Formation of Petroleum

Petroleum is also called as the black gold is a viscous liquid, dark brown or greenish
flammable, which is located in the upper layers of some areas of the earth's crust.
Petroleum and natural gas derived from ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died
approximately 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms to settle on the ocean
floor, then covered by mud. Mud layer gradually turned into rocks because of the influence of
pressure on top layer. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria
outlines the remnants microorganisms and converted it to oil and gas.
The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. Oil and gas seep formed in
the porous rock such as water in the rock. Oil and gas can also migrate from one region to
another, then it will concentrated if blocked by an impermeable layer.
Even though oil and natural gas are formed on the ocean floor, many of petroleum
resources located in the mainland. This occurs because the movement of the earth's crust, so that
some of the ocean into the land.

Petroleum Composition

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons plus organic compounds of Sulfur,

Oxygen, Nitrogen and compounds - compounds that contain metal constituents particularly
Nickel, Iron and Copper.
Petroleum itself is not a uniform material, but the compositions very widely, depending
on location, age of oil field and also depth of wells. In light paraffinic petroleum hydrocarbons
containing not less than 97% while the lowest weight type asphaltic 50%.

Hydrocarbon Components

Comparison of element - the element contained in the oil varies greatly. Based on the
results of the analysis, the obtained data as follows:

• Carbon: 83.0 to 87.0%

• Hydrogen: 10.0 to 14.0%
• Nitrogen: 0.1 to 2.0%
• Oxygen: 0.05 to 1.5%
• Sulfur: 0.05 to 6.0%

Hydrocarbon components in petroleum are classified into three categories, namely:

• Class of paraffinic
• Naphthenic class
 • Aromatic group
• While the olefin groups are generally not found in crude oil, as well as hydrocarbons
asetilenic very rare.

Crude oil contains a number of non-hydrocarbon compounds, particularly sulfur

compounds, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, Organo metallic compounds (in small
amounts / traces as a solution) and salt - an inorganic salt (as a colloidal suspension).

1. Sulfur Compound
Crude oil is has higher density will has a higher sulfur content as well. The presence of
sulfur in petroleum are often many consequences, for example in gasoline can cause corrosion
2. Compound Oxygen
Total content of oxygen in the gas are less than 2% and rising with the increase in boiling
point fractions. Oxygen content can be ascending if the product was long associated with the air.
3. Nitrogen Compound
The content of nitrogen in petroleum is very low, namely 0.1 to 0.9%. Contained the
highest content of the type Asphaltic. Nitrogen has toxic properties of the catalyst and to form a
gum / sap on fuel oil. Highest nitrogen content present in fractions of high boiling point.
4. Metallic constituents
Metals - metals such as iron, copper, particularly nickel and vanadium in catalytic
cracking processes affect catalyst activity, because it can lower gasoline products, generate a lot
of gas and coke formation. At high temperature power generator, for example oil - gas fired
turbine, the constituent metals, especially vanadium to form a crust on the turbine rotor. Ash
produced from burning fuel containing mainly sodium and vanadium to react with refectory
furnace (refractory bricks), causing a decrease in melting point of the mixture so that the damage
refractory.

Petroleum Fractions

Distillation is the separation of petroleum fractions based on boiling point differences. In

case this is the distillation of fractionation. At first the crude oil is heated in a pipe flow in the
furnace (furnace) until the temperature of ± 370 ° C. Crude oil that has been heated is then
entered into the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usually located on the lower third of
the fractionation column.) To maintain the temperature and pressure in the column then assisted
heating with steam (steam hot water and high pressure).
Crude oil is vaporized in this distillation process climbed to the top of the column and
then condensed at different temperatures. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a
liquid and falls to the bottom, while a lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top
through the lid-lid lid called a bubble. Moreover, the temperature contained in the fractionating
column, the lower, so that each time the component with higher boiling point will be separated,
while the components that lower the boiling point rises into the upper part again. So the next so
that the components that reach the top is a component of the gas at room temperature. Gaseous
component is called petroleum gas, then thawed and called LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).
 Crude oil fraction that is not vaporized into the residue. Oil residues include paraffin,
wax, and asphalt. These residues have a carbon chain of more than 20. Petroleum fractions
produced by boiling point ranges are as follows:

1. Gas
The range of carbon chain: C1 to C5
Boiling Route: 0 to 50 ° C
Appropriation: Gas cylinders, CNG, bait petrochemical processes.
2. Gasoline (Gasoline)
The range of carbon chains: C6 to C11
Boiling route: 50 to 85 ° C
Appropriation: motor fuel, aviation fuel-engine piston, feed petrochemical
process
3. Kerosene (Kerosene)
The range of carbon chains: C12 to C20
Boiling route: 85 to 105 ° C
Appropriation: motor fuels, jet-powered aviation fuel, household fuel,
industrial fuel, bait petrochemical process
4. Diesel fuel
The range of carbon chains: C21 to C30
Boiling route: 105 to 135 ° C
Appropriation: motor fuel, industrial fuel
5. Heavy Oil
The range of carbon chain from C31 to C40
Boiling route from 130 to 300 ° C
Appropriation: lubricating oils, waxes, petrochemical feed process
6. Residue
The range of carbon chains above C40
Route boiling above 300 ° C
Appropriation: Fuel boiler (steam generator engines), bitumen, leak-proof
coating material.

Petroleum fractions from the distillation process does not have quality graded according
to the needs of the community, so it needs further processing which includes the process of
cracking, reforming, polymerization, Treating, and blending.
Minyak Bumi (PETROLEUM)

Oleh:
I Gede Brawiswa Putra
(X.12/06)

SMA Negeri 1 Denpasar

2010/2011