TRAITS and TREASURES

THAILAND

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

THAILAND
TRAITS and TREASURES

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

1
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
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 CONTENTS
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
Archaeology and History 6
The Thai Monarchy 10
Phra Sayam Thewathirat 16
The National Symbols of Thailand 18
The Royal Ceremonies in Celebration of the King’s Birthday 20
Her Majesty Queen Sirikit 24
The Role of Thai Women in Broad Perspective 29
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony 31
The Royal Kathin Ceremony 34
Royal Processions 36
Royal Processions on Land 37
The Royal Barge Suphannahong 38
Religions in Thailand 41
Thai Architecture 46
The Grand Palace 56
Thai Literature 64
Legends and Folktales 71
Traditional Performing Arts in Thailand 76
Music 84
Festivals 88
Sports 94
Kite Flying 94
Takraw 98
Muay Thai 101
Thai Food 108
Thai Herbs and Spices 110
Thai Fruits 111

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

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THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
Thai Handicrafts 116
Souvenirs from Thailand 120
Attractions
Tapestry of Roots 129
Northern Headwater Mountains and Valleys
Cradle of Historical Siam 155
Northern River Plains and Mountain Flanks
Rice Bowl 179
Central Plain Upstream River Basins
Gateway of Siam - Core of Contemporary Thailand 205
Central Plain Downstream River Basins and Estuaries
Ancient Civilizations 233
Isan Heartland
Tracing Prehistoric and Early History 265
Isan Western Plateau
Sustaining the Southeast Asian Mainland Artery 295
Isan Northern and Eastern Riparian Belt
Antiquity Grid : Conservation of the Built Environment 333
Isan Southern Plateau
Integrity with Diversity 385
Eastern Mountains, Valleys, and Coast
Kaleidoscopic Cross-sections 411
Western Mountain Ranges, Valleys, and Plains
Golden Chersonese 431
Peninsular River Basins and Gulf Coast
On the Edge of Paradise 461
Andaman Sea Coast
Sanuk 496

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

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Preface
One of the many countries with distinctive traits, Thailand is one
endowed with a rich heritage of art and culture resulting from the
accumulation of endless evolutions and development. Historical
evidence further reflects its wisdom, aesthetics, environs and other
symbols that together form the identity of the Thai nation. Hence,
the valuable treasures in this cradle of civilization should be
preserved, continued, studied and disseminated to foster more
profound and accurate understanding.

On behalf of the special sub-committee for the publication of

Thailand : Traits and Treasures, I would like to express our
appreciation to the National Identity Board for giving us the
opportunity to research and write about some outstanding aspects of
Thai society in the regions and communities so that those unfamiliar
with and interested in Thailand would have greater knowledge and
understanding of our country. I would also like to thank my colleagues
on the sub-committee for their hard work and inputs which have
significantly contributed to this publication. Special thanks go to the
Tourism Authority of Thailand for providing funding support for part
of the expense in the publication of Thailand : Traits and Treasures.

The special sub-committee hopes that this book will render both
knowledge and pleasure to the readers.

(Dr Suvit Yodmani)

Chairperson of the special sub-committee
for the publication of
Thailand : Traits and Treasures
under the National Identity Board

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

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Archaeology and History

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TRAITS and
and TREASURES
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66
Archaeology and History
W hat is now Thailand has been
home to a number of ethnic
groups since the dawn of human
history. Prehistoric stone implements
dating back to the Paleolithic Period
have been found in many parts of
Thailand. A recent discovery of
Homo erectus skull cap fragments
in the north puts the dates of human
history in the country back to the
period between 1.6-0.5 million
years. Evidence of settled village life
was also discovered in many areas
totalling half the size of the country.
Artefacts made by the people in this
period include implements made of
stone, wood, bone, and shell to serve
various specific functions. Rock art
exists in a number of cave sites in
all parts of the country. Many rock
paintings depict very clearly the
ways of life of settled village people
with scenes like wet rice cultivation,
cattle-herding, a man leading an ox
by rope, and dog-handling.
By about 2000-1800 B.C. bronze
appeared in common use. With tin
and copper deposits, Thailand was
probably one of the few places where
both minerals could be collected.
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
7
Copper mining sites in Northeast
and Central Thailand have engaged
archaeologists in a project on
archaeo-metallurgy for more than
ten years. Successive excavations
reveal large-scale copper smelting
industries, with tons of slags and
ingot moulds, and many burials
associated with metal artefact
offerings. Iron came into use relatively
early, too. It first appeared with bronze
in the same artefact : a bi-metallic
spearhead has its blade made of
iron with a bronze socketed handle.
A number of iron bracelets were
found wrapped around bracelets
made of bronze. By 500 B.C. - 200
A.D. contacts with India and China
were increased, as attested by trade
goods such as etched beads, glass
ceramics, as well as other objects
made of metal with motifs indicative
of foreign origins. Chinese records
mentioned the existence of many
towns and cities from
the 3rd century A.D.
onwards. Some urban
societies rose to their
peaks in the 7th century
A.D.
 The Thais did not settle in Ayutthaya, founded in 1350
Southeast Asia until towards the A.D., was a very powerful state. The
end of the first millennium A.D. regime adopted the Khmer model of
Sukhothai was founded around 1220 ‘God-King’ in administering royal
1
A.D . in northern Thailand. Its third affairs. Its 417 years in power left
ruler, King Ramkhamhaeng (1279- unmatched records in world history
1298) invented Thai script, for the as the only state in Southeast Asia
first time, in 1283. This prosperous open to international trade and
city and kingdom was ruled by a diplomacy with almost any country
benevolent paternal monarch, or that came into contact, including
‘father-king,’ in contrast to the ‘god- those of Europeans. French records
king’ of contemporary Angkor in related in detail the friendship
Cambodia. Sukhothai culture, its
people, and way of life were based
very much on Buddhism, as was
another contemporary kingdom
known as Lan Na, situated further
north. Sukhothai lasted about 160
years, falling under the domination
of Ayutthaya in 1378. Buddhist art
of the Sukhothai Period remains a
distinguished classic style in Thai
history.

1
All historical data, i.e. years and centuries, refer to the chronology of the Western Calendar.

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

8
between King Louis XIV of France
and King Narai of Ayutthaya in the
17th century. Ayutthaya was united
and militarily strong, capable not
only of defending itself from outside
attacks, but also, from time to time,
able to expand its sovereignty into
neighbouring countries, some of
which became vassals of Ayutthaya,
for some time. However, Ayutthaya
fell to the military power of Myan-
mar in 1767.
Taksin, a general who escaped
from the city with some followers,
rallied Thai forces to repulse
Myanmar and become king, setting
up a new capital at Thon Buri in
1768. The present Royal House of
Chakri was founded by one of
Taksin’s generals, who established
Bangkok in 1782 and became King
Rama l. Under his rule the former
territory of Ayutthaya was regained.
In the 19th century, foreign con-
tacts were increased. The first Thai
recognition of Western power in the
region was the Treaty of Amity and
Commerce between Thailand and
the United Kingdom in 1826. In
1833, the United States began
diplomatic exchanges with Siam (as
Thailand was called until July 1939).
However, it was during the later
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
9
reigns of King Rama IV (1851-1868),
and his son, King Rama V (1868-
1910), that Thailand attained firm
rapprochement with Western powers.
Through the diplomatic skills of
these monarchs, combined with the
modernizing reforms of the Thai
government, Siam emerged as the
only country in South and Southeast
Asia to avoid European colonization.
Under the reign of these two Thai
kings, the Kingdom of Siam underwent
rapid modernization. A new financial
system was introduced and post,
telegraphic and railway communica-
tions were established. Irrigation
was developed in the central plain,
resulting in the production of a large
rice surplus. The system of justice
was remodelled as the government
reorganised. The absolute monarchy
continued until the bloodless coup
of 1932 converted Thailand into a
constitutional monarchy. Despite
the removal of political power, the
monarchy still retains the love and
loyalty of the Thai people.
The present king, His Majesty
King Bhumibol Adulyadej, has
engaged himself in more than 3,000
‘royal development projects’ so far,
since his accession to the throne in
1946.
The Thai Monarchy

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

10
The Thai Monarchy
T he Thai people have an invalu-
able cultural heritage that their
forefathers had diligently created
and maintained for posterity to be
proud of. This cultural heritage
stands out as the unique identity of
an ancient nation. Above all, it is the
Thai monarchy that has bestowed
great benevolence on the country, the
heritage of pride and dignity that all
Thais are aware of.
The characteristics of the Thai
monarchy have undergone various
changes during the passage of time.
In the early stages, there were many
independent Thai dominions and the
Thais had to fight among rival
groups and against outside enemies.
Thus, Thai monarchs in those days
were mostly warrior kings.
After a long period of fighting
and migrating, the Thais finally
settled down in the area which is
now Thailand. Sukhothai, the first
capital of the Thai Kingdom, was
established. Though only a part of
the North in present-day Thailand,
Sukhothai became extremely impor-
tant historically and politically.
Sukhothai was the centre of commerce
1
All historical data, i.e. years and centuries, refer to the chronology of the Western Calendar.
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
11
and Buddhism. Befitting the literal
meaning of its name, “The Dawn of
Happiness,” the peaceful nature of
the city was reflected in the image
of its kings, especially King
Ramkhamhaeng the Great who ruled
his subjects like a father does his
children. The King had a bell hung
up in front of the palace for anyone
in plight to ring and their case would
be heard and dealt with fairly by the
King himself. King Ramkhamhaeng
also established friendly relations
with China and other neighbouring
kingdoms, thereby ensuring the
country’s stability. He was also
credited with inventing the Thai
alphabet in the year 12831. As for
religion, he had in-
vited Buddhist monks
of the Lankawongs
tenet from Nakhon Si
Thammarat to stay
at Sukhothai. Under
his reign, Sukhothai King Ramkhamhaeng
flourished in almost the Great
every area.
In the Ayutthaya Period (1350-
1767) King Naresuan the Great was
the epitome of valour. As Crown
Prince, Naresuan relieved the
Ayutthaya Kingdom from the acute
threat of hostile occupation posed by
a foreign power, in 1574. Since then
he had fought many battles, the most
famous one being the single combat
on elephant back against the Burmese
Crown Prince, in which King Naresuan
was victorious.
Another renowned king of the
Ayutthaya Period was King Narai the
Great who, at the beginning of his
reign, put down rebellious members
of the court. His wise handling
of officials resulted in efficient
management of state affairs. His
diplomacy in establishing friendly
relations with Western countries,
especially France, raised the status
of Siam in the eyes of Westerners.
Two emissaries were sent to France.
The first one was lost at sea but the
second one was received with
splendours by King Louis XIV since
it was the first time an Eastern
monarch had sent an ambassador
to the French Court. The French king
eventually sent 636 soldiers to
serve in the Thai king’s service.
Though a devout Buddhist, King
Narai allowed Jesuit missionaries to
preach their religion in Siam and Thai
who wished to convert to Christianity
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
12
were allowed to do so. The King even
bestowed land on which the Jesuit
priests could build a church and
schools. Contact with Westerners
brought modern knowledge and
technology, especially in the areas of
medicine, astronomy, architecture,
and military training. In the compounds
of King Narai’s Palace at Lop Buri,
the second capital city, the king had
a pipeline and fountains installed,
and at Yen Villa an observatory was
built from which the king could
observe lunar and solar eclipses .
In the Thon Buri
Period (1767-1782)
King Tak Sin the Great
was another warrior
king who managed to put
down rivalling factions
and re-establish the
kingdom, after the fall King Tak Sin
of Ayutthaya in 1767. the Great
In the Rattanakosin Period (since
1782 ), King Rama I, founder of the
Royal House of Chakri, established
Bangkok as the new capital city on
the east bank of the Chao Phraya
River, opposite Thon Buri. After a
series of warfare, the country was in
peace and the King found time to
turn to producing literary works.
Subsequent Chakri monarchs had
all contributed to the progress and
happiness of the country. King Rama
IV, better known in the West as
King Mongkut, was a scholar. He
was well-versed in various fields,
especially astronomy, since he was
able to predict a total solar eclipse
accurately. He could speak and write
English and once wrote a letter to
US President James C. Buchanan of-
fering some elephants to be used in
warfare. The King assigned an English-
woman, Mrs. Anna T. Leonowens, to
teach English to the royal children,
notably Prince Chulalongkorn, at the
royal court.
Prince Chulalongkorn succeeded
his father as King Chulalongkorn or
Rama V. It was in his reign that Siam
underwent extensive modernization.
Ascending the throne at the tender
age of 15, the king faced many
problems, domestic and foreign,
which he dealt with very efficiently.
The king sent a number of his sons
to be educated in Europe so that they
would return to help develop the
country. He was the first Thai king
to make state visits to European
heads of state. The King’s meeting
with Czar Nicholas II of Russia
was a splendid move of diplomacy
since it kept England and France
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
13
from colonizing Siam.
King Chulalongkorn
always saw to the welfare
of his subjects, sometimes
visiting them incognito
to observe their circum-
stances. He was a superb
writer and poet as well, but King Chulalongkorn
his greatest achievement or Rama V
was the abolition of
slavery, a gradual and bloodless
process that has earned him the
appellation of “Phra Piya Maharat,”
or the Great Beloved King.
His successor, King Rama VI,
who received his education at
Oxford University, held the rank of
general, First Battalion, Durham
Light Infantry, an honorary rank
bestowed on him by King George V
of Great Britain. He was an accom-
plished scholar who had produced
prolific writings in various genres, in
both Thai and English. Besides writing
plays, he also acted in performances.
A superb translator, his rendition of
Shakespeare’s The Merchant of
Venice is part of Thailand’s school
curriculum. The War of the Polish
Succession, a historical novel written
in English, attests to his mastery of
the English language. The king had
a model town called “Dusit Thani”
 The Nine Kings of the Royal House of Chakri

King Rama I King Rama II King Rama III

King Rama IV King Rama V King Rama VI

King Rama VII King Rama VIII King Rama IX

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

14
constructed as a means to gradually
prepare the Thai people for democracy.
His decision to join the Entente
Cordiale and declare war on Germany
and Austria - Hungary in World War
I was an ingenious move that helped
maintain the sovereignty of Thai-
land. For the first time Thai soldiers
marched proudly through the Arc de
Triomphe in Paris alongside the
other allied troops. A legacy left by
King Rama VI is Chulalongkorn
University, the oldest institution of
higher learning in Thailand, built in
commemoration of his royal father.
King Rama VII, also a son of
King Chulalongkorn, was the last
king of the absolute monarchy
when the bloodless coup of 1932
changed the system of government to
the constitutional monarchy. Actually,
the king had already planned to
relinquish his power to the Thai
people. He bestowed the first Con-
stitution on the country, and it is more
than apt for him to be designated
“The Father of Democracy.”
The present monarch, King
Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, has
been revered for sacrificing every-
thing for his people. Apart from
being the longest reigning monarch
in the world, His Majesty is perhaps
one of the hardest working heads of
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
15
state. All through the 60 years on the
throne, his activities have covered
not only affairs of state, but also
activities in diverse fields. His
numerous development projects,
philosophy of Sufficiency Economy,
and New Theory not only bear
direct benefit on the Thai people but
can also be applied worldwide. The
Artificial Rain Project and the
Chaipattana Aerator are examples of
his initiative and invention that prove
useful in agriculture and the conser-
vation of the environment. All these
contributions are encapsulated in
‘
His Majesty‘s name, “Bhumibol,”
which means “Strength of the Land.”
The remark made by King Rama I
that “Siam has a common father, the
king, who possesses the Ten Kingly
Virtues. He possesses morality, ability,
bravery, and knowledge as his great
assets, and never scorns any people
of foreign origins or races that have
come to be under his bounty, in all
periods and eras, for they all are
Siamese, who are equal, regardless
of race, and take pride in their country”
has proved to be true. Therefore, the
Thai people should maintain this
august institution, since the monarchy
most succinctly constitutes the
national identity.
 Phra Sayam Thewathirat

T he Thai people believe that

Phra Sayam Thewathirat is a
Deva-guardian, or supreme deity, who
perpetually safeguards the Nation,
the King and the Royal Family. The
term was first used by King Rama
IV (1851-1868) who realized that
Thailand must have long had a
Deva-guardian to protect her from all
kinds of threat and calamity, thereby
ensuring her survival, especially
from Western colonialism which, in
the end successfully brought all of
Thailand’s neighbours under its
control. In this regard, as a measure
of the far-sightedness and prescience
of Thai kings, King Rama III (1824-
1851) warned his most senior
officials near the end of his reign to
start preparing the country against
threats from the Western powers,
stating that in the future there would
no longer be any serious warfare with
neighbouring countries, but only
conflicts with the West, a prognosis
that proved to be remarkably accurate.
As a result of this belief in the
existence of a benevolent Deva-
guardian, King Rama IV commissioned
Prince Pradit Worakarn, to create a

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

16
statuette to give concrete expression
to the idea and to provide an object
for continuing worship and reverence,
so that the Deva would protect the
Nation and assure its prosperity,
forever. Phra Sayam Thewathirat
is an 8-inch high standing Deva image
cast in gold, with the right hand holding
a sword, and the left hand raised to
the chest in a posture of blessing. The
statuette was first placed in the Song
Tham Throne Hall, where King
Rama IV as well as successive kings
after him would, by tradition, pay
homage and present offerings of food
and other worship items daily. The
image has since been moved to the
Phaisan Thaksin Throne Hall and
set on a carved sandalwood base,
having a design of a swan and
dragon in front of a plaque with the
words “The Abode of Phra Sayam
Thewathirat” inscribed, where the
figure remains to this day.
At present, the ceremonial offer-
ings are performed twice a week, on
Tuesdays and Saturdays. It is an
ancient Thai belief that these two
days are auspicious for holding
ceremonies connected with all kinds
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
17
of arms. Phra Sayam Thewathirat
symbolizes a defensive weapon
protecting the Nation and the Royal
House of Chakri. An important
offering-ceremony is also held on
Thai New Year’s Day, or Songkran,
which is celebrated on 13 April.
Thus, the ceremonies are seen as a
symbolic enhancement of the power
and sacredness of the Deva.
In 1982, the year commemorating
the Bangkok Bicentennial as the
capital city. The image of Phra
Sayam Thewathirat was brought
out to the Dusit Throne Hall for
the people to view and pay homage
for the first time. Each time, the
courtyard of the Throne Hall overflows
daily with a constant stream of people
vying to be in the presence of one of
the most venerated images of the
land.
 The National Symbols of Thailand
The Thai Elephant

T hailand’s best-known national

symbol, the elephant, has been
associated with the Thai people for
centuries. The Asiatic species found
in Thailand, Elephas maximus, was
used for heavy work and was a
vehicle of war in Thailand up until
th
the 16 Century. One of Thailand’s
most famous rulers, King Mongkut
(officially, King Rama IV, 1851-
1868) once offered some elephants by the Royal Thai Government,
to US President James Buchanan which joins with non-government
(1857-1861), praising their usefulness organisations to celebrate this noble
for heavy work. animal and raise funds, and heighten
Thailand had an elephant flag public awareness of elephant con-
from the reign of King Rama II servation activities.
(1809-1824), depicting a white
elephant on a red background. Thais
who adopted many Hindu beliefs Ratchaphruek
and rituals in daily and royal life,
regard white elephants as auspicious,
perhaps owing to their rarity.
Though the elephant’s role in
T he national flower/tree, Ratcha-
phruek (Cassia fistula Linn.),
known by several names, including
modern Thai society has diminished, the Pudding Piper Tree or Indian
Thais continue to treat them with great Laburnum, is a deciduous tree that
respect. A Thai Elephant Conservation grows to a height of 8-15 metres. Its
Centre was set up in 1969 in Lampang yellow flowers grow in clusters
to care for young elephants and close to its limbs and branches, and
th
train their mahouts. March 13 has its cylindrical pods grow from 20-
now been designated Elephant Day 60 centimetres long.

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

18

The Ratchaphruek is a native of the
Asian tropics and is found in mixed
deciduous forests. It blooms from
February to May and grows leaves
prior to flowering.
The Thais consider it an auspicious
tree, as its roots, bark, leaves and pods
are of medicinal use for both humans
and elephants. The bark and wood are
used to tan leather. The golden red,
hard wood is used for making pillars,
cart wheels, and plough handles.
The people of Bueng Kaen
Nakhon in the Northeast hold a
festival called the Dok Khun Siang
Khaen Festival from 13-15 April
annually while the tree is in bloom.
Dok Khun is the colloquial name for
the Ratchaphruek.
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
19
The Thai Pavilion
W ith its graceful curves and clas-
sical form, the Thai Sala, or open
pavilion, is an easily recognisable
symbol of Thai architecture. The
Sala is a type of rest shelter found in
temples, private homes and alongside
major highways and canals. The
rectangular building usually has four
wooden or brick pillars and a very
steep roof.
The roof of the Thai pavilion has
especially wide eaves that provide
shade from the sun and shelter
from the rain. As it now commonly
is fitted with bench seats around
three sides, it is important that
the shade cover the persons sitting
inside.
While modern Thai pavilions tend
to be plain, those inside monasteries
or royal palaces may be elaborately
decorated. The gables at either end
are embellished with carvings and
gilded, with a glass mosaic in the
background. The finials are decorated
with horn-like ends, while the
triangular gable is often topped by a
representation of a Naga, a mythical
serpent.
 The Royal Ceremonies to Celebrate
H. M. the King’s Birthday Anniversary

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

20
The Royal Ceremonies in Celebration of H. M. the Kingûs Birthday Anniversary
I n the past, Thailand did
not have any distinct
royal ceremonies to
celebrate the monarch’s
birthday anniversary,
as is practised nowa-
days because Thai
people held the belief
that they must not let
anybody know the date and
time of their birth, as such
revelation might pose a threat or
bring bad luck to them . It was, hence,
of vital importance especially to the
reigning monarch as the pre-eminent
royal head of the country, not to
allow anybody to get to know the
exact time when he was born. By
tradition, the corresponding coordi-
nates were and still are recorded
in a person’s individual chart of
astrological constellation at birth
(duang chata rasi) that is kept
confidential, even treated as a secret.
More recently in history, during
the Third Reign of the Royal House
of Chakri, King Rama III (1824-
1851) had annually one Buddha
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
21
image cast to commemorate
each year of his reign. Yet
that ceremonial marking
of the progression of
the Third Reign did not
reveal the year, month,
date and hour of the
ruler’s birth.
The royal ceremony
on the King’s birthday
anniversary was initiated in the
reign of King Rama IV(1851-1868),
earlier ordained into the monkhood,
and upheld upon his accession to the
throne as the fourth ruler of the
Royal House of Chakri. Two events
marked the celebration of the King’s
birthday anniversary. They are the
ceremony to pay respect to the
Buddha image and the merit-making
at both the Royal Palace and at
the temple known as Wat Phra Si
Rattana Satsadaram.
During the present reign, yearly a
series of ceremonies commemorates
this occasion, from 3-6 December.
On the first day, 3 December,
H.M. the King proceeds to review
the trooping the colours and the afternoon, the King graciously
taking of the oath, receiving pledges bestows titles to some high-ranking
of loyalty and honesty by the royal Buddhist monks before listening to
guards. On 4 December, at Sala the citing of Buddhist sermons. In
Dusitalai in the Dusit Royal Palace, addition, the King grants an audience
the King grants an audience to to Chinese and Annamite monks at
groups of people representing a Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, to
cross-section of the entire society, receive their blessings and to present
who come to offer their birthday them with offerings, Thereafter, the
wishes. On 5 December, the King’s King has money handed to all his old
birthday anniversary, the most
important royal ceremonies evolve.
In the morning, the King proceeds to
the Amarin Winichai Throne Hall
in the Grand Palace to receive in
audience the members of the Royal
Family and subjects as well as
government officials, while soldiers
fire salutes in his honour. In the

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

22
royal attendants. On this occasion,
a greeting book is provided at the
Grand Palace for well-wishers to
convey their felicitation for the King.
Another Buddhist ceremony is
held on 6 December at the Amarin
Winichai Throne Hall, where the
King offers alms to monks and
listens to their citing of sermons.
Then, he graciously advises his
royal family members to release
various kinds of aquatic animals
into the Chao Phraya River at the
Ratchaworadit Royal Pier.
Besides royal ceremonies as
mentioned, several activities in
support of public charities are held translated as the ‘propitious congre-
to celebrate this important event, gation’, at Government House, on 7
both through private initiative and by December. This event, Samosorn
government agencies. Sannibat, is graced by the presence
The Prime Minister, Royal Thai of members of the Royal Family
Government, hosts a festive reception and attended by invited guests,
in celebration of the His Majesty including eminent personages of the
the King’s Birthday Anniversary, Kingdom and foreign dignitaries.
known as Samosorn Sannibat, freely In the year 1960, H. M. the King’s
birthday anniversary was decreed
an important day for the Thai nation
by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat,
the then prime minister of Thailand.
Up to now, it is a Thai national day,
a most important event in the life of
the Thai People.

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

23
 The Role of Thai Women

U nderstanding the many facets of the role of Thai women broadens

and deepens foreign readers’ knowledge about Thai culture. It is
meaningful to focus, first and foremost, on the role of Her Majesty, Queen
Sirikit of Thailand, the eminent role model of Thai women.

Queen Sirikit of Thailand

Since she became Queen, Her
Majesty has assisted His Majesty the
King in his development work. On
the occasion of the King’s ordination
as a monk, in 1966, the Queen served
as Regent. The Queen has set the
eminent role model for Thai people
by promoting their well-being. Her
Majesty has worked hard to provide
them with a better life. Through her
inexhaustible kindness, she has
promoted the development of Thai
people beyond imagination.

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

24
 Ever since the coronation of His
Majesty the King, in support of his
work, the Queen has been looking
after the Thai people, especially
after those struggling to earn a liveli-
hood and in need of occupational
know-how. For more than 50 years,
Her Majesty has upheld her vigorous
resolve and strong commitment to
occupational development geared to
supplement family income, out of
genuine concern and loving care that
only a mother could possibly give.
In most grateful appreciation, the
National Council on Social Welfare
of Thailand moved, in 1976, that her
th
birthday anniversary, August 12 , be
celebrated as Mother’s Day, henceforth
a national holiday.
Her Majesty has given rise to
many development programmes
that benefit men, women, youth and

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

25
children alike. She has initiated
projects furthering both formal and
non-formal education, promoting
cash crop cultivation, preserving as
well as revitalizing artisan techniques,
and improving family welfare.
All this has created employment
opportunities, thus enabling families
to generate supplementary income,
in the long run.
In supporting the King in his
numerous rural development projects
geared to enhance social welfare
and diversify agriculture, the Queen
established “The Foundation for
the Promotion of Supplementary
Occupation and Related Techniques –
SUPPORT”. Among its objectives
are to preserve time-honoured
crafts, techniques and skills. To
facilitate the renaissance of ancient
artistic treasures, she initiated the
preservation, not to say the salvaging
of traditional artistry under threat of to her gracious initiative, dormant
disappearance. By retrieving indig- indigenous knowledge has been
enous knowledge from virtual reactivated, new livelihood enabling
oblivion and reviving techniques strategies have evolved, creativity is
feared lost yet reconstituted through kindled, and the range of superb
analyzing rare, preserved specimens artifacts keeps expanding.
of artisanship, she has enticed experts The SUPPORT Foundation, for
and laypersons alike to tap natural short, trains rural people in numerous
resources and mobilize human occupational specializations. Such
resources as well. As a result, thanks crafts are pottery including designing,

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

26
moulding, plastering, glazing and
firing; sculpting of ceramic figurines
and statuettes; decorating porcelain
and ceramics; toy-making; making
nielloware and jewellery; marquetry,
incrustation and engraving; trimming,
millinery and making hats as well
as apparel finery; making of handbags
and purses; making of pillow-
cases; fibre-extracting, processing,
and twirling; basket plaiting and
wicker-ware-making; mat-weaving;
woodworking, cabinet-making, and
wood-carving; spinning, dyeing, and
weaving; crochet, embroidery, and
lace-making; and dress-making.
Craftspeople thus trained find
seasonal or full-time employment. As products and generating income for
these beneficiaries have developed an increasing number of craftspeople
ever greater skills, SUPPORT Foun- and their dependents.
dation products are becoming more In the same spirit, Queen Sirikit
and more sophisticated. Her Majesty has encouraged the formation of
has taken the lead in promoting social welfare organizations, of
the arts and crafts of Thailand by which she accepted patronage, to
organizing exhibitions at home offer assistance such as shelter for
and around the world, thus gaining the homeless and orphaned, supple-
international fame for SUPPORT mentary meals for children while
at school, and funding medical treat-
ment of badly afflicted individuals
in dire need of help. The Queen
has endeavoured in every way to
elevate the status of women through
programmes to educate and train

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

27
 Tufts University, Boston, in 1980; the
Borobodur Gold Medal by the United
Nations Educational and Social
Commission (UNESCO), in 1992;
the AIT Gold Medal for Leadership
in the Conservation of Natural
Resources and Protection of the
Environment by the Asian Institute
of Technology, Bangkok, in 1992;
the acclaim as “Woman of the Year”
by Stanford University, California,
in 1993; and the Gold Medal with

women, so that they may better their

prospects in life. In this spirit, the
Queen has served as President of the
Thai Red Cross Society. Her Majesty’s
compassion has been extended not
only to the Thai people but also to
refugees from neighbouring countries.
Her Majesty the Queen’s excep-
tional, outstanding leadership in
fostering the role of Thai women has
received international recognition in
forms of awards and honorary Mention in recognition of outstanding
degrees from world-renowned achievements in the Training
institutions and organizations such Programme to Improve Farmers’
as, to name some, the Ceres Medal by Income under the tutelage of The
the Food and Agriculture Organization SUPPORT Foundation, awarded at
th
of the United Nations (UN-FAO), the “Brussels EUREKA 2001 : 50
in 1979; the Honorary Doctoral Anniversary of the World Exhibition
Degree in Humane Letters by the of Innovation, Research and New
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Technology”, in 2001.

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

28
 The Role of Thai Women in Broad Perspective
R ooted in an agrarian society,
culture and economy, Thai
women have played vital roles
throughout the kingdom’s history.
Particularly at times of war, women
tended to agricultural production as
well as related activities and secured
food supplies.
In contemporary Thai society,
women enjoy the same constitutional
rights and share civic responsibilities
as men. Civil society has had women
actively involved in terms of suffrage,
voluntary work for the benefit of
society, culture and environment, and
formal education, at all levels, since
th
early in the 20 Century.
There is ample evidence that
parents, in bringing up their children,
have instilled in their daughters a
pronounced need for achievement.
The result is omnipresent.
Women work as teachers at all
levels of the educational system,
from kindergarten to university.
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
29
Likewise, health services and medical
care are provided by women, to large
extents and at high intensity. Many
Thai medical doctors practising in
Thailand and abroad have gained a
high reputation for their professional
skills and human relations. In regional
national, and international arenas,
women have joined men in building
Thailand’s reputation as a serious
competitor in sports. For example,
th
in the 28 Olympic Games, August
2004, hosted by Greece, of the four
Thai women entries for weight-lifting,
two won gold medals, and the other
two a silver and a bronze respectively.
Another woman, with only six years
of training, won a bronze medal in
Tae-kwon-do. Because of the superb
performance of the woman athletes,
th
Thailand came out 25 among over
200 participating countries.
Scientific research work and fine
art as well as performing arts are
domains where woman scholars and
artists have excelled. Thailand’s
bureaucracy offers career paths to
women leading up to the highest
echelon, both in the domestic and
foreign civil services. The armed
forces have women soldiers in their
ranks and files, rising to the rank of
general. Likewise, women perform
important roles in organizations that
are in charge of public administration
as well as maintaining law and order.
In the 1990’s, women were able to
become district officers and governors,
positions which had previously been
monopolized by men due to traditional
thinking and belief that women would
not be able to be “tough” in dealing
with violence-prone criminals and
gangsters. This tradition and belief
have been dispelled through experience
and fact.
The competitive undercurrent
between genders becomes evident in
Thailand’s economy. More than half
the country’s workforce engaged in
agriculture are women, given the fact
that a large proportion of the adult,
able-bodied men have sought and
found work abroad to boost family
income through their remittances.
Marketing agricultural produce is
largely in the hands of woman traders,
both in wholesale and retail trade.
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
30
Commerce-at-large, including
finance, banking, insurance, export
and import, is a segment of the
economy with professional women
ensuring best practice, and in increasing
numbers holding key positions.
The transition from an agriculture-
based to an industrializing country
could not possibly have succeeded
without the work input, dedication
and diligence of today’s large female
labour force, both at the shop floor
and in top managerial positions.
The likely singular achievement
of Thailand’s professional women is
the establishment and development
of the country’s transportation,
hospitality and tourism industry. Its
resounding success has become
the engine of Thailand’s economic
recovery.
It stands to reason that women,
given their constructive and productive
roles, have entered politics as
candidates in elections at the various
levels of the democratic system,
from subdistrict councils to national
parliament, where those elected
serve as people’s representatives.
Over recent decades, women have
held ministerial posts in the Royal
Thai Government or served as
members of the Kingdom’s Senate.
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony

THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES

31
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony
T he Ploughing Ceremony marks
the start of the season when
paddy land is prepared for rice
cultivation. It signals to farmers that
the time has come to work their
fields and encourages them to try
harder. This ceremony has customarily
been performed in almost all countries
of Southeast Asia. In monarchies, by
tradition the ruler presides over the
ceremonial proceedings.
During the Ayutthaya Period in
Thai history, this ancient ceremony
had been incorporated into the Palace
Laws and became known as Charot
Phra Nangkhan Raek Na Khwan, or
the First Ploughing Ceremony,
which formerly was performed
exclusively as a Brahmin ritual. In
the reign of King Rama IV (1851-
1868), the Buddhist ritual was
added, known as Phuet Mongkhon
Ceremony, to bless plant matter
and rice seed used in the ploughing
process. It had been held at the Phra
Ubosot of Wat Phra Si Rattana
Satsadaram, on the day before the
First Ploughing Ceremony. In more
recent times of Thailand’s history,
the ceremony of Phuet Mongkhon
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
32
Charot Phra Nangkhan Raek Na
Khwan had been performed yearly,
until it ceased in the year 1936. By
royal command of H. M. King
Bhumibol Adulyadej, this ancient
Thai tradition was revived in the year
1960. It has been held annually, to
this date.
In history, this ceremony was held
on an auspicious day determined by
a royal astrologer, sometime in the
month of May, to mark the beginning
of the rice-planting season in Thai-
land. At present, this ceremony is
performed in two parts.
To start the ritual proceedings, the
Royal Phuet Mongkhon Ceremony is
performed in the Royal Chapel at
Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram.
Rice seed, plant matter and agricul-
tural implements to be used in the
ploughing ceremony are blessed
through religious rites presided over
by the King.
In the morning of the following
day, the Royal Ploughing Ceremony
proper is carried out in traditional
style at Sanam Luang, on the open
ground in the heart of the city of
Bangkok. Beforehand, the ceremonial
site is prepared by having furrows
dug into the ground for the ritual
ploughing.
 A high-ranking government
official in charge of agriculture is
appointed to perform the role of
the Lord of the Harvest, with four
unmarried women officials of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Coopera-
tives as his assistants. These Celestial
Maidens, as they are known, carry the
seeds in baskets suspended from
slender yokes resting on their shoulders
while circumambulating across the
symbolic field, behind a pair of oxen /
bullocks drawing the plough, directed
by the ploughman. Thereupon, the
Lord of the Harvest selects one of
three pieces of scarlet cloth of varying
lengths. His choice predicts the
amount of rainfall for the incoming
agricultural year. Then, the seeds
blessed earlier by the King are
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
33
broadcast into the furrows, from
where they are later gathered by
farmers who regard them as auspicious
and keep them to mix with seed to
be used in cultivating their own
fields.
The ploughing ceremony is
completed by leading the draft
animals to troughs containing fodder
and liquids, including paddy, corn,
legumes, sesame, grass and water
as well as liquor. The animals’ first
choices of fodder and liquids serve
as means to predict the harvest of the
forthcoming season.
Upon conclusion of the ceremony
at Sanam Luang, some of the rice seed
broadcast onto the ceremonial site is
taken to the experimental rice growing
station on the palace ground of
Chitralada Villa, the royal residence,
to be planted for the production of
seed that will be required for next
year’s ceremony.
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony,
deemed a vital event by Thai farmers
for their agricultural fortune, signifies
one of the prominent traditional
features of Thailand’s cultural
identity.
 The Royal Kathin Ceremony
K athin is a Pali word for the
wooden frame used to measure
length and width by which the robes
of Buddhist monks are cut, approxi-
mately 2 - by 1- meters (originally
five by three sok, or 2.5 by 1.5
metres), hence called kathin robe. In
the olden times, monks would
make kathin robes by themselves by
sewing together pieces of discarded
cloth and dying it. More recently,
kathin robes are sold ready-made. It
has become a tradition to present
monks with kathin robes upon the
ending of the Buddhist Lent, during
which monks are staying inside their
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
34
temple compound. During a period
of four weeks, starting upon the first
night of the waning moon of the 11
th
month and ending with the first
night of the waning moon of the
th
12 month. According to Dhamma
precepts, any disciplined monk
with older robes than others would
be chosen by the monk assembly
to receive presents of kathin robes.
Following tradition, Buddhist be-
lievers would place kathin robes
before the monks citing the Pali
words of offering. This rite is known
as Thot Kathin.
 There are two kinds of Thot
Kathin, the Royal Thot Kathin and
the Thot Kathin performed by the
general public.
The Royal Thot Kathin refers to
the ceremony during which the king
himself or, by royal command,
members of the Royal Family present
monks in temples under royal
patronage with robes and gifts.
Thot Kathin by the general public
are events in temples other than
those under royal patronage, at which
people present the monks in residence
with robes and gifts.
Earlier in the Rattanakosin
Period, the Royal Thot Kathin
Ceremony had been held during the
th th
period between the 6 and 9 nights
of the waning moon in the 11th month,
each year, especially at the 9th waning
moon when the river banks would
THAILAND : TRAITS and TREASURES
35
be flooded. That is the time suitable
for the Royal Barge Procession.
Nowadays, the King would
proceed to officiate at the Royal
Thot Kathin Ceremonies at 16
prominent temples under royal
patronage as well as at the resident
temple of Somdet Phra Sangkharat,
the Supreme Patriarch. To the other
temples under royal patronage
throughout the country, the King
would graciously delegate the
responsibility for Thot Kathin to
government agencies and the private
sector. This is known as Kathin Phra
Ratchathan, the Royally Conferred
Kathin. This ceremony is conducted
as prescribed by rules and regulations
and supervised by the Department
of Religious Affairs, Ministry of
Culture, Royal Thai Government.