HVAC Fundamentals

Sharing our Guidance
HEATING, VENTILATING, &
AIR CONDITIONING FUNDAMENTALS
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCTION
•HVAC = Heating , Ventilating and Air Conditioning
•Heating and cooling load calculations
• Energy and Heat Transfer
• Material Properties
• Climate/location
• Building Construction & Envelope
•Ventilation requirements
• Natural vs Mechanical
•System and Equipment types
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THERMAL PROCESSES
DEFINITIONS
• Temperature – measurement of heat
• Specific Heat – storage capacity of a material
• Latent – change of state energy; related to moisture
X
• Sensible – “what you feel”; temperature changes
• Conduction – heat transfer through contact
• Convection – warmer air rises, cooler air falls
• Radiation – heat transfer without a medium
R & U VALUES
DEFINITIONS
• R = thermal resistance (of a material and specified thickness)
• K = conductivity (material property)
• U‐value = reciprocal of R
• X
x/k = R (where x is thickness of material)
• R = 1/U
• U = 1/ (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4)
• Where each R is different section of material in any given
construction assembly
• Ex: Chart of building materials in construction
HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
FORMULA
• Q = UA (T2‐T1)
• (heat transfer coefficient) x (area) x (temperature difference)
• Degree Days = mean temperature of a day is 1 degree different
from 65oF. (i.e. mean temp of 63oXF is two heating degree days)
• Infiltration
• Air changes
• Crack method
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRIC HEAT GAS HEAT
• More efficient • Perception ‐ warmer
• More flexible sizing choices • Direct and indirect
• One power (utility) source • Less flexible for unit
X selection and staging
• No flues / piping on room
• Duct furnaces
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
VENTILATION
‐ Design requirements and focus:
• Code requirements
• Odor control
X
• Smoke control
• Energy recovery
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
FACTORS
• Exterior elements (envelope loads)
• Roof (actual temp over 120oF)
• Walls (heavy walls, heat moves slower)
• Windows (warm surface)
X
• Windows (solar)
• Outdoor air for ventilation (people)
• Outdoor air due to infiltration (leaks)
• Interior elements
• People
• Lights (100% conversion to heat)
• Equipment
PSYCHOMETRICS
• Dry Bulb
• Wet Bulb
• State Point
• Relative Humidity
• Dewpoint X
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
DEFINITIONS
• Absolute Humidity ‐ actual mass of water vapor present in the air water vapor
mixture. The absolute humidity may be expressed in pounds of water vapor
(lb).
• Specific Humidity Ratio or Humidity Ratio ‐ ratio between the actual mass of
water vapor present in moist air ‐ to the mass of the dry air.
X
• Humidity Ratio ‐ normally expressed in pounds of water vapor per pound of dry
air or in grains of moisture per pound of dry air. There are approximately 7,000
grains in a pound.
• Relative Humidity ‐ The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a
specific temperature to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that
temperature, expressed as a percentage.
• Dewpoint temperature ‐ temperature below which moisture will condense out
of air. Air at a given humidity ratio has a constant dewpoint. If air is cooled
below this point, moisture condenses out, thus changing its humidity ratio.
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
PSYCHOMETRICS
COMMON FORMULAS
• Sensible Btuh = Cfm * ΔT * 1.08
• Derive the 1.08 factor as follows:
• 1 CFM x 60 = 60 CFH
X
• 60 CFH x .075 lbs of air/cu ft = 4.5 lbs of air/hr
• 4.5 x 0.24 Btu/lb ‐°F (specific heat of air) = 1.08 Btu/hr °F ‐ CFM
• Total heat = Cfm * ΔH * 4.5
• Derive this one on your own?
• Mixed Air ºF = (Cfm RA * ºF) + (Cfm OA* ºF)
Cfm SA (Total Cfm)
HUMAN COMFORT
BASICS
• Human Body generates 450 – 2500 BTU/Hr
• Psychometric Chart
• Sling Psychometer ‐ measures wet bulb temperature (grains of
X
moisture per pound of air or pounds of moisture per pound of air)
• Ranges for comfort:
• 65 – 78 deg F (dry bulb)
• 20% ‐ 50% RH
HVAC SYSTEMS
HYDRONIC SYSTEMS
• Steam, Heating Hot water, Chilled Water, etc.
• Often Radiant Design (radiators)
• Single Pipe
• Typically Boiler system (heating)X
• Common supply/return pipe
• Two Pipe
• Either Boiler or Chiller (heating or cooling)
• Dedicated supply and dedicated return pipes
• Three Pipe and Four Pipe Systems
• Heating and Cooling systems
• Separate coils or mixing valves and single coils
HVAC SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
• Single Duct vs Dual Duct Supply
• Constant Volume vs Variable Volume
BUILDING PRESSURE
X
• Positively Pressurize Building
• Limits infiltration
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
What is a “ton” of AC?
HVAC SYSTEMS
PLANT SIZING
• Capacity of all loads on a ‘design day’ based on the system
(peak vs. block load)
• Heating: MBH or kBTU’s (1,000 BTU/HR)
• X
Cooling: Ton of cooling (12,000 BTU/HR)
• 1 ton of ice – change of state/melting into water in 24
hours
HVAC SYSTEMS
SYSTEM SIZING
• Air systems
• CFM = Q(BTU)/1.08 * (T2‐T1)
• CFM = Cubic Feet of air per minute (Airflow)
• Ductwork X
• A = 144 * CFM / V
• V = velocity in feet per minute
• Common: 300 to 2,000 fpm
• A = duct area in square inches
• Fans
• Static Pressure: created by fan on duct system to overcome
friction loss and throw at diffuser or grille.
• Friction loss as H2O = Inches of water column
HVAC SYSTEMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
BASICS SUMMARY
• Heat flows from object at higher temp to object at
lower temp
• Air Conditioning (AC) does not add cool, it extracts
heat
X
• Refrigerant (aka “Freon”)
• Common characteristics
• Changes states
• Transfers energy
• Highly efficient
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
REFRIGERATION CYCLE (VAPOR COMPRESSION)
Hot, high pressure gas is Refrigerant
circulated through a heat expands into
rejection coil outside and cold, low
changing refrigerant pressure liquid.
state to liquid.
X
Cold liquid/gas
runs through a
coil while air
passes over.
The cold gas
absorbs heat
from the air.
Compressor squeezes
low pressure refrigerant
gas into hot high
pressure refrigerant gas.
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
REFRIGERATION CYCLE FOR HEAT PUMPS
Reverses on a
Heat Pump
X
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
EQUIPMENT PROS AND CONS
• Package
• Splits
• Rooftop Units
X
• Central Water Source Heat Pumps
• Central Rooftop VAV
• Central Chilled Water
• Distributed Air Handlers
• Central Large Air Handlers
• Central… District Chilled Water?
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
WINDOW UNIT
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
WINDOW AC OR PTAC UNIT
• Pros • Cons
• Low first cost • Low efficiency
• Easy to install • Appearance
X
• Easy to replace / maintain • Requires outside
• Short life cycle
• Noise
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
SPLIT SYSTEM
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
SPLIT SYSTEMS – FURNACES OR AHU’s & CU’s

• Pros • Cons
• More options for location • Efficiency
• Larger capacity • O.A. needs to be ducted
X
• Condenser locations • Equipment access –
usually located in ceilings
• Sound
• Condensate piping
• Replacement costs
• Zone control challenges
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
ROOFTOP UNIT
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
ROOFTOP UNITS
• Pros • Cons
• Higher efficiencies • Zoning issues for larger
systems
• Larger capacity
X • Need to be concealed
• Ease of installation
• Zone Control (non‐VAV)
• Ease of service and
maintenance • Structural requirements
• No internal O.A. ductwork • Limit to number of floors
• Shaft requirements
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
ROOFTOP VAV
VAV boxes vary the amount
of air to meet cooling needs
in individual spaces.
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
ROOFTOP VAV
• Pros • Cons
• Higher efficiencies • Structural requirements
• Larger capacity • Replacement costs
X
• Zone control • Initial equipment costs
• No internal O.A. ductwork • Concealment
• Limit to number of floors
• Shaft requirements
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
CHILLED WATER
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
CENTRAL CHILLED WATER AIR HANDLERS
• Pros • Cons
• More options for locations • O.A. needs to be ducted
• Maintenance is centralized • Condensate piping
X
• Sound • Experienced HVAC on‐
site staff
• Zone control
• First cost of equipment
• Opportunities for LEED and distribution
points
• No limit to number of
stories
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
• Water Source Heat Pumps
• Closed Loop Cooling Towers
• Evaporative
• Fluid Coolers
X
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
• Pros • Cons
• High efficiencies / energy • O.A. needs to be ducted
savings
• Condensate piping
• Zone control X
• Equipment access –
• Location options usually located in ceilings
• Replacement costs
• Sound
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
RULES OF THUMB
• 1 kilowatt = 3.413 btu (British thermal units)
• 1 btu = heat needed to raise 1lb water 1°F
• One ton = 12,000 btu/hour
X
• Air leaves AC unit at 55°F
• Airflow required to space is approx 1 cfm/ft2
• AC units has nominal capacity of 400 cfm/ton
HVAC FUNDAMENTALS
QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION ?
THANK YOU

HVAC Fundamentals

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SPLIT SYSTEMS – FURNACES OR AHU’s & CU’s

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