Intro To Computer Hardware

INTRO TO COMPUTER
Hardware
The hardware are the parts of the computer itself including the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
and related microchips and micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives (hard, CD,
DVD, floppy, optical, tape, etc...). Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices
include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, digital cameras and cards (sound, colour, video)
etc... Together they are often referred to as a personal computer.
Central Processing Unit - Though the term relates to a specific chip or the processor a CPU's
performance is determined by the rest of the computer's circuitry and chips.
Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, is the most common CPU though there
are many other companies that produce processors for personal computers. Examples are the
CPU made by Motorola and AMD.
With faster processors the clock speed becomes more important. Compared to some of the first
computers which operated at below 30 megahertz (MHz) the Pentium chips began at 75 MHz in
the late 1990's. Speeds now exceed 3000+ MHz or 3 gigahertz (GHz) and different chip
manufacturers use different measuring standards (check your local computer store for the latest
speed). It depends on the circuit board that the chip is housed in, or the motherboard, as to
whether you are able to upgrade to a faster chip. The motherboard contains the circuitry and
connections that allow the various component to communicate with each other.
Though there were many computers using many different processors previous to this I call the
80286 processor the advent of home computers as these were the processors that made
computers available for the average person. Using a processor before the 286 involved learning a
proprietary system and software. Most new software are being developed for the newest and
fastest processors so it can be difficult to use an older computer system.
Keyboard - The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or input information.
There are many different keyboard layouts and sizes with the most common for Latin based
languages being the QWERTY layout (named for the first 6 keys). The standard keyboard has
101 keys. Notebooks have embedded keys accessible by special keys or by pressing key
combinations (CTRL or Command and P for example). Ergonomically designed keyboards are
designed to make typing easier. Hand held devices have various and different keyboard
configurations and touch screens.
Some of the keys have a special use. They are referred to as command keys. The 3 most
common are the Control (CTRL), Alternate (Alt) and the Shift keys though there can be more
1
INTRO TO COMPUTER
(the Windows key for example or the Command key). Each key on a standard keyboard has one
or two characters. Press the key to get the lower character and hold Shift to get the upper.
Removable Storage and/or Disk Drives - All disks need a drive to get information off - or
read - and put information on the disk - or write. Each drive is designed for a specific type of
disk whether it is a CD, DVD, hard disk or floppy. Often the term 'disk' and 'drive' are used to
describe the same thing but it helps to understand that the disk is the storage device which
contains computer files - or software - and the drive is the mechanism that runs
the disk.
Digital flash drives work slightly differently as they use memory cards to
store information so there are no moving parts. Digital cameras also use Flash
memory cards to store information, in this case photographs. Hand held
devices use digital drives and many also use removable or built in memory
cards.
Mouse - Most modern computers today are run using a mouse controlled pointer. Generally if
the mouse has two buttons the left one is used to select objects and text and the right one is used
to access menus. If the mouse has one button (Mac for instance) it controls all the activity and a
mouse with a third button can be used by specific software programs.
One type of mouse has a round ball under the bottom of the mouse that rolls and turns two
wheels which control the direction of the pointer on the screen. Another type of mouse uses an
optical system to track the movement of the mouse. Laptop computers use touch pads, buttons
and other devices to control the pointer. Hand helds use a combination of devices to control the
pointer, including touch screens.
Note: It is important to clean the mouse periodically, particularly if it becomes sluggish. A ball
type mouse has a small circular panel that can be opened, allowing you to remove the ball. Lint
can be removed carefully with a tooth pick or tweezers and the ball can be washed with mild
detergent. A build up will accumulate on the small wheels in the mouse. Use a small instrument
or finger nail to scrape it off taking care not to scratch the wheels. Track balls can be cleaned
much like a mouse and touch-pad can be wiped with a clean, damp cloth. An optical mouse can
accumulate material from the surface that it is in contact with which can be removed with a
finger nail or small instrument.
Monitors - The monitor shows information on the screen when you type. This is called
outputting information. When the computer needs more information it will display a message on
the screen, usually through a dialog box. Monitors come in many types and sizes. The resolution
of the monitor determines the sharpness of the screen. The resolution can be adjusted to control
the screen's display..
Most desktop computers use a monitor with a cathode tube or liquid crystal display. Most
notebooks use a liquid crystal display monitor.
2
INTRO TO COMPUTER
To get the full benefit of today's software with full colour graphics and animation, computers
need a color monitor with a display or graphics card.
Printers - The printer takes the information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard
copy. There are many different types of printers with various levels of quality. The three basic
types of printer are; dot matrix, inkjet, and laser.
• Dot matrix printers work like a typewriter transferring ink from a ribbon to paper with a
series or 'matrix' of tiny pins.
• Ink jet printers work like dot matrix printers but fires a stream of ink from a cartridge
directly onto the paper.
• Laser printers use the same technology as a photocopier using heat to transfer toner onto
paper.
Modem - A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable,
satellite or line-of-sight wireless.
The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which
computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer
digital information directly without changing to analog.
Modems are measured by the speed that the information is transferred. The measuring tool is
called the baud rate. Originally modems worked at speeds below 2400 baud but today analog
speeds of 56,000 are standard. Cable, wireless or digital subscriber lines can transfer information
much faster with rates of 300,000 baud and up.
Modems also use Error Correction which corrects for transmission errors by constantly
checking whether the information was received properly or not and Compression which allows
for faster data transfer rates. Information is transferred in packets. Each packet is checked for
errors and is re-sent if there is an error.
Anyone who has used the Internet has noticed that at times the information travels at different
speeds. Depending on the amount of information that is being transferred, the information will
arrive at it's destination at different times. The amount of information that can travel through a
line is limited. This limit is called bandwidth.
There are many more variables involved in communication technology using computers, much
of which is covered in the section on the Internet.
Scanners- Scanners allow you to transfer pictures and photographs to your computer. A scanner
'scans' the image from the top to the bottom, one line at a time and transfers it to the computer as
a series of bits or a bitmap. You can then take that image and use it in a paint program, send it
out as a fax or print it. With optional Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software you can
convert printed documents such as newspaper articles to text that can be used in your word
processor. Most scanners use TWAIN software that makes the scanner accessable by other
software applications.
3
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Digital cameras allow you to take digital photographs. The images are stored on a memory chip
or disk that can be transferred to your computer. Some cameras can also capture sound and
video.
Case - The case houses the microchips and circuitry that run the computer. Desktop models
usually sit under the monitor and tower models beside. They come in many sizes, including
desktop, mini, midi, and full tower. There is usually room inside to expand or add components at
a later time. By removing the cover off the case you may find plate covered, empty slots that
allow you to add cards. There are various types of slots including IDE, ASI, USB, PCI and
Firewire slots.
Depending on the type notebook computers may have room to expand . Most Notebooks also
have connections or ports that allows expansion or connection to exterior, peripheral devices
such as monitor, portable hard-drives or other devices.
Cards - Cards are components added to computers to increase their capability. When adding a
peripheral device make sure that your computer has a slot of the type needed by the device.
Sound cards allow computers to produce sound like music and voice. The older sound cards
were 8 bit then 16 bit then 32 bit. Though the human ear can't distinguish the fine difference
between sounds produced by the more powerful sound card they allow for more complex music
and music production.
Colour cards allow computers to produce colour (with a colour monitor of course). The first
colour cards were 2 bit which produced 4 colours [CGA]. It was amazing what could be done
with those 4 colours. Next came 4 bit allowing for 16 [EGA and VGA ] colours. Then came 16
bit allowing for 1064 colours and then 24 bit which allows for almost 17 million colours and
now 32 bit and higher allow monitors to display almost a billion separate colours.
Video cards allow computers to display video and animation. Some

video cards allow computers to display television as well as capture
frames from video. A video card with a digital video camera allows
computers users to produce live video. A high speed connection is
required for effective video transmission.
Network cards allow computers to connect together to communicate

with each other. Network cards have connections for cable, thin wire or wireless networks. For
more information see the section on Networks.
Cables connect internal components to the Motherboard, which is a board with series of
electronic path ways and connections allowing the CPU to communicate with the other
components of the computer.
Memory - Memory can be very confusing but is usually one of the easiest pieces of hardware to
add to your computer. It is common to confuse chip memory with disk storage. An example of
the difference between memory and storage would be the difference between a table where the
4
INTRO TO COMPUTER
actual work is done (memory) and a filing cabinet where the finished product is stored (disk). To
add a bit more confusion, the computer's hard disk can be used as temporary memory when the
program needs more than the chips can provide.
Random Access Memory or RAM is the memory that the computer uses to temporarily store
the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM
the computer needs.
One of the first home computers used 64 kilobytes of RAM memory (Commodore 64). Today's
modern computers need a minimum of 64 Mb (recommended 128 Mb or more) to run Windows
or OS 10 with modern software.
RAM memory chips come in many different sizes and speeds and can usually be expanded.
Older computers came with 512 Kb of memory which could be expanded to a maximum of 640
Kb. In most modern computers the memory can be expanded by adding or replacing the memory
chips depending on the processor you have and the type of memory your computer uses.
Memory chips range in size from 1 Mb to 4 Gb. As computer technology changes the type of
memory changes as well making old memory chips obsolete. Check your computer manual to
find out what kind of memory your computer uses before purchasing new memory chips.
Software
The software is the information that the computer uses to get the job done. Software needs to be
accessed before it can be used. There are many terms used for process of accessing software
including running, executing, starting up, opening, and others.
Computer programs allow users to complete tasks. A program can also be referred to as an
application and the two words are used interchangeably.
Examples of software programs or applications would be the Operating System (DOS,

Windows, UNIX, MacOS and various others), Wordprocessor (typing letters), Spreadsheet
(financial info), Database (inventory control and address book), Graphics program, Internet
Browser, Email and many others.
As well any document that you create, graphic you design, sound you compose, file you make,
letter you write, email you send or anything that you create on your computer is referred to as
software. All software is stored in files.
Software is stored on a disk, card, tape or one of the dozens of other storage
devices available.
There are millions of different pieces of software available for almost every
conceivable need. Software is available commercially through stores and mail order and also
available on the Internet. Software is also available through an Open Source license which
allows anyone to use the Open Source software free of charge as long as the license is
5
INTRO TO COMPUTER
maintained. If you can't find the application that you need software development companies can
custom design software for you.
The largest software companies offer packages of software or suites that include many of the
programs that the average person or business needs. Software packages or suites contain
programs that work together and share information, making it easier to combine that information
in versatile ways. For example when writing a letter you can get the mailing address from an
address book, include a letterhead from a graphics program and included a financial chart from a
spreadsheet and combine this collection of information in the body of the letter.
The three basic types of software are; commercial, shareware and open source software.
Some software is also released into the public domain without a license.
Commercial software comes prepackaged and is available from software stores and through the
Internet.
Shareware is software developed by individual and small companies that cannot afford to market
their software world wide or by a company that wants to release a demonstration version of their
commercial product. You will have an evaluation period in which you can decide whether to
purchase the product or not. Shareware software often is disabled in some way and has a notice
attached to explain the legal requirements for using the product.
Open Source software is created by generous programmers and released into the public domain
for public use. There is usually a copyright notice that must remain with the software product.
Open Source software is not public domain in that the company or individual that develops the
software retains ownership of the program but the software can be used freely. Many popular
Open Source applications are being developed and upgraded regularly by individuals and
companies that believe in the Open Source concept.
Operating Systems
All computers need some sort of Operating System (OS). The majority of modern home
computers use some form of Microsoft's operating systems. The original Microsoft operating
system was called DOS (Disk Operating System) though most computers use Windows.
Windows comes in various versions beginning with version 3.x then 95, 98, ME, XP, Vista and
currently version 7. A few computers use IBM's O/S2. Apple's Mac use their own operating
system beginning with OS 1 though to OS 10.x. In the past large companies and institutions
would have an operating system design exclusively for them but as the commercial operating
systems become more sophisticated the benefits of this practice is becoming less apparent. Some
computer professionals, Internet Service Providers (ISP) and mainframe computer users use
an operating system such as UNIX (or a variant such as Linux), Windows NT or 2000 (Win2k)
or one of the other network or server based operating systems.
There are many smaller operating systems out there. The problem is that software is currently
being developed only for the main operating systems and only the newest versions of these OS.
6
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Many older computers with unique operating systems have lots of software already developed
for them but there is very little new software being developed for the older computers. The older
operating systems are less likely to offer technical support than the more modern operating
systems.
The operating system controls the input and output or directs the flow of information to and
from the CPU. Much of this is done automatically by the system but it is possible to modify and
control your system if you need to.
When you turn your computer on it first needs to load the operating system sometimes referred
to a booting up. Basically the computer starts from scratch every time you turn the power on.
It checks all its components and will usually display a message if there is a problem. Loading the
system is usually automatic.
Once the system is loaded the user can start the application or program that they are going to use.
Most computer users will run Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux as their operating system.
These OS are Graphic User Interface (GUI) which allows the user to control or run the
computer using a Mouse and Icons. The user simply moves the mouse on a flat surface, rolls the
trackball, or moves their hand over the touchpad to control a pointer. They then choose the
option they want by pressing a button or touching the pad.
Without a GUI the user controls the computer using the keys on the keyboard. This is referred to
as a Command Line Interface (CLI)
Disk and Storage
Disks and cards are used to store information. All information on computers is stored in files.
The size of a file is measured in bytes.
A byte is approximately one character (letter 'a', number '1', symbol '?' etc....).
A byte is made up of 8 bits. A bit is simply an on or an off signal which passes through the
computers circuitry. Every piece of software can be broken down into a series of on or off
signals or it's Binary Code.
• About a thousand bytes is a kilobyte (Kb).

• About a million bytes is a megabyte (Mb).
• About a billion bytes is a gigabyte (Gb).
• About a trillion bytes is a terabyte (Tb)
7
INTRO TO COMPUTER
* Editor's Note: I say 'about' because everything in computers must be divisible by 8 so a
kilobyte is actually 1,024 bytes. The reason for this goes beyond the scope of an introductory
level document but as it can cause some confusion I thought it should be mentioned.
Disk are a common way of transporting information such as bringing files home from work or
sharing files. Floppy disks have become less useful as file sizes increase and Compact disks
(CDs), Flash drives and Digital Video Devices (DVDs) are becoming more popular. Most
software is sold on a CD. Internal Hard disks are the most common storage device.
Compact disks or CDs can store large amounts of information. One disk will store 650 Mb. One
type is a CD-ROM which stand for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. Another type is a CD-
RW which stands for Compact Disk - Read/Write. CD drives can copy information or burn
information on to a blank CD. Common Read Only CD blanks can only be written to once
though more expensive Read/Write CD's can be used over and over again.
DVD disks can store 4.5 Gb on standard disk, 8 Gb on a dual layer disk and 16 Gb on a blue-ray
disk.
Digital recorders allow you to store large files, such as movies, on a single disk.
Hard disks store the majority of information on today's modern computer. Some of the first hard
disk stored 10 to 40 Mb. Today the standard hard disk stores 150 Gb or more (this number is
constantly increasing). Information can be stored and deleted as necessary. As files get larger the
speed that hard disks can read and write become more important.
Flash drive or thumb drives range in size.
Floppy disk or diskette comes in two basic sizes; 5.25 inch and 3.5 inch. Both have a low and
high density versions though 3.5 inch high density disks are the most common though many
modern computers are being sold without floppy disk drives.
Amount of Approximate printed

Disk size
storage 8.5 x 11 inch pages
3.5 high
1.44 Mb 720 pages
density
CD 650 Mb a small library
DVD 4.5 Gb a feature length movie
DVD dual a long feature length movie with

8 Gb
layer extras
8
INTRO TO COMPUTER
There are many other storage devices including tapes, Panasonic's LS120 3.5 inch diskettes,
Iomega's Zip & Jazz disks, VCR tape and many others. Innovation in storage technology is
advancing rapidly and some technologies become obsolete..
Information is stored in an electromagnetic form much like a cassette or video tape.
Note: Keep disks away from strong electric or magnetic fields including x-rays. Be aware of
high electromagnetic areas in the room such as televisions, speakers, high tension wires, etc...
Use disks only at room temperature and keep them out of direct sunlight. If possible avoid
passing electromagnetic storage devices through airport x-rays. In theory information stored on a
disk will last indefinitely but the physical storage device will wear out with usage and time so be
sure to back up (copy) your important files to a second storage device.
Basic Computer Operations

How Computers Work
Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as
the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected
to the Internet. The input device also retrieves information off disks.
Output: Output Devices displays information on the screen (monitor) or the printer and sends
information to other computers. They also display messages about what errors may have
occurred and brings up message or dialog box asking for more information to be input. The
output device also saves information on the disk for future use.
Processing: The CPU or central processing unit is sometimes called the Control Unit and
directs the operation of the input and output devices. The Coprocessor or the Arithmetic-Logic
Unit does arithmetic and comparisons. The memory or RAM temporarily stores information
(files and programs) while you are using or working on them. The BIOS or basic input/output
system controls the dialogue between the various devices.
Keyboard Layout and Data Entry
ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. Enter also
process commands such as choosing an option in a dialog (message) boxes and submitting a
form.
DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor
and all highlighted (or selected) text.
BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all hightlighted text.
SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right
9
INTRO TO COMPUTER
SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys
with two characters on them
CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is
on)
TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). Tab
moves to the next field in a form or table (Shift-Tab for previous field).
ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box
ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around document without changing text
FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS - Access commands by themselves or in combination with the

three command keys; CTRL, SHIFT, and ALT
Command or Special Keys
Command keys normally do nothing on their own but work in combination with other keys. Each
piece of software uses the command keys differently though there is a move to standardize some
functions. The Control key or Ctrl is often used to access commands. The Alternative key or
Alt is often used to access menus. The Shift key is used to type CAPITAL LETTERS. As well
the command keys are all used to move through documents and edit text faster and easier. As
well many computers have Special keys design specifically for the particular computer. Apple
computers have the Apple keys and Macs have Command keys. Many keyboards now have a
Windows key specifically for Windows 9x and newer systems. Many older computers also have
special keys used for a variety of different functions.
Some Notebook or Laptop keys are left out because of space limitations and they usually have a
Special function key which allows other keys to double for the missing ones.
Basic Typing Rules
Place one space between each word, after a punctuation mark and at the end of a sentence.
Always start a sentence with a capital letter. Use capitals for names, addresses, provinces and
10
INTRO TO COMPUTER
countries, places, organizations, businesses, associations, schools, colleges, universities, days of
the week, months, holidays, nationalities, ethnic groups and languages.
Learning the keyboard is the first step to learning computers. Learning involves practice. It
really is as simple as that. There are two kinds of typing.
The first is called Touch Typing. The Touch Typist uses the Home Keys (asdf for the left hand
and jkl; for the right) and all the fingers on both hands as well as the thumbs for the Space Bar
while typing. There are many commercial and public domain programs that are designed to teach
this method.
The other method is some times called 'Hunt and Peck' or depending on finger strength 'Search
and Destroy'. This involves using one or more fingers on one or two hands to type. It is a
perfectly acceptable way of using a computer and many people get along fine with this
technique.
Keyboard Symbols
The following chart displays the character symbols, name and Latin-1 number on a standard
keyboard in their approximate position on the keyboard. Most characters from any Roman based
language can be created on any computer using the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange or ASCII using a single byte. Most computers and software also recognized
American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) formatting standards as well. View the entire
ISO Latin -1 Character Set.
~ ^
Tilde Caret
&#126: &#;94
! &
Exclamation Point Ampersand
! &
@ *
At Asterisk
@ *
# (
Number or Hash Open or Left Parenthesis
# (
$ )
Dollar Close or Right Parenthesis
&#;36 )
% _
Percent Underscore or
% Horizontal Bar
_
11
INTRO TO COMPUTER
+ ]
Plus Close or Right Square Bracket
+ ]
\
Reverse Solidus or Backslash
` \
Acute
`
- :
Dash or Hyphen Colon
- :
= "
Equals Quote
= "
{ ;
Open or Left Curly Brace Semi Colon
&#;123 ;
} ´
Close or Right Curly Brace Apostrophe or Single Quote
} &#;39
|
Or or
Vertical Bar
| <
Less Than
<
.
Dot, Period or Full Stop
.
/
Solidus or Forward Slash
[ /
Open or Left Square Bracket
[
>
Greater Than
>
12
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Health and Safety

Health and Safety is crucial to the effective operation of a
computer. Stress is widely accepted as a common and
possibly the most dangerous aspect of using a computer.
It is possible to use a computer safely if a few simple rules are

maintained.
Musculoskelatal problems can occur when improper office

equipment is used. Chairs should be adjustable so that legs
are at a right angle. The back should have good support for the spine and lower back. The seat
should swivel and be made from fabric that is porous.
Eye strain can be caused by staring at a fix object for extended periods of time (like a
computer). People who use glasses may have to get their prescriptions changed and people who
use bifocals can find that the line interferes with the screen and trifocals triple the problem.
Regular users of computers may develop focusing problems. Temporary colour distortion has
also been reported.
A safe working environment is crucial. Ventilation is an integral part of the new technological
workplace. Though standards are set by the manufacturer of computer equipment the modern
office has many different pieces of equipment. All electronic equipment emit some level of
electromagnetic field which, on it's own, most likely isn't a concern but when combined with
other equipment can create hazardous working environments. Pregnant women should take
extra care when working around electromagnetic fields. Like any piece of equipment, computers
should have scheduled maintenance.
Stress is caused by many things including poor or inadequate training, monitoring, fear of new
technology, lack of control over work, physical problems, hardware problems causing delays,
poor layout of work space and the myriad of other problems that people experience that combine
to create stressful situations.
Time away from the computer during the work day is crucial! This gives the body a chance
to stretch and gives the eyes a chance to rest. Breaks should be scheduled and followed with
great discipline. Computers, even more so than television, have a mesmerizing effect on the user
so that it is easy to work right through breaks without noticing.
There are many other issues to be discussed around computer health and safety but it is important
to understand that there are problems and solutions to those problems that the user, administrator
and manager must address.
13
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Using Software
As stated earlier software is anything created and/or stored on a computer or computer storage
device (like a disk). The work that is produced using an application or program is also software
and is usually referred to as a file or a document.
Files & Documents
Once you have typed or created a new document or file on your computer, you will have to
decide what to do with it. You could print it right away using a Print command and then Exit or
Quit your program without saving it, but most of the time you will want to Save your document
for future use.
The computer saves its information on a disk, most often the hard disk, and the users determines
where and when the file or document is saved.
top
Folders & Directories
On the disk are directories or collection of folders. These directories or

folders could be compared to a filing cabinet. All files are stored in a
directory. Most hard disks have many directories or folders and files can
be stored in any of them.
Directories can have sub-directories and sub-sub-directories many levels down. The directory
immediately below the current directory is called the child directory. The directory immediately
above the current one is called the parent directory. The top of the directory structure is called
the root directory.
When a user adds or installs a new program on the computer the installation process will usually
create a new directory or folder to store the application's files.
Users can create and delete directories or folders as the need arises. Older operating systems
require that the directory be emptied of files before it can be deleted. When removing a directory
always check before deleting it to make sure that it doesn't contain files you need.
You can easily move files from one folder or directory to another using menu commands, drag
& drop using the mouse or a file utility. It is important to understand your computer's
directory structure as a file can be misplaced if it is saved in the wrong directory.
One of the main problems new users have is creating a filing system. Modern operating systems
address the 'filing problem' by automatically creating a (My) Documents folder. By saving files
or documents in this folder you will always know where to look for your files. Create sub-folders
within this folder for your main projects. Examples could be a separate folder for your
14
INTRO TO COMPUTER
correspondence called Letters or a folder for images called Graphics or Pictures. The main
Documents folder can also be renamed to what every name you want it to be called. If your
operating system doesn't automatically create this folder simply create your own Documents
folder to save your documents in.
top
Saving Files or Documents
In order to save a new document or file you must first choose the Save command. Most modern
software place this command in a menu which you access with the mouse button or Alt key.
Each file must be given a filename so it can be found easily the next time it is needed.
Computers using DOS 6.X or older followed the 8.3 rule: a filename can only be 1 to 8
characters long followed by a 1 to 3 character extension separated by a dot. Three character
extensions are common because of this.
Modern operating systems allow computer users to use filenames up to 256 characters. Mac
users, Windows 9X & NT/2000 and UNIX/LINUX (along with a few other) use long file names
but names using over 32 characters get unwieldy. It is better to use a directory or folder to help
describe them and keep common files together with shorter filenames.
Many modern software programs (applications) add their own extension to filenames. These
extensions allow operating systems to recognize certain filenames and associate (match) them to
the program that created it.
As well as choosing a filename, users must choose a directory and/or disk to store the file in.
Make sure that you are consistent and use a logical structure. Once you are sure you know
where the file is going to be stored press Enter on the keyboard or press the left mouse button
over the word Save or Okay to store the document on a disk, in the directory with the filename
you have chosen. Some software programs will automatically save files in specific directory that
is created when the program is installed (default settings). You can easily changed these settings
permanently using the applications Preferences or temporarily at the point of saving the file.
Some common rules are:
• All files are saved on a disk or storage device.

• A disk is usually broken up into directories and sometimes into partitions.
• A directory or folder is a way of keeping like files in a common area.
A partitioned disk, though physically a single disk, is treated like separate disks and given a
separate drive letter (and/or name).
It is possible to save or move files anywhere that your computer can access. This includes disk
(or other storage devices) on your computer, to any directory or sub-directory on your computer
15
INTRO TO COMPUTER
or on a network that your computer is connected to. Always make sure that you have chosen the
correct directory and filename before pressing Enter or choosing Save.
top
Printing
The promise of a paperless office has not happened though conservation is catching on and it is
possible to reduce paper consumption by using your computer more effectively. Having said that
many computers are attached to printers and there are many reasons to print out documents that
you create on your computer. Most software programs and applications allow the user to print
the information that is created in the program.
When choosing a printer consider the peripheral equipment that you will need as well as the
actual printer. Peripherals include paper, ribbons or ink cartridges, toner and occasionally
print heads.
You may have to adjust some of the settings for the printer to get the output you want. Density
adjustments determine how much ink is placed on the paper or how many dots per inch (DPI).
Draft quality will printer quicker but creates a fainter copy (less dense). Modern Software has a
Preview option which show what the page will look like when it is printed. Portrait prints the
document up and down. Landscape prints the document on it's side. Most software allows the
user to adjust the margin width or the blank space at the top, bottom, left and right edge of the
paper.
top
Exit or Quit
It is important to Exit or Quit a program, application and the operating system before shutting
off the computer. It is a good idea to Quit a program when you are finished with it as it takes up
memory. Exiting a program should free up the memory that the program was using. Having a
number of programs running simply uses up resources that may be needed in another project.
Exiting properly also saves the program settings so that when you return to the application many
changes that were made will still be active.
top
Menus
16
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Menus are the most common way of interacting or controlling your software. Though each
program has it's own menu, modern software developers have begun establishing some
standardization in how they create their menus. Many programs have a menu called File which
controls things like Opening, Saving and Printing your file and Exiting the program. Many
also have an Edit menu which contains the main editing commands like Cut, Copy and Paste.
The items on the menu are Commands or the features of the program. You choose the command
that you want with the keyboard, mouse, trackball or touchpad. Commands control the operation
of the software.
Menu bars are usually positioned at the top of the screen and are accessed by moving the cursor
to the menu and pressing the button (left button if there are two). This displays a pull down
menu with a number of commands or features. Depending on how the program works either let
go of the button and move to the command you want then press the button again to choose it or
while holding down the button, move to the command and let go to choose it.
Menus can also be controlled through the keyboard. The most common way of accessing the
menu through the keyboard is by pressing the Alt key and using the Arrow or Cursor
Movement keys to move through the menu items, then pressing Enter to choose the item you
want. Many menu items can also be accesses using Hot key combinations. One common
keyboard combination is to first tap the Alt key and then press letter key for the command you
want.
Menus are created in a hierarchy. Some menu items branch out to give even more choices.
Some menu items open Dialog Boxes that allow you to choose from a number of different
options.
Dialog boxes allow computer users to select different options.

Some dialog boxes have 2 or more Tabs which can be clicked to
choose more options. Once the options have been chosen press
Okay to apply the options. Some dialog boxes have an Apply
button which will apply the options that you have chosen without
closing the dialog box. Choose Cancel to close the dialog box
without applying the changes selected. Note that options set with
the Apply button cannot be canceled this way.
Modern software places the most popular commands on a toolbar

for easier access. Simply click the left mouse button over the
menu item to access a particular command. These tool bars can
usually be customized and often allow the user to move or Tear
Off the menu and drag them to a preferred location or Dock on the screen. Menus can also be
customized by adding or removing commands.
Windows has a context sensitive menu that is activated with the right button. When the right
mouse button is click over an object on the screen or area of the screen, a specific menu with
17
INTRO TO COMPUTER
commands related to that object will be displayed. Click the left mouse button on the command
to choose it.
top
Installing New Software
Most software sold today has an automated install sequence that is activated with the press of a
button. The installation process will create a directory, if necessary, to store the files related to
the new program, uncompress and copy the files to the directory and often adds itself the desktop
(Start) menu. Many installation processes will also copy files to other parts of the computer and
register itself with the operating system by updating the registry. Some programs will associate
themselves to a certain filename extension.
Older software many not have this option. The installation procedure is the same though. First
create a folder or drawer to store the program and it's related files in. This makes it easy to find
them and minimizes file clutter in the main directory. Copy the files from the installation disk to
the folder that you will be running the program from. A lot of Software is compressed and you
may need to uncompress it before you can use it. You then can create a new item, create a short
cut to the program or add it to your desktop menu or utility program.
top
Backing up Files
Computer errors and software failures happen ocasionally so it is important to backup your files
and documents.
One simple way to backup your files is to copy them to a disk. If there are only a few small files
a floppy disk will work but if you are backing up lots of large files a cd/dvd burner, a second
hard drive or tape backup may be needed. You can use a software program to automate backups
or do it manually. A manual backup usually involves dragging the files or folders to the backup
disk or tape to create the duplicate backup.
Store your backup files in a safe place out of the sun and away from electro-magnetic devices
such as speakers and wires with strong electrical currents.
Every file that you create and plan to keep should be backed up. This includes word processing
documents, financial information, databases, photos, etc...
Some less obvious files that also need to be backed up are email, Internet Favorites or
Bookmarks, and Address Books. Check the help files in your email program on how to back up
email. Generally each folder name in your email program is a file containing the individual email
messages and copying these files to the backup disk or tape will be sufficient. Software
preferences such as customized menus and settings can also be backed up. Check your software's
help files to find out where these files are located.
18
INTRO TO COMPUTER
A newer software version may be installed on the computer before ever needing the backups so
make sure that the newer programs can handle the older file format.
When to backup is an individual choice. A company should have a backup policy which explains
how and when data should be backed up. It all depends on how important the information is and
how difficult it would be to duplicate it in the event of a system failure. If the information is
critical an automatic backup system that duplicates the documents immediately may be needed (a
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) system is an example). If the files are not
critical a weekly backup may be all that is needed. It is impossible to determine when a system
failure will occur so it is better be cautious.
The backed up data can then be used as an archive, to recover from a system failure or to transfer
data to a new computer system. Simply copy the files to the correct folder to restore them.
Backup software will have an automatic recovery feature that will restore the backed up file
automatically.
top
Compression and Decompression
Most software you buy or get off the Internet is Compressed. Computers store information in
bytes which are made up of on or off signals. The software applications that uses these files need
to have all the on and off signals (bytes) in place but when the file is stored they can be modified
to take up less space on the storage disk or tape.
There are commercial and shareware programs that will compress and decompressed files for
you. The most popular form of data compression is called zip or stuffit but there are others
available as well.
Programs are also available to compress and decompress your files as you or the application you
are using requires them. This can be a way of making more space available on a hard drive.
Windows comes with a program that will compress part of your hard disk. Be sure to read the
documentation before embarking on a project like compressing a hard drive.
The Desktop
The Desktop offers many features that make using your computer easier. You can easily start
programs or applications, copy and move files from one place to another and drag and drop files
and program where you want them on the computer or even on to a program's icon to open a file.
Open and Save menus are streamlined to allow all applications to have the same basic features
plus program specific features.
Operating systems are often backwardly compatible with older system so that older programs
will run. Usually when new programs are created they are designed to work with the newest
operating system to allow them to use all the newest features.
19
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Desktop
Menu
The Start Button or Apple menu starts programs, opens documents, and access most parts of the
system. Windows Program and Apple Dock menus can be customized as needed.
• Program or Dock displays a list of the programs that are installed through
Windows and available to use
• Documents displays a list of the last 15 documents used allowing the user to
open them directly from this menu
• Settings displays system components, such as printers, control panel and
taskbar
• Find/Search has search abilities to find files, folders and phrases in
documents on your computer
• Help displays help topics broken up into contents, index and find
components
• Run allows you to start a program from a command line
• Shut down shuts down the computer, restarts the computer or logs you off a
network
• Favorites and Active Desktop is an option available to Windows 98+ (or
Internet Explorer 4x) users
Taskbar (Windows) or Dock (Apple)
• displays the program running and windows open

o to bring a program or window to the front single click on the item
on the taskbar or dock
o right click in Windows and click hold in Apple to display a menu
for the item
• right click an open area or click hold the seperator for a Taskbar or Dock
menu
• the Window system tray on the right of the Taskbar displays indicators
for certain tasks
(for instance a printer icon will appear when the printer is engaged)
• click and drag the Taskbar to the top, bottom, left or right and choose
Dock properties to place Dock on left, right or bottom
• drag the Taskbar to extend it and the Dock to make it bigger
• drag and icon to the Dock or Taskbar to add an alias or shortcut and
drag the icon off to remove it
• the Dock and Taskbar can be hidden until needed
• use Start/Settings/Taskbar to customize the Start menu properties and

choose Apple/Dock to change the Dock properties
20
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Control Panel & System Preferences
• used to change system settings like screen savers, time, screen colours
• also used to add and remove programs, fonts add and make changes to
hardware and software settings
Computer
• displays all the components of the computer including disk drives and
networks
• all parts of the computer can be accessed through My Computer's
hierarchical structure
• double click on any icon to view the contents of a disk, folder or run a
program
Windows & Finder
All programs, folders, tasks and most other operations open in a window.
Windows are used to:
• share common attributes through out the entire system

• contain menus for File, Edit, View and Help which change depending on the
task
o File
 open, rename, delete or change properties of files and folders
21
INTRO TO COMPUTER
 Send To used to open files in a specified program
 create "Shortcuts"
o Edit
 move, copy and paste files and folders
 Undo the last change
o View
 change how files are displayed
 toggles Toolbar and Status bar (Microsoft)
 sorts files by choosing column name
 can be set system wide
o Help
 displays help topics for active application
Toolbar
• displays icon menu of main options
Status bar
• shows current status of the window (Microsoft)
Shortcuts & Aliases
• can be created anywhere that is convenient to access a program, file or

folder
• select item and choose Create Shortcut or Make Alias then drag or move it to
where it is needed
• use the right mouse button to drag the item to the target and choose Create
Shortcut Here from the menu that appears (Microsoft)
• when you delete a Shortcut or Alias the original application and its icon
remain intact
Favorites
• collection of short cuts to documents, programs and websites
Programs & Features
Some Features
• Long file names - document names can now use names up to 255
characters including spaces using any character except \ / : * ? " < > |
• Plug and Play - many hardware devices like CDs, tape drives, upgrade
cards, etc... will automatically be detect and can be automatically install on
the system
• 32 bit Preemptive Multitasking - allows users to leave a task running
while working on another
22
INTRO TO COMPUTER
• Right Mouse button - used to display event specific or context sensitive
menus (Microsoft)
• Drag and Drop feature allows files or other information to be dragged from
one area and dropped in a new location or into an other application
• Active Windows - make your Desktop behave like a web site (Microsoft)
• Software Update - automates updating software through the Internet
• System Information or Profile - provides information about the computer
system
Using Help
• to get help about a specific procedure click the help button in the top right
corner of the screen
• Contents list general topics grouped by subject
• Index list specific topics accessed by scroll bars or typing the topic
• Find creates an index of words in Help and allows searches by word or
phrase
• click Help Topics to return to the Help menu
• Troubleshooters will step you through a series of steps to solve computer
problems (Microsoft)
Microsoft Explorer Bar
• Folder, Search, Favorites, Radio and History information is displayed on the

left side of thewindow
• click a folder or link to display contents on the right
• click plus to expand or show the sub-folders and minus to hide them
Using Old DOS Programs
• many older DOS program will run under Window

• the PIF editor is replaced with a Properties dialogue box
• note that some DOS programs cannot run in a window and require a full
screen
Using Older Software in MAC OS 10.x
• When Apple OS 10.x tries to open an older version of a program is will run it
in Classic mode
Switching between tasks (programs/applications/folders)
• depending in your system's resources you can have many programs running
at once and easily switch from one to another using various methods
• while hold down Alt, tap the Tab key to cycle through a menu of running
tasks
23
INTRO TO COMPUTER
• click on the taskbar or dock icon of the task you want to bring it to the front
Hints & Shortcuts
The right mouse button is a great feature of the Windows operating system and can be a real time
saver. Right click on;
• an empty space of the desktop to change Desktop Properties,

• My Computer to display or modify your computer's properties,
• Network Neighborhood to display and modify your network properties,
• Start menu item to modify it,
• right click an icon to work with it, etc.
On a Mac hold the mouse button down to display a context menu.
Backing up files
Many backup options are done automatically by the computer which will provide various options
to recover them in a crisis but a hard drive error can happen at any time and without warning. Be
sure to back up all your personal and business data on a regular basis. If you have a second hard
drive files can be backed up to that drive. A CD-R can also be used to make a back up or a
collection of floppy disks can also be used. When backing up files don't forget your email and
address book. Some people also have extensive collections of favorites that can be backed up as
well. Check your email, address book and browser for information on backing up these files.
Some programs have an export feature that can be useful when making back ups.
Different Methods of Opening Documents and Programs
• Open a program and use the Open command in the File menu
• Use the Documents command in the Start or Apple menu to open a recently
used document
• Use the Find command in the Start menu or the Sherlock program on a Mac
• Double click on an icon in a Folder
• Right click and choose Open
• Choose Start, Run and type the application (and path)
Creating Folders
• Use the New Folder option in the File menu (or right click) to create a folder in
the active window
Moving and Deleting Files
• Use Drag & Drop to drag the file or folder from one folder to another
o with the right button a menu will appear allowing you to Copy or Move
the file or folder (Windows)
24
INTRO TO COMPUTER
o files on the same disk are moved (hold Ctrl to copy)
o files on another disk are copied (hold Ctrl to move)
Use the Edit menu to Cut the file and Paste it in the destination folder
Hold down Shift while Deleting a file to by pass the Recycle Bin and permanently delete files
Multiple Selection
• to select files sequentially click on the first file and move to the last file, hold
down shift and click on the last file in the sequence
• to select files non-sequentially click on the first file and hold Ctrl while
clicking the rest
• the two methods can be used in combination
Organizing your files and icons
It is important to develop a filing system early. Create a folder on your Desktop to store your
data. Create sub-folders within that folder to sort the various documents, image, sounds and other
files that you create and use. A new folder can be created easily and given a logical name which
will help organize data.
• My Documents or Documents is the default folder created by the operating

system and can be used as is or rename
Troubleshooting
• Both Windows and Mac have a number of tools built in to assist in solving
computer problems
• Choosing Help allow Window users to access Troubleshooting Wizards that
provide step-by-step suggestions
• System Information under System Tools provide valuable information and
access to other system tools in Window
• System Profiler under Application, Utilities provide information about the
Mac
• Running a Disk Scan occasionally or on a schedule can solve many simple
errors
Word Processing
A word processor is a program used to type documents. Documents can be saved, closed and the
opened again to continue working on them.
The keyboard of a word processor is similar to that of a typewriter, but its capabilities extend far
beyond the typewriter's. For example, you don't have to press the Return or Enter key at the end
of every line - in word processing, the line "wraps around" when it reaches the margin you've
25
INTRO TO COMPUTER
set and allows you to continue typing without stopping, you only press Enter (or Return) when
you want to start a new paragraph or insert blank lines. If you make a mistake while typing
use backspace or delete to erase it.
There are many commercial word processing programs including Open Office Writer ,
Microsoft Word , Corel WordPerfect and others. Windows comes with WordPad to
edit and format documents and NotePad to edit text. Mac OS X comes with TextEdit or
SimpleText in previous version. Open Office is an Open Source office application that can be
downloaded for free at openoffice.org.
Editing functions such as inserting, deleting, moving, and copying characters, words, lines,
and even blocks of text are fast and easy with only a few keystrokes. Advanced programs will
number pages, repeat material in the same place on every page automatically, and check the
spelling of every word in your document. You print your document only after it looks exactly
the way you want it to. Finally, copies of your documents can be stored on a disk, enabling you
to retrieve, edit, and print them at any time.
The text appears at the cursor. Use the space bar to place spaces between words. Use
backspace to erase to the left of the cursor and delete to erase to the right of the cursor. Use Enter
(or Return) to move the cursor down a line.
Word processors allows you to type your text in Bold, Italics or Underline. This is useful when
you wish to highlight some word or line in a document. To activate Bold, Italics or Underline
click the icon button on the Toolbar, type the text that you wish to have highlighted then press
Toolbar icon again when you are finished. The indicator on the Toolbar will appear highlighted
as long as the highlight style is on.
The text can also be modified by changing the Font. A font is the shape and size of a character
of text. The three main types are serif (with tails); sans-serif (without tails); and script (similar
to handwriting). Text colours can also be changed.
26
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Text can also be indented and tab settings added which modify where the text is placed on the
page. Rather than press the space bar more than once set tabs where you want the cursor to move
to.
The page can be modified by changing the margins, adding headers or footers (repeating text
on each page), page numbering, graphic images and various other ways.
The Insert key toggles between Insert and Typeover. Sometimes an indicator on the bottom of
the screen will display the typing mode you are in. Normally, any text after the cursor will be
pushed across the screen (inserted) as new characters are typed in. With Typeover on the new
character will just replace the old character at the cursor.
Editing text is quite easy once you get used to it. Select text that you want to modify with the
mouse or by holding down Shift and using the arrow keys. Holding Control (CTRL) will select
text one word at a time.
Once you have the text selected use Cut (Ctrl-X) to cut the text off the page and into a
clipboard. Use Copy (Ctrl-C) to transfer a copy of the selected text to the clipboard. Use Paste
(Ctrl-V) to paste the text into the document at the cursor. The Windows clipboard will only hold
a single selection of text which is replaced with each new cut or copy.
If you make a mistake most modern programs have an Undo feature (Crtl-Z). Many also have a
Redo feature.
Most word processors will check your spelling and many have thesauruses and will check your
grammar. Don't rely on the editing tools to replace a good proof reading though! (as this editor
tends to do ;)
Database
A Database is a collection of information stored in a way that makes it easy to retrieve, modify
and search. A database can be stored in a single file with all the information stored together in a
single table which is called a flat database or stored in multiple tables with some common
access information referred to as a relational database.
There are many commercial database programs including Microsoft Access , Corel
Paradox, FileMaker, IBM DB and others. There are also an Open Source databases such as
OpenOffice.org Base and MySQL.
Each person or item in a database has it's own Record. Each piece of information about that
person or record are stored in Fields. All the information in all the records makes up the
Database.
27
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Each Field can have information typed into it. Use the Tab key to move forward through the
Field and the Shift-Tab to move backwards. Many databases also allow users to use the arrow
keys to move around as well.
Though many fields only allow a single line of input some allow multiple lines. When the
cursor reaches the bottom of a field with multiple lines the text will scroll upwards to show any
information that is below the line of sight. If there is more text in the field than there is room on
the screen use the arrow keys to move the cursor through the text.
It is possible to mask individual fields to make data entry easier. For instance the field for phone
numbers can be formatted to only allow numbers to be entered.
There are many different ways to use information in a database. In order to use it you can search
for and display information using various filters to allow or disallow certain records to display.
This is referred to as a query.
The data can be arranged to create reports and print the information in a specific format.
It is crucial that the information typed into a Database or information updated be saved before
leaving the program. Many data errors can be traced back to power-failures or accidental
computer shut downs.
The data can also be used by other programs for things like invoicing and form letters. The data
from a database can be merged with forms created in other programs for a wide range of uses.
When setting up a database make sure to take a bit of time to decide what fields are needed and
how they relate to other information. For instance, if an address is required does it need to be
broken down into a number of fields such as street, apartment, city, etc? Does the street need to
be broken down into house number, street name, street type, etc? Does a phone number need a
separate field for the area code? Taking time to decide what is needed before beginning a
database project is better than spending many frustrating hours modifying the data in the future.
Spreadsheet
Spreadsheets are used to work with financial information. Spreadsheet charts are laid out in
numbered rows and lettered columns. Where the row and column intersect is called a cell. The
cell is referred to by the letter and number of the intersection called the cell address. The first
cell in a chart is at the intersection of column A and row 1 and is referred to as Cell A1.
Some commercial Spreadsheets are Microsoft Excel , Corel QuatroPro , Lotus 123 and
others. OpenOffice.org Calc is an Open Source office program that is free to download and
use. Tax and accounting software are also spreadsheets but are designed to provide tools and
utilities which help get the specific job done.
28
INTRO TO COMPUTER
A B C
When working with numbers in a spreadsheet, refer to the cell addresses 1
when creating mathematical formulas. This is because any changes
you make to a single cell will be automatically updated without having 2
to reenter the numbers in the rest of the cells. 3
Use the plus sign (+) to add; the minus (-) sign to subtract; the asterix (*) to multiply; and the
back slash (/) to divide.
Spreadsheets use formulas to create simple to complex mathematical equations. A sheet can be
built to handle the financial needs of businesses.
Most of the standard editing features are available in the spreadsheet such as Bold, Italics,
Underline, Move, Copy and Paste.
Information from a spreadsheet can be displayed in chart form.
Most spreadsheet programs include templates to handle many of the average financial needs of a
home user or small business. These templates can be modified or customized to personalize them
for your own needs.
Most modern spreadsheet programs allow users to work on many sheets at once and access
information from any of the sheets in the workbook group.
Graphic Images, Sounds & Animation
Graphics
Computer graphics are anything that can be displayed on the screen except the text and
sometimes even text falls into the graphics category if it is save in a graphics format.
Commercial graphics programs

include; Corel PhotoPaint Corel Draw
Macromedia Macromedia
Fireworks Freehand
Adobe Photoshop Adobe Illustrator
LView ULead
29
INTRO TO COMPUTER
...and many others
There are basically two types of computer graphic, bitmapped and vector/structured.
Bitmapped graphics are images that are mapped to the monitor or screen.
The screen is made up of tiny dots called pixels. These dots can display
various colours depending on the type of computer hardware and software
you have. Using shades of red, green and blue (RGB) an image can be
displayed on the screen by mapping different colours to the screen in
different sequences.
Vector graphics use objects created from mathematical formulas to

represent things like lines, curves, fills, line thickness, etc. to create the image.
Each type of graphic has it's own advantages and disadvantages. Older versions of HTML were
only able to recognizes bitmapped graphics so most graphics created for the Internet, using
standard HTML, are created or converted to a bitmap format. The newest version of HTML or
XHTML is able to display vector graphics but not all browsers are able to display these graphics.
Within each of the two main types there are dozens of different formats.
Graphics formats are distinguished by their filename extensions.
The three main bitmapped format graphics used on the Internet are .gif, .jpeg (.jpg) and .png.
There are many others including .bmp, .tiff (.tif), .pcx, .ppm, .tga and a host of others.
Some of the structured formats are .ai, .cmx, .eps, .wpg, .cgm and a host of others.
Bitmapped graphics can be created and modified in a paint program and vector or
structured graphics can be created and modified in a draw program.
The main tools in a graphics program allow you to select a section of a picture, erase
part of a picture, fill a defined area, select a colour, magnify a section, draw free hand,
draw with various tools such as a straight line; a curved line; a rectangle; an oval; and a
polygon. You can also modify a drawing by changing the size, colour, placement, and,
depending on the program, hundreds of other modification.
Sound
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) or .mpg is multimedia format that is an attempt to
create a standardization among the various formats available. MPEG has made it possible to
place audio content on your website without having it sound tiny and hollow or taking an
extreme amount of time to download. There are many different formats for sound including;
Microsoft's .wav, Sun's .au & .snd, RealNetwork's RealAudio , .ra(*), and various others.
30
INTRO TO COMPUTER
You may have heard .mid files play when visiting various websites. Musical Instruments Digital
Interface (MIDI) files are basically sound tracks which use a collection of sounds contained in
the .mid file to play a tune.
To create a sound file you will need an audio program. You can then record with a microphone
or off of a prerecorded medium. Your computer will need to have a sound card properly
installed and a speaker to hear your recording. You can save the sound file to play back later.
Animation
With the advent of faster computers comes animation. Though it has

been around for years the modern computer has made it possible to
include animation in programs without causing them to slow down
(much). As with every multimedia format there are a number of types.
You may have seen .gif animations on this website. A GIF animation is a series of separate
images or frames that display one after the other to give the impression of movement. Other
formats are Audio Visual Interleave's .avi, the before mentioned mpg, Microsoft's Media Player
.wmv, Apple's Quick Time .qt, .aif(*) & .mov, RealNetwork's RealVideo .rm(*), Macromedia's
Flash creates Shockwave .swf, and JavaScript as well as various others.
There are various animation or multimedia players available for a free download off the
Internet.
To create animations, sounds or graphics you will need a program that has the capabilities you
want. Visit the various multimedia company websites to read up on their product to see if they
can do what you want. (Hint: to find a company website type "www.'replace this with the
companies name'.com"). Most companies offer free trials that you can download from their
website.
You should also be aware that most media content placed on the Internet is considered published
material and therefore copyright unless explicitly stated otherwise.
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing (dtp) uses both word processing and graphics to produce publications and
presentations.
Some common dtp programs are MS Publisher and Quark Express. Both Adobe and Corel
have a number of programs that work like dtp programs. OpenOffice.org Draw is an
OpenSource free option.
31
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Desktop publishing programs layout their documents in a series of slides that can contain text,
graphics and dynamic content. Content is added to each slide in a series which can be printed or
saved as a slide presentation. Sound and music can also be added to the presentation.
Internet
The Internet or the Net is a collection of computers, all linked together, to share information
globally. It was first developed in the U.S. by two universities who were both working on the
same contract and wanted to share their data. They were faxing information back and forth and
then retyping it until they came up with a piece of software called Unix to Unix Copy Program
or UUCP.
The Internet was born and has mushroomed outward from that
point.
There are 4 things that are necessary to "get on the net" with a full
graphic interface (picture, sounds, animation, etc...).
• A computer - preferably with a fast processor and lots of

memory (64 Mb or more)
• A modem - preferably 56,000 baud or high speed digital
• Browser Software - often installed with your operating system or can be downloaded
off the Internet
• An ISP - An Internet Service Provider is a service that connects your home or office
computer to the Internet
Once you have purchased an account with an ISP you will be given an account name. This is
often your email address as well. You will also be given a password and should also be
provided with instructions on how to change the password to a unique and personalized. The
generic password provided with your account should be change to one of your own. Protect your
password as you would any personal identification number (PIN) number.
top
The ISP will also provide information on how to configure your software. This can be simple or
difficult depending on your Operating System. Once configured you simply run the software to
connect your computer's modem to the ISP's modem, giving you access to the Internet.
There are a number of pieces of software that work together to connect you to the Internet.
top
32
INTRO TO COMPUTER
The first and most complicated is the dialer or socket software. This is the software that makes
the physical connection with the ISP's computer and the internet. This needs to be configured
only once but you will need instructions from your ISP on how to do this as each ISP has a
different setup.
top
The second piece is an Internet browser. This is the program that locates websites for you and
allows users to maneuver around (surf) the World Wide Web and view web pages. Some of the
more popular browsers are Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
Mosaic was the first browser and most modern browsers still use the basic model that the first
browser used. Some other browser are Opera, Safari, Netscape as well as dozens of others.
Before graphic browsers Lynx was the most popular browser and is still available for text
browsing. New browser are being developed and current browsers are constantly updating there
programs. It is extremely important to update your browser every once in a while. Some ISP
have a proprietary type of browser though most have given up this practice as it limits the
users abilities to browse the Internet.
Type the url or web address of the website that you want to visit in the address bar of your
browser and press Enter or click Go. Collect your favorite websites by adding them to your
Favorites or Bookmarks. To go to a Favorite or Bookmark, click on the menu and click on the
link.
Another piece of software is an email program . This program controls sending,

composing and receiving email. Most email programs can also be used to read postings on
newsgroups.
Instructions for getting this software can be obtained from your ISP though you may have to
download the newest version yourself.
top
There are many different ISPs. If you attend a university or college or belong to a military or
government organization you can most likely get Internet access through your school or work.
If not you will most likely buy access from a commercial provider.
Another option, if you are in a major center, is the Freenet. Many major cities have groups
devoted to making the Internet accessible to the greater majority of people and create Freenets
which allowing members free access to the Internet. They run on private and public donations. It
is an excellent way of learning about the Internet in a helpful environment.
33
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Once you are connected you will have access to Email, Newsgroups, the World Wide Web
(WWW), File Transfer Protocol (ftp), Internet Relay Chat (irc), Search Engines, ICQ and
other Internet Services.
Internet - Email
Email is the electronic equivalent of sending a letter through the mail. There are many different
mail reading programs or clients that control email but the basic functions are all the same. An
email address directs a message to the recipient.
Email addresses are made up of...
• the account name (often the users first initial and then the last name (sometimes only 8
characters)
• then the @ symbol
• then the name of the user's ISP
• the last 3 characters describe the type of service for the top level domain (TLD) name.
For example .com stand for commercial site, .mil - U.S. military, .gov - U.S. government,
.net - network, etc...
• when an address has 2 characters it is a geographical top level domain (gTLD). For
example .ca - is a site registered in Canada, .au - is a site registered in Australia, .tv - is a
site registered in Tuvla
• new TLDs are occasionally added including; .biz, .info, .name, .asia, .mobi
As well as sending and receiving mail the recipient can;
• save the address for future reference in an address book

• reply to the original message
• forward the message to a third party
• edit a message
• check the spelling and a wide range of other options.
One of the services provided by your ISP is to provide a storage area or mailbox to collect email
in. Email software programs control the transfer of this stored email by downloading the
messages from your mailbox on your ISP's computer to your own computer. You must be
connected to the Internet to do this.
An email message is made up of two parts; the header information and the body. The recipient's
address (to), the subject, the sender's email address as well as other information is contained in
the header. The content of the message is in the body. You can find out information about an
email message by viewing the header content. Most email programs had a 'view header' option in
the menu.
34
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Email can be composed and sent as plain text or HTML. Plain text messages can be read by any
email client but most modern email clients can compose and display email documents containing
formatting such as bold, different font size and colour, images, etc.
New messages can be written or composed off-line (not connected to the Internet). If the ISP
charges by the hour, connect to the Internet only to send and receive your email and then
disconnect to read and compose your mail.
Many ISP's also offer web mail programs so that you can logon to check and send email using
any internet accessible computer.
Some companies offer free email service that you can sign up for. These free services rely on
advertising for revenue so your recipient will also be receive an advertisment with the email.
Most free email accounts are accessed through a web browser where the user composes and
reads their mail online. The benefit is that you can easily access your mail from any internet
terminal and the address is easily disposable (if it gets added to a junk mail list for instance).
You can also attach files to email messages to send picture, sound, documents, videos and other
types of file with your email. Some email programs automatically open attachments such as
photos and html code. Change the program's properties or options to turn this feature on or off.
Unrequested or spam email has become a problem on the internet. A large percentage of the
email sent is this unrequested email which takes up bandwidth and causes prices to rise.
Businesses must take time to sort through spam to find the legitimate email which also takes time
and money. Most ISPs provide software that will filter out the worst of this email. If you find
that you are receiving a lot of unrequested email contact your ISP to see if they can provide you
with spam filters.
Email Attachments
An attachment is a computer file or files place inside an email message.
Email was originally designed to handle only plain text (no formatting, ie. bold,
centering, etc.) which was transferred from one computer to another in a format
called ASCII. ASCII is a standard across all computer types which makes e-mail
universal. Today many modern email programs allow HTML (hypertext markup
language) to be included in email messages which allow you to format your email
messages with font sizes, bold, centre and such. The recipient must have an HTML
capable email reader to see the formatting otherwise they will get a document
marked up with HTML tags.
To attach a document to an email message drag the file attachment to the body of
the message and drop it. An attachment can also be added by choosing File
Attachment from the menu. Most modern email programs place a button on the
Toolbar usually in the shape of a paper clip that you can click. A dialog box will open that allows
35
INTRO TO COMPUTER
you to browse and select the file that you want to attach. You can attach more than one file to a
single email message. Don't move the original document until the message has been sent.
Most documents created on computer, such as word processing documents (Word, WordPerfect,
etc.) or spreadsheet documents (Excel, Quatro, etc.) or graphic files (Corel Draw, Paint Shop,
or .gif and .jpg files) are stored in their own unique binary code format. This binary format is
determined by the program that the file is created with. Email documents are create as text files
so in order to send a binary file or document via email, it must first be encoded into a text format
and then attached to the email text message.
Such an 'encoded' document may end up looking something like this:
ugAAANAAAAALAAAAAgD//zQAQgBvAGQAeQAgAFQAZQB4AHQAAABCAG8AZAB5ACAAVABlAHgAdAAA
ANMFCwAAAQAACwDT0wQdAAATAAD//wUAsAQAmA0AEA4AaBAAK5sdANPUGxkAgAEAAAgAigIAAAAA
AACKAooCGQDU1BpXAIABAQAIAAAAAAAAAAAAHAD0GlwSGgkAABEJAAAAYAAYEQAAECoAVABpAG0A
ZQBzACAATgBlAHcAIABSAG8AbQBhAG4AAAAAAAAAVABUAAAAVwDU1AILAAABAAELANTUAwsAAAEA
These lines are all printable or lower-ASCII characters and can be sent via email. When it gets to
your computer and you want to view the document, it first must be decoded or converted back to
it's binary format before it can be opened. Today this is typically handled by your Email
program.
There are several common encoding standards, the most popular being uuencoding, mime, and
binhex. Not all email packages support even these three, let alone all the non-standard ones. If
someone sends you a document encoded in a format that your email program doesn't support the
email program will not decode the attachment.
The attached file must be loaded into a program to be viewed. For example, if the attached
document was originally created in Microsoft-Word you need Word, Open Office or another
modern word processor on your computer to work with the document. Most modern software
suites can import documents from other suites.
Most modern email programs work hand-in-hand with your operating system to try and open the
correct program required to view the document sent as an attachment. This is done by matching
the file extension such as .jpg, .gif, .doc, etc... with a registered file type.
Viruses can also be transferred via email attachments. Because your email software handles the
decoding of programs sent as attachments it is easy to infect your computer simply by opening
an infected attachment. Always check email attachment with an anti-virus program before
opening them.
There are several reasons why an attachment will not display properly or at all:
1. the encoded file is corrupted and cannot be decoded. This is usually due to damage in
transit and happens very seldom these days.
36
INTRO TO COMPUTER
2. the encoding type is not supported by your e-mail program and so the file cannot be
decoded back to it's original type.
3. the attached document was created in a program that you don't have on your computer or
is not a registered file type.
4. the email program has an option set which automatically locks attached files
When sending an attachment you should think about whether the intended recipient has the same
program on their computer. When you are sending an attachment to someone you should always
use a standard encoding process (the one that comes with your email program is usally best) and
send the document in a format that the recipient can view. If in doubt, ask them first by email.
Macs users should be aware that most Windows user won't be able to decode a binhex file.
If your email software automatically locks attachments and you want to view the attachment you
can change the programs settings by modifying the Preferences or Options.
If the formatting isn't important it's better to copy your the text from the original program and
then paste it into the body of a plain text email message rather than sending an attachment.
Everybody's email software can read this 'plain text' ASCII format.
Internet - Newsgroups & Discussion Groups

Newsgroups are discussion groups that are going on all the time. You can write a message and
post it to a newsgroup in the morning and come back to read a reply to the message in the
afternoon. You can also reply to other's messages.
There are thousands of news groups covering as many topics. Some are moderated, meaning
that a person who has knowledge or an interest in a certain topic will receive the message and
read it before posting it. This keeps the discussion on topic. Most are not moderated and the
discussion can go anywhere but it can be a great way to get a quick reply to your questions.
As well as the public newsgroups many organizations and companies will provide discussion
groups of bulletin boards that focus on areas related to their own topics. This can be a great spot
37
INTRO TO COMPUTER
to find out more about an organization, find a solution to a problem you are having and
participate in the discussions related to that company or organization.
One problem with posting a message to a discussion or newsgroup is that unscrupulous

companies mine the newsgroups for email addresses and then send unsolicited email (spam) to
the poster. It is recommended that you disguise your email address using your email software
preferences or the bulletin board settings.
Many newsgroups have a publicly accessible faq. A faq is a collection of frequently asked
questions that have been posted many times to a newsgroup. You may get a gentle reminder or a
completely rude and insulting comment if you post a question that is on the faq. It is acceptable
to post a question as where the faq is located and you may find that frequent posters will mention
the faq in their message.
Internet - Navigation
World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages connected together with hyperlinks.
Each document or page has a unique address that allows you to find it among the millions of
other documents on the Web. The address is called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or
sometimes a Uniform Resource Indicator (URI). When you chose a new link by clicking on it
or by typing it into the address field your browser sends a request for that document and
displays it on the screen. That link can be to a different section of the current document, another
document on the same website as the original or on another website anywhere in the world. Web
pages are designed using hypertext markup language or HTML.
Designing a basic HTML page is not difficult after mastering a few simple codes or if you are
planning a website you can have a Web Developer (send me an inquiry) create one for you. The
key to the web are the links to different, useful or interesting pages. Internet user collect links to
their favorite sites or web pages and add them to a bookmark or favorites list.
Receiving information from another computer is called downloading. When a user chooses a
web page to go to the browser automatically downloads the information from the page and
displays it on the users computer screen. The user can also choose to download specific files.
Sending information to another computer is called uploading. To place a web page on a website
the developer must upload the file from their computer to the ISPs server.
Being Online means being connected to another computer, whether that computer is your ISP,
your friends computer across town or a remote office computer, through a modem, or digital
connection. Going Offline means disconnecting your computer from the remote connection.
Internet - Other
38
INTRO TO COMPUTER
File Transfer Protocol (ftp) allows users to transfer files and documents from one computer to
another. There are a few different software programs that will make this process quite simple. If
you are designing a website you can use ftp to update your website.
Computer users can also use an ftp program to download files and software off the internet.
Many companies and universities offer ftp sites that contain software which can be downloaded
and used on your computer. A search for 'ftp' will display dozens of ftp programs that can be
used to download software.
top
Internet Relay Chat (irc) allows users to participate in real-time discussions with other users
through the Internet. A user logs on to an irc site and then types messages and replies to others
messages as they are written. Often an irc discussions has a topic and users will join to discuss
this topic. Other irc discussions are free flowing and regardless of how centred the discussion is
it can take some time to sort out the different threads of discussion in a busy irc. They are also
used for online conferences with a famous or knowledgeable person contributing their time to
answer questions and present information.
Along the same theme are online game sites where Internet users can compete against other
users on the Net.
top
Instant Messaging software, such as ICQ and MSN allows users to find friends and
contacts through the Internet and communicate with them in real time. Users maintain a list of
contacts which the software will notify when they are online and contact is available. To use an
instant messaging service it is necessary to have and register software available on the Internet.
Instant messaging allows you to chat, send messages and files and various other features but only
with people you choose. Often the software and registration is free.
Some services also provide the ability to connect a microphone to your computer and talk to your
contact. Your contact can talk back using their account and software which you can hear using
the computer's speakers or an ear attachment.
Internet - Search
If you are looking for a specific company or organization try typing www.company name.com
into the address bar first (e.g. www.grassrootsdesign.com). If it is a "country specific"
organization try ending with the specific, 2 character country code rather than .com (click here to
display countries and their code).
39
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Search Engines make finding things on the Internet relatively easier. Search engines are run by
companies that collect information from the Internet, sort and categorize it and present the
information to the user based on keyword searches or through directory listings.
It is worth taking some time to learn how to make an effective keyword search as the amount of
information that these search engines provide can be overwhelming. It is common to be provided
with 10s of thousands of references to any given search term. By narrowing your search to a
specific phrase you can target your searches more effectively. Many search engines require that
you enclose a search phrase in quotes (e.g. "the cat in the hat").
Different search engines will display different results and sort those results differently. If you
don't find the information you want on one search site try another. Some search companies offer
meta searches which are compiled from a number of different search engines' results.
Most search sites offer directory listings as well. The information is categorized in a hierarchy
from general categories to specific categories. To find a specific web site follow the links down
to the category that matches your interest.
The results from a search are a list of pages with links to the documents that match your search.
Each search engine has a different way of displaying the results but generally you will see a list
with the name of the organization or title of the page. You may also see a short description of
that web page. Clicking on the title will take you to that page.
Though there are hundreds of search engines on the Internet there are only a couple dozen that
the majority of people use. If you choose "customize" in your browsers search tool you will see a
list of some of these search engines.
Website Search
As well as Internet searches many websites offer a website search feature to help visitors find
information on that specific website. Generally there will be a button marked 'Search' beside a
text field. Enter your query to display links to the pages that match.
ECommerce
Electronic Transactions on the Internet are becoming common
place. Books, software and even groceries can be bought and sold
with the click of a button (and a credit card). The biggest problem
with doing business over the Internet is the lack of common
standards around security. There are dozens of different
standards involving hundreds of different methods.
The Internet, by it's nature, is an open system which means that

information can flow freely from one computer to the next.
40
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Information transmitted through the Internet can be intercepted and copied as any point along the
path. For this reason it is not a good idea to send confidential information like credit card
numbers through the Internet the same way you might send an email to a friend. In order to send
confidential information you must be sure that your private information can not be intercepted
along the way.
The most common method is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). A transaction computer with an
order form for the product that you wish to purchase creates a secure connection which ensures
that all the information that you send to it is not accessible to anyone else. If information from a
secure connection is intercepted it will be encrypted making it useless to persons with malicious
intent.
Most small businesses will not find it economical to setup their own secure server and can
purchase a service from a third party which offers a transaction service. These services vary but
all require a setup fee and some form of payment for transactions performed on their secure
server. This payment can involve a monthly fee, a transaction fee, a percentage of the
transaction, a credit card company fee or a combination of some/all of these fees.
When considering hiring a transaction service a company should decide whether they want to
setup their own merchant agreement with the credit card companies or pay the transaction
service to use theirs. Some transaction companies retain a percentage of receipts for security
deposit until a proven transaction record is established anywhere from 30 to 90 days. Some allow
limited outside development of the forms used on the secure server and other insist that the forms
be developed in-house.
Another model is the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET). This model requires that the
customer download and install a wallet into which they enter their password protected credit
card information. The SET system development was promoted by the major credit card
companies to provide a safe and secure environment for online transactions.
The SET "wallet" model requires that the customer obtain a Digital Certificate from a Certified
Authority (CA) which they then use to perform the transaction. The Certified Authority, usually
the bank or financial institution that the customer deals with, verifies the validity of the
Certificate to the merchant. The customer enters their personalized password to verify that they
have the authority to use the Certificate and the transaction is made. This model allows
customers to use their credit cards to purchase items from merchants without transmitting their
actual credit card details to the merchant.
The merchant uses their merchant

agreement with the credit card company to
complete transactions, process refunds and verify the validity of the customers credit card
information.
Though still in its infancy, many billing companies have begun Internet transaction projects
using the SET model to allow their customers to pay their bills, check their account status and
much more.
41
INTRO TO COMPUTER
This document marks the end of the section on the Internet. Try the Internet Quiz or click the
Next button to skip it!
Scripts & Macros

Scripts are used for many things on computers. Everything from customizing and automating
repetitious tasks to changing the way the computer functions can be controlled with scripts. One
example of a script is a batch file and the most common of these is the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
With older versions of Windows, this script contained the steps that the computer went through
when starting up. The CONFIG.SYS file controls how your computer's hardware is configure
each time you restart it. These type of files contain instructions for your computer; one
instruction per line. These instructions are operating system commands and can be modified in
any text editor. Always be sure to make a backup before modifying a *.BAT file.
One of the most common scripts that the average user will come in contact with are macros.
Most programs use some form of macro. A macro, at it's simplest, is a recorded series of
keystrokes that help automate repetitive tasks. These tasks, once copied into a script, can be
accomplished with a few keystrokes. You can use macros to help you write letters, create
memos, or build reports. Some macros stop and beep when you need to enter information. Some
present a screen with detailed information and multiple choices. Many programs allow the user
to record personalized macros for their own unique use such as inserting your name and address.
Most computer users will use scripts in some way, perhaps without realizing it. One common
script that users often use are Wizards or scripts that install new software. These type of scripts
will take you step by step through complex processes and stop a certain points to offer users
different choices.
On the Internet there are a number of script languages including JavaScript, Perl, VBScript, PHP
and many others. These programming script languages allow website programmers to create
many interesting and useful functions. These scripts are often written into web pages or stored on
the server that you connect to. These type of scripts are used for processing forms, keeping
statistics, counting visitors to website, querying databases as well as limitless other processes
with more being introduced each day.
There are many scripting languages and programming languages designed to be used with
programming tools or as stand alone programs but, as this is an introduction to computers, lets
stick to the basics for now.
Computer Viruses
A virus is a program designed by a computer programmer (malicious hacker) to do a certain
unwanted function. The virus program can be simply annoying like displaying a happy face on
the user's screen at a certain time and date. It can also be very destructive and damage your
computer's programs and files causing the computer to stop working.
42
INTRO TO COMPUTER
The reason why hackers create viruses are open for speculation. The most quoted reason is
simply to see if it can be done. Other reasons are Ludite based "smash the machine" motivations,
antiestablishment/anti-corporate actions, criminal intent, and various others that range into the
"conspiracy theory" realm.
Viruses take two basic forms
One is a boot sector viruses which infect the section of a disk that is first read by the computer.
This type of virus infects the boot or master section of any disks that it comes in contact with.
The second is a program virus that infects other programs when the infected program is run or
executed. Some viruses infect both and others change themselves (polymorphic) depending on
the programs they encounter.
Though viruses do not damage computer hardware there have been attempts to create programs
that will do things like run the hard drive until it fails or lodge itself in the computer's clock
(which has a rechargeable battery) allowing it to remain active even months after the computer
has been unplugged. Other viruses affect certain microchips (BIOS chip for instance). These
microchips need to be modified under normal computer use but the virus program can produce
changes which cause them to fail. Other viruses will affect the characters or images displayed on
the screen which may give the impression of monitor failure.
Viruses can cause a great deal of damage to the computers it infects and can cost a lot of time
and money to correct it.
Computer viruses have been around for a long time, even before computers became widely used
and they will likely remain with us forever. For that reason computer users will always need
ways to protect themselves from virus programs. The main, common feature of a virus is that it
is contagious! Their sole purpose is to spread and infect other computers.
A computer gets a virus from an infected file.
The virus might attach themselves to a game, a program (both shareware and commercial) or a
file downloaded from a bulletin board or the Internet.
You cannot get a virus from a plain email message or from a simple text file! That is because the
virus needs to be 'run' or executed before it can take effect. This usually happens when the user
tries to open an infected program, accesses an infected disk or opens a file with an infected
macro or script attached to it. A plain email message is made up of text which does not execute
or run when opened.
Modern email programs provide the ability to allow users to format email messages with HTML
and attach scripts to them for various purposes and it is possible for a malicious hacker to
attempt to spread a virus by building a virus script into an HTML type of email message.
43
INTRO TO COMPUTER
When you are accepting software or scripts on Internet sites or reading mail from unknown
senders it is best not to run a program from that site or sender without checking it with an anti-
virus program first.
Protect yourself
You can take safeguards against virus infection. The first thing is to get an anti-virus program.
Most reputable companies that create virus protection programs release an evaluation copy that
an Internet user can download for free and use for a certain amount of time. This anti-virus
program will be able to check your computer for viruses and repair damage or delete files that
are infected with viruses. You may have to replace infected files that cannot be repaired.
The second thing you can do is purchase a copy of the program. The reason for this is that
viruses are constantly being created. When you purchase an anti-virus program you are also
purchasing periodical updates which keep your anti-virus program up-to-date and able to deal
with new viruses as they are encountered. Commercial virus programs also allow the user to
customize when and how the program will check the computer for viruses. You will need to
renew this updating service periodically.
If you find that your computer has been infected with a virus use an anti-virus program to clean
your computer and make sure to check all the disks that you use. This includes all the hard
drives on your computer(s) and all your floppy disks and CDs as well as any media that you save
information on. Remember that the virus can easily re-infect your computer from one infected
file!
If you have to reload your computer programs, use the original program disks. You may want to
check your original disks before reinstalling the software. If your original disks are infected
contact the distributor to get replacements.
Always take the time to ensure that your computer is properly protected. Spending money on a
good virus checking program could save you hundreds of dollars and lots of time later.
A discussion of viruses would not be complete without mentioning hoaxes. Malicious people
without programming skills will send out fake virus warnings causing people to take unnessary
measures which often cause your computer harm. One example tries to get the unsuspecting
computer user to delete an important system file by warning them that it is a virus. A legitimate
virus warning will provide a link to a website operated by an anti-virus company with more
information about that virus. Don't forward a virus warning until you have check out whether it
is legitimate.
Computer Security
There is a lot of discussion these days about computer security as more people use email and
more services such as banking, mail orders and subscriptions become available through the
Internet. But how secure is the Internet and what is computer security?
44
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Updating Software
It is very important to update your software periodically. When a program is released, particular
internet browsers, it may contain flaws usually referred to as bugs. These bugs may not appear to
be a problem but criminals will attempt to use these flaws for their own use. Keeping your
software up to date will help keep your computer secure.
Computers & Security
Before the Internet, computer security was limited to 'closed systems' or network computers
such as offices or banks where only people physically in the office could use the computer
system. It was quite easy for the network supervisor to set up user names and passwords and
since that time people have become used to logging on before they can use these types of
computers or resources.
With the advent of the Internet, computers users can now work in an 'open system' and security
has become much more complicated. Even though you can now connect your home or office
computer to the Internet and perform remote transactions without leaving the building you still
want to be sure that the transaction is secure. The transaction takes place through the Internet by
bouncing the information through various computers before it reaches, for example, the bank's
computer. You want to be sure that no one observes the transaction along the way and collects or
modifies your transaction information.
This is where computer security comes in. There are many different types of security systems
though most use a process called encryption. When you connect to your bank or other service to
make a transaction you are often required to send your account number or user name as well as a
Personal Identification Number (PIN) or password for verification. This information should only
be sent after establishing a secure connection. If you are using an Internet browser you will see
a small closed lock appear in the window of the browser. Once you are connected to a secure
server any information you send or receive is scrambled or encrypted using a mathematical
formula and then reassembled or decrypted at the other end. The computer user usually will not
notice this happening as they perform their secure transaction. Anyone with criminal intent who
intercepts your transaction will be treated to a stream of garbled nonsense - (e.g..
qANQR1DBwU4D560EJv6XqrMQB)!
If this is the first time you use a new service you most often will need to setup an account and
possibly download a small piece of software called a plug in which allows your computer to
create the secure connection or link.
The transaction often involves the exchange of a small file that keeps track of the transaction and
can act a flag or bookmark when you next visit that website. These small files are called cookies
and are set by the website you are visiting. They can contain information such as the type of
server you are connecting from, the type of browser you are using, the last site you visited and
any information you volunteer. You can view the information stored in the cookie. Try a search
45
INTRO TO COMPUTER
for 'cookie' to find the cookies folder. Windows users can view any cookies they are storing in
the folder C:\Windows\Cookies\.
Setting up security
As the most people won't be setting up their own secure server the scope of this section is limited
to the topics of protecting email and small business or organizational transactions.
Email can be protected using a service or an application (program). There are others but the two
that stand out currently are S/MIME and PGP. S/MIME requires the user to register with a 3
party service which issues a digital id that you attach to your message. Though this is usually a
commercial service there is often a free introductory period. PGP is free for personal use or a
commercial application for business use and is run from your own computer.
Both methods allow users to sign or attach a digital identification to the email message which
verifies, to the recipient, that the message is from the original person or organization and that the
information wasn't tampered with in transit. These methods also allow the user to encrypt their
message so that anyone intercepting the message wouldn't be able to read it. You can also decide
the level of encryption from low; in which a nerd with some good software and enough time on
their hands could possibly decrypt to high (128 bit) which would take a whole mountain of
experts weeks to decrypt if even then. Most of us will choose somewhere in between as this
process involves increased time and file size.
Both methods use key pairs of public and private keys. Your public keys is sent to everyone
that you communicate through email with. Your public key can be sent through various methods
including posting it to an internet service or sending it as part of an email message. Public keys
can also be post on your website in a file. Your friends and associated can add your public key to
a file called a key ring). When someone wants to send you a secure email the sender encrypts
their messages with your public key. When you receive the email you must decrypt it using your
private key. Many email programs will automatically verify that the message is authentic. You
will need to type in your password to view the message.
Encryption also involves using the key pair but in reverse. Once your message is completed you
encrypt the file using the recipient's public key ensuring that only the recipient can ever access
that message with their private key. (Editor's note: Don't lose your private key!).
Small businesses and organizations that wish to offer transactions over the Internet or
Ecommerce can take their chances and set up an unsecured system, set up their own secure
server or purchase a service from a third party. There are various types including service that
take a percentage of the transaction and/or charge a service fee and/or charge for each
transaction. Some organizations are more reliable and you should always shop around before
committing to a service. Because this type of service is so new the length of time a company has
been operating is not always a way to decide. Things to watch for is downtime. If your
companies website is operating properly yet the customer or user can't access the transaction
server because it is down, too busy or misconfigured they will easily be put off perhaps entirely.
46
INTRO TO COMPUTER
Watch for contracts that lock you in as the market is still developing and prices tend to fluctuate.
It is easy to switch services by simply changing the address on your website's order forms.
Security and Websites
As was stated at the beginning of this document the nature of the Internet is an open system.
Having said that there are many reasons and many ways to set up a secure or closed system with
in this open framework. Private or member based discussion groups, private files or folders,
protected databases, copyright material to name a few all need some way of allowing them to be
distributed to the intended recipient only. Also many businesses are creating Intranets which are
closed systems only accessible to registered users. An Intranet can provide a way of making
company information easily accessible and allow branch offices to communicate with each other
easier.
Account Security
Your website itself is protected by your ISP's software. When you attempt to access your web
space to change or modify a file using a shell or ftp you are challenged to send your username
and password. This is the first line of protection and adequate for many website administrators.
Server Security
The server that your website is installed on is the second line of protection. Most servers have
security features built in to them allowing users to password protect folders or build scripts to
send a username/password challenge to a user trying to access a file or folder. This allows
website administrators the ability to create discussion groups within their site or to place
confidential documents or information that is made available only to registered users on their
own website. Unfortunately some ISP either don't make this option available, charge a premium
to use them or only allow their own employees to set them up.
Third Party Security
Another option includes contracting the protection of private files to a separate service, pay a
third party to hosting a private discussion group or obtain web space on another server that
allows access to security options. The entire Internet is as close as your computer connection and
whether the file the user is viewing is stored in your own current web space or on another server
is usually immaterial. When your customers, employees or members moves from one page to
another the consistency of the website is the maintained by the design, not the address of the
separate pages. It is also possible to control the address that is displayed if required.
Software Security
Another option is to use JavaScript or Java applets to control how customers or members
access secure features. This option is only available to users who are using Java enabled
browsers. Scripts and applets can control access to documents and databases, create content on
47
INTRO TO COMPUTER
the fly based on user input, detect the browser the visitor is using and direct them to the proper
page, retrieve cookies and use that information to determine whether a user has access to a
certain area or not, as well as many other uses.
Copyright
Copyright is protect using the same process as any original material (books, artwork, film, etc...).
Anything that a user gets off the Internet should be treated as privately owned information unless
otherwise noted. Anyone posting private information to the Internet should be aware that
copyright law is not the same in every country and may be difficult to enforce. It is possible to
set up a page that won't be stored on the users computer once they leave the site but that will only
slow down not stop users who want to obtain information posted on a website. Notices of
copyright are often added to the main page of a website sometimes with a link to a page
describing the details of how the content can be used.
Is Security Necessary?
Though you may think that it is not necessary to setup security systems there are many reason to
consider it. I have come across a number of examples of people forging documents and email. A
digital signature will be the only way to verify whether a document is genuine or not.
Many organizations need to discuss draft articles, changes to bylaws and other documents that
could cause problems if they were made public before they are approved. A secure directory
within your website is an ideal spot to store sensitive material making it available for members
and people who have the proper password.
I would be remiss to not point out and as all articles on the subject also point out mining the
Internet with malicious intent is also possible. One common malicious acts is to search websites
for email addresses and then add them to spam distribution lists. Unfortunately there is very little
that can be done to counter this other than removing your email address from your web site but
this makes it difficult for your customers to contact you.
Whether you decide to add a security component to your web site project initially it is a good
idea to think about or have a discussion about web site security when planning the site. You
should also review your security systems periodically whether that is changing your password or
reviewing and updating your security system.
Networks
Most people working in office with more than a couple of computers will be using some form of
network. As networks become easier to setup and maintain more home users are also setting up
networks to share resource such as disk space, printers, Internet connections and access to
software.
48
INTRO TO COMPUTER
A network is basically two or more computers connected through a cable or wire which share
resources. Network software controls how the computers communicate.
There are dozens of different types of networks which are impossible to cover in an introduction
article. This article focuses on home and small business networks using some version of the
Window operating system.
To connect computers each of the computers needs a network card with a connection that allows
a cable to be connected to it. Computers can be connected directly through a bi-directional
cable or through an other piece of hardware called a hub. The hub then connects all the
computers in your local network together. Both solutions cost about the same but a hub allows
more than two computers to connect. A hub can also be used to connect two local area
networks together to create a wide area network.
Some form of network software is required. This network protocol software is installed
through the network preferences. NetBIOS was commonly used though recently a secure
TCP/IP protocol has been developed. The network protocol determines how computers become
part of the network and how they are recognized. The network must have a name and you can
use some creativity at this point. Each computer must also have a unique name that other
computers on the network can access them with.
If all goes well this is all you need but often there will be a conflict that can be resolved by
establishing exactly how the computer will communicate. To solve these types of conflict your
network needs a set DNS server address and each computer in the network needs to be assigned
a unique IP address. The addresses usually are in the range of 192.168.x.x where x means any
number between 0 and 255. Once these numbers have been entered your network should be
functioning with each computer able to see the other computers on the network.
You must also decide which resources you want to share. You may want to make a disk or folder
available, a printer or tape backup system so that everyone can use it. You may also want to have
parts of the network that are either not accessible or accessible only through a password. File
and print sharing must be enable on the computer that will share it's resources or host computer
and they determine how they are accessed by other computers or clients.
A computer with an Internet connection can also share that connection with other computers on
the network but you should check with your ISP what their policy on sharing Internet
connections is. Sharing an Internet connection also raises some serious security issues. Many
cable high speed Internet connections use the Network Neighborhood settings to create the
Internet connection and connecting your home or office network to this existing system can
cause problems. Though you may want to allow a computer in another room of the house to
access files or run programs on your computer you probably don't want the kid down the block to
have that same access.
Security on networks begin with passwords. Everyone who wishes to access the network must
logon with a username and password. If someone cancels the password challenge they will be
able to access the files and programs on that individual computer but can't access any of the
49
INTRO TO COMPUTER
network resources. Specific passwords for important folders or disks can also be set or access to
folders or disks can be forbidden.
Unlike server/client networks where the server must be running before the computers can
communicate the peer-to-peer network that comes packaged with Windows allow any
computers that are turned on to communicate with other. Other computers in the network
become accessible as user turn them on.
Networks can also be open to remote secure access through a virtual private network. A VPN
allows a computer to connect to a computer or network through the Internet.
50

Intro To Computer Hardware

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Intro To Computer Hardware

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

INTRO TO COMPUTER

Video cards allow computers to display video and animation. Some

Network cards allow computers to connect together to communicate

Examples of software programs or applications would be the Operating System (DOS,

Disk and Storage

• About a thousand bytes is a kilobyte (Kb).

Flash drive or thumb drives range in size.

Amount of Approximate printed

CD 650 Mb a small library

DVD 4.5 Gb a feature length movie

DVD dual a long feature length movie with

Information is stored in an electromagnetic form much like a cassette or video tape.

Basic Computer Operations

Keyboard Layout and Data Entry

ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box

FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS - Access commands by themselves or in combination with the

Command or Special Keys

Basic Typing Rules

Health and Safety

It is possible to use a computer safely if a few simple rules are

Musculoskelatal problems can occur when improper office

Files & Documents

Folders & Directories

On the disk are directories or collection of folders. These directories or

Saving Files or Documents

Some common rules are:

• All files are saved on a disk or storage device.

Dialog boxes allow computer users to select different options.

Modern software places the most popular commands on a toolbar

Installing New Software

Compression and Decompression

Taskbar (Windows) or Dock (Apple)

• displays the program running and windows open

• use Start/Settings/Taskbar to customize the Start menu properties and

Windows & Finder

Windows are used to:

• share common attributes through out the entire system

• displays icon menu of main options

• shows current status of the window (Microsoft)

Shortcuts & Aliases

• can be created anywhere that is convenient to access a program, file or

• collection of short cuts to documents, programs and websites

Programs & Features

Microsoft Explorer Bar

• Folder, Search, Favorites, Radio and History information is displayed on the

Using Old DOS Programs

• many older DOS program will run under Window

Using Older Software in MAC OS 10.x

Switching between tasks (programs/applications/folders)

Hints & Shortcuts

• an empty space of the desktop to change Desktop Properties,

On a Mac hold the mouse button down to display a context menu.

Different Methods of Opening Documents and Programs

Moving and Deleting Files

Organizing your files and icons

• My Documents or Documents is the default folder created by the operating

OpenOffice.org Base and MySQL.

Information from a spreadsheet can be displayed in chart form.

Graphic Images, Sounds & Animation

Commercial graphics programs

Adobe Photoshop Adobe Illustrator

Vector graphics use objects created from mathematical formulas to