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1A MINI GRAMMAR WH QUESTIONS AND THE QUESTION WORD “WHY”

WHERE Where is your favorite restaurant? – It is in Bağdat Avenue.

Where does he work? He works in a police station.
Where do you live? I live in Oslo.
HOW How do you go to work every day? I go to work by bicycle.
How is your stomach? It is OK right now.
How do you say “coins” in Turkish? We say “bozuk para”.
WHAT KIND OF What kind of movies do you like? I like comedy and science-fiction movies.
What kind of car does she drive? She drives a Chevrolet.
What kind of salad is this? This is potato salad with cheese.
WHY-BECAUSE
Why WHY+ AUX+ SUB+ INF? BECAUSE + SENTENCE
Why Why do you go swimming every day? Because I want to lose weight.
Why Why didn’t you call me last night? Because I was very busy, I’m sorry.

A. Write down meaningful questions by using words below. Answer the questions with your own words.

a. your/didn’t/ homework/ finish/ you/ why

Why_______________________________?
Because____________________________

b. does/he/look/upset/all the time/why

Why_______________________________?
Because____________________________

B. Write down meaningful questions by using words below. Each underlined item will be the answer of your
question.

1. My mother goes to the gym by car every day.

a. b. c. d.
a. ____________________________________________________?
b. ____________________________________________________?
c. ____________________________________________________?
d. ____________________________________________________?

2. Sandra Bullock and Ellen DeGeneres drink a cup of espresso every morning.
a. b. c. d.

a. ____________________________________________________?
b. ____________________________________________________?
c. ____________________________________________________?
d. ____________________________________________________?

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3. My sister has a lot of salty popcorn and a liter of coke once a month.

a. My:

b. my sister:

c. a lot of:

d. salty:

e. one liter:

f. a lot of salty popcorn and a liter of coke:

g. once a month:

4. My cousins hate doing yoga because it hurts their legs.

a. My cousins:

b. doing yoga:

c. because it hurts their legs:

1B MINI GRAMMAR FUTURE SCHEDULES

Schedules and timetables

A timetable is a schedule that shows all the times a train, bus, or airline service has its trips. These times are
fixed and do not change. When we talk about a timetable or scheduled events (the beginning of the school year
or a national holiday, for example), we use the simple present. It is clear from the context that we are talking
about the future.

• Katherine's flight leaves at 7:43pm.

(The time of the flight is scheduled.)
• The semester ends on May 15th this year.
(The date has been officially decided and announced.)
• The concert begins at 8pm, so we will have time for dinner first.
(The concert is scheduled to begin at 8pm.)
• The ship leaves port this Tuesday at 5am.
(The ship's scheduled route is set to begin at 5am.)

A. Look at the sentences below and put a tick to the correct column according to their meaning.

A permanent A repeated Timetable

situation action /habit
1. What time does the film start?

2. Where does she live?

3. How often do you do exercise?

4. The next train leaves in fifteen minutes.

5. I usually see him on Saturdays.

6. She works for a software company.

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7. We hardly ever eat out.

8. The bank is next to the supermarket.

9. The lessons start at 10.00 every morning.

10. It takes nearly 4 hours to fly to London.

1C MINI GRAMMAR PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS

More Verbs with Different Meanings

Have have (stative) = own

I have a car.

have (dynamic) = part of an expression

I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time /
a break.
See see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean.
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road.

see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with

I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years.
I’m seeing Robert tomorrow
Look look (stative) = appearance
That cake looks delicious!
You look exhausted.

look (dynamic) = directing your eyes to something

He’s looking at the computer screen.
She is looking at you for a long time, do you know
her?
taste/smell taste /smell (stative) = has a certain taste or smell
This soup tastes great.
The bar smells of smoke.
This meat tastes like chicken.

taste/smell (dynamic) = the action of tasting, when a

person uses their nose or mouth to test something

The chef is tasting the soup.

He’s smelling the cookies.
She’s tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt.

think think (stative) = have an opinion, when talking about

your opinion
I think that coffee is great.
I think that’s a great idea!

think (dynamic) = consider, when using your mind, or

experiencing emotions or health issues

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What are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my

next holiday.
We’re thinking about moving to another city.

A. Circle the correct options given in the sentences below.

1. The child is looking / looks at the TV right now.

2. This cake is tasting / tastes delicious.

3. Chan is thinking / thinks English is easy.

4. The cook is smelling / smells the milk now before using it in the dessert.

5. I am having / have an English dictionary in my bag. You can use it.

6. She is looking / looks sad. Do you know what happened to her?

7. Your perfume is smelling /smells awesome.

8. They don’t see / aren’t seeing us at the moment. We can run away now

9. Why are you looking at me angrily now? / Why do you look at me angrily now?

10. I see / am seeing the dentist today. Wish me luck!

11. I cannot listen to your problems right now because we have / are having a party!

B. Make sentences by using the present simple or present continuous.

1. You (not / like) _________________________________ chocolate.
2. She (not / study) _________________________________ at the moment.
3. We often (go) _________________________________ to the cinema.
4. He usually (not / do) _________________________________ his homework.
5. She (have) ___________________________ a yoga class tomorrow morning.
6. Where are you Lisa? It is so crowded here and I (not/see) _________ right now.
7. (She / go) _________________________________ to Scotland often?
8. The restaurant (open) ___________________________at 19.30 tonight.
9. I (clean) ____________________________the bathroom right now.
10. She (work) _________________________________ every Sunday.
11. He (not / go) _________________________________ to the park very often.
12. It (rain) _________________________________ a lot here.
13. Next Thursday at 14.00 there (be) ________________ an English exam.
14. She (have) __________ two cars at the moment. She will sell one of them.
15. I often (read) _________________________________ at night.

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2B MINI GRAMMAR WHEN / WHILE

when or while

We use when and while as dependent clauses. They are used to mention the time of the main clause.

• The prisoners escaped when / while the prison warders were eating their lunch.
• When / While the prison warders were eating their lunch, the prisoners escaped.

We often prefer while talk about two longer actions that go on simultaneously:

• While I was writing my Christmas cards, the children were decorating the tree.

When is usually used before short / sudden actions and while is usually used before longer actions.

• I was having dinner when the phone rang. (phone rang = short / sudden action)
• While she was having a shower, someone knocked the door. (have a shower = long action)

'When' is used to express an action that happened immediately after another action.

• When Joe shouted at Tina, she left him in the cafe and went away.

A. Complete the sentences with 'Past Simple' or 'Past Continuous' using the verbs in brackets

1. Mr. Thompson ______________ (drive) very fast when he hit a tree.

2. Jack ______________ (milk) the cows when a stranger came into the barn.
3. Susan ______________ (see) the burglar while he was rushing into his car.
4. My uncle ______________ (listen) to the radio when the earthquake happened.
5. The old lady was trying to cross the street when a boy ______________ (offer) help.
6. All the children ______________ (sleep) when their father opened the front door.
7. While Mr. Triump ______________ (fix) the television, he fell asleep.
8. Tina was playing with her dolls while her brother _____________ (do) his homework.
9. I was working on the Science project when you ______________ (come) into the room
with a big chocolate cake in your hand.
10.The children ______________ (play) tennis when their grandmother called them for
lunch.
11.Jack and Steven ______________ (have dinner) when the heard a strange noise.
12.My brother was tidying the bookcase while I _______________ (make) the beds.
14. Jess ______________ (text) while the teacher was introducing the new subject.
15. I suddenly ______________ (fall down) while I was running away from the monster
in my dream and I ______________ (shout) when it caught my hand.

B. How did it happen? Use the verb phrases given in the parenthesis and answer the questions using when
or while.
1. How did Alice hurt herself? (play soccer)
She hurt herself while she was playing soccer.
2. How did Martin burn himself? (iron his clothes)
_______________________________________________________

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3. How did Helen cut herself? (slice onions)

_______________________________________________________
4. How did Jennifer meet her husband? (fix a flat tire)
_______________________________________________________
5. How did Marvin break his arm? (skate)
_______________________________________________________
6. How did you lose your wallet? (ride my bicycle)
_______________________________________________________
7. How did Jeff meet his wife? (swim at the beach)
_______________________________________________________
8. How did Bob get a black eye? (fight with his brother)
_______________________________________________________

2C MINI GRAMMAR TIME SEQUENCERS AND CONNECTORS

after before
We use can use after + noun, or we can use after + We use can use before + noun, or we can use before
subject + verb. + subject + verb.

• We left the restaurant after John paid the bill. • Before we left the restaurant, John paid the
• I met my friends after the meeting. bill
• Before the lesson, I had a cup of coffee.

Then / After that

We can use then / after that to mean ‘next’:

• He opened the door. Then / after that the lights

came on and everybody shouted, ‘Happy
Birthday’.
• Heat some olive oil in a pan. Then / after that
add some chopped garlic and some salt.

A. Fill in the gaps using before, after, then, when, or while.

1. In the morning, I went shopping with my friend. ___________ we had lunch.

2. ___________ Angela got home, her mum was making some coffee.
3. ___________ I went home, I bought something to eat. (I was out when I bought food)
4. ___________ their daughter moved out, the house was very quiet. (When she was at home, the house was
not quiet.)
5. We had time for a coffee___________ the train left. (We had some time in the train station)
6. They were sleeping ___________ the burglars broke in.
7. ___________ they got married, Tom and Susan usually stayed at home at the weekends. (When they were
single, they usually went out at the weekends)
8. ___________ I was cycling, the rain started.
9. For a long time, nobody spoke. ___________ someone asked a question.
10. We were having a lesson ___________ we heard a terrible noise.
11. ___________ he was a famous actor, he worked as a taxi driver.
12. I remembered to close all the windows___________ I went out.

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13. He wanted to see her___________ it was too late. (It was not too late when he decided to see her.)
14. He had breakfast as usual. ___________ he left.

Because/As/Since So

We use because/as/since to give the reason of We use so to give the result of something that is
something that is important for the listener. important for the listener.

He is the best student because he studies a lot. He studies a lot, so he is the best student.

(result) <———- (reason) (reason) ——–> (result)

Because/As/Since my brother didn’t keep his promise, I My brother didn’t keep his promise, so I couldn’t go
couldn’t go fishing. fishing.

I took a taxi because I lost my car keys. I lost my car keys, so I took a taxi.

Although/ Even though

The words “although” and “even though” are all used to show contrast when two things are different or
opposite.

• Although it was expensive, I bought it. / I bought it although it was expensive.

• Even though it was expensive, I bought it. / I bought it even though it was expensive.

A. Fill in the gaps using “although / even though, because/as/since, so”.

1. __________ travelling by plane is fast, it is expensive and bad for the environment.

2. I love exciting places, __________ I want to go to an amusement park.

3. We aren´t going to the park __________ it´s raining.

4. It’s foggy and stormy outside, __________ you should wear your coat and boots.

5. They don´t earn much money __________ they work very hard.

6. My cat was hungry ________________ it ate a fish.

7. I’m tired ________________ I didn’t sleep well last night.

8. Stewart bought lunch ________________ he was full.

9. Mary was sick last week ________________ she saw a doctor.

3C MINI GRAMMAR RELATIVE PRONOUN “WHOSE”

This is the woman. She has a 3-

year-old daughter.
who people
This is the woman who/that has
a 3-year-old daughter

I saw a cat. It had a yellow spot

which animals and things
on its fur.

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I saw a cat which / that had a

yellow spot on its fur.

people, animals and things (instead of who and

that
which)

This is the town. I was born in

this town.
where places (not in subject position)
This is the town where I was
born

This is the girl. Her mother is my

English teacher.
This is the girl whose mother is
my English teacher.

This is the man. His daughter is

getting married next month.
This is the man whose daughter
whose possessive meaning is getting married next month.

This is the dog. Its tail is fluffy.

This is the dog whose tail is fluffy.

This is the sofa. Its foot is broken.

This is the sofa whose foot is
broken.

A. Fill in the gaps using the correct relative pronoun.

1. They called a lawyer ______________ lived nearby.

2. We broke the computer ______________ belonged to my father.
3. The customer liked the waitress ______________ was very friendly.
4. I dropped the vase ______________ handle was broken.
5. She loves books ______________ have happy endings.
6.-That’s the politician ______________ daughter got married in Miami.
7. They live in a city ______________ is in the north of England.
8. A couch is a person ______________ helps you train.
9. A court is a place ______________ people play tennis.
10. That is the race ______________ millions of people watch.
11. I have a friend ______________ father is working in the local hospital
12. I remember the town ______________ had huge trees once.
13. This is the hotel ______________ we spent the night.

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B. Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. Put a tick next to the sentences without any mistakes.

1. That gentleman is reading a newspaper who is in German.

2. Roxanne is the little girl whose lives in the house next to mine.
3. The film is about a girl who has special powers.
4. Richard Williams is the man who daughters are famous tennis players.
5. Skydiving is a sport who is extremely dangerous.
6. The queen doesn’t like dogs who come from other countries.
7. The boy was eating a doughnut which had caramel dressing.
8. Philip is an excellent cook who dishes are very delicious.
9. Hockey is a game who you play with a stick.
10. Leonardo is the actor which acted in Titanic with Kate Winslet.
11. Sue lives in this house whose windows are colorful.
12. Martin was taken to the hospital which a lot of qualified doctors work.
13. Did you read the headlines who were on The Times yesterday?

4A MINI GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT WITH “FOR / SINCE”

Why do we use “For / Since” ? [FUNCTION]

- to measure time (usually with the present perfect sentences)

- to show how long the action (that is not finished) has happened

• I have lived in Canada for 3 years.

• I have lived in Canada since 2012.
• She has studied with me for 3 months.
• She has studied with me since October.

How do we use “For / Since” [FORM]

[ Subject + have/has + past participle + for/since ]

I + have + lived here + for + ten years.

He + has + worked there + for + three months.

I + have + lived here + since + 1996.

He + has + worked there + since + October.

A. Put either for or since into the following sentences.

1. I have lived in LG Metro City Apartments _________ 2006.

2. He has been in my class _________ 2 years.
3. They have owned that restaurant _________ I was 10 years old.

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4. I have lived in this flat _________ five years.

5. I’ve known her _________ ages.
6. We have played soccer on Sunday morning _________ June.
7. My brother has been stronger than me _________ 3 years.
8. She has been here _________ 8am this morning.
9. American soldiers have been in Korea _________ 1950.

B. Rewrite the following sentences using since or for and the verb provided. You may have to change
some of the words but keep the same meaning.

Ex. Bill and Rita got married twenty years ago.

Bill and Rita have been married for twenty years. (be)

1. Jordan moved into this apartment in 2005.

(live)

2. Ellen and Rose met each other 40 years ago.

(know)

3. Dennis bought his car four years ago.

(own)

4. David fell in love with Patricia when they were teenagers.

(be)

5. Sam learned how to swim three years ago.

(know)

C. If the sentence uses “for” change it to “since” and finish the sentence. If the sentence uses “since”
change it to “for” and finish the sentence.

1. I’ve lived in Bursa for 6 years.

I’ve lived in Bursa since 2009.
2. He’s played soccer since he was 5. (He is 15 years old now.)
He’s played soccer for 10 years.
3. They’ve lived in Canada since June.
___________________________________________
4. We’ve played Minecraft for 3 hours today.
___________________________________________
5. His mom has driven us to school every day for 3 days.
___________________________________________

6. I have boiled this pasta for 20 minutes.

___________________________________________
7. He hasn’t seen his family for 10 years.
___________________________________________
8. It has smelt bad in this room for three days.
___________________________________________
9. I haven’t seen you since 2013.
___________________________________________

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4A MINI GRAMMAR QUESTIONS WITH “HOW LONG”

Question word Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer

They have lived in Ottawa since 2009.

How long have(has) they(he) lived in Ottawa?
He has lived in Ottowa since 2009.

A. Write questions with how long.

1. She has had my book for six months. _____________________________________?

2. We have known them for ten years. _____________________________________?
3. Jane has worked at a travel agency since 2010. _____________________________________?
4. Mark and Sharon have been married. _____________________________________?
5. I have known Ben for a long time. _____________________________________?
6. Margaret has had a bad cold. _____________________________________?
7. John has owned a Toyota for a long time. _____________________________________?
8. The teacher has been in the classroom now. _____________________________________?
9. Daniel and Sara have been on vacation in Europe since Monday.
________________________________________?
10. The boss is angry with his secretary. _____________________________________?

B. Ask your partner some of the following questions. Make sure you answer using both “for” and “since”
to communicate the same information with each.

[1] How long have you lived in Bursa?

I have lived in Bursa for 10 years.

I have lived in Bursa since 2010.

[2] How long have you had your hairstyle?

[3] How long has your brother/sister gone to their school?

[4] How long have you studied English?

… Create your own questions and ask your partner.

4C MINI GRAMMAR “EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, EVERYWHERE”

Everyone, everybody, everything and everywhere are indefinite pronouns. We use them to refer to a total
number of people, things and places. We write them as one word:

• His name was Henry but everyone called him Harry.

• All your clothes are clean. I washed everything yesterday.
• The sand got everywhere, into eyes, hair, tents, cups of tea, camera lenses.

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We use everyone, everybody, everything and everywhere with singular verbs in affirmative sentences and
questions:

• Everybody knows the truth.

• At night, with the lights shining on the water, everything looks different.
• We couldn’t get a seat. Everywhere was so crowded.
• Is everything OK?
• How does he know everything about me?

We don’t add plural ‘-s’ to everything to make it plural:

• Children can buy everything they want.

• Not “Children can buy everythings they want.”

A. Complete the sentences using the correct indefinite pronouns with any/every/some/no.

1. I can’t find my mobile phone ______________ .

2. The glass is empty. ______________ drank my orange juice.
3. Do you know ______________ who has got red hair?
4. ______________ is wrong with my mobile because I can ’t hear you.
5. All my friends are ill. ______________ is healthy.
6. The music is too loud. I can’t hear ______________.
7. ______________ is looking at us. It’s Sarah.
8. Rolling Stones is a very popular band. ______________ knows it.
9. I didn’t do ______________ wrong.
10. Pat and Tim are in the middle of the desert and they have ______________ to hide.
11. A rubber is ______________ in that drawer.
12. Don’t worry. ______________ will be fine.
13. We don’t know where our favorite book is. We have searched ______________.

MINI GRAMMAR 8B ZERO CONDITIONAL AND SHOULD IN FIRST CONDITIONAL

We can make a zero-conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the
'main clause')

If + present simple, present simple.

• If water reaches 100°C degrees, it boils.

• If people eat too much, they get fat.
• If you touch fire, you get burned.

Extra: “should” in first conditional

When the speaker wants to give advice on a condition, main clause may include should.

If+ present simple, should+ V1.

• If you want to be successful, you should study very hard.

• If he feels bad at night, you should call the doctor.
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• You should see the manager if you want to fix this problem.

A. Match the halves of the sentences below.

1. If I have a headache, a. They die
2. I feel terrible b. You feel nervous
3. If you drink too much coffee, c. If you don´t do enough exercise
4. If flowers don´t get any water, d. I usually take some aspirin.
5. You put on weight e. If I don´t get 8 hours of sleep a night

B. Complete these conditional sentences using the verbs in brackets. You can use present simple, future
tense or should depending on the meaning.
1. If ice __________ warm, it __________. (get / melt)
2. Please hurry! If it __________ to rain, we __________ wet. (start / get)
3. If you __________ the road, you __________ for help. (not know/ ask)
4. Oil __________ if you __________ it on water. (float / pour)
5. If I __________ some spare time next weekend, I __________ running. (have / go)
6. If you __________ to be late, you __________ now. (not want / leave)
7. If you __________ for information politely, people normally __________ you. (ask / help)
8. If Andrew __________ enough money, he __________ a new computer. (save / buy)
9. If air __________ warm, it __________ (become / rise)
10. If you __________ this course, you __________ it. (take up / like)

TARGET GRAMMAR UNIT 10C

THE PASSIVE

DIRECT/INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS AND WORD ORDER

1. Some verbs can have 2 objects, usually a thing (the direct object) and a person (the indirect object).
If the direct object is a noun, we usually use verb+ indirect object+ direct object.
He gave me some money.
IO DO
I’m going to lend her my camera.
IO DO
They’ve shown their friends their new flat.
IO DO
I’ll send you an email.
IO DO
We bought our father some books.
IO DO
2. If the direct object is a pronoun, we usually use verb+ direct object+ indirect object, with either for or
to before the indirect object-it depends on the verb.
He gave it to me.
DO IO
I’m going to lend it to her.
DO IO
They’ve shown it to them.

DO IO

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I’ll send it to you.

DO IO
We bought them for him.
DO IO

INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS

ACTIVE: I gave him some money yesterday.
Passive 1: He was given some money yesterday.
Passive 2: Some money was given to him yesterday. ACTIVE: I offered her a glass of wine.
Passive 1: She was offered a glass of wine.
ACTIVE: She lent me a bicycle last week.
Passive 2: A glass of wine was offered to her.
Passive 1: I was lent a bicycle last week.
Passive 2: A bicycle was lent to me last week.
ACTIVE: They showed their friends the new flat.
ACTIVE: They usually send an email to me on my Passive 1: Their friends was shown the new flat.
birthday. Passive 2: The new flat was shown to their friends.
Passive 1: An email is usually sent to me on my
birthday.
Passive 2: I am usually sent an email on my birthday.

A. Change the active to the passive. Make two passives for each.
1. Our charity club awards two students a scholarship every year.
Two students ___________________________ by our charity club.
A scholarship ___________________________ by our charity club.
2. A waiter handed us a menu after we sat at our table.
We ___________________________ by a waiter after we sat at our table.
A menu ___________________________ by a waiter after we sat at our table.
3. The mail-order company sent us a catalogue.
A catalogue ___________________________ by the mail-order company.
We ___________________________ by the mail-order company.
4. The Red Crescent provided tents for the victims of the flood.
Tents ___________________________ by the Red Crescent.
The victims of the flood ___________________________ by the Red Crescent.
5. The interview panel usually tell the participants the decision on the same day.
The participants ___________________________ by the interview panel on the same day.
The decision ___________________________ by the interview panel on the same day.
10C TARGET GRAMMAR USING PASSIVE IN INTERROGATES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN PASSIVE

Y/N questions Does Jack wash the car every day? Is the car washed by Jack every day?
Who Who collects the money? Who is the money collected by?
Where Where does she wash the car? Where is the car washed?
When When do they send the emails? When are the emails sent?
How How do you pronounce this word? How is this word pronounced?

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE IN PASSIVE

Y/N questions Did you clean the floor yesterday? Was the floor cleaned yesterday?
Who Who founded the Republic of Turkey? Who was the Republic of Turkey founded by?
Where Where did you see him last week? Where was he seen last week?
When When did he do the crossword? When was the crossword done?
How How did you translate these sentences? How were these sentences translated?

A. Change the active to the passive. Use "by phrase" only if it is necessary.

1. Does anybody use that dictionary? _____________________________________

2. Which machines do they inspect? _____________________________________

3. Did they collect our rubbish? _____________________________________

4. Who interviewed the applicants yesterday? _____________________________________

5. When do the farmers produce wheat in this region? _____________________________________

6. Where do you sell the fruits? _____________________________________

MINI GRAMMAR 11A USED TO /WOULD

We can also use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

• Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.

• My teachers would always say “Sit down and shut up!”
• We would visit my grandmother every summer when I was little.

Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.

• Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.

• Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.

However, “would” can be only be used with action verbs. Do NOT use “would” with stative verbs.

• France would have a king. France used to have a king.

• In the past, we used to love to eat ice cream. We would love to eat ice cream.
• In the past ice cream used to be a luxury. Ice cream would be a luxury.
A. For each of the following sentences, choose either "used to" or "would". If both are possible, use
"would".

1. Do you remember how your Uncle David __________ sit in that chair and smoke those
disgusting cigars?

2. Your mother __________ have a Yorkshire Terrier when she was a young girl, didn't she?

3. For years, they __________ go on holiday to the Rockies, but then it became very
fashionable and, hence, expensive.
4. Years ago, I __________ write a diary every day but then I got bored with doing it and I
stopped. Maybe it was my life that was boring!
5. At the start of their marriage, they __________ be very happy - but then it all went wrong!

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6. You __________ spell so well. What happened?

7. When I was five, I __________ do incredible gymnastics. Now I can't even touch my toes.
8. Before getting my driving license, I __________ ride a bicycle everywhere.

MINI GRAMMAR 12A BEFORE – AFTER

Before and after are used as dependent clauses. They answer the question when.

When did Mary make

• Mary made lunch after she had done the shopping.
lunch?

• Jane got a job in marketing after she had finished her degree
After she had done the
Past Simple after + past perfect
shopping.

• He had found out as much as he could about the company before he went to the interview.
Past Perfect before + Past Simple

A. Circle the correct answer.

1. He had already closed the door behind him before/after he realized he didn't have his keys.

2. Before/After they had finished lunch, they went for a long walk.

3. She had given a present to her mother-in-law before/after she went home.

4. Before/After he was made redundant, he had never missed a day's work.

5. Before/After he had finished answering his emails, he started on his work.

B. Fill in the gaps with correct tense using the verbs in brackets.
1. After the concert _____________, we went to a restaurant for a meal. (finish)
2. After he _____________ to Peter, he decided to make a few phone calls. (talk)
3. He had hung up before I _____________ what the problem was. (explain)
4. Before he went out, he _____________ all the windows. (close)

C. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.

1. After I had had a shower, I delivered the news.

(BEFORE) _______________________________________
2. I called the police after I had seen the broken window.
(BEFORE) _______________________________________
3. We had drunk a cup of coffee before the train left.
(AFTER) _______________________________________
4. Jason had read the manual before he installed the system.
(AFTER) _______________________________________
5. We arrived in Madrid after we had driven all night.
(BEFORE) _______________________________________
6. I had talked to Jimmy before I moved to England.
(AFTER) _______________________________________
7. The Queen congratulated the jockey after he had won the race.
(BEFORE) _______________________________________
8. We had had lunch before we went for a walk by the river.
(AFTER) _______________________________________

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