into the
common language runtime, that supports the
types and operations found in most programming languages.
The common type system supports the
complete implementation of a wide range of programming
languages.
4) What is CLS (Common Language Specification)?
The Common Language Specification is a set of constructs and
constraints that serves as a guide for library
writers and compiler writers. It allows libraries to be fully usable
from any language supporting the CLS, and
for those languages to integrate with each other. The Common
Language Specification is a subset of the
common type system. The Common Language Specification is
also important to application developers who
are writing code that will be used by other developers. When
developers design publicly accessible APIs
following the rules of the CLS, those APIs are easily used from
all other programming languages that target
the common language runtime.
5) What is Managed Code?
Managed code is code that is written to target the services of the
common language runtime (see What is
the Common Language Runtime?). In order to target these
services, the code must provide a minimum level
of information (metadata) to the runtime. Managed data—data
that is allocated and de-allocated by the
common language runtime's garbage collector.
6) What is Assembly? Assemblies are the building blocks of
.NET Framework applications; they form the
fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse,
activation scoping, and security permissions. An
assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to
work together and form a logical unit of
functionality. An assembly provides the common language
runtime with the information it needs to be aware
of type implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist
outside the context of an assembly.
7) What are different types of Assemblies? Single file and multi
file assembly. Assemblies can be static or
dynamic. Private assemblies and shared assemblies
8) What is Namespace? A namespace is a logical naming
scheme for types in which a simple type name a
9) What is Difference between Namespace and Assembly?
Namespace is a logical design-time naming convenience,
whereas an assembly establishes the name
scope for types at run time.
10) If you want to view a Assembly how to you go about it (:
What is ILDASM ?)?
You can use the MSIL Disassembler (Ildasm.exe) to view
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)
information in a file. If the file being examined is an assembly,
this information can include the assembly's
attributes, as well as references to other modules and assemblies.
This information can be helpful in
determining whether a file is an assembly or part of an
assembly, and whether the file has references to
other modules or assemblies.
To view assembly contents
At the command prompt, type the following command:
Ildasm <assembly name>
In this command, assembly name is the name of the assembly to
examine.
The following example opens the Hello.exe assembly.
Ildasm Hello.exe
11) What is Manifest?
Every assembly, whether static or dynamic, contains a collection
of data that describes how the elements in
the assembly relate to each other. The assembly manifest
contains this assembly metadata. An assembly
manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the
assembly's version requirements and security
identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the
assembly and resolve references to resources22
and classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE
file (an .exe or .dll) with Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE file
that contains only assembly manifest
information.
12) Where is version information stored of an assembly? The
version number is stored in the assembly
manifest along with other identity information, including the
assembly name and public key, as well as
information on relationships and identities of other assemblies
connected with the application.
13) Is versioning applicable to private assemblies?
14) What is GAC (What are situations when you register .NET
assembly in GAC?)?
Each computer where the common language runtime is installed
has a machine-wide code cache called the
global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores
assemblies specifically designated to be shared
by several applications on the computer.
There are several ways to deploy an assembly into the global
assembly cache:
1)
Use an installer
designed to work with the global assembly cache. This is the
preferred option for installing assemblies into
the global assembly cache.
2)Use a developer tool called the Global Assembly Cache tool
(Gacutil.exe) provided by the .NET Framework SDK.
3
)
Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.
15) What is concept of strong names (How do we generate
strong names or what is the process of
generating strong names, What is use of SN.EXE, How do we
apply strong names to assembly? How do
you sign an assembly?)?
A strong name consists of the assembly's identity — its simple
text name, version number, and culture
information (if provided) — plus a public key and a digital
signature. It is generated from an assembly file
using the corresponding private key. (The assembly file contains
the assembly manifest, which contains the
names and hashes of all the files that make up the assembly.)
There are two ways to sign an assembly with a strong name:
1) Using the Assembly Linker (Al.exe) provided by the .NET
Framework SDK.
2) Using assembly attributes to insert the strong name
information in your code. You can use either the
AssemblyKeyFileAttribute or the AssemblyKeyNameAttribute,
depending on where the key file to be used is
located.
16) How to add and remove an assembly from GAC?
The gacutil.exe that ships with .NET can be used to add or
remove a shared assembly from the GAC.
To add a shared assembly, from the command line enter:
gacutil.exe /i myassembly.dll
To remove
from shared assembly: gacutil.exe /u myassembly.dll
17) What is
Delay signing?
Delay signing allows a developer to add the public key token to
an assembly, without having access to the
private key token.
18) What is garbage collector?
The garbage collector's job is to identify objects that are no
longer in use and reclaim the memory. What
does it mean for an object to be in use?
19) Can we force garbage collector to run?
Garbage collector works automatically and you cannot force the
garbage collector to run.
20) What is reflection?
Reflection is the mechanism of discovering class information
solely at run time
22) What are Value types and Reference types?
Reference types are stored on the run-time heap; they may only
be accessed through a reference to that
storage. Because reference types are always accessed through
references, their lifetime is managed by the
.NET Framework
Value types are stored directly on the stack, either within an
array or within another type; their storage can
only be accessed directly. Because value types are stored
directly within variables, their lifetime is
determined by the lifetime of the variable that contains them
23) What is concept of Boxing and Unboxing?
Boxing and unboxing is a essential concept in. NET’s type
system. With Boxing and unboxing one can link
between value-types and reference-types by allowing any value
of a value-type to be converted to and from
type object. Boxing and unboxing enables a unified view of the
type system wherein a value of any type can
ultimately be treated as an object.
Converting a value type to reference type is called Boxing.
Unboxing is the opposite operation and is an
explicit operation.
24) What’s difference between VB.NET and C#?
Although differences exist between Visual Basic .NET and
Visual C# .NET, they are both first-class
23
programming languages that are based on the Microsoft® .NET
Framework, and they are equally
powerful..."
25) What is CODE Access security? Code access security is a
mechanism that helps limit the access code
has to protected resources and operations. In the .NET
Framework
*Primitive : Data types that can be mapped directly
to the .NET Framework Class Library
(FCL) types are called Primitive. For example, the type "int" is
mapped to System.Int32, "short" is mapped to
System.Int16, and so on. In fact, all data types in .NET are
derived from the System.Object class. The
following two classes are equivalent (in C#):
// Class implicitly derives from System.Object Class
Car{};Class Car{};// Class explicitly derives from
System.Object
Class Car: System.Object{};
NET Interoperability
1) How can we use COM Components in .NET (What is RCW)?
Whenever managed client calls a method on a COM object, the
runtime creates a runtime callable wrapper
(RCW). NET components can call COM components. COM
components can call .NET components. One
tool for performing this conversion is called tlbimp (type library
importer), and it is provided as part of the
.NET Framework Software Developer Kit (SDK). Tlbimp reads
the metadata from a COM type library and
creates a matching CLR assembly for calling the COM
component.
For example, to convert a Visual Basic ActiveX DLL named
support.dll to a matching .NET assembly with
the name NETsupport.dll, you could use this command line:
tlbimp support.dll/out: NETsupport.dll
2) Once I have developed the COM wrapper do I have to still
register the COM in registry?
3) How can we use .NET components in COM (What is CCW)
(COM callable wrapper)? What caution needs
to be taken in order that .NET components are compatible with
COM?
When a COM client calls a .NET object, the common language
runtime creates the managed object and a
COM callable wrapper (CCW) for the object. Unable to
reference a .NET object directly, COM clients use the
CCW as a proxy for the managed object.
4) How can we make Windows API calls in .NET?
Windows APIs are dynamic link libraries (DLLs) that are part of
the Windows operating system. You use
them to perform tasks when it is difficult to write equivalent
procedures of your own. For example, Windows
provides a function named FlashWindowEx that lets you make
the title bar for an application alternate
between light and dark shades.
The advantage of using Windows APIs in your code is that they
can save development time because they
contain dozens of useful functions that are already written and
waiting to be used. The disadvantage is that
Windows APIs can be difficult to work with and unforgiving
when things go wrong.
5) When we use windows API in .NET is it managed or
unmanaged code?
6) What is COM?
COM is a platform-independent; object-oriented system for
creating binary software components that can
interact with other COM-based components in the same process
space or in other processes on remote
machines. COM is the foundation technology for many other
Microsoft technologies, such as Active Server
Pages (ASP), Automation, ISAPI, and ActiveSync.
7) What is Reference counting in COM?
The methods in the audio interfaces follow a general set of rules
for counting references on the COM objects
that they take as input parameters or return as output parameters.
7) Can you describe IUnknown interface in short?
The components IUnknown interface helps to maintain a
reference count of the number of clients using the
component. When this count drops down to zero, the component
is unloaded. All components should
implement the IUnknown interface. The reference count is
maintained through IUnknown:: AddRef() &
IUnknown::Release() methods, interface discovery is handled
through IUnknown::QueryInterface().
8)Can you explain what is DCOM?
Microsoft® Distributed COM (DCOM) extends the Component
Object Model (COM) to support
communication among objects on different computers—on a
LAN, a WAN, or even the Internet. With DCOM,
your application can be distributed at locations that make the
most sense to your customer and to the
application.
9) DTC in .NET?
24
The DTC is a system service that is tightly integrated with
COM+. To help make distributed transactions
work more seamlessly, COM+ directs the DTC on behalf of an
application. This makes it possible to scale
transactions from one to many computers without adding special
code.
The DTC proxy DLL (Msdtcprx.dll) implements the DTC
interfaces. Applications call DTC interfaces to
initiate, commit, abort, and inquire about transactions
10) How many types of Transactions are there in COM + .NET?
11) How do you do object pooling in .NET?
12) What are types of compatibility in VB6?
ASP.NET
1) What’s the sequence in which ASP.NET events are
processed?
a) Initialize: Initialize settings needed during the lifetime of the
incoming Web request.
b) Load view state: At the end of this phase, the ViewState
property of a control is automatically populated
c) Process postback data: Process incoming form data and
update properties accordingly.
d) Load: Perform actions common to all requests, such as setting
up a database query. At this point, server
controls in the tree are created and initialized, the state is
restored, and form controls reflect client-side data.
e) Send postback change notifications: Raise change events in
response to state changes between the
current and previous postbacks.
f) Handle postback events: Handle the client-side event that
caused the postback and raise appropriate
events on the server.
g) Prerender: Perform any updates before the output is rendered.
Any changes made to the state of the
control in the prerender phase can be saved, while changes made
in the rendering phase are lost.
h) Save state: The ViewState property of a control is
automatically persisted to a string object after this
stage. This string object is sent to the client and back as a hidden
variable. For improving efficiency, a
control can override the SaveViewState method to modify the
ViewState property.
i) Render: Generate output to be rendered to the client.
j) Dispose: Perform any final cleanup before the control is torn
down. References to expensive resources
such as database connections must be released in this phase.
k) Unload: Perform any final cleanup before the control is torn
down. Control authors generally perform
cleanup in Dispose and do not handle this event.
Initialization, Page Load, PreRendor, Page unload
2) In which event are the controls fully loaded?
3) How can we identify that the Page is PostBack?
VB: Public Readonly
Property IsPostback as Boolean
C#: Public bool IsPostBack {get;}
4) How does ASP.NET maintain state in between subsequent
request?
When a form is submitted in ASP .NET, the form reappears in
the browser window together with all form
values. This is because ASP .NET maintains ViewState. The
ViewState indicates the status of the page
when submitted to the server. The status is defined through a
hidden field placed on each page with a <form
runat="server"> control. The source could look something like
this:
<form name =”_ct10” method="post" action="page.aspx"
id="_ctl0">
<in
put type="hidden"
name="__VIEWSTATE" value = “dfdsklgfgfdgfddfdl=”
/></form>
Maintaining the ViewState is the default setting for ASP.NET
Web Forms. If you want to NOT maintain the
ViewState, include the directive
<%@ Page EnableViewState="false" %> at
the top of an. aspx page or
add the attribute
EnableViewState="false" to any control.
5) What is event bubbling?
The ASP.NET page framework provides a technique called
event bubbling that allows a child control to
propagate events up its containment hierarchy. Event bubbling
enables events to be raised from a more
convenient location in the controls hierarchy and allows event
handlers to be attached to the original control
as well as to the control that exposes the bubbled event.
6) How do we assign page specific attributes?
Defines page-specific (.aspx file) attributes used by the
ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Example: <%@
Page attribute="value" [attribute="value"...] %>
7) Administrator wants to make a security check that no one has
tampered with ViewState, how can we
ensure this?
Microsoft has provided two mechanisms for increasing the
security of ViewState. a) Machine Authentication
Check (MAC) - tamper-proofing
<%@ Page EnableViewStateMac="true"%>
b) Encrypting the ViewState
This encryption
25
can only be applied at the machine.config level, as follows:
<machineKey validation='3Des' />
8) @ Register directives?
Associates aliases with namespaces and class names for concise
notation in custom server control syntax.
<%@ Register tagprefix="tagprefix" Namespace="namespace"
Assembly="assembly %>
<%@ Register tagprefix="tagprefix" Tagname="tagname"
Src="pathname" %>
9) What’s the use of SmartNavigation property?
Gets or sets a value indicating whether smart navigation is
enabled.
VB: Public Property SmartNavigation As Boolean
C#: Public bool SmartNavigation {get; set;}
10) What is AppSetting Section in “Web.Config” file?
The <appSettings> element of a web.config file is a place to
store connection strings, server names, file
paths, and other miscellaneous settings needed by an application
to perform work. The items inside
appSettings are items that need to be configurable depending
upon the environment; for instance, any
database connection strings will change as you move your
application from a testing and staging server into
production.
11) Where is ViewState information stored?
The ViewState is stored in the page as a hidden form field.
When the page is posted, one of the first tasks
performed by page processing is to restore the view state.
12) What’s the use of @ OutputCache directive in ASP.NET?
The output cache respects the expiration and validation policies
for pages
<%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="none"%>
Output caching is a powerful technique that increases
request/response throughput by caching the content
generated from dynamic pages. Output caching is enabled by
default, but output from any given response is
not cached unless explicit action is taken to make the response
cacheable.
13) How can we create custom controls in ASP.NET?
To create a simple custom control, define a class that derives
from System.Web.UI.Control and override its
Render method. The Render method takes one argument of type
System.Web.UI.HtmlTextWriter. The HTML
that your control wants to send to the client is passed as a string
argument to the Write method of
HtmlTextWriter.
14) How many types of validation controls are provided by
ASP.NET?
A Validation server control is used to validate the data of an
input control. If the data does not pass
validation, it will display an error message to the user.
The syntax: <asp: control_name id="some_id” runat="server" />
RequiredFieldValidator: Checks that the user enters a value that
falls between two values
RegularExpressionValidator: Ensures that the value of an input
control matches a specified pattern
RequiredFieldValidator
CustomValidator: Allows you to write a method to handle the
validation of the value entered
RangeValidator: Checks that the user enters a value that falls
between two values
CompareValidator: Compares the value of one input control to
the value of another input control or to a fixed
value
ValidationSummary: Displays a report of all validation errors
occurred in a Web page
15) Can you explain what is “AutoPostBack” feature in
ASP.NET?
AutoPostBack automatically posted whenever the form
containing textbox control Text Changed.
16) Paging in DataGrid?
The ASP.NET DataGrid control provides a built-in engine for
paging through bound data. The engine
supports two working modes—automatic and manual.
Automatic paging means that you bind the whole
data source to the control and let it go. The control displays a
proper navigation bar and handles users
clicking on the movement buttons. Automatic paging doesn’t
require a deep understanding of the grid’s
internals, nor does it take you much time to arrange an effective
solution. For large data sets, though, it
might not be a smart option. Handcrafted, custom paging is the
alternative. Custom paging means that the
host page is responsible for filling the grid control with up-to-
date information. When the grid’s current page
index is, say, “3” the page must provide the set of records that fit
in page number 3.
17) What’s the use of “GLOBAL.ASAX” file?
The Global.asax file, called the ASP.NET application file,
provides a way to respond to application or module
level events in one central location. You can use this file to
implement application security, as well as other
tasks.
Every ASP.Net application can contain single Global.asax in its
root directory. Can be use
to handle application wide events and declare application wide
objects.
26
18) What’s the difference between “Web.config” and
“Machine.Config”?
Web.config is a security in ASP.Net application and how to
secure applications. Web.config does most of the
work for the application the who, what, where, when and how to
be authenticated
Machine.config contains settings that apply to an entire
computer. This file is located in the %runtime install
path%\Config directory. Machine.config contains configuration
settings for machine-wide assembly binding,
built-in remoting channels
19) What’s a SESSION and APPLICATION object?
20) What’s difference between Server.Transfer and
Response.Redirect?
Response.Redirect simply sends a message down to the browser,
telling it to move to another page. So, you
may run code like: Response.Redirect ("WebForm2.aspx")
Server.Transfer is similar in that it sends the
user to another page with a statement such as Server.Transfer,
"transfer" process can work on only those
sites running on the server, you can't use Server.Transfer to send
the user to an external site. Only
Response.Redirect can do that. Transferring to another page
using Server.Transfer conserves server
resources. Instead of telling the browser to redirect, it simply
changes the "focus" on the Web server and
transfers the request. This means you don't get quite as many
HTTP requests coming through, which
therefore eases the pressure on your Web server and makes your
applications run faster.
21) What’s difference between Authentication and
authorization?
Authentication and Authorization are two interrelated security
concepts. In short, authentication is a process
of identifying a user, while authorization is the process of
determining if an authenticated user has access to
the resource(s) they requested.
22) What is impersonation in ASP.NET?
Impersonation is when ASP.NET executes code in the context of
an authenticated and authorized client.
By default, ASP.NET does not use impersonation and instead
executes all
code using the same user account as the ASP.NET process,
which is typically the ASPNET account.
<Identity impersonate="true" UserName="domain\user"
Password="password"/>
24) What are the various ways of authentication techniques in
ASP.NET?
ASP.NET provides built-in support for user authentication
through several authentication providers:
Forms-based authentication: the application is secured by using
a custom
authentication model with cookie support.
Passport
authentication: the
application is secured by using Microsoft® Passport
authentication. Passport is a single sign-on technology
developed by Microsoft for use on the web.
Win
dows authentication:
the application is secured by using integrated windows
authentication where access to a web application is
allowed only to those users who are able to verify their windows
credentials.
25) What’s difference between Datagrid, Datalist and Repeater?
From
performance point of view how do
they rate?
The DataGrid Web control provides the greatest feature set of
the three data Web controls, with its ability to
allow the end-user to sort, page, and edit its data. The DataGrid
is also the simplest data Web control to get
started with, as using it requires nothing more than adding a
DataGrid to the Web page and writing a few
lines of code. The ease of use and impressive features comes at a
cost, though, namely that of
performance: the DataGrid is the least efficient of the three data
Web controls, especially when placed within
a Web form.
With its templates, the DataList provides more control over the
look and feel of the displayed data than the
DataGrid. Using templates, however, typically requires more
development time than using the DataGrid's
column types. The DataList also supports inline editing of data,
but requires a bit more work to implement
than the DataGrid. Unfortunately, providing paging and sorting
support in the DataList is not a trivial
exercise. Making up for these lacking built-in features, the
DataList offers better performance over the
DataGrid.
Finally, the Repeater control allows for complete and total
control of the rendered HTML markup. With the
Repeater, the only HTML emitted are the values of the
databinding statements in the templates along with
the HTML markup specified in the templates—no "extra"
HTML is emitted, as with the DataGrid and
DataList. By requiring the developer to specify the complete
generated HTML markup, the Repeater often
27
requires the longest development time. Furthermore, the
Repeater does not offer built-in editing, sorting, or
paging support. However, the Repeater does boast the best
performance of the three data Web controls. Its
performance is comparable to the DataList's, but noticeably
better than the DataGrid's.
26) What’s the method to customize columns in DataGrid?
You can control the order, behavior, and rendering of individual
columns by directly manipulating the grid's
Columns collection. The standard column type -- BoundColumn
-- renders the values in text labels. The grid
also supports other column types that render differently. Any of
the column types can be used together with
the Columns collection of a DataGrid.
Note that you can use explicitly-declared columns together with
auto-generated columns
(AutoGenerateColumns=true). When used together, the
explicitly-declared columns in the Columns
collection are rendered first, and then the auto-generated
columns are rendered. The auto-generated
columns are not added to the Columns collection.
Column Name
Description
BoundColumn Lets you control the order and rendering of the
columns.
HyperLinkColumn Presents the bound data in HyperLink
controls.
ButtonColumn Bubbles a user command from within a row to an
event handler on the grid.
TemplateColumn Lets you control which controls are rendered in
the column.
EditCommandColumn Displays Edit, Update, and Cancel links in
response to changes in the DataGrid
control's EditItemIndex property.
27) How can we format data inside DataGrid?
You can format items in the DataGrid Web server control to
customize their appearance. You can Set the
color, font, borders, and spacing for the grid as a whole. Set the
color, font, and alignment for each type of
grid item (row) individually, such as item, alternating item,
selected item, header, and footer. Changing these
settings allows you to override the settings you make for the
entire grid. Set the color, font, and alignment for
individual columns. This is particularly useful for setting the
appearance of a special-purpose column such
as a button column.
To set the format for an individual item
1. In Design view, select the DataGrid control, then click the
Property Builder link at the bottom of the
Properties window.
2. In the DataGrid Properties dialog box, click the Format tab,
and under Objects do one of the following:
Select Header, Footer, or Pager.
-or- Expand the Items node and select the type of item to format.
3. Choose font, color, and alignment options for that item, and
then choose Apply.
28) How will decide the design consideration to take a Datagrid,
datalist or repeater?
29) Difference between ASP and ASP.NET?
30) What are major events in GLOBAL.ASAX file? What order
they are triggered?
The global.asax file can be found in the root directory of an
ASP.Net application. Here is the list of events
you can call. By calling them you are actually overriding the
event that is exposed by the HttpApplication
base class.
Application_Start: used to set up an application environment and
only called when the
application first starts.
Application_Init:
This method occurs after _start
and is used for initializing code. Application_Disposed: This
method is invoked before destroying an instance
of an application.
Application_Err
or: This event is used to
handle all unhandled exceptions in the application.
Application_End: used to clean up variables and memory when
an application ends.
Application_BeginRequest: This event is used when a client
makes a request to any
page in the application. It can be useful for redirecting or
validating a page request.
Application_EndRequest: After a request for a page has been
made, this is the last event
that is called.
Application_PreRequestHandlerExecu
te: This event occurs just before
ASP.Net begins executing a handler such as a page or a web
service. At this point, the session state is
available.
Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute: This event occurs
when the ASP.Net
handler finishes execution.
Application_PreSendRequestHeaders: This event occurs just
before ASP.Net sends HTTP Headers to the client. This can be
useful if you want to modify a header
Application_PreSendRequestContent: This event occurs just
before ASP.Net
sends content to the client.
Application_AcquireReque
stState: This event occurs when
ASP.Net acquires the current state (eg: Session state) associated
with the current request.
Application_ReleaseRequestState: This event occurs after
ASP.NET finishes executing all request handlers
and causes state modules to save the current state data.
Application_AuthenticateRequest: This event occurs when the
identity of the current user has been
established as valid by the security module.
Application_AuthorizeRequest: This event occurs when the user
has been authorized to access the resources of the security
module.
Session_Start: this event is28

triggered when any new user accesses the web site.
Session_End: this event is triggered when a user's
session times out or ends. Note this can be 20 mins (the default
session timeout value) after the user
actually leaves the site.
2005
1.What is the difference between user controls and custom
controls?
2.what are the 3 types of session state modes?
3. what are the 6 types of validation controls in ASP.NET?
4.What are the 3 types of caching in ASP.NET?
5.How to Manage state in ASP.NET?
6.What is the difference between overloading and shadowing?
7.what is the difference between overloading and overriding?
8.what is the difference between Manifest and Metadata?
9.What is Boxing and Unboxing?
10.what are the method parameter in c#?
11.what are value types and reference types?
12.what are the two activation modes for .NET Remoting?
13.what's singlecall Activation mode used for ?
14.what's the singleton Activation mode used for?
15.what are the channels and Formatters?
16.What are the two Authentication modes for SQL server
connection?
17.What is typed dataset?
18What is DataReader?
19)Difference between Dataset and Recordset?
20)What is Global Assembly cache?
21What is an Assembly, Private Assembly and Shared
Assembly? What are the ways to deploy an
assembly?
22.what is an Delegate?
23.what are webservices?
24.Define Automatic memory Management:
25.Define Threading:
26Difference Between XML AND HTML?
27.What is XSLT and what is it's use?
28.What is Diffgram/?
29.what is the Role of XSL?
30.What is SAX?
31.What is Safecode and unsafe code?
32.Give a few examples of types of applications that can benefit
from using XML.
33.When constructing an XML DTD, how do you create an
external entity reference in an attribute value?
34.Give some examples of XML DTDs or schemas that you
have worked with.
35.What is SOAP and how does it relate to XML?
36.Explain the concepts of Dataset?
37.Explain the consideration involved in choosing between
ADO& ADO.NET?
ValueType vs Reference Types.
Value Types inherit from the System.ValueType class, which
inturn from System.Object.The value type
properties are
1. They are stored in stacks
2. They are accessed directly ie No need to use new operators
There is another difference between structs and classes, and this
is also the most important to understand.
Structs are value types, while classes are reference types, and
they are dealt with in different ways. When
29
a value-type object is created, C# allocates a single space in
memory, and puts the contents of the object into it. Primitive
types such as int, float, bool or char are also value types, and
they are instantiated in the same way. When the runtime deals
with a value type, it's dealing directly with its underlying data
and this can be very efficient, particularly with primitive
types.With reference types, however, an object is created in
memory, and then handled through a separate reference – rather
like a pointer. Suppose Point is a struct, and Form is a class
A variable of a value type always contains a value of that type.
The assignment to a variable of a value type creates a copy of
the assigned value, while the assignment to a variable of a
reference type creates a copy of the reference but not of the
referenced object.
All value types are derived implicitly from the Object class.
Unlike reference types, it is not possible to derive a new type
from a value type. However, like reference
types, structs can implement interfaces.

Unlike reference types, it is not possible for a value type to
contain the null value.
Each value type has an implicit default constructor that
initializes the default value of that type.
Reference Types
Variables of reference types, referred to as objects, store
references to the actual data.
30
Interview_Faq
Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport
Document
Report this document?
Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document
Spam or junk
Porn adult content
Hateful or offensive
If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to
report it, please follow these directions to submit a copyright
infringement notice.
Report Cancel
This is a private document.
Info and Rating
Reads:
37,538
Uploaded:
05/23/2007
Category:
Uncategorized.
Rated:
6 Ratings()
Copyright:
Attribution Non-commercial
Business-Annual-Reports
Business-Management
group
net
using
class
assembly
previous
compatible
(more tags)
Business-Annual-Reports
Business-Management
group
net
using
class
assembly
previous
compatible
root namespace
null
wat
low
language
following
(fewer)
Follow
ramaganeshram
Share & Embed
Related Documents
PreviousNext
1.
p.
p.
p.
2.
p.
p.
p.
3.
p.
p.
p.
4.
p.
p.
p.
5.
p.
p.
p.
6.
p.
p.
p.
7.
p.
p.
More from this user

PreviousNext
1.
8 p.
59 p.
59 p.
2.
28 p.
5 p.
4 p.
3.
5 p.
2 p.
47 p.
4.
30 p.
Recent Readcasters
Add a Comment
f897a04b065753
Submit
Characters: 400
document_comme
4gen
neilpraveenaleft a comment
Its perfect place to find any book
07 / 18 / 2008
Reply
Ads by Google
ASP.NET Ecommerce & Cart
shopping cart, shipping, currency
credit card processing for ASP.NET
www.dotnetecommerce.com
Windows 7 Programming
Video tips from MS insiders. Ribbon
Silverlight. Azure. IIS. More. Go!
www.drdobbs.com/
Database for .NET
Store .NET objects directly without
OR mapping and boost performance.
www.versant.com/
Print this document

High Quality
Open the downloaded document, and select print from the file
menu (PDF reader required).
Download and Print
You Must be Logged in to Download a Document
Use your Facebook login and see what your friends are reading
and sharing.
Other login options
Login with Facebook
Signup
I don't have a Facebook account
email address (required)
create username (required)
password (required)
Send me the Scribd Newsletter, and occasional account
related communications.
Sign Up Privacy policy
You will receive email notifications regarding your account
activity. You can manage these notifications in your account
settings. We promise to respect your privacy.
Why Sign up?
Discover and connect with people of similar interests.

Publish your documents quickly and easily.
Share your reading interests on Scribd and social sites.
Already have a Scribd account?

email address or username
password
Log In Trouble logging in?
Login Successful
Now bringing you back...
« Back to Login
Reset your password
Thanks! An email has been sent to himan684@yahoo.co.in with
instructions to reset your password.
Upload a Document
Search Documents
• Follow Us!
• scribd.com/scribd
• twitter.com/scribd
• facebook.com/scribd
• About
• Press
• Blog
• Partners
• Scribd 101
• Web Stuff
• Scribd Store
• Support
• FAQ
• Developers / API
• Jobs
• Terms
• Copyright
• Privacy
Copyright © 2010 Scribd Inc.
Language:
English
Choose the language in which you want to experience Scribd:
• English
• Español
• Português (Brasil)
scribd. scribd.
Download this document
pdf doc txt

72848-InterviewFaq.pdf - 172.1 KB
Download Now
Readcast:
The Scribd Archive
This document was uploaded by someone just like you and is

now part of The Scribd Archive*. Give back to the community
and gain 24 hours of download access by uploading something
of your own.
Queued: Uploading: You have uploaded: Upload failed:
Document URL:
This document is: PrivateThis document is: Public
Cancel Upload
Make it easier to find your new document!

Title:
Category:
Tags: (separate with commas)
Description:
Save
Subscribe to The Scribd Archive and download as many

documents as you'd like.
Monthly Subscription
Most Popular
$9/mo.
1 Day Pass
$5
1 Year Pass
$59
Choose payment option
Pay with Credit Card
Pay with PayPal or Credit
* The Scribd Archive is a collection of millions of documents,
including research reports, best-selling books, news source
materials, and more. Read the Scribd Archive FAQ for more
information.
Thanks for uploading! Download this document as
pdf doc txt

72848-InterviewFaq.pdf - 172.1 KB
Download Now

Interview Ques2003

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Interview Ques2003

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Scribd

Download this Document for Free

.net interview questions

Signature of event signature of delegate

appears ……….. >>

to expose .net cmpt as a COM cmpt :::

.net interview questions

types, structs can implement interfaces.

More from this user

Print this document

Discover and connect with people of similar interests.

Already have a Scribd account?

Download this document

pdf doc txt

This document was uploaded by someone just like you and is

Make it easier to find your new document!

Tags: (separate with commas)

Subscribe to The Scribd Archive and download as many

pdf doc txt

Вам также может понравиться