21st Century Literature from the

Philippines and the World

Lesson 1-4, Wk.1, Module 1, Quarter 3

I. INSTRUCTION

Before going through, it is very important to read the lessons carefully to understand the concept. You
may collaborate with other students or consult other references, if it is necessary. There are follow-up activities
that are intended for you to process what have your learned. Lastly, enjoy what you are doing and be inspired
to study well.

II. INTRODUCTION

Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are expressed in an ordinary
manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and
online reading materials. Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his
environment (Ridley 2012).

The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a research study, specifically in the second
chapter. It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017).
Therefore, selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality research
paper.

Learning Objectives

After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1. Read and select relevant literature;
2. cite related literature using standard style;
3. synthesize information from relevant literature;
4. writes coherent review of literature; and 5. follow ethical standards in writing related literature.

III. CONCEPTS

LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Notes on the Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898)

 Expeditions to the Philippines were sent by Spain in the 16th century. In their conquest, the Spaniards
brought Christianity with them. The clergy made a great impact on faith, education, and government.

 Through the Manila-Acapulco trade (1565-1815), liberal ideas entered the country, also the trade gave
rise to a wealthier middle-class. Children in the middle class families could then be sent to Europe to
get an education. Upon their return, they brought European ideals of liberty and freedom with them.
Such ideals would then gave rise to Filipino nationalism.

The Spanish missionaries taught the gospel through the native language, so they hired natives to
translate Spanish religious instructional materials. Eventually, the natives became fluent in Spanish and
became known as ladinos.

Ladinos mainly wrote devotional poetry. Two of them were Fernando Bagongbanta and Gaspar Aquino
de Belen. Bagongbanta wrote “Salamat nang walang hanga/ gracias de sin sempiternas,” which appeared in
Memorial de la vida Cristiana en lengua tagala (1605), a book containing basic catholic doctrines. On the other
hand, de Belen wrote “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na Tola” (1704), the earliest
version of pasyon.

Also, the native drama called the komedya or moro-moro was popular. It depicted the war between
Christians and Muslims, wherein the former always wins. The poet Jose de la Cruz (1746 – 1829) was a
master of such art form.

Native literature continued. Though the Spaniards destroyed the written literature in their effort to
replace it with their own, the oral tradition survived and flourished in areas beyond reach of the Spaniards.
Literary Works Produced during the Spanish Colonial Period

1. Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) – the master of traditional Tagalog poetry, became well-known for his
Florante at Laura (1838 -1861), the most famous metrical romance of the country.

2. Pedro Paterno (1857 – 1911) – wrote Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880), the first poetry collection
in Spanish by a Filipino; and the novel in Spanish Ninay (1885), considered to be the first Filipino novel.

3. Jose Rizal (1861 – 1896) – a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, famous for the
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, these novels portray the corruption and abuse of the
Spanish officials and the clergy.

4. Andres Bonifacio (1863 – 1897) – the founder of the Katipunan wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Bayan.” This poem appeared in the Kalayaan the official newspaper of the Katipunan, in
March 1896.

5. Leona Florentino (1849 – 1884) – known as the “mother of Philippine women’s literature,” was poet
both in Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe. The poems
were included in the Encyclopedia International des Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.

LESSON 2: PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE PERIODS

Notes on the American Occupation (1898 – 1940)

 The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public education was introduced. Also, English
was the medium of instruction.

 In 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the Philippines a commonwealth. On May 14, 1935,
Manuel L. Quezon was elected president.

Literary Works Produced

The production of literary works in English is the direct result of the American colonization of the
Philippines. The first collection of poetry in English is Filipino Poetry (1924), edited by Rodolfo Dato. The short
story “Dead Star” (1925) by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered the first Filipino modern short story in English.
A Child of Sorrow (1921) by Zoilo M. Galang is the first Filipino novel in English. The novel His Native Soil
(1940) by Juan C. Laya won first prize in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.

Filipino writers in English during the apprenticeship period (1900-1930) imitated American writing. The
poet Fernando Maramag writes in the Romantic tradition in his sonnet “Moonlight on Manila bay” (1912).
Filipino fictionists copied Sherwood Anderson, William Saroyan, and Ernest Hemingway. Jose Garcia Villa
used the Anderson pattern. Manuel Arguilla and N.V.M. Gonzalez were influenced by Anderson and
Hemingway. Francisco Arcellana was influenced by Saroyan.

Notes on the Japanese Occupation (1941 – 1945)

 On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila

 On January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a Council of State in the country and
started propaganda to remould the Filipinos.

 In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines independence. On September 20, Jose P.
Laurel was elected president.

 MacArthur and his allied forces returned to the country in 1944. They landed on Leyte on October 20,
and the biggest naval battle in history ensued.

 The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945

 Republic of the Philippines
Mindanao State University
MALABANG COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL
Malabang, Lanao del Sur
School Year 2020 - 2021

WORKSHEETS
Lesson 1-3, Wk.9-11, Module 4, Quarter 2

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________ Score: __________

ASSESSMENT

Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the letter of your choice on the blanks provided before
the number.

_______1. Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

a. Review of Related Literature c. Methodology
b. significance d. Meta-analysis

_______2. The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences.
a. MLA c. Chicago Manual
b. APA d. AMA

_______3. What is the importance and purpose of related literature?

a. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and present
studies,
b. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.
c. to collect background information about a topic
d. all of the above

_______4. Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based on APA format?
a. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-
growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001

b. M. Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-

promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.2015

c. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed
soils. 2015

d. M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Enhancing

phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria

_______5. It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it.
a. In-text citation c. referencing
b. paraphrasing d. synonym

_______6. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Horses like grasses and hay, and they can
 munch through 90 kilos of food a day”.
a. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day.
b. Grasses is the food of horses
c. Cows eat grass
d. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it.

_______7. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal
congestion.”
a. Covid is influenza
b. Covid has influenza like symptoms
c. When you have fever and flu, you have covid.
d. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.

_______8. What is plagiarism?

a. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own
b. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
c. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing source
d. all of the above

_______9. Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?
a. Author’s name c. The dates your copies were published
b. Titles of the article d. Age of the author

_______10. The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature except.
a. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
b. Recommendations for additional study
c. Gaps between similar studies
d. Authors maiden name, address, and gender

_______11. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview of all the writings
relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literatures d. Results and Discussion

_______12. It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research paper in between texts
and/or end of each paragraph.
a. In-text citation c. Bibliography
b. Out-text citation d. Referencing List

_______13. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable
behaviors.
a. Attitude b. Ethics
c. Humor d. Behavior
_______14. A body of organization that reviews, evaluates, and assesses the credibility of your research
study.
a. Disciplinary Board c. Research Adviser
b. Ethics Review Committee d. School Board

_______15. The type of form required which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the conduct of research
in terms of instrument used, area, chemicals, and biological agents.
a. Human Participant Form c. Risk Assessment Form
b. Research Plan d. Research Abstract