Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Food Control
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont

Improving efficiency of RFID-based traceability system for perishable food T

by utilizing IoT sensors and machine learning model
Ganjar Alfiana, Muhammad Syafrudinb, Umar Farooqc, Muhammad Rifqi Ma'arifd,
M. Alex Syaekhonib, Norma Latif Fitriyanib, Jaeho Leea, Jongtae Rheeb,∗
a
Nano Information Technology Academy, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04626, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Management Sciences and Humanities, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
d
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has significantly improved in the past few years and is pre-
Traceability sently sought for implementation in the identification and traceability of perishable food in the food sector to
RFID safeguard food safety and quality. It is currently considered a worthy successor to the barcode system and has
IoT significant advantages for monitoring products in the perishable food supply chain (PFSC). The present study
Machine learning
proposes a traceability system that utilizes RFID and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. RFID technology can be
Classification
used to track and trace perishable food while IoT sensors can be used to measure temperature and humidity
Tag direction
Perishable food supply chain during storage and transportation. Furthermore, it is important that RFID gates can identify the direction of tags
and whether products are being received or shipped through the gate. In this study, machine-learning models are
utilized to detect the direction of passive RFID tags. The input features are derived from receive signal strength
(RSS) and the timestamp of tags. The proposed system has been tested in the perishable food supply chain and
has revealed significant benefits to managers and customers by providing real-time product information and
complete temperature and humidity history. In addition, by integrating a machine-learning model into the RFID
gate, tagged products that move in or out through a gate can be correctly identified and thus improve the
efficiency of the traceability system.

1. Introduction Zuurbier, 2008). A traceability system is considered one of the most

Perishable foods are described as edible farming products that de-
teriorate as time passes such as meat, milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and
all their prepared products (Shukla & Jharkharia, 2013). Rijpkema,
Rossi, and van der Vorst (2014) showed that in perishable foods, the
dangers of product waste and the reduced lifecycle are serious issues.
Food safety is presently considered a central issue for all stakeholders in
the food industry. Due to the growing consumer health awareness, food
quality and safety have gained much attention. A report in the USA
found that the economic cost of foodborne illnesses alone is $50–80
billion USD per year; this is comprised of the healthcare costs, lost
productivity, and diminished quality of life (Scharff, 2012). Accord-
ingly, it is crucial for the food industry to upgrade their quality assur-
ance, food product integrity, food safety guarantees, and associated
transparency along with the complete food supply chain (Trienekens &
essential factors in the modern food industry and it can provide a so-
lution for the food supply chain as it provides tracking and tracing for
complete food information in an efficient and trustworthy manner,
hence it enhances consumer confidence (Kher et al., 2010) and ensures
food quality and safety (Aung & Chang, 2014a; Regattieri, Gamberi, &
Manzini, 2007).
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless technology for
the automatic identification of objects, animals, and people associated
with a transponder (tag). This auto identification technology can be
utilized for traceability systems in the perishable food supply chain. It
stores data in tags’ memory and the RFID reader then captures the tag
data and transfers it to the back-end databases to be accessed remotely
to monitor object parameters (Duroc & Tedjini, 2018). RFID has been
successfully applied in broad areas such as healthcare (Álvarez López
et al., 2018; Pérez, González, & Dafonte, 2017; Martínez Pérez, Dafonte,

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ganjar@dongguk.edu (G. Alfian), udin@dongguk.edu (M. Syafrudin), umar@giki.edu.pk (U. Farooq), rifqi@unjaya.ac.id (M.R. Ma'arif),
alexs@dongguk.edu (M.A. Syaekhoni), norma@dongguk.edu (N.L. Fitriyani), rapidme@dongguk.edu (J. Lee), jtrhee.uscm@gmail.com (J. Rhee).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107016
Received 14 June 2019; Received in revised form 30 October 2019; Accepted 23 November 2019
Available online 28 November 2019
0956-7135/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
G. Alfian, et al.
Fig. 1. System architecture.
& Gómez, 2018), manufacturing (Ding, Jiang, & Su, 2018; Lee, Choy,
Ho, & Law, 2013; Zhong, Dai, Qu, Hu, & Huang, 2013), indoor location
systems (Álvarez López, de Cos Gómez, & Las-Heras Andrés, 2017; Seol,
Lee, & Kim, 2017), customer shopping behavior analysis (Choi, Yang,
Yang, & Cheung, 2015; Syaekhoni, Alfian, & Kwon, 2017), and ware-
house management (Chow, Choy, Lee, & Lau, 2006; Bunker &
Elsherbeni, 2017). Previous studies have showed that, when combined
with other types of sensor technologies, RFID provides effective and
efficient solutions for food traceability systems to improve food quality
and safety (Alfian et al., 2017a; Aung & Chang, 2014b; Barge, Gay,
Merlino, & Tortia, 2014; Farooq, Tao, Alfian, Kang, & Rhee, 2016;
Wang, Kwok, & Ip, 2010). Temperature and humidity are the most
critical factors that influence food safety and quality during distribution
and storage; thus, the integration of the temperature and humidity
monitoring system along with RFID traceability systems is required to
monitor perishable food quality in the supply chain and Internet of
Things (IoT)-based sensors could be used in temperature monitoring
systems. IoT sensors provide efficient food monitoring systems that can
assure food quality in real time. Previous studies have demonstrated
that IoT sensors have massive advantages and can be successfully ap-
plied to monitor perishable food (Maksimovic, Vujovic, & Miklicanin,
2015; Popa et al., 2019; Alfian, Syafrudin, & Rhee, 2017b; Tsang et al.,
2018; Stellingwerf, Laporte, Cruijssen, Kanellopoulos, & Bloemhof,
2018).
Furthermore, RFID can be installed at the warehouse gate to record
what tagged products pass through. However, the reader cannot dis-
tinguish the direction of tags, i.e. whether they are moving in (received)
or out through the gate (shipped). Previous studies have shown that the
received signal strength (RSS), extra hardware, and timestamps in-
formation combined together with machine-learning algorithms can be
utilized to identify tag direction (Jie et al., 2018a, 2018b; Oikawa,
2
Food Control 110 (2020) 107016
2011). Furthermore, the RSS and machine learning models have been
applied together and successfully detected the movement of RFID tags
(Alfian, Syafrudin, Yoon, & Rhee, 2019; Keller, Thiesse, Kungl, &
Fleisch, 2010; Ma, Wang, & Wang, 2018). However, the previous stu-
dies on tag direction still lack on evaluating different type of tag
movement that might be appeared in real case. Therefore, it is neces-
sary to utilize machine-learning model for identifying the tag direction
by considering different type of tag movement, so that it can improve
the efficiency of the RFID gate for traceability system. Finally, an in-
tegrated system which can address various issues such as tracing and
tracking of food product, monitoring of temperature and humidity as
well as identifying the direction of the moving RFID tags in the food
distribution centers is necessary for traceability system.
The present study proposes traceability system based on RFID and
IoT sensors to monitor and gather environmental conditions such as
temperature and humidity for the distribution of perishable food during
transportation and storage. RFID is utilized to track and trace products;
thus, it can address counterfeiting and the distribution of low-quality
product along the supply chain, while IoT sensors are utilized to gather
the environmental conditions of perishable food. Furthermore, to
overcome limitations of previous research on detecting the direction of
tagged product, we considered more complex warehouse situation such
as different variation of tag movement. The proposed machine learning
model is expected to learn from different type of tag direction and
movement, so that the trained model would successfully detect the
direction of RFID tag. Our contribution in this study is to improve the
efficiency of the RFID-based traceability by applying a machine-
learning model into RFID gate such that the direction of tagged pro-
ducts (i.e., received or shipped products) can be identified auto-
matically. Finally, we also demonstrated that the proposed traceability
system has been successfully applied to the kimchi supply chain to
G. Alfian, et al.
Fig. 2. System implementation: (a) Fixed reader, (b) handheld reader, and (c) IoT-based sensor.
ensure the product's quality and safety.
2. Material and methods
The proposed traceability system has been developed to ensure food
quality and safety for consumers in the perishable food supply chain.
The proposed system utilizes RFID for automatic identification and IoT-
based sensors to gather environmental conditions such as temperature
and humidity. We consider a general type of supply chain network for
the food product that consists of producers, transporters, distributors,
and customers. As might be seen in Fig. 1, food products are moved
from the producer to the customer through several supply chain part-
ners such as distributors and transporters. In our scenario, the fixed
RFID readers (RFID gate) are installed at the gate of the producer's and
distributer's cold storage facility, while a handheld RFID reader was
used by the transporter. IoT-based sensors were installed in the cold
storage facilities of all supply chain partners such as producers, trans-
porters, and distributors.
For each fixed reader (RFID gate), the host computer and capturing
application were installed on-site. In addition, the tag direction module
was integrated into the capturing application to identify the tag's di-
rection. The tag direction module was developed by utilizing a ma-
chine-learning model to distinguish the direction of tagged products
whether they were moving in or out through the cold storage gate. By
considering this scenario, the products that were received by or shipped
from the cold storage could be correctly identified. The RFID and IoT
sensor data were then transmitted to the web service to be stored in the
server-side database. Finally, a web-based traceability system was de-
veloped for the management and customers to monitor the real-time
movement and environmental conditions of tagged products. By uti-
lizing the traceability system, it is expected to ensure the quality and
safety of perishable food products throughout the supply chain.
The food products are made by the producers and placed into a
special box that has a passive UHF RFID tag attached. Then, the tagged
product is moved into the cold storage through the RFID gate before
delivery and the Electronic Product Code (EPC) with a unique identifier
(UID) is then collected by the reader and transmitted to the host com-
puter, combined with other information and sent to the server side/EPC
Information Service (EPCIS). Product information such as EPC (product
information), business location (reader or supply chain partner name),
event time (time when the tagged product was read by the reader),
business step (product status, i.e. receiving or shipping) is generated by
the capture application on the host computer before it would be sent to
the EPCIS. It helps to answer the “what, where, when and why” ques-
tions regarding products to meet consumer and regulatory demands for
accurate and detailed product information. When the product is ready
to be delivered, the transporter shifts the product to the distribution
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Food Control 110 (2020) 107016
center; the transporter uses a handheld reader to read the shipped
product information and send detailed product information to the
server side. After arriving at the distribution center, the tagged products
are moved through the RFID gate for storage. Finally, the product is
delivered to customers by another transporter. In each movement, the
tagged product is recorded in the RFID-based traceability system.
Furthermore, IoT-based sensors are installed in the cold storage facility
of the producer, transporter, and distributor. The sensor data (tem-
perature and humidity) is collected periodically by IoT sensors (every
5 s) and is transmitted to the server side to be stored in the sensor DB.
Finally, by combining RFID data and IoT sensor data, the traceability
system can present the complete history of the products and environ-
mental conditions such as temperature and humidity to users.
2.1. RFID-based traceability system and IoT sensors
This study utilizes three types of device for the traceability system:
the RFID gate/fixed reader, handheld reader, and IoT-based sensor.
Each RFID gate utilizes a host computer, single RFID reader ALR-
9900 + from Alien Technology, and two linear antennas ALR-9610-AL
with 5.90 dbi Gain; details are provided in Fig. 2a (Alien Technology,
2019). The operating frequency of the reader is 902–928 MHz and it
supports EPC Class1 Gen2 (18000-6C). In addition, passive RFID tags
were attached to one side of every product box. The passive UHF RFID
tag model is 9662 with frequency range 860–960 MHz. The IC type is
Alien H3 while the protocol is EPC Class1 Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C). We
developed a capturing application program based on the Java pro-
gramming language with the supplied application program interface
(API) from the reader and installed on the host computer connected to
the reader. When the tagged products move through the RFID gate, the
product information such as EPC is collected by the capturing appli-
cation and combined with other information (i.e., the location, date,
time, and business step) and sent to the EPCIS. To define the business
step, the capturing application program that utilizes the tag direction
module can identify whether the product status is “receiving” or
“shipping.” The detailed description of the tag direction module is de-
scribed in the following sub-chapter.
The transporter utilizes a flexible/handheld RFID reader to read
product information. We used the Arete Pop Dongle UHF Reader, which
is a small short-range RFID reader and a smartphone as a handheld
reader (RFID Systems, 2019). The dongle reader is compatible with
most iOS and Android devices. Fig. 2b shows the handheld reader op-
erating by reading tagged products and presenting product information
in the screen before sending it to the server side. The device utilizes
RFID Chip PHYCHIPS PR9200 with EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6c) protocol
and works in the frequency range 917.1–923.3 MHz. The RFID data was
forwarded to smartphones by the dongle reader through the headphone
G. Alfian, et al. Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

(3.5 mm) jack. We developed an Android app to receive RFID data from
the dongle reader, combined it with other information, and sent it to a
web service through the cellphone Wi-Fi link.
In the last device, IoT sensors were installed in the producer, dis-
tributor, and transporter cold storage to monitor the environmental
condition of perishable food throughout the supply chain. The proposed
IoT-based sensor consists of two commercial devices that are, a single-
board computer (SBC): Raspberry Pi and an add-on sensor board: Sense-
HAT (Raspberry Pi Foundation, 2016; Raspberry Pi Foundation, 2017).
Raspberry Pi is an affordable small SBC with dimensions
85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 17 mm, weighing around 45 g. It is capable
of handling various input and output operations such as USB, Wireless
LAN, HDMI, audio, video, and general-purpose input–output (GPIO).
The Sense-HAT board is utilized to gather environmental conditions.
We developed a Python-based program that we installed on the Rasp-
berry Pi device to gather sensor data from Sense-HAT. The IoT-based
sensors continuously collected temperature and humidity data after
every 5 s and transmitted it wirelessly to a cloud server. Fig. 2c shows
the assembled version of the IoT-based sensor device.
The proposed traceability system allows different supply chain
partners to generate different product information before sending it to
EPCIS based on their capabilities. We defined the capability of each
supply chain (SC) partner when creating a document by considering
different business steps as shown in Table 1. First, fresh product is
stored in the producer's cold storage facility by passing through the
RFID gate. The product information such as EPC, producer name, re-
corded time, and business step (i.e., receiving) are sent to the EPCIS on
the server side by the host computer of the RFID gate. When the product
is ready to be delivered, it moves through the producer's RFID gate
again before transportation. Similar product information is generated
by the capturing application except with different business step in-
formation (i.e., shipping) and registered to the EPCIS. When receiving a
tagged product, the transporter utilizes a handheld reader to record the
product information. The handheld reader sends documents such as
EPC, transporter name, recorded time, and business step (i.e. shipping)
to the centralized EPCIS. In the next step, the product arrives at the
distributor and moves in through the RFID gate for storage. The host
computer from the RFID gate sends information such as the EPC, dis-
tributor name, recorded time, and business step (e.g. receiving) to the
remote server. Once the product is ready to be delivered to the cus-
tomer, the tagged product is again moved out through the distributor's
RFID gate. The RFID gate re-generated similar information but with
different business step data, which was shipping. Finally, the trans-
porter was ready to deliver the product to the customer. They read the
product information using a handheld reader. The generated data such
as EPC, transporter name, recorded time, and business step (e.g. ship-
ping) were sent to the EPCIS by the transporter smartphone device.
Once the products had arrived at the customer side, the transporter
modified the product status to “delivered” to identify that the product
has been received by the customer. By following this scenario, the
traceability system can monitor and present the history of product
movement in the supply chain.
The generated RFID and sensor data from the gateways have a large,
unstructured format and continuous generation characteristics.
Therefore, our study utilizes MongoDB, which is suitable to handle big
data applications such as in manufacturing (Syafrudin, Alfian, et al.,
2018; Syafrudin, Fitriyani, Alfian, & Rhee, 2019) and healthcare (Alfian
et al., 2018; Ma’arif, Priyanto, Setiawan, & Winar Cahyo, 2018). The
collected RFID and sensor data were received by a web service devel-
oped by Node.js and forwarded to the MongoDB database. Finally, the
web-based traceability system was developed based on the Node.js web
application framework and installed on the server-side so that it could
be accessed easily through a personal computer (PC), laptop, or mobile
device by clients with an internet connection. Fig. 3a shows an example
of an EPC document generated when the tagged product moves in
through the RFID gate at the producer's cold storage facility. The JSON-
based document consists of the event time, record time, EPC list, read
point (reader ID), business location (supply chain partner name), and
business step. Furthermore, the generated IoT sensor data is stored in
MongoDB as can be seen in Fig. 3b. This sensor document consists of the
event time, record time, IoT device ID, IoT device name, read point, and
the sensor data (i.e. temperature and humidity), which is embedded in
a sub-document. In our scenario, the read point (readPoint) is utilized
as a reference key when a user wants to retrieve a product's history and
environmental conditions from the database.
2.2. Tag direction module
For this study, a tag direction module will be developed based on a
machine-learning model and applied to the RFID gate to identify
whether a product is being received or shipped. To generate the clas-
sifier, the RFID readings data must be collected as dataset considering
different movements and directions. Next, the attributes/features are
extracted from the received signal strength (RSS) and timestamp of
tags. Several machine-learning algorithms have been applied to dis-
tinguish direction and movement type of tag. Finally, the trained model
is integrated into a capturing application so that the tagged product
direction can be identified.
Fig. 4a shows the possible tag movements and directions that can
feasibly occur in actual warehouses, such as moving in and out through
the gate, moving close to the gate, turning back movement, and static
tags. In this scenario, we utilized a single reader with two antennas that
were installed at the warehouse/cold storage gate. The first antenna
(antenna 1) is deployed outside while the other (antenna 2) is inside the
area. In this scenario, tagged products that are moving in/out through
the warehouse gate can be recorded. However, the RFID reader could
potentially read false positive readings (i.e., tags that are accidently
detected by the reader but not of interest to the business process) such
as when product is moved close to the gate, turn-back movement, and
the static tags. These static tags occur when tags are located within the
nominal read range or when the range is extended accidently by metal
objects within the field (Keller, Thiesse, & Fleisch, 2014). The purpose
of the tag direction module is to only record the products that move in
or out through the gate and filter out false positive readings. Fig. 4b
shows an example of tagged products that move in through the gate in a
real warehouse. The process conducted by staff to move tagged pro-
ducts through the gate is called a gathering session. During a gathering
session, the received data or collection of tag events is expressed as

Table 1
Scenario of product information generation by each supply chain partner.
No SC Partner Business Step Description

1 Producer Receiving The reader reads the tagged products that are moved through the RFID gate for storage.
2 Shipping The tagged products are moved out from cold storage through the RFID gate.
3 Transporter Shipping The transporter reads the tagged products using a handheld reader for delivery to another SC partner.
4 Distributor Receiving The tagged products are moved through the RFID gate to be stored in the distributor cold storage facility.
5 Shipping The tagged products are moved out from cold storage through the RFID gate.
6 Transporter Shipping The transporter reads the tagged product using a handheld reader for delivery to the customer.
7 Delivered The transporter modified product status to “delivered” when product has been received by customer.

4
G. Alfian, et al. Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

Fig. 3. An example of (a) EPC document and (b) IoT sensor data.

follows: Table 2
Possible scenario of tag readings.
X = {{ID , Ti , RSSi, Anti}, …{ID , Tn, RSSn, Antn}} (1)
Class label Name # data Description
where X denotes the data received by the reader for tag ID, timestamp
0 Move in 180 Tagged products move in through the gate
T, signal strength RSS, antenna Ant, and i = 1,2, …, n. The parameter n 1 Move out 180 Tagged products move out through the gate
represents the total number of tags that occur during a gathering ses- 2 Move close 180 Tagged products move close to the gate
sion. 3 Static tag 310 Tags located in the reader read the range
4 Turn back 180 Tagged products that move in and then return
To gather the dataset, we conducted the experiment using an RFID
gate and carried out different tagged product movements in the ware-
house. The RFID gate consists of a host computer, single ALR-
Table 3
9900 + reader, and two linear antennas ALR-9610-AL with 5.90 dBi
Execution parameters for gathering the tag movement through the gate.
Gain. In addition, passive RFID tags were attached to one side of the
boxes and the trolley that moved in and out through the gate at dif- Parameter Value Frequency
ferent paths and speeds. To simplify the experiment process, we used
Speed of trolley (m/s) < 0.60 97
default parameters provided by the reader. We developed a gathering 0.60–0.69 187
program based on the Java programming language and installed this in 0.70–0.79 68
the host computer connected to the reader. During each gathering ≥ 0.80 8
session, RFID reading data were stored in a CSV file and collected as a
dataset for further analysis.
In this study, we considered five types of tag reads, the details of and 0.69 m/s. In our experiment, the distance between start point
which can be seen in Table 2. During the gathering session, different tag (when the tag is first read) and end point (last occurrence of tag) is
movements and directions were performed such as moving in and out approximately 5 m.
through the gate, moving close to the gate, turn-back movement, and Fig. 5 shows an example of RSS readings for a typical data gathering
static tags. A class label was added for each data reading. In total, 1030 session. The ALR-9900 + reader does not provide the unit of mea-
unique data readings were collected; each reading consisted of a tag ID, surement (dBm) for the RSS; therefore, we present the signal quality
timestamp, RSS, antenna ID, and class label. Furthermore, Table 3 (%) as the y-axis and SinceStart as the x-axis. For moving in through the
showed the detail execution parameters for gathering the dataset when gate, the tag is first read by antenna 1 and then by antenna 2 (see
the tagged boxes were moving in and out through the gate. During data Fig. 5a). RSS increases when the tags pass through the gate and
collection, we considered different speeds of tags movement. Total 12 achieves its maximum when the tags are closest to both antennas. In
passive RFID tags were attached to boxes which were placed on a contrast, when the product moves out through the gate, the tag is read
trolley. The trolley was moved through the RFID reader. The speed of first by the antenna 2 and then by antenna 1 (see Fig. 5b). Furthermore,
the trolley movements (move in and move out) are mostly between 0.6 when the tagged product moves in through the gate (see Fig. 5a), the

Fig. 4. Data gathering: (a) possible tag movement types and directions and (b) example tags moving in through the gate.

5
G. Alfian, et al. Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

Fig. 5. Example of RSS readings for a data-gathering session: (a) move in, (b) move out through the gate, (c) moved close to the gate and remain static, and (d) turn-
back movement.

maximum RSS can be observed within the first 3 and 4.5 s for antenna 1
and 2, respectively. This timestamp information is important for iden-
tifying the direction of the tag. Therefore, we utilized SinceStart (Keller
et al., 2014) in this study to define the timeframe (seconds) that has
passed since the start of the gathering session. Then, the timestamp T
from (1) is converted into the normalized SinceStart, which is given as
follows:
Ti − T1
SStarti  =
Tn − T1
For each gathering session, the reading data is labeled based on its
class (see Table 2). Finally, the data received from a gathering session is
expressed as follows:
X = {{ID , SStarti, RSSi, Anti, Class}, …{ID , SStartn, RSSn, Antn, Class} }
Fig. 5c shows a typical RSS reading for a tag that moves close to the
gate and a static tag collected from Antenna 1. A tag that moves close to
the gate is quite similar to a tag that moves in/out through the gate. For
both tags, RSS increases as they move closer to the antenna and then
decreases as the distance increases. However, the maximum RSS for a
tag that moves through the gate is higher than for tag that moves close
to the gate since the tags are moving closer and face the antenna di-
rectly. In addition, a static tag has a relatively constant RSS since the
distance between the antenna and static tag is fixed. Therefore, a static
tag tends to have small variance, whereas a tag that moves through the
gate and close to the gate tends to exhibit a larger variance. Finally,
(2)
Fig. 5d shows the turn-back movement where tagged products try to
move in through gate but the products are turned back and move out
again at the mid-point between the gates. The products were read by
the reader through antenna 1, followed by antenna 2. In the end, when
the products turn back and move out, the tagged products are read
again by antenna 1.
(3)
RSS attributes provide important data to differentiate between
moves and static tags and have been utilized in previous studies (Alfian

Table 4
Attributes extracted from RSS and SinceStart.
Feature Type Attribute name Description

RSS RSS_Min Minimum signal strength during a gathering session

RSS_Max Maximum signal strength during a gathering session
RSS_Mean Average signal strength during a gathering session
RSS_Std RSS standard deviation during a gathering session
RSS_Diff Difference between the highest and lowest signal strengths during a gathering session
RSS_Count Total number of reads for the tag during a gathering session.
SinceStart SStart_Min Timeframe (seconds) of tag read at the first time.
SStart_Max Timeframe (seconds) of tag read at the last time.
SStart_Mean Average timeframe (seconds) for the tag to be read.
SStart_Std Standard deviation for the timeframe (seconds) in which the tag is read.
SStart_Diff Total period (seconds) for a tag between first and last read time

6
G. Alfian, et al.
Fig. 6. Screenshot of the traceability system.
et al., 2019; Keller et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2018). RSS depends on the
distance between the antenna and tag; closer tags generate larger RSS.
In addition, SinceStart information is an important parameter to define
the direction of tags (Keller et al., 2014). Table 4 shows the relevant
statistical features extracted from a single antenna. Since this study
utilizes two antennas, 22 attributes (including RSS and SinceStart) are
extracted in total from both antennas.
Converting the collection of reading data into an input and output
matrix for multi-class classification requires data pre-processing.
Algorithm 1 shows the proposed FeatureExtractor algorithm to convert
the collection of tag events for all gathering sessions into the input
matrix X_inp and output vector y_out such that the machine-learning
model can learn and predict the outcome. The functions getRSSattr and
getSinceStartAttr will return the statistical features given the list of RSS
and SinceStart, respectively, as can be seen in Table 4. In addition, the
getClassLabel function will return the class label of particular RFID
readings, as can be seen in Table 2.
Algorithm 1. FeatureExtractor.
Once the raw RFID data from the gathering sessions are converted
into input X and output y, machine-learning algorithms are utilized to
learn from the training set and thus generate predictions. In our study,
we use the gradient boosting algorithm XGBoost to detect the direction
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Food Control 110 (2020) 107016
of RFID tags.
XGBoost is a supervised learning model composed of a set of clas-
sification and regression trees (Chen & Guestrin, 2016). XGBoost is an
implementation of gradient-boosted decision trees and makes a series of
improvements in terms of loss function, regularization, and column
sampling. Gradient boosting is an approach where new models are
created that can predict the residuals or errors of prior models that are
then summed to create a final prediction. This is called gradient
boosting because it uses a gradient descent algorithm to minimize the
loss when adding new models. Measuring the performance of a model
given a certain set of parameters requires an objective function. This
consists of two parts: training loss and regularization. The regulariza-
tion term penalizes the complexity of the model and prevents over-
fitting. The objective function (loss function and regularization) can be
presented as follows.
L (ϕ) = ∑ l (yˆi , yi ) + ∑ Ω(fk )
i k (4)
1
where Ω (f ) = γT + λw 2
2
here, l is a differentiable convex loss function that measures the dif-
ference between the prediction ŷi and the target yi . The regularized term
Ω penalizes the complexity of the model and T represents the number of
leaves in the tree. Each fk corresponds to an independent tree structure
q and leaf weight w. The term γ corresponds to the threshold and pre-
pruning is performed while optimizing to limit the growth of the tree
and λ is used to smooth the final learned weights to prevent overfitting.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Performance of the IoT-based traceability system
The prototype of the web-based traceability system has been de-
veloped and provides a simple and convenient way for users to track
and trace food product history. The traceability system was developed
G. Alfian, et al. Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

by utilizing Node.js as webservers, with Express.js and Bootstrap as data tag is attached to the back side of the box and there is no direct line of
visualization, while RFID and sensor data were gathered from sight to the reader. Fig. 7b shows that the scenario in which the tag
MongoDB. The proposed system permits user access in real-time by PCs, faces the antenna directly (Scenario I) performed best by generating the
notebooks, or smartphones through a web browser. Fig. 6 shows a highest signal quality. Our results showed that the tag orientation does
screenshot of a query result for a single product that has been delivered not really affect the signal quality as we used an empty box in our
from a producer to a customer. The aggregation and filtering module experiment. However, a previous study showed that if products such as
are utilized to combine and eliminate duplicate EPC data; the system rice or bottled water were added, the tag orientation had a great effect
interface presents filtered product information such as EPC, product (Clarke, Twede, Tazelaar, & Boyer, 2006). In addition, as can be ex-
name, recorded date and time, location, and business step. To define the pected, increasing the distance between the tag and reader decreased
business step, the capturing application program utilizes the tag di- the signal strength from the tag. During a real-case test bed, we in-
rection module to identify whether a product's status “receiving” or stalled a reader at the entry gate of the producer's and distributor's cold
“shipping.” The following sub-chapter describes the performance of storage facility. We made sure that the distance between the reader and
machine-learning models for detecting the direction of a tag in detail. In product when passing through the entry gate was approximately 2 m so
addition, the environmental conditions gathered from IoT sensors such that all tags were read successfully by the reader.
as the temperature and humidity are stored in MongoDB and presented
as graphs so that users can have a better understanding of the product's
3.2. Performance of machine-learning models for tag direction
condition. Presenting the product history in detail will help users
monitor a product's history and quality in a convenient manner.
Machine-learning models are applied to distinguish the multiple
In addition, the RFID reader's performance has been evaluated
movement type and direction of tagged products, Table 2 contains
based on different evaluation metrics such as the success rate and signal
greater detail about this. The classification models were implemented
quality. We defined the success rate as the percentage of the total
in Python V3.6.6, XGBoost V0.81, and Scikit-learn V0.19.1 (Pedregosa
number of tags that were successfully read by the reader during the
et al., 2011). To simplify the implementation of machine-learning
gathering process. In addition, the signal quality is defined as the per-
models, we used default parameters provided by Scikit-learn. We em-
centage signal strength of the RFID tag during the gathering process.
ployed 10-fold cross-validation for all classification models; Table 5
Experiments were carried out in a laboratory environment as a typical
shows the classification model performance metrics. True positive (TP)
indoor scenario. Fig. 7a shows the performance of the smartphone-
and true negative (TN) represented instances of correct classification,
based handheld reader given different distances between the tag and
whereas false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) represented in-
reader. During the lab tests, tags were located within line of sight (LOS)
correctly classified instances (Sokolova & Lapalme, 2009).
of the handheld reader and faced the reader directly. The result showed
The proposed model based on XGBoost is compared to other clas-
that the success rate dropped considerably as the distance increased. As
sification models to detect the tags' movement and direction. Table 6
the distance between the reader and tag increases, the signal strength of
compares various model performances in terms of the percentage of
the tag decreases. In addition, we observed that a higher number of tags
accuracy, precision, recall, and f-score. The machine-learning models
can generate a lower success rate as the distance increases. The hand-
such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), logistic regression (LR), k-nearest
held reader has the limitation of a low read range. However, for all
neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), random forest
scenarios, the handheld reader successfully read the RFID tags within
(RF), and adaboost are compared with the proposed model to distin-
30 cm. Therefore, during transportation, staff should read tags within
guish the tags’ movement and direction. In this scenario, both feature
30 cm so that all tagged products can be stored successfully in the
types RSS and SinceStart are utilized. The findings revealed that the
EPCIS.
proposed model outperformed other models by as much as 93.59%,
Furthermore, the receive strength can be expected to vary sig-
93.25%, 92.95%, and 92.78% for accuracy, precision, recall, and f-
nificantly if the angle of tags changes. During the experiment, the
score, respectively.
tagged box is located within line of sight (LOS) of the fixed reader with
The experimental results indicate that the movement and direction
different distances such as one or 2 m. To study the relationship be-
of tags can be detected by the XGBoost model with high accuracy. If the
tween the signal quality and the tag orientation angle, we considered
tags that move in through the gate are incorrectly classified as moving
several scenarios when attaching a tag to an empty box. In Scenario I,
out through the gate, management will assume that the relevant pro-
the tag is attached to the front side of the box so that there is direct line
ducts have been shipped to other supply chain partners. In contrast,
of sight to the reader. In Scenarios II and III, the tag is attached to the
when tags that move out the gate are incorrectly classified as moving in
left and right side of the box, respectively. Finally, in Scenario IV, the
the gate, the management will assume that the relevant products have

Fig. 7. Performance evaluation: (a) success rate of the handheld reader, and (b) the impact of tag orientation on the signal quality of the RFID gate.

8
G. Alfian, et al. Food Control 110 (2020) 107016

Table 5
Measures for multi-class classification. tpi , fpi , fni , and tni are
true positive, false positive, false negative, and true negative for
class Ci , respectively. M indices represent macro-averaging.
Metric Formula
Average accuracy tpi + tni
∑il = 1
tpi + fni + fpi + tni
l IoT-based sensors has been tested in the kimchi supply chain. Kimchi
PrecisionM tpi
∑il = 1
tpi + fpi
l a side of the box. During the testbed, fixed readers (RFID gate) were
RecallM tpi
l
∑i = 1
tpi + fni
l cility so that the tagged product movements could be monitored and
FscoreM (β2 + 1) PrecisionM RecallM
2
β PrecisionM + RecallM
been stored in the cold storage. Thus, utilizing the XGBoost model will
significantly improve the inventory management accuracy.
In an RFID gate system, identifying the direction of a tag is very
important for determining the business step so that it can reveal whe-
ther the status of a product is “receiving” or “shipping” from the cold
storage. The trained XGBoost model is integrated with the capturing
application and installed in the host computer to receive tag informa-
tion from the readers before forwarding it to the EPCIS on the server
side. The updated capturing application filters out false positive read-
ings such as when the tag is moved close to the gate, turn-back
movement, and static tag, so that those tags are not stored in the EPCIS.
The RSS was gathered by capturing the application when the product is
moved through the gate. Once the product has completely passed the
gate, the RFID readings data is converted into RSS and SinceStart fea-
tures (see Table 4) and the trained XGBoost model is triggered to detect
whether a product has moved in (receiving) or out (shipping) through
the gate. Finally, the prediction results and detailed information of the
product (EPC) are sent to the EPCIS.
3.3. Practical application
This section describes the implementation of a traceability system in
a real-world perishable food supply chain. The proposed model has
been tested in a kimchi supply chain in Korea and has generated sig-
nificant benefits for both the management and consumers. Kimchi is a
traditional Korean fermented food that is rich in vitamin C, dietary
fiber, and minerals. Most Koreans eat kimchi every day as a side dish
and its use is increasing globally (Kim, Bang, Beuchat, Kim, & Ryu,
2012). A study by Lee, Lee, and Lee (2012) has shown that the manu-
facturing process must be standardized since quality can be incon-
sistent. Therefore, improving manufacturing process can ensure the
safety and quality of Kimchi as expected by the consumers. In the
kimchi supply chain, a previous study showed that temperature and
humidity are important parameters for a monitoring system to provide
an efficient and economical platform for environment-sensitive agri-
cultural food products (Alfian et al., 2017b). Furthermore, the RFID-
based traceability system has been implemented to track and trace
kimchi products, while a smartphone-based sensor is utilized to collect
temperature and humidity during storage (Alfian et al., 2017a). The
results of both studies revealed that proposed systems would increase
customer satisfaction as it could monitor product history and freshness
throughout an entire supply chain.
The improved version of the traceability system based on RFID and
was placed inside a special box and passive RFID tags were attached on
installed at the gate of the producer's and distributor's cold storage fa-
recorded. The trained XGBoost model was integrated with the capturing
application in a host computer to identify the direction with which tags
moved whether the tagged products moved in or out through the gate.
The proposed XGBoost model was also capable of filtering out false
positive readings such as static tags, turn-back movement, and tag
movements close to the gate so that these tag reads were not stored in
the EPCIS database. For flexibility, a handheld reader was utilized by
the transporter to record RFID data. In addition, IoT-based sensors
provided a stable solution for the monitoring system and were installed
without any trouble in the cold storage of the producer, transporter,
and distributor. By following this scenario, the location of tagged pro-
ducts and the environmental conditions such as temperature and hu-
midity could be collected. Fig. 8a showed a forklift shifting tagged
kimchi products to move out through the gate of the producer's cold
storage facility for the shipping process. Furthermore, Fig. 8b shows the
staff (transporter) utilizing a handheld reader to record the RFID data
from the kimchi products before they were loaded on to the truck for
further delivery. Finally, an IoT-based sensor (see Fig. 8c) was installed
in every cold storage facility belonging to the supply chain partner to
collect environmental conditions every 5 s and send this to the server
side through a Wi-Fi link.
There were several advantages during initial pilot project of trace-
ability system in kimchi supply chain. First, the product detail such as
location history, temperature, and humidity of the perishable food
products have been monitored precisely throughout the supply chain
and presented in web-based traceability system, so that it can be ac-
cessed easily and maintains customer trust as well as confidence.
Secondly, the integration of proposed XGBoost model into RFID gate
successfully detected the direction of the tagged products, so that it
gives the correct information to management whether the product is
being shipped or stored. Furthermore, most of distributor cold storage
in kimchi supply chain has only single entry/exit gate, therefore pro-
posed RFID gate is suitable to be installed in single gate for detecting
shipping or warehousing activity. It is also reduced the implementation
cost, as single RFID gate is enough instead of installing two conven-
tional RFID gate for entry and exit gate respectively. However, various
management or economic issues arise as the cost of devices and RFID
tags is rather high to be utilized for kimchi supply chain (small and
medium-sized enterprises). In addition, lack of support from manage-
ment and system integration are the other limitation of RFID-based

Table 6
Performance evaluation results.
Method Performance Evaluation (%)

accuracy precision recall f-score

MLP 63.59 ± 6.28 62.03 ± 10.51 59.13 ± 6.97 55.73 ± 8.34

LR 80.10 ± 3.08 80.08 ± 4.39 78.01 ± 3.41 77.45 ± 4.02
KNN 66.70 ± 3.34 64.35 ± 3.52 62.35 ± 3.37 62.32 ± 2.96
DT 66.99 ± 4.47 61.89 ± 11.89 63.57 ± 5.39 58.58 ± 7.43
NB 73.30 ± 3.72 75.22 ± 5.66 70.38 ± 4.26 70.51 ± 4.20
RF 92.72 ± 3.05 92.64 ± 2.76 92.04 ± 3.13 91.96 ± 3.15
AdaBoost 92.43 ± 3.63 92.13 ± 3.65 91.80 ± 3.64 91.64 ± 3.75
Proposed XGBoost 93.59 ± 3.25 93.25 ± 3.24 92.95 ± 3.49 92.78 ± 3.57

9
G. Alfian, et al.
Fig. 8. Implementation of the traceability system in the kimchi industry: (a)
RFID gate, (b) handheld reader, and (c) IoT-based sensor installed in the cold
storage.
traceability system.
4. Conclusion
We have demonstrated the integration of RFID and IoT sensors to be
utilized in a traceability system for the perishable food supply chain.
The proposed traceability system has been applied to the kimchi supply
chain. The proposed traceability system based on RFID and IoT sensors
provides an integrated platform for the perishable food supply chains
which can not only track product movement but also monitor the
temperature and humidity of the food product, so that it improves the
safety and quality of perishable food products. With the help of in-
tegrated machine learning model, RFID gate correctly identify the di-
rection of tagged products, whether products are being received or
shipped through the gate. Furthermore, the RFID reader's performance
and the impact of tag orientation have been evaluated; the results show
that the RFID readers used were suitable for utilization in a traceability
system with high performance and could successfully read tagged
products despite different tag orientations.
In addition, we demonstrated how the machine-learning model
could be utilized by the RFID gate to identify which direction the tags
moved. The proposed XGBoost model was utilized to detect the
movement and direction of tags based on their RSS and SinceStart
(timestamps). Different tag movements and directions were considered
such as move in through the gate, move out through the gate, move
close to the gate, turn-back movement, and static tags. The findings
revealed that the proposed XGBoost excelled against other models such
as MLP, LR, KNN, DT, NB, RF, and Adaboost by as much as 93.59%,
93.25%, 92.95%, and 92.78% in terms of accuracy, precision, recall,
and f-score, respectively. The trained XGBoost model can be integrated
into the RFID gate to detect whether the product is moving in (re-
ceiving) or moving out (shipping) through the gate and combine this
with the product information that is to be stored in the EPCIS.
Furthermore, a RFID gate could filter out false positive readings such as
static tags, turn-back movement, and tag movement close to the gate
such that these tag reads are not stored in the EPCIS database.
The performance of readers, tag, and IoT sensor under various
conditions will be evaluated in the future. Furthermore, extending the
comparison with other classification models and applying machine-
learning models to identify miss-reads could be presented in the near
future.
Declaration of competing interest
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all
named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the
criteria for authorship but are not listed.
We further confirm that all authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the R&D Convergence Center Support
10
Food Control 110 (2020) 107016
Program of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries,
Republic of Korea (710013-03).
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