LANGUAGE

PROFICIENCY 1
Week 1 Lesson Plan
NOUN
● functions as the name of some specific
thing or set of things, such as living
creatures, objects, places, actions,
qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
KINDS OF NOUNS
■ Concrete Nouns
- tangible. (e.g. light, wallet, computer, printer)
● Abstract Nouns
- Intangible. (e.g. avarice, gluttony, love, divinity)
● Common Nouns
- the class of a noun. (e.g. lawyer, doctor, firm)
● Proper Nouns
- the exact or specific name. (e.g. Doctor John, Atty. Abalos, Accounting firm)
● Collective Nouns
- Collection or group of things or individuals. (e.g. committee, constellation, team)
PLURALITY AND CAPITALIZATION OF
NOUNS
■ Capitalization rule.
- Capitalize ONLY the first letter of a PROPER NOUN.
- Example:
- Wrong: cheska is an incoming Grade 12 student.
Right: Cheska is an incoming Grade 12 student.
PLURALITY RULE
■ Singular Nouns identify one thing, while plural nouns identify multiple
elements.
Singular: she, cat, book, fan
Plural: they, cats, books, fans
● Regular nouns add s to be plural.
Example: Cheska has 25 pencils.
● Irregular nouns ending in s, sh, ch, x, or z add –es to be plural.
Example: Park Bo Gum answered 11 personality quizzes during his fan
gathering.
Park Seo Joon paid his taxes properly.
Since our school is a Catholic institution, we are given a
chance to visit different churches every year.
■ Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel take s to be plural.
Example: ratios, radios
We have 34 radios in our station.
■ Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant take s or es to be plural.
Example: zeros/zeroes, hero/heroes
Nanno surprisingly got 2 zeroes in the test.
■ Nouns ending in y after a vowel take s to be plural.
■ For nouns ending in y after a consonant, change y to “i” then ad es.
Vowel + y: ray/rays, day/days, boy/boys
Consonant + y: artery/arteries, baby/babies
■ For nouns ending in f or fe, eradicate f or fe, then add ves.
Examples: half/halves, shelf/shelves
knife/knives, life/lives
■ In some cases, although a noun ends in f, it only requires us to add s to show its
plurality.
Example: dwarf/dwarfs, brief/briefs, belief/beliefs, reef/reefs
■ Nouns ending in ff and ffe take s to make it plural.
Example: cliff/cliffs, buff/buffs, giraffe/giraffes
■ Some nouns don‟t change its spelling regardless of its plurality.
Example: statistics/statistics, moose/moose, sheep/sheep
■ Compound nouns that are separated by hypen form their plurals by adding s to the
first word.
Example: attorney-in-law/attorneys-in-law
■ In RARE cases, both words of the compound noun are changed into plural form.
Example: manservant/menservants
■ Human titles have its own plural forms.
Example: Sir/sirs, Mr./Messrs., Mrs. or Madam/Mesdames
■ Add s to make letters, numbers, signs, and symbols plural. (ex. 1960s, Bs)
CASES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
■ 1. Nominative Case – the noun / pronoun is the SUBJECT of the sentence.
Example: Waze is a genius in Mathematics. (noun in nominative case: Waze)
■ 2. Objective Case – the noun/pronoun is the RECEIVER of the action/verb.
Example: Mr. Pom bought Waze a computer with higher specifications.
(noun in objective case: Waze; noun in objective case: direct object, computer)
■ Possessive Case expresses possession.
Example: The students‟ record are hacked.
The Gifted‟s ratings are high.
RULES FOR POSSESSION
● Put „s to a singular noun to show possession. (Examples: Cheska‟s laptop, America‟s
top model)
● Put „ to a plural noun to show possession. (Examples: The churches‟ history, the
books‟ content)
■ Pronouns have their own special possessive forms.
■ Example: They – Their, He – His, It – Its

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
■ Singular noun = singular verb ; plural noun = plural verb
Examples: The cat is playing.
The cats are playing.
■ Two or more nouns that are connected by and take plural verbs.
Example: Cheska and Mica are tall.
■ Two or more nouns in a sentence that refer to the same subject take a singular verb.
Example: NOTE: IU is a singer and actress.
Wrong: The singer and actress are great.
Right: The singer and actress is great.
■ Each or Every takes singular verbs.
■ Example: Each book is thick.
Every book is thick.
Each indicates a quantity of two.
Every indicates a quantity of three or more.
• Every cannot be used if there are only 2 objects.
Examples: Cheska wears a bracelet to each of her hand.
Every student in the classroom did not attend the career workshop.
■ Singular nouns connected by or, nor, neither, and either takes a singular verb.
Wrong: Neither Cheska nor Mica are tall.
Right: Neither Cheska nor Mica is tall.
♡ The plurality of the verb depends on the latter subject. ♡
Wrong: Either the principal or the teachers leads the flag ceremony.
Right: Either the principal or the teachers lead the flag ceremony.
■ Neither is paired with nor; Either is paired with or.
Examples: Neither Cheska nor Mica will take Political Science in that university.
Either Cheska or Mica will study at the Ateneo.
■ I and am are always paired with each other, using is with I is grammatically incorrect.
Example: I am going to take the De La Salle College Admission Test.
■ There are nouns who has two or more definitions, making it both singular and plural,
depending on the definition that is being used.
Example: Statistics gives me a headache.
Statistics give me a headache.
■ Nouns joined to a subject by with, as well as, in addition, together with, etc., do not
affect the singularity/plurality of a verb.
Wrong: Cheska, together with her classmates, are competing in the ABM Summit Cup.
Right: Cheska, together with her classmates, is competing in the ABM Summit Cup.
■ The verb must agree with the antecedent of a relative pronoun.
Example: I, who am your God, will never leave you.
Relative pronoun: who antecedent: I/verb: am
■ A, Each, Every, One, No one, Anyone, Everyone, Somebody, Neither, etc., take a
singular verb.
Example: Everyone is encouraged to join the meeting.
■ Few, Several, Both, Many take plural verbs.
Example: Several students do not agree to the implementation of online classes.
Many are unemployed because of the pandemic.
■ Some, None, Any, All take plural verb if numbers are thought of; take singular verb if
mass or weight are thought of.
Examples: None of the wallets were stolen.
Any weight is accepted.
SPECIAL CASES OF AGREEMENTS
■ Pants, Pliers, Scissors, Tongs, Trousers are plural.
Examples: Those pants are sold in Korea. / These pliers are one of a kind.
■ Weight, Height, Quality take a singular verb.
Wrong: Two thousand Thai Baht are not easy to earn.
Right: Two thousand Thai Baht is not easy to earn.
■ Half and part take singular verb (if it refers to section or part) and plural verb (if it
refers to number of individuals).
Wrong: Half of the students is absent.
Right: Half of the students are absent.
Wrong: A part of the laboratory are burnt.
Right: A part of the laboratory is burnt.
COMPLEMENTS
■ word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given
expression.

TWO TYPES OF COMPLEMENT

1. Direct Object – always follow transtive verbs; answer what? or who?
Example: The scout (S) watched (V) the pitcher (D.O.).
Cheska (S) invited (V) her friends (D.O.)

2. Indirect Object – follow transitive action verbs, then followed by D.O.; answers to
whom, for whom, to what?
Example: The dictator (S) gave (V) his family (I.O.) many gifts (D.O.).
PREPOSITION
■ A preposition shows relationship between the elements of a clause.
Examples: The cat jumped off the counter.
The book belongs to Anthony.
■ Comound/Phrasal preposition consists of two or more words, usually a
simple preposition and another word, to convey location.
Example: Break this glass in case of emergency.
■ Object of preposition is the word that follows the preposition.
Examples: The cat jumped off the counter. (object of the preposition: counter)
The book belongs to Anthony. (object: Anthony)
■ Prepositional Phrase is the combination of the preposition and object of preposition.
Examples: The cat jumped off the counter. (prepositional phrase: off the counter)
The book belongs to Anthony. (p.phrase: to Anthony)
■ Noun or pronoun that acts as the object of preposition must be in the objective
case.
■ Wrong: I passed the DCAT because of she.
■ Right: I passed the DCAT because of her.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (in, on, at)

1. In - used for period or range of time.
Example: We will review for Language Proficiency in July 2020. (Note: July 2020 has 31
days, July 1-31.)
2. On – used for days or exact days.
Example: Cheska was born on May 31.
3. At – used for hours or part/s of the day.
Example: Come over to my house at 8:00 pm.
PREPOSITION OF PLACE
■ In – inside something. (Example: She is living in a castle.)
■ On – on top of a surface. (Ex.: There is a cat on her desk.)
■ At – events, exact position, table, where you do your regular things. (Ex: I am
currently at a concert. / Are you at the doorstep? / I am at school right now.)
■ Over – on top, but has movement. (Ex. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.)
■ Against – leaning on. (Ex. I saw the fishing rod leaning against the wall.)
■ Under – under something. (Ex. I saw a pen under the table.)
■ By – beside. (I was standing beside you at the concert yesterday. )
■ To/towards – in the direction of. (I walked towards the front door.)
■ Away/from – at a distance from a particular place, person, or thing. (Stay away from
me.)
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
■ Transitive verbs have a direct object to receive the action.
Cheska loves her cats.
S V D.O.

■ Intransitive verbs do not have a direct object to receive the action.

The snow fell yesterday.
S V
They failed.
S V
She smiled.
S V
PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES
■ Transitive verbs are succeeded by an object + to infinitive.
Wrong: I told to forgive.
Right: I told you to forgive..
S V O I
■ Know --- how/where/when/why + infinitive
Example: Know where to stand in someone‟s life.
[ pls discuss infinitives hehe ]
■ ■ Bare-Infinitives are used in certain verbs like bid, let, make, see, hear, need, dare
etc.
Wrong: She to bid me goodbye.. (used to-infinitive)
Right: She bid me goodbye.. (used bare-infinitive)
■ Had better, had rather, had sooner, would rather, etc. Are followed by a Bare-
Infinitive.
Wrong: I would rather to walk.
Right: I would rather walk.

■ Bare-Infinitives are used after Modal Auxiliaries instead of To-Infinitive.

Wrong: I will to pass the ACET.
Right: I will pass the ACET.
Note: Modal Auxiliaries are words like can, may, might, shall, will must.

■ But is followed by a Bare-Infinitive if it is preceded by any form of do (do, does, did)

Wrong: She does nothing but to waste money.
Right: She does nothing but waste money.
VERBS
■ A linking verb connects the subject to its predicate.
■ Example: Cheska is tall.
S V D.O.

■ Verb Phrases are two or more verbs (auxiliary and principal verb).
Example: Her heart was torn into pieces.
S AV PV D.O.
■ Regular verb gets its past tense by adding d or ed . Irregular verb gets its past tense
by changing the word.
Regular verbs: open/opened, turn/turned, jump/jumped
Irregular verbs: write/wrote, sing/sang, keep/kept, drive/drove
BASIC FORMS OF VERBS
■ Present Tense (verb + es / s) – expressing an action
that is currently going on or habitually performed, or
a state that currently or generally exists.

Examples:
She eats breakfast every morning.

The Earth orbits the Sun.

■ Past Tense (verb + ed / d) – happened in a specific
time in the past.

Examples:

Shek‟s Diary went to Thailand two years ago.

I broke up with him yesterday.

Future Tense (will / shall + base verb/ am/is/are going to
+ base verb) – used when an action is
promised/thought to occur in the future.

Examples:

I shall meet you tomorrow.

We are going to attend the review classes tomorrow.

■ Present Perfect (has/have + past participle) and uses
words like ever, never, sometimes, already –already
happened in the past in no specific time.

Examples:

He has already written a love letter before.

I have never told them anything about this.

■ Past Perfect (had + past participle) – this is the cause of
the occurrence of something.

Examples:

I succeeded in life because I had listened very well.

He won the competition because he had practiced a lot.

■ Future Perfect (am/is/are + going to have + past
participle) OR (will have + past participle) – the first
future event in two consecutive future events.

Examples:
I am going to have explained the problem before the
manager kicks me out.

She will have passed their performance task before the

teacher arrives.
PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF VERBS
■ Present Progressive – currently happening.
■ Am/is/are + present participle

Example:
I am dancing to the song.

He is acting grumpy today.

■ Past Progressive – was happening in the past until it
was discontinued or stopped.
■ was/were + present participle

■ Examples:
■ We were dancing for our performance task in PEH I.

■ I was planning to visit Thailand before the pandemic.

■ Future Progressive – will happen in the future in a
specific time.
■ is/are/am + going to be + present participle
■ Will be + present participle

■ Examples:
■ I am going to be studying at the Ateneo soon.

■ You will be passing the UPCAT anytime soon.

■ Present Perfect Progressive – was happening in the
past and is still happening in the present time.
■ Has/have + been + present participle

■ Example:

■ We have been studying for the entrance exams.

■ Past Perfect Progressive –was happening and
continuing in the past until it was stopped.
■ Had + been + present participle

■ Examples:

■ I had been studying for Biology until last month.

■ Future Perfect Progressive – indicating that something
will happen in the future.
■ Am/is/are + going to have been + present participle
■ Will have been + present participle

■ Examples:
■ We are going to have been passing the UPCAT soon.

■ I will have been studying at La Salle a year from now.