2011

Friends’ Calendar
TRACT ASSOCIATION OF FRIENDS
1501 Cherry Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102-1403
www.tractassociation.org

In the light I have experience of the new creation in Christ Jesus, even the
passing away of the old things, and the new things coming instead thereof.
The old heart gone, the hard heart gone, and a new and tender one instead
thereof. The old law of sin and death taken out of the way, and the law of the
Spirit of life in Christ Jesus received in the place thereof. And the fear of the
new covenant put into the new heart (in which is the beginning and
perfection of the heavenly wisdom), and the Spirit of God put within, to
enlighten, enliven, and fill the mind with life and righteousness, and cause it
to walk with God in the new and living way, and to know his statutes and
judgments, and do them.

In the light the gospel-love is known and springs. In the darkness is enmity;
but in the light is love. It is true indeed, that here the whole law is fulfilled,
even of loving the Lord God with all the heart, soul, mind, and strength, and
one's neighbour as one's self. Yea, here one is not only commanded to love
enemies, but taught and enabled so to do. Yea, keep but here in the light, no
enmity can spring up, but only love to the greatest enemies, whom we have no
coals of wrath, but only of love to heap upon.

Here I meet with, and partake of, a cool, meek, patient, tender, gentle, quiet,
lowly spirit, which is of the Lord, and of much esteem with him. This is the
Lamb's nature, who is light; and this also is their nature who are of the Lamb,
and walk in the light of the Lamb...

Isaac Penington, 1679

Quotations for the 2011 Friends’ Calendar are taken from Scripture (King James Version) unless otherwise
indicated and from the writings of Friends (Quakers) or those writings Friends might do well to consider. We hope
these citations will lead to further reflection and study, with consideration of spiritual and historic context.
Moon phases are from Fred Espenak, Phases of the Moon: 2001-2100. Greenbelt, MD: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center;
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phasecat.html. Dates are adjusted for Eastern Standard Time from Greenwich Mean
Time.

Cover: Isaac Penington. Some Experiences, Which it hath pleased the Lord to give me, concerning his Way, his Truth, his Church and People,
Against whom the Gates of Hell cannot prevail. 31st, 5th mo, 1679. In Works, v. 4, p. 535-536; Digital Quaker Collection.
First Month: William Briggins 1688 from Piety Promoted in a collection of dying sayings of many of the people called Quakers…
William Evans and Thomas Evans, eds. Philadelphia PA: Friends Book Store 1854; vol. 2, page 22.
(www.archive.org/stream/pietypromotedinc02evan; digitized from University of Pittsburgh Library System)
Second Month: William Penn 1726. Some Fruits of Solitude. Richmond IN: Friends United Press, 1978; p. 70.
Margaret Fell A Call unto the Seed of Israel, that they may come out of Egypts Darkness, and House of Bondage,
unto the Land of Rest. By M. F. London, Printed for Robert Wilson. no date given, p. 9-12. Digital Quaker Collection.
Third Month: Selections from the letters of the Sarah Grubb. London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. and C. Gilpin 1848; p. 281. Digital
Quaker Collection.
Stephen Crisp. Pure and Spiritual Worship: a sermon preached at Devonshire-House, November 12, 1690. Philadelphia:
Crukshank 1773. Digital Quaker Collection.
Fourth Month: Yearly Meeting of Women at York, 1688. In Hidden in Plain Sight: Quaker Women’s Writings. Wallingford PA: Pendle
Hill Publications 1996; p. 530.
Fifth Month: Samuel Bownas 1750. A Description of the Qualifications Necessary to a Gospel Minister… Philadelphia PA: William
D. Parrish & Co. 1847. p. 98. Digital Quaker Collection.
Sixth Month: Sondra Ball 2009. Abundant Life in Autumn leaves http://www.sondra.net/al/vol13/1312AbundantLife.htm .
Seventh Month: George Fox 1666. An Epistle to be read in all the Assemblies of the Righteous; #245 in The Power of the Lord Is Over All:
The Pastoral Letters of George Fox. T. Canby Jones, editor. Richmond IN: Friends United Press 1990; p. 209.
Eighth Month: Caroline Stephen 1908. Light Arising. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons; pp. 68-69. Cited in Christian Faith and
Practice in the experience of the Society of Friends. London: London Yearly Meeting, 1960, #246.
William Penn 1726. Some Fruits of Solitude. Richmond IN: Friends United Press, 1978; p. 66.
Ninth Month: William Littleboy 1916. The appeal of Quakerism to the non-mystic. London: Friends Book Centre 1945 pp. 4-7.
Cited in Christian Faith and Practice in the experience of the Society of Friends. London: London Yearly Meeting, 1960, # 82.
Tenth Month: Elizabeth B. Emmott 1908. The Story of Quakerism. London: Friends Book Centre; p. 96. Cited in Christian Faith
and Practice in the experience of the Society of Friends. London: London Yearly Meeting, 1960; #213.
Eleventh Month: Thomas R. Kelly 1941. A Testament of Devotion. New York: Harper and Brothers; p. 29.
Twelfth Month: Mary Penington 1624 –1682 Quotation from The Experiences in the Life of Mary Penington 1911, p. 44. Norman
Penney, editor. Cited in Christian Faith and Practice in the experience of the Society of Friends, London: London Yearly
Meeting, 1960, #29.

We thank Tom Etherington of the Bible Association of Friends in America, and Anita Weber for assistance in preparing the 2011
Friends Calendar, and Earlham School of Religion, which provides the Digital Quaker Collection (DQC). http://esr.earlham.edu/dqc/
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
First Month
For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish,
yet the inward man is renewed day by day. For our light affliction,
TWELFTH MONTH which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding SECOND MONTH
1 2 3 4
and eternal weight of glory; While we look not at the things which 1 2 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
eternal. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
26 27 28 29 30 31
II Corinthians 4: 16-18 27 28

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1
MOON PHASES
If at any time we should be in distress, either inward or outward, if our
New Moon 4
dependence and eye were to the Lord, and with an upright heart we patiently
waited on him, he in his own due time will work deliverence . . . First Qtr. 12
Full Moon 19
William Briggins, 1688 Last Qtr. 26

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Second Month
FIRST MONTH That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give
unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of THIRD MONTH
1
him:NewTheMoon
eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that ye may 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
know what
Last Qtr.
is the hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
of his inheritance in the saints, And what is the exceeding greatness
Full Moon
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
of his
Firstpower
Qtr. toward us who believe, according to the working of his 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
mighty power. Ephesians 1: 17-19 27 28 29 30 31
30 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

The truest end of life is to

know the Life that never
ends.
1 2 3 4 5
William Penn, 1726

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 MOON PHASES
New Moon
First Qtr.
2
11
Ye shall eternally witness to the truth: So all to the light of Jesus
turn your minds, and walk in his light, that the eyes of your
understandings may be enlightened, that you may know, what is
Full Moon 18 the hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory of his
Last Qtr. 24 inheritance in the Saints is. Margaret Fell (1614 - 1702)
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Third Month
Cursed is the one who trusts in man, who depends on flesh for his
SECOND MONTH strength and whose heart turns away from the Lord. For he will be FOURTH MONTH
like a bush in the wastelands; he will not see prosperity when it
1 2 3 4 5
comes. He will dwell in the parched places of the desert, in a salt 1 2
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 land where no one lives. But blessed is the man who trusts in the 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Lord, whose confidence is in him. He will be like a tree planted by 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 the water that sends out its roots by the stream. It does not fear
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
when heat comes; its leaves are always green. It has no worries in a
27 28
year of drought and never fails to bear fruit. Jeremiah 17: 5-8 (NIV) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

A man may
have a rich
jewel and be
poor.
MOON PHASES
New Moon

First Qtr.
4

12
1 2 3 4 5
Full Moon 19
Stephen Crisp,
1690 Last Qtr. 26

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 Although we cannot see the

good of our crosses and exer-
cises at the time, yet those who
trust in the Lord find eventually
that things come round to their
real benefit. Sarah Grubb, 1833
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Fourth Month
It hath pleased him to break in among us in a glorious manner, to
THIRD MONTH FIFTH MONTH
our great satisfaction, and he hath filled our meeting with his
1 2 3 4 5 living presence and crowned our assembly with his heavenly
MOON PHASESpower 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 and opened the fountain of life unto us, and caused the streams of 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 his love to flow freely among us and run from vessel to vessel, to 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 the gladding of our hearts, which causeth living praise, and hearty 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

27 28 29 30 31
thanksgiving to be rendered unto him, who alone is worthy. 29 30 31
Yearly Meeting of Women at York, 1688

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2
I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your MOON PHASES
daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and New Moon 3
your old men shall dream dreams: And on my servants and on my
First Qtr. 11
handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they
Full Moon 17
shall prophesy: ... whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall
be saved. Joel 3: 28-29, 32 (also Acts 2: 17-18,21) Last Qtr. 24

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Fifth Month
Keep in an humble dependence, endeavouring to keep near the
Lord, having him always before our eyes, that we may receive daily
FOURTH MONTH SIXTH MONTH
ability from him, and speak as we feel our minds moved by his
1 2 divine spirit; and whether it be little or much that we have to say, 1 2 3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 be thankful that we are favoured with his presence and life in our 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ministry, not so much regarding what others may say or judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 concerning us, as the peace and satisfaction that we inwardly enjoy 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
by the word of life, that life which is the light of men. 26 27 28 29 30
Samuel Bownas, 1750

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31 MOON PHASES

New Moon
First Qtr.
3
10
But I am like a green olive tree in the house of
God: I trust in the mercy of God for ever and
ever. I will praise thee for ever, because thou
Full Moon 17 hast done it: and I will wait on thy name; for it
Last Qtr. 24 is good before thy saints. Psalm 52: 8-9
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Sixth Month
I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me
FIFTH MONTH drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: Naked, and ye clothed me: I was SEVENTH MONTH
sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. Then shall
1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? When saw we thee a stranger, and 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? Or when saw we thee sick, or in 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
prison, and came unto thee? And the King shall answer and say unto them, 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. Matthew 25: 35-40 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2 3 4
MOON PHASES
I am come that they might
have life, and that they might New Moon 1
have it more abundantly. First Qtr. 8
Full Moon 15
John 10: 10 Last Qtr. 23

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 Maybe it's time to give truth to

the master's words: "I am come
that you might have abundant
life."
Sondra Ball, 2009
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Seventh Month
SIXTH MONTH EIGHTH MONTH
O Friends, let Righteousness flow amongst you all, Truth
1 2 3 4
and equity, uprightness and holiness, which becomes the 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 house of God. Live in the holy order of the Life, Spirit and 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Power of the Everlasting God. Keep in the Faith that works 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 by Love, that purifies your hearts, the mystery of which is 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

26 27 28 29 30
held in a pure conscience … (continued below) 28 29 30 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2
MOON PHASES
O live in the pure Hope, which purifies you as He is pure, which New Moon 1
hope is Christ, who was before the hypocrites’ hope … [that is] First Qtr. 8
impure. So feel Christ your hope, which anchors your immortal Full Moon 15
souls, in all waves, storms and tempests … sure and safe in all Last Qtr. 23
weathers … George Fox, 1666 New Moon 30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Eighth Month
A Friends’ meeting, however silent, is at the very lowest a witness
SEVENTH MONTH that worship is something other and deeper than words, and that it NINTH MONTH
1 2 is to the unseen and eternal things that we desire to give the first 1 2 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 place in our lives. And when the meeting, whether silent or not, is 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 awake, and looking upwards, there is much more in it than this. In 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 the united stillness … there is a power known only by experience,
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and mysterious even when the most familiar.
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 Caroline E. Stephen, 1908

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2 3 4 5 6
MOON PHASES
First Qtr. 6

Full Moon 13

Last Quarter 21

New Moon 28

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30 31 We must know, that God is not tyed to Time or

Place, who is everywhere at the same Time: And
this we shall know, as far as we are capable, if
wherever we are, our Desires are to be with him.
William Penn, 1726
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Ninth Month
God is above all the God of the normal. In the common facts and
circumstances of life He draws near to us, quietly He teaches us in TENTH MONTH
EIGHTH MONTH
1 2 3 4 5 6
the routine of life’s trifles; gently and unnoticed His Guidance 1

7 8 9 10 11 12 13
comes to us through the channels of ‘reason, judgment and 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

14 15 16 17 18 19 20
determining circumstance’… We have been taught by Him when we 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

21 22 23 24 25 26 27
least suspected it; we have been guided — we know it — though the 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

28 29 30 31
guiding hand rested upon us so lightly that we were unaware of its 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
touch. William Littleboy, 1916 30 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy
presence? If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my
bed in hell, behold, thou art there. If I take the wings of the
1 2 3
morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; Even there
shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me.
Psalm 139: 7-10

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30
MOON PHASES
First Qtr. 4
Full Moon 12
Last Qtr. 20
New Moon 27
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 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Tenth Month
We do believe both in spiritual baptism and spiritual communion…
NINTH MONTH ELEVENTH MONTH
Baptism to us means the Holy Spirit’s power so known and yielded in
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5
our hearts that we live in continual dependence upon His help and
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 guidance. He brings us into such conscious fellowship with God and
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Christ that we can truly say, ‘The life which I now live in the flesh I 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

18 19 20 21 22 23 24
live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
for me’. I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me (Gal. 2: 20). …
27 28 29 30
25 26 27 28 29 30 (continued below)

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1
MOON PHASES
Communion is opening the door of our hearts to the Lord Jesus and finding his
promise fulfilled, ‘I will come in to him and will sup with him, and he with First Qtr. 3
Me’ (Rev. 3:20). … We who set aside the outward ought to make sure that we do Full Moon 11
know these inward realities. Last Qtr. 19
Elizabeth B. Emmott, 1908
New Moon 26

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Eleventh Month
In this humanistic age, we suppose man is the initiator and God
TENTH MONTH
the responder. But the Living Christ within us is the initiator TWELFTH MONTH
1 and we the responders. God the Lover, the accuser, the revealer 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of light and darkness presses within us. … All our apparent
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 initiative is already a response, a testimonial to His secret
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 presence and working within us.
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Thomas Kelly, 1941
30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

Whosoever drinketh of the

water that I shall give him shall
never thirst; but the water that I
1 2 3 4 5
shall give him shall be in him a
well of water springing up into
everlasting life. John 4: 14

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30
MOON PHASES Behold, I stand at the door,
First Qtr. 2
and knock: if any man hear my
voice, and open the door, I will
Full Moon 10
come in to him, and will sup
Last Qtr. 18 with him, and he with me.
New Moon 25 Revelation 3: 20
 2011 Friends’ Calendar
Twelfth Month
Then the Lord enabled me to worship him in that which was
ELEVENTH MONTH undoubtedly his own, and give up my whole strength, yea, to swim FIRST MONTH
1 2 3 4 5 in the life which overcame me that day. Oh! Long had I desired to
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 worship him with acceptation, and lift up my hands without 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 doubting… I acknowledged his great mercy and wonderful kindness; 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 for I could say, ‘This is it which I have longed and waited for, and 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

27 28 29 30 feared I should never have experienced.’ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Mary Penington (1624 –1682) 29 30 31

FIRST DAY SECOND DAY THIRD DAY FOURTH DAY FIFTH DAY SIXTH DAY SEVENTH DAY

1 2 3
Behold, the winter is past; the rain is over and gone. MOON PHASES
The flowers appear on the earth, the time of singing
has come, and the voice of the turtledove is heard in First Qtr. 2
our land. The fig tree ripens its figs, and the vines are Full Moon 10
in blossom; they give forth fragrance. Arise, my love,
my beautiful one, and come away. Last Qtr. 17
Song of Songs 2: 11-13 (ESV) New Moon 24

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31
 2011

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30 31

2012

FIRST MONTH SECOND MONTH THIRD MONTH FOURTH MONTH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
26 27 28 29 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30

FIFTH MONTH SIXTH MONTH SEVENTH MONTH EIGHTH MONTH

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31

NINTH MONTH TENTH MONTH ELEVENTH MONTH TWELFTH MONTH

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30
30 30 31
 Names of the Months and of the Days of the Week
From the practice of the Jews before the Babylonian Captivity, it seems probable that at first the months were simply
numbered, not named. This is a clear and rational procedure and is found in the early Scriptures, so the Society of Friends
felt called upon to use the Scriptural names of the days of the week and of the months instead of those names which are in
common use and which are, for the most part, derived from the names of pagan gods.
Other religions (Christians, Jews and Muslims) as well as Friends have similar views on this subject. Richard Baxter, the
English non-conformist of the Seventeenth Century, said: "It were to be wished that the custom were changed of using the
names of week-days which idolators honored their idols with — as Saturday, Monday, and the rest. So for the months."
Friends did not object to the names "September," "October," "November," and "December," but objected to their use
since the months they name are no longer the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months.
January was named for Janus, an old Roman god.
February was named from the Februa, the expiatory ceremonies which the Romans held in honor of their dead in this
month.
March was named for the Roman god Mars, who, at the time of the naming of the month, was primarily a god of
agriculture, the symbol of spring-time and youth. It was only after the artificial identification of Roman gods with Greek
gods that Mars became the god of war, the counterpart of Ares.
April is derived from the same root as the Latin aperire, which means "to open". Thus April is the month of opening
buds and flowers.
May is of uncertain origin, perhaps from the Roman goddess Maia, or from maiores (the older).
June may have been named for the Roman goddess Juno, or from iuniores (the younger).
July, originally Quinctilis, was renamed for Julius Caesar, who was born in that month.
August, originally Sextilis, was chosen by the Roman emperor Augustus to be renamed in his honor because of the many
fortunate events in his life that had occurred in that month.
The practice of naming the days of the week is derived from Egyptian astronomy. It did not become firmly established in
our civilization until the time of Theodosius at the end of the Fourth Century C.E. Curiously enough, it was the Roman
custom of lettering the successive days of a nundinum (a period of eight days, in addition to the current day) which gave rise
to the modern custom in some Christian groups whereby the dominical letter is determined. The days of the week are
lettered from A to G, just as the Romans lettered the days of a nundinum from A to H.
According to the Egyptian astronomers the sun and moon were planets and the order of the planets in terms of their
distance from the earth was as follows: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, sun, Venus, Mercury, moon. One hour of each day,
beginning with the first, was consecrated to each of these "planets". The whole day was consecrated to the planet to which
belonged the first hour. If the first day be consecrated to the sun, to which belongs the first hour, then the first hour of the
next day will belong to the moon and the day will be the moon's day (Monday) and so on. After the cycle has been
completed, the first hour of the eighth day will belong to the sun again, and it will again be the sun's day (Sunday).
Our names of the days of the week are derived from Anglo-Saxon names and these in turn are named for the Saxon gods
who approximate to the Roman gods for whom the days were named. The Roman names have survived, to an extent, in
Spanish, French, Italian and other languages derived from or greatly influenced by Latin.
The day of Mars was called the day of Tiw, the god of war (Tuesday).
The day of Mercury was called the day of Woden, chief of the gods, whose attributes corresponded more nearly to those
of the Roman Mercury than to those of Jupiter, chief of the Roman gods (Wednesday).
The day of Jupiter, who was believed to hurl thunderbolts, was called the day of Thor, the god of thunder (Thursday).
The day of Venus was called the day of Frigg, queen of the gods, who was sometimes confused or identified with Freyia
the goddess of love (Friday).
The seventh day was still called the day of Saturn, the sower of seed (Saturday).
No doubt most Christians unthinkingly use these names, or else they use them merely in conformity to the general
custom. Although general custom can, in the long run, determine the correctness of language and vocabulary, it cannot
pass upon right and wrong. And so, some Christians still feel that the use of these names for months and days, derived as
they are from non-Christian sources, is inconsistent with the tenets of the Christian faith.

Published by the Tract Association of Friends, 1501 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1403
www.tractassociation.org