ACTIVITY L2

Industrial Revolution 18th - 19th Century

The economic developments of the 1800s saw the development of
agrarian and handicraft economies in Europe and America transform into industrial,
urbanized ones.
The term to describe this phenomenon would be known as the "Industrial Revolution,"
and was first used by French writers, but made popular by English economic historian
Arnold Toynbee.
The Industrial Revolution was underpinned by the Agricultural Revolution.
From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, agricultural production increased
significantly.
The huge increase in food output supported the expansion,
and sustained a large population and boosted trade.
The increased use of machines over human or animal power in farming also meant that
fewer farm workers were needed,
and they could leave the land for industrial towns.
Better metals and richer fuel also contributed to industrialization by creating the steam
engine,
an integral machine to industrialization, which powered factories, locomotives, and
ships.
The new steam engines used coal and iron, both in the construction and as fuel,
increasing demand for these resources.
Roads, canals, and roadways changed Britain dramatically
connecting Britain and allowing goods to be sent over long distances.
Visually, the revolution was clear in the new industrial towns, with smoking factories
dominating the skyline.
The cities were horrible to live in.
Overcrowded, dirty, with dangerous conditions in the factories and strict rules and
punishments.
The Industrial Revolution saw mechanization of the textile industry,
which was previously manufactured in the home, creating the term "Cottage Industry."
Now, production could be increased on a large scale because of new inventions,
such as the spinning mule and the power loom.
The iron industry developed with Henry Bessemer's inexpensive process for mass-
producing steel.
Iron and steel were key materials for constructing the tools in machinery, steam
engines, and ships needed for the industrial progress.
Industrial labor opportunities drew people to the cities from the countryside--
To such an extent that in 1750 only 15% of the population of Britain lived in towns.
By 1850, over 50% of the entire population of Great Britain lived in either a town or a
city,
and by 1900, it was 85%
London had 4.5 million people,
Glasgow - 760,000,
Liverpool - 685,000,
and Manchester and Birmingham - 500,000
Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and was the only mature
industrial economy for a long time.
Historians have speculated that this was because as an island, there was relative peace
and stability for Britain compared to mainland Europe.
Rather than spending on a large defensive standing army, capital could be spent on
other ventures,
and there was confidence for investors.
Native resources were also abundant, and readily available for initial technological
developments and inventions.
Engineers and inventors were also respected and encouraged in British society,
and were backed by wealthy patrons.
A powerful navy and an empire bringing in vast wealth from its colonies also
contributed to the catalyst for industrialization before others.
Nevertheless Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the United States soon
emulated Britain's industrial change;
and by 1900 Britain would no longer be at the top,
with the United States as the world's leading industrial nation in the 20th century.
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English (United States)

[Music]
01:09
this old man is an artisan in a Chinese
01:12
world in which artisans are a dying
01:14
breed the skill to reproduce a tank
01:18
horse was passed on to him by his
01:20
ancestors who have made tang horses for
01:24
1000 years for centuries China was a
01:33
land of artisans and peasants who
01:36
struggled with small plots of land to
01:38
support themselves and their families as
01:41
often as not unsuccessfully
01:47
[Music]
01:52
the Emperor's living in the Forbidden
01:55
City in Peking were remote figures to
01:58
the peasants ended little to improve
01:59
their condition this is not all ancient
02:06
history for until well into the 20th
02:09
century China was a land of which stood
02:12
still the civilization which once
02:15
designed complex astronomical equipment
02:18
for charting the Stars had not moved
02:20
beyond the Middle Ages when the outside
02:26
world did reach China it wants to
02:28
exploit the people the introduction of
02:32
Industry benefited foreigners such as
02:34
the British and Japanese who built the
02:36
factories it did little to change the
02:39
ways in which the people of China had
02:41
always lived in 1949 following a chaotic
02:48
period of war and revolution the
02:51
Communists led by Mao tse-tung took hold
02:54
of the country their philosophy and
02:57
goals of the driving forces in China
02:59
today the aim to become a modern
03:03
industrial nation with world power to
03:06
this end China is now in the process of
03:09
a forced industrial revolution
03:12
despite the militant face she presents
03:14
to the world there are enormous
03:17
difficulties
03:21
the huge resource of manpower is largely
03:24
untrained for the technical requirements
03:26
of an industrial nation China now has
03:32
only a fraction of the technicians she
03:35
must have to fully realize her aims and
03:37
potential
03:44
China has the resources for industrial
03:47
growth petroleum uranium coal and iron
03:53
but these remain untapped for lack of
03:56
machines and trained workers when the
04:01
Communists came to power in 1949 the
04:04
country was living as one writer put it
04:06
in an early Iron Age economy working
04:13
capital was almost non-existent
04:16
[Music]
04:20
and the human Beck carried the burden of
04:23
any progress
04:23
[Music]
04:33
one of the regime's first moves was to
04:36
bring all of the country's industry
04:38
under state control production goals
04:43
were established by peking and loyal
04:45
party members became the new management
04:47
replacing the former owners the workers
04:53
were told that their obligations were to
04:55
the state then in the 1950s the soviet
05:01
union began pouring in financial
05:03
technical and scientific aid the first
05:07
objective was to build up heavy industry
05:10
modern steel mills were built and
05:12
expanded for in order to produce
05:14
machines to industrialize a nation must
05:18
first have steel
05:25
while Chinese production figures are
05:27
generally inflated Western experts
05:30
acknowledge that steel production has
05:32
increased by more than ten times since
05:34
1949 heavy industry began to develop on
05:38
a large scale
05:39
China was developing the capacity to
05:42
produce complex modern machinery
05:50
the development of transportation was
05:52
another requirement for industrial
05:54
growth the new mile-long Road and
06:03
railroad bridge across the Yangtze River
06:06
is a dramatic example of China's
06:08
progress in this area
06:13
[Music]
06:15
for the first time in China's history it
06:18
became possible to move goods
06:20
continuously from the north to the
06:22
southern industrial centers another
06:31
assault on the transportation problem
06:33
was begun in China's Detroit this auto
06:39
plant at Chang Chung in Manchuria
06:41
produces about 30,000 liberation trucks
06:44
a year
06:54
originally the Russians supplied almost
06:56
90% of all of the steel that went into
06:58
their manufacture but by 1963 the
07:03
liberation truck factory had become
07:04
largely self-reliant there is no such
07:14
thing as a private car in China today
07:19
all cars and trucks are owned by the
07:22
state and while there are trolleys and
07:26
buses on the streets and roads of China
07:28
much older forms of transport still
07:31
dominate the scene
07:45
[Music]
07:53
progress in modernizing agriculture has
07:56
been slower the Chinese farmer today is
07:59
still relatively untouched by the
08:01
Industrial Revolution yet the country's
08:06
greatest need is to constantly increase
08:08
food production to support an
08:10
ever-growing population tractors are
08:13
being built but a 9000 mile trip down
08:17
the whole length of the country failed
08:19
to show them in meaningful numbers
08:23
though the principal effort of the state
08:26
has been to develop heavy industry the
08:28
consumer has not been entirely
08:29
overlooked many new textile factories
08:33
have been built since 1949 some of them
08:36
using equipment entirely produced in
08:38
China
08:47
if China is to build a modern economy
08:50
she must train skilled technicians in
08:52
large numbers and this she is
08:54
desperately trying to do in 1952 the
08:58
Institute of iron and steel and Peking
09:00
enrolled 400 students in 1965 there were
09:05
almost six thousand it is here that
09:12
future metallurgists and chemical
09:14
technicians are being trained
09:22
at the Institute of petroleum engineers
09:25
are learning how to exploit China's oil
09:27
resources and at the Institute of
09:34
minorities in Peking students come from
09:37
such distant points as Inner Mongolia
09:39
and Tibet
09:41
[Music]
09:45
a prerequisite for any university
09:48
education is a devotion to the political
09:51
system students seldom express personal
09:55
ambitions they will go they say where
09:58
the state thinks best
10:00
[Music]
10:06
as industry grows so inevitably grows
10:10
the city
10:15
new factories need manpower drawing
10:19
people from the countryside
10:34
the Industrial Revolution has
10:37
dramatically changed the face and the
10:39
nature of life in cities a new housing
10:42
development in Shanghai called pumpkin
10:45
land is symbolic of the great efforts to
10:47
accommodate the growing population but
10:53
construction efforts raised well behind
10:55
the needs the nursery or kindergarten is
11:02
now a vital part of every new
11:04
construction program Factory and housing
11:07
alike hear mothers who have heeded the
11:10
regime's called to labor leave their
11:12
children and pick them up at the end of
11:14
their work shift
11:15
[Music]
11:21
[Music]
11:31
this fast-growing city population must
11:34
be fed and though the problem of food
11:38
production is acknowledged by the
11:40
communists it is not evident in the
11:42
major cities food stalls visited at
11:45
brendham seemed to offer abundance and
11:48
variety also stores supplying consumer
12:04
goods it seemed generally well stocked
12:07
but it is difficult to know how much of
12:11
these Goods the average worker can
12:12
afford
12:15
China's industrial revolution has given
12:18
the city dweller leisure time he rarely
12:20
enjoyed in the past
12:23
[Music]
12:27
young people are departing from the ways
12:30
of their ancestors such a public display
12:34
of affection would have been unthinkable
12:35
in the past modern health services are
12:42
now available to the city dweller at
12:43
little cost at the Peking Hospital for
12:46
heart diseases all of the instruments
12:49
from the surgeon scalpel to the
12:50
heart-lung machine are of Chinese
12:53
manufacture
13:01
but the most dramatic example of China's
13:04
scientific and technical progress came
13:06
on October 16th 1964 when she exploded
13:10
her first atomic bomb though the country
13:20
has fallen far short of her popular
13:23
slogan exhorting the people to produce
13:25
20 years in one day and though the
13:28
overwhelming numbers of Chinese are
13:30
still untouched by the Industrial
13:32
Revolution she has made as we have seen
13:35
some enormous strides
13:37
[Music]
13:43
the promise of success lies with the new
13:46
generation now learning the skills of an
13:49
industrial age
13:53
[Music]
13:59
the evidence available to the West
14:01
indicates that China is well on the way
14:03
toward achieving her goal of becoming an
14:06
industrial nation of international
14:09
influence the question that one must
14:12
then ask is how will she use this power
14:15
when she achieves it
14:18
[Applause]
14:20
[Music]
14:27
[Music]
14:40
[Music]
English (auto-generated)
AllHistoryRecently uploadedWatched

this year marks the 40th anniversary of

00:11
Iran's 1979 Islam
00:13
Ellucian the revolution changed the face
00:16
of the modern Middle East and its
00:18
repercussions still echo today now what
00:21
happened in 1979 culminated with the
00:25
departure of Iran Shah Mohammad Reza
00:27
Pahlavi the Shah left Iran on January 16
00:31
1979 his departure didn't come as a
00:35
shock to Iranian but it did surprise the
00:38
West particularly America and the
00:40
British the reason for that is the
00:43
British had started to withdraw from the
00:44
Middle East they used to be the colonial
00:47
power of the Middle East but they had
00:48
begun to pull back and America was
00:51
looking for a strong ally in the Middle
00:52
East to basically be the sheriff of the
00:55
region to make sure that its security
00:57
interests were kept the shot fit that
01:00
mold the Shah had spent billions upon
01:02
billions of dollars to buy American
01:04
weaponry over the years that he was in
01:05
power he was also one of the first
01:07
people in the Middle East to recognize
01:09
Israel that fit with America's desires
01:13
and America's outlook on the region
01:15
especially during a time when Arab
01:17
countries fought several wars against
01:20
Israel after the Shah left on January 16
01:22
1979 confusion reigned on the streets of
01:26
Tehran there were revolutionaries there
01:28
were still loyalists who were loyal to
01:31
the Shah we're in open clashes with
01:33
these protesters and for days afterwards
01:36
it really wasn't clear if the monarchy
01:38
was gonna be able to hold on on February
01:40
1st 1979 Ayatollah Rolla Hawaii came
01:44
back to Tehran millions of people
01:46
greeted him in the streets now in the
01:48
run-up to him coming back he and his
01:50
allies had started to make contacts with
01:52
the revolutionaries who were on the
01:54
streets pro-democracy activists and
01:56
others and when he came in analysts say
02:00
that he presented sort of a table Raza
02:01
that he was sort of a blank slate on
02:03
which people projected their own ideas
02:05
of how they hoped Tehran and the rest of
02:07
the country would turn out if there was
02:09
a revolution
02:10
now unbeknownst to them the Ayatollah
02:13
for years prior had written a lot of
02:16
religious texts
02:19
to have strict Islamic rule that he
02:22
wanted to really crack down and really
02:24
have have an authoritarian sort of grip
02:26
on power but at the time when he came in
02:28
people were kind of hoping that he would
02:30
be more of a figurehead that he wouldn't
02:34
actually reach out that there would be
02:35
some sort of democracy movement that
02:37
would take over now
02:40
the days after his arrival there were
02:42
open clashes in the streets between
02:44
supporters of homemade democracy
02:46
activists Marxists and the Royalists
02:49
military now this culminated with an
02:52
attack on an airbase that was outside of
02:54
Tehran it was very bloody but on
02:56
February 11th 1979 that's the day that
03:00
the army came out and said that they
03:02
were going to return to the barracks and
03:03
they were going to listen to the will of
03:04
the people and at that point that was
03:07
when Iran's Islamic Revolution took hold
03:10
now today in Iran what you have is what
03:12
they describe as an Islamic Republic you
03:14
have the top the Supreme Leader that's a
03:16
Shiite cleric who has final say over all
03:19
state matters elsewhere you have an
03:22
elected president you have an elected
03:24
parliament and other elected local
03:25
leaders as well
03:26
they say that allows them to have
03:29
democracy while still honoring their
03:31
Shia heritage others criticize it
03:33
because they say that there can be no
03:34
true democracy if there's only if
03:36
there's an unelected leader at the top
03:38
who has final say over all state matters
03:40
that's one of the main criticisms that
03:42
you hear from people outside of Iran
03:44
when they criticize the government there
03:46
even outside of Iran the 1979 Islamic
03:50
Revolution had a lot of effect on what
03:52
happened across the greater Middle East
03:54
one place in particular was Saudi Arabia
03:57
after the Shahs departure America was
04:00
casting around trying to find someone
04:02
who could see as its main security ally
04:04
in the region
04:05
it found that security ally in Saudi
04:07
Arabia that a partnership has lasted for
04:10
four decades now there has been times
04:12
that those that partnership was severely
04:14
tested one time was the September 11th
04:16
2001 terror attacks where a lot of the
04:19
people who were on board those jetliners
04:21
were Saudis and more recently you've
04:23
seen America really start to push back
04:25
against Saudi Arabia over the killing of
04:27
Jamal khashoggi a Washington Post
04:29
opinion page contributor who was killed
04:32
inside of the Saudi consulate in
04:34
Istanbul and you've also seen a lot of
04:36
pushback over Saudi Arabia's years long
04:39
war in Yemen elsewhere in the region
04:43
you saw Iran's government reach out and
04:46
fully support the Palestinian Liberation
04:48
Organization one of the first moves
04:50
after the Revolution or even during the
04:52
revolution was people took over the
04:54
Israeli trade office and gave that
04:56
office to the PLO the people the
04:58
Palestinians still have that office
04:59
today in Tehran Yasser Arafat was the
05:01
first foreign leader who came to visit
05:03
Tehran and and congratulate the
05:06
Ayatollah on the Islamic Revolution
05:08
and another thing that people don't
05:10
really see is that this was the first
05:13
time that you had sort of a
05:14
revolutionary Islam wet itself into a
05:17
modern government in the Middle East and
05:19
militants across the region saw that as
05:21
an opportunity and a sign that maybe
05:23
they also could take over their own
05:25
governments as well now 40 years later
05:28
as Iran marks the Islamic revolutions
05:30
anniversary one of the most important
05:33
things that it has two phases it's a
05:34
relationship with America that may not
05:36
be surprising because in 1979 students
05:39
stormed the US Embassy in Tehran and
05:41
took hostages that they held for 444
05:44
days and that incident still colors the
05:47
way that America views Duron in Iran
05:49
views America now under President Barack
05:52
Obama Iran reached a nuclear deal with
05:54
world powers that saw it limit its
05:57
enrichment of uranium and exchange with
05:59
the lifting of economic sanctions under
06:01
the administration of President Donald
06:03
Trump however America has pulled out of
06:05
the deal which is now in jeopardy today
06:09
Iran is trying to determine what whether
06:11
to stay in the deal or whether it'll
06:14
start resuming the enrichment of uranium
06:15
officials recently have suggested that
06:17
they could begin that within days if
06:19
they chose to I'm John gambrel for the
06:23
Associated Press and Dubai in the United
06:24
Arab Emirates