ENGR.

BON RYAN ANIBAN

Properties of Fluid Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
•Mass Density •Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane and Curved Surfaces
•Specific Volume •Dams
•Unit Weight and Specific weight •Buoyancy
•Specific Gravity •Statical stability of Floating Bodies
•Viscosity •Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
•Surface Tension
•Capillarity
•Compressibility
•Pressure Disturbances
Relative Equilibrium of Liquid
•Property Changes in Ideal Gas
•Rectilinear Translation
•Rotation
Principles of Hydrostatic
•Unit Pressure
•Pascal’s Law
•Absolute and Gauge Pressures
•Variations and Pressure
•Pressure Head
•Manometers
 FLUID
MECHANICS FLUID

IDEAL FLUID REAL FLUID

FLUID FLUID
STATICS MECHANICS
• Assumed to have no • Infinite viscosities
viscosity • Non-uniform velocity
• Incompressible • Compressible
Is a branch of fluid mechanics that studies • Have uniform velocity • Experience friction
Fluid Statics fluid at rest. It embraces the study of the when flowing and turbulence
conditions under which fluids are at rest in • No turbulence
stable equilibrium.

Fluid It deals with the fluids ( liquid and gasses)

Mechanics in motion
ENGR. BON RYAN ANIBAN
 Densities of Common Fluid
MASS DENSITY (ρ) – mass per unit volume
Fluid 𝜌 in kg/m3
mass 𝑚 kg g slugs
𝜌= = = 3= = Air (STP) 1.29
Volume 𝑉 m cm3 ft 3
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
IDEAL GAS DENSITY (ρ)
𝑃 Gasoline 720
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇 Glycerin 1260
P = absolute pressure of gas in Pa
recall: Mercury 13600
absolute pressure = gauge pressure + Water (at 4°C) 1000
atmospheric pressure
R = gas constant
Gravitational
For Air : acceleration
R = 287 Joule/kg-K (SI)
SPECIFIC WEIGHT/UNIT WEIGHT/WEIGHT g = 9.81 m/s2
R = 1716 lb-ft/slug-R (English) = 32.2 ft/s2
T = absolute temperature DENSITY(γ) – weight per unit volume
weight 𝑊 m × g N lb
K = °C + 273 γ= = = = 3= 3
R = °F + 460 Volume 𝑉 𝑉 m ft
 SPECIFIC VOLUME( Vs) – volume occupied weight 𝑊 m × g
by a unit mass of fluid γ= = =
Volume 𝑉 𝑉
1 1 m3
Vs = = =
density ρ kg γ = ρg 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
γ = 1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 = 9810
m3 ∙ s2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY(s) – is the ratio of γ = 9810 N/m3
specific weight of liquid to water
𝜌liquid 𝛾liquid Densities of Common Fluid
s= 𝜌water
= 𝛾water Fluid 𝜌 in kg/m3
= 9810 N/m3 (SI) Air (STP) 1.29
= 62.4 lb/ft3 (English)
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1260
Mercury 13600
Oil 800
Water (at 4°C) 1000
 Length
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mi = 5280 ft. = 1609.344 m
1 nautical mile = 6076 ft = 1852 m Volume
1 yd = 3 ft = 0.9144 m 1 ft3 = 0.028317 m3
1 L = 0.001 m3 = 0.0353515 ft3
Mass
1 slug = 14.594 kg
Area
1 tonne = 1000 kg
1 ft2 = 0.028317 m3
1 mi2 = 2.78784 x 107 ft2 = 2.59 x 106 ft3
Velocity
1 ft/s= 0.3048 m/s
1 mi/h = 1.46666 ft/s = 0.44704 m/s Acceleration
1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2
Mass Flow
1 slug/s = 14.594 m/s
1 lbm/s = 0.4536 kg/s
 SPECIFIC VOLUME( Vs) – volume occupied weight 𝑊 m × g
by a unit mass of fluid γ= = =
Volume 𝑉 𝑉
1 1 m3
Vs = = =
density ρ kg γ = ρg 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
γ = 1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 = 9810
m3 ∙ s2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY(s) – is the ratio of γ = 9810 N/m3
specific weight of liquid
𝜌liquid 𝛾liquid Densities of Common Fluid
s= 𝜌water
= 𝛾water Fluid 𝜌 in kg/m3
= 9810 N/m3 (SI) Air (STP) 1.29
= 62.4 lb/ft3 (English)
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1260
Mercury 13600
Oil 800
Water (at 4°C) 1000
 SPECIFIC VOLUME( Vs) – volume occupied weight 𝑊 m × g
by a unit mass of fluid γ= = =
Volume 𝑉 𝑉
1 1 m3
Vs = = =
density ρ kg γ = 𝜌g 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
γ = 1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 = 9810
m3 ∙ s2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY(s) – is the ratio of γ = 9810 N/m3
specific weight of liquid
𝜌 𝛾 3
s = 𝜌liquid = 𝛾liquid 1 slug 0.3048 m
water water 𝜌 = 1000 kg/m3 x x
14.594 kg 1 ft
= 9810 N/m3 (SI)
= 62.4 lb/ft3 (English) 𝜌 = 1.940 slug/ft3
γ = 𝜌g
γ = 1.940 slug/ft3 x 32.2 ft/s2
γ = 62.468 lb/ft3
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 1
A glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu.m. (a) Find its weight , (b) unit weight, (c) mass density, (d) and
specific gravty.
Solution
a 𝑊 = 𝑚g
= 1200 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 11772 N = 11.772 kN

𝑊
b 𝛾=
𝑉
11.772 kN
= 3
= 12.366 kN/m3
0.952 m
𝑚
c 𝜌=
𝑉
1200 kg
= 3
= 1260.504 kg/m3
0.952 m
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
d 𝑠=
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1260.504 kg/m3
= = 1.261
1000 kg/m3
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 2
If an object has a mass of 22 kg at sea level,
(a) what will be its weight at a point where acceleration due to gravity = 9.75 m/s2
(b) what will be its mass at that point?
Solution
a 𝑊 = 𝑚g
= 22 kg (9.75 m/s2) = 214.5 N

b 𝑚 = 22 kg
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 3
Specific gravity of a certain oil is 0.82
(a) Find its unit weight in kN/m3, lb/ft3
(b) Find its density in kg/m3, slug/ft3
Solution
𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
a 𝑠=
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙
0.82 = 0.82 =
9.81 kN/m3 62.4 lb/ft3
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 8.044 kN/m3 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 51.168 lb/ft3

b 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 g

8.044 × 103 N/m3 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 (9.81 m/s2) 51.168 lb/ft3 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 (32.2 ft/s2)
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 819.980 kg/m3 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 1.589 slug/ft3
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 4
If a specific volume of a gas is 0.7848 m3/kg. What is its unit weight?
Solution
1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌
1
0.7848 m3 /kg =
𝜌
𝜌= 1.274 kg/m3

𝛾𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 g
= 1.274 kg/m3(9.81 m/s2)

𝛾𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 12.498 N/m3

 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 5
What is the specific weight if the pressure is 480 kPa absolute at 21°C?
Solution
𝑃
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
(480 × 103 )Pa
=
(287)(J/kg − K)(21° + 273)(K)

𝜌 = 5.689 kg/m3
𝛾 = 𝜌g = 5.689 kg/m3(9.81 m/s2)
𝛾 = 55.809 N/m3
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 6
Find the mass density of helium at temperature 4°C, and a pressure of 184 kPa gage, if atmospheric pressure is 101.92 kPa.
(R = 2079 J/kg-K)

Solution
𝑃
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
184 + 101.92 103 Pa
=
(2079)(J/kg − K)(4° + 273)(K)

𝜌 = 0.496 kg/m3
𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 (μ) mu
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces.

Area=A U
F
viscous

y fluid

N
Where: m2
F ∝ AU 𝐹 𝑈 𝑈
∝ τ=μ 𝜏 = shear stress in lb/ft2or Pa
y 𝐴 𝑦 𝑦 μ = absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft2 or Pa-sec
𝐹 y= distance between the plates in ft or m
= 𝜏 (shearing stress) 𝝉 U = velocity in ft/s or m/s
𝐴 μ=
𝐔/𝐲
𝑈 𝑈
𝜏∝ 𝜏=𝑘
𝑦 𝑦
Where the k is called the
dynamic absolute viscosity
denoted as μ
𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 (ν) nu
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, μ, to its mass density, ρ
𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
Common Units of Viscosity
System Absolute, μ Kinematic, ν
lb-sec/ft2
English ft2/sec
(slug/ft-sec)
Dyne-s/cm2 cm2/s
Metric
(poise) (stoke)
Pa-s
S.I m2/s
(N-s/m2)

Note:
1 poise = 1dyne-s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa-sec (1 dyne = 10-5N)
1 stoke = 0.0001 m2/s
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 7
Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space between them is filled with a liquid of viscosity of μ = 0.958 Pa-s.
Assuming the velocity gradient to be a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plane of 0.37 m2 area at a
constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate is 8.4 from one of the surfaces
Solution
8.4 mm F1
F
25 mm A = 0.37 m2 F2
16.6 mm
μ = 0.958 Pa-s
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 7
Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space between them is filled with a liquid of viscosity of μ = 0.958 Pa-s.
Assuming the velocity gradient to be a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plane of 0.37 m2 area at a
constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces
Solution
8.4 mm F1
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 F
𝜏 25 mm A = 0.37 m2 F2
𝐹/𝐴
𝜇= 𝜇= 16.6 mm
𝑈/𝑦 𝑈/𝑦 μ = 0.958 Pa-s
𝐹1 𝐹2
0.37 m 2 0.37 m2
0.958 Pa ∙ s = 0.958 Pa ∙ s =
0.3 m/s 0.3 m/s
−3
8.4 × 10 m 16.6 × 10−3 m
0.3m/s 𝐹2 = 6.406 N
𝐹1 = 0.958 Pa ∙ s −3 m
(0.37 m2)
N 8.4 × 10 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
m2 𝐹 = 12.659 N + 6.406 N
𝐹1 = 12.659 N
𝐹 = 19.065 N
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 8
A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of 130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300 mm long.
Determine the viscosity of the liquid which fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is required to maintain
an angular velocity of 2π radians/sec. Assume the velocity gradient to be straight line.
Solution Fixed
𝜏 29.879 Pa
𝜇= 𝜇 = m 0.005 m
𝑈/𝑦 0.785 s /0.005m F
𝑈 = 𝑟𝜔 U = 0.785
= 0.125(2π) 𝜇 = 0.190 Pa ∙ s F
𝑈 = 0.785 m/s Fixed cylinder
T
Torque = Force(radius)
0.88 N ∙ m = 𝐹(0.125 m) Rotating cylinder
𝐹 = 7.04 N
𝐹 7.04 N
𝜏= =
𝐴 2π 𝑟rotating cylinder (𝐿)
7.04 N 0.3 m
=
2π 0.125m (0.3m)
𝜏 = 29.879 N/m2
𝜏 = 29.879Pa 0.125 m

0.13 m
𝐒𝐔𝐑𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍 (σ) sigma
Is a force per unit arc length created on an interface between two immiscible fluids as a result of molecular attraction/cohesion.

Surface tension allows a needle to be Surface tension allows insect to land Surface tension also causes droplets
floated on a free surface of water. on water surface without getting wet to take on a spherical shape
 𝐒𝐔𝐑𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍 (σ) sigma
Is a force per unit arc length created on an interface between two immiscible fluids as a result of molecular attraction/cohesion.

Surface tension allows a needle to be Surface tension allows insect to land Surface tension also causes droplets
floated on a free surface of water. on water surface without getting wet to take on a spherical shape

𝐹resisting 𝐹 𝐹resisting 𝐹 𝐹acting

σ = = Pressure(p) = =
𝐴 2π𝑟 𝐴 π𝑟 2

𝐹resisting = σ2π𝑟 𝐹acting = p𝜋𝑟 2

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 By equilibrium
σ 𝐹 = 0 ; 𝐹resisting = 𝐹acting
σ2π𝑟 = P 𝜋𝑟 2 Where:
σ=surface tension in N/m
p𝑟
σ= N/m r = radius of the droplet
2 p = gage pressure in Pa
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 9
What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water 0.3 mm in diameter which is in contact with air if the pressure
within the droplet is 561 Pa?

Solution

p𝑟
σ= N/m
2
561 Pa(0.15 × 10−3 m)
σ=
2
𝜎 = 0.042 N/m
𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘/CAPILLARY ACTION
Is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liqud to the walls
of the containing vessel.

ADHESION COHESION
The attraction The attraction
force between force between
different molecules of the
molecules. same substance

H2 0 Hg

Capillary Tube
 𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘/CAPILLARY ACTION
Is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liqud to the walls
of the containing vessel.

ADHESION COHESION
The attraction The attraction
force between force between
different molecules of the
molecules. same substance
rise
Densities of Common h
Fluid
fall
h
Fluid 𝜌 in kg/m3
Mercury 13600
H2 0 Hg
Water (at 1000
4°C)

Adhesion > Cohesion Cohesion > Adhesion

Capillary Tube
𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘/CAPILLARY ACTION
Is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liqud to the walls
of the containing vessel.
By equilibrium: Contact Angles
σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑑2 Materials Angle, ϴ
𝐹 cos ϴ = W σ(πd) cos ϴ = 𝛾π (ℎ)
4 Mercury-glass 140°
𝐹
σ =
𝐴 4σ cos ϴ Water-paraffin 107°
ℎ=
F ϴ F F
𝐹 = σ (π𝑑) 𝛾𝑑 Water-silver 90°
F
F 𝑊 = γ𝑉 Kerosene-glass 26°
Where:
𝑑2 h=capillary rise or depression in m.
W h 𝑉 = π (ℎ) Glycerin-glass 19°
4 γ = unit weight of the fluid in N/m3
d = diameter of the tube in m Water-glass 0°
𝑑2
𝑊 = γπ (ℎ) σ= surface tension in Pa Ethyl alcohol-glass 0°
4

d
𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘/CAPILLARY ACTION
Is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liqud to the walls
of the containing vessel.
By equilibrium: Contact Angles
σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑑2 Materials Angle, ϴ
𝐹 cos ϴ = W σ(πd) cos ϴ = 𝛾π (ℎ)
4 Mercury-glass 140°
𝐹
σ =
𝐴 4σ cos ϴ Water-paraffin 107°
ℎ=
F ϴ F F
𝐹 = σ (π𝑑) 𝛾𝑑 Water-silver 90°
F
F 𝑊 = γ𝑉 Kerosene-glass 26°
Where:
𝑑2 h=capillary rise or depression in m.
W h 𝑉 = π (ℎ) Glycerin-glass 19°
4 γ = unit weight of the fluid in N/m3
d = diameter of the tube in m Water-glass 0°
𝑑2
𝑊 = γπ (ℎ) σ= surface tension in Pa Ethyl alcohol-glass 0°
4

d
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 10
Estimate the capillary depression for mercury in a glass capillary tube 2 mm in diameter. Use σ = 0.514 N/m and ϴ = 140°.
Densities of Common Fluid
Solution Fluid 𝜌 in kg/m3

4σ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 4(0.514)(𝑐𝑜𝑠140°) Air (STP) 1.29

ℎ= = Alcohol 790
γ𝑑 (13600 × 9.81)(0.002)
Ammonia 602
ℎ = −0.0059 m (the negative sign indicates capillary depression)
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1260
Capillary depression, ℎ = 5.9 mm
Mercury 13600
Oil 800
Water (at 4°C) 1000
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 11
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of a diameter 3 mm. Use σ = 0.0728 N/m an γ = 9810 N/m3 for
water.

Solution
Note: θ= 0° for water in clean tube

4σ
Capillary rise, ℎ = γ𝑑
4(0.0728)
Capillary rise, ℎ = 9810(0.003)

Capillary rise, ℎ = 0.0099 𝑚 = 9.9 𝑚𝑚

COMPRESSIBILITY
Compressibility, β (beta), (also known as the coefficient of compressibility) is the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per
unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process.

∆𝑉 Where:
− 𝑉 1 heat
𝛽= = ΔV = change in volume, m3
∆𝑝 𝐸𝐵 𝑉 = original volume, m3
𝑑𝑉/𝑉 Δp = change in pressure, Pa
𝛽=− dV/V = change in volume (usually in percent)
𝑑𝑝

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The bulk modulus of elasticity, EB, of the fluid expresses the compressibility of the fluid. It is the ratio of the change in unit
pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

stress ∆𝑝
𝐸𝐵 = =
strain ∆𝑉
𝑉
𝑑𝑝
𝐸𝐵 = −
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or celerity (c) of pressure wave (also known as acoustical
or sonic velocity) is expressed as:

𝐸𝐵 1
𝑐= =
𝜌 𝛽𝜌

PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS

For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of state is given by

𝑝1𝑉1 𝑝2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

When temperature is held constant, the above equation is reduced to (Boyle’s Law)

𝑝1𝑉1 = 𝑝2𝑉2

When pressures is held constant (isothermal constant), the ideal gas equation is reduced to (Charle’s Law)

𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
FOR ADIABATIC OR ISENTROPIC CONDITIONS (no heat exchanged)

𝑝1𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2𝑉2𝑘 Where:

p1 = initial absolute pressure of gas, Pa
𝑘 𝑝2 = final absolute pressure of gas, Pa
𝑉1 𝑝2
or = = Constant V1 = initial volume of gas, m3
𝑉2 𝑝1 𝑉2 = final volume of gas, m3
𝑘−1 T1 = initial absolute temperature of gas in °K (°K = °C + 273)
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘
𝑇2 = final absolute temperature of gas in °K
and =
𝑇1 𝑝1 k = ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat
at constant volume. Also known as adiabatic exponent.
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 12
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1 MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter at a pressure of 2
MPa. The bulk modulus elasticity (𝐸𝐵 ) of the liquid is:

Solution
𝑑𝑃
𝐸𝐵 = −
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
1−2
=−
(1 − 0.995)/1

𝐸𝐵= 200 MPa

 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 13
What pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by 0.6 percent? Modulus of elasticity of water, EB = 2.2 GPa.

Solution
𝑑𝑃
𝐸𝐵 = −
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝1
𝑝1 = 0
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑝2
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ; 𝑉1 = 𝑉; 𝑉2 = 𝑉 − 0.6% V;
= (𝑉 − 0.6% V) −𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = −0.6%𝑉 = −0.006V
𝑝2
𝐸𝐵 = − = 2.2
−0.006𝑉/𝑉
𝑝2 = 0.0132 GPa

𝑝2 = 13.2 MPa
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 14
Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 137 kPa absolute, is subjected to a pressure of 116,280 kPa absolute. Using 𝐸𝐵 =
2.5 𝐺𝑃𝑎, determine the percentage decrease in the volume of water.

Solution
𝑑𝑃
𝐸𝐵 = −
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
116,280 − 137 × 103
2.5 × 109 =−
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
𝑑𝑉
= −0.0465
𝑉
𝑑𝑉
= 4.65% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 15
If 9 m3 of an ideal gas at 24 °C and 150 kPa abs is compressed to 2 m3, (a) what is the resulting pressure assuming isothermal
conditions. (b) What would have been the pressure and temperature if the process is isentropic. Use k=1.3.

Solution
𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
(𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑝1𝑉1 = 𝑝2𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑝2
=
𝑇1 𝑝1
150(9) = 𝑝2(2)
𝑝2 = 675 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠 (1.3−1)/1.3
𝑇2 1,060
=
24 + 273 150
𝑏 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠:
𝑝1𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2𝑉2𝑘 𝑇2 = 466.368°𝐾 𝑜𝑟 193.4°𝐶
150 9 1.3 .
= 𝑝2 2 1 3
𝑝2 = 1,059.906 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 16
A sonar transmitter operates at 2 impulses per second. If the device is held to the surface of fresh water (EB = 2.04 x 109 Pa),
what is the velocity of the pressure wave?

Solution
The velocity of the pressure wave (sound wave) is: Sonar
Sound
transmitter
Wave
𝐸𝐵
𝑐=
𝑝

2.04 × 109 h
𝑐= = 1,428 𝑚/𝑠
1000

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